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Chapter 21 Study Guide
Toward and Industrial Society
1. List four things that contributed to the industrial strength of Great Britain in the 19th century:
2. What results in higher quality and lower prices?
3. What country dominated the world scene throughout the 19th century due to its economic foundation and naval
power?
4. List the two regions that were especially fueled by British investments in the Industrial Revolution:
5. What process led to the increase in population and urbanization?
6. What was the population of the following countries by 1851? France:
Germany:
Britain:
7. Which European country was the most urbanized by 1850?
8. What happened to the resources of cities with the influx of migration from the countryside?
9. What resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people from 1845 to 1847 and led to massive waves of
emigration from Ireland?
10. What two decades opened the first great age of railway building?
11. Who invented the locomotive in 1814 and improved his invention and came up with the “Rocket” in 1829?
12. How many kilometers of track did the following countries have by 1850? France:
Germany:
13. Where was the largest railroad network in Europe before 1850?
14. What happened to the price of goods with the onset of the railroads?
15. What was the Great Exhibition supposed to demonstrate about trade?
16. What was built in London for the Great Exhibition of 1851?
The Labor Force
17. Which industry was thoroughly mechanized by the first half of the 19th century?
18. What Marxist term refers to the process that made workers a commodity in the marketplace?
19. Who did not have a say about product quality in the new labor marketplace?
20. What French practice refers to the production of goods in standard sizes?
21. What movement was popular among British workers in the late 1830’s?
22. List the six points of Chartism:
Britain:
Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution
23. Who were allowed to become assistants to a factory worker?
24. How many hours in a work day did the English Parliament mandate with the Factory Act of 1847?
25. What became the chief unit of consumption due to industrialization?
Women in the Early Industrial Revolution
26. Who became associated with almost exclusively supporting the family?
27. What decade saw an increase in women working in textile mills?
28. Which required fewer skills?
29. Where did the largest group of women work in mid-18th century France?
Problems of Crime and Order
30. In which 19th century decade did crime plateau?
31. What institution of law was paid and professionally trained in the early 19th century?
32. Which European city was the first to have a police force?
33. What practice sent prisoners overseas?
34. Where did Britain send criminals in the late 18th century who had committed capital offenses?
35. What name was given to this colony?
36. What prison system model did Europe adopt from the United States?
37. What did this system do to prisoners at night?
Classical Economics
38. Who wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776?
39. What is the French term for “let people do as they please”?
40. What economists advocated growth through free enterprise?
41. What should govern most economic decisions?
42. How was government action viewed?
43. List the five roles of government in the economy according to classical economists:
44. What would the state maintain to protect the nation’s economic structure and foreign trade?
45. List the three pillars of that were emphasized by classical economists:
46. Who wrote the Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798?
47. What book was written in 1817 by David Ricardo and was used to support employers’ reluctance to raise wages?
48. According to David Ricardo, what would happen if wages were raised?
49. Which European country had the least amount of influence by classical economies?
50. What kind of tradition hindered this influence?
51. What European country was the home of classical economists?
52. Who is best known for his advocacy of Utilitarianism?
53. What law established workhouses in Britain in 1834?
54. What laws were repealed that removed tariffs on imported grain and resulted in lower food prices?
55. What era did this open up in Britain?
Early Socialism
56. What movement became a major political force in the 20th century?
57. Who denied that the free market could adequately produce and distribute goods the way the classical economists
claimed?
58. According to socialists, how should human society be organized?
59. What label was given to those who sought to define the social question?
60. List the three things that Saint-Simon believed should be subject to an administration instead of their owners:
61. In Saint-Simon’s form of government, who would organize and coordinate the activity of individuals and groups?
62. What was this ideology called?
63. Who was a major contributor to the early socialist tradition in Britain and sought to create model communities?
64. What was the name given to the group of activists who rejected industry and government?
65. What socialist ideology exerted the most influence in European society and sought to abolish private property and
social classes?
66. What revolution broke out in Russia in 1917?
67. Who is known as the “Father of Communism” and developed a socialist philosophy that eventually triumphed over
most alternative versions of socialism in Europe?
68. Who wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1845?
69. What book did he help Karl Marx write in 1848?
70. List two sources of inspiration for The Communist Manifesto:
71. What implied the outright abolition of private property?
72. According to Karl Marx, what causes historical change?
73. Define the following Marxist terms-
Proletariat:
Bourgeoisie:
74. According to Marx, what revolution would take place when industry became too large and dependent on labor and
would result in the overthrow of the capitalists by the workers?
75. What French economist wrote The Law in 1850?
76. What principle is defined as “When a portion of wealth is transferred from the person who owns it—without his
consent and without compensation, and whether by force or by fraud to anyone who does not own it…”?
1848: Year of Revolutions
77. In what year did a series of liberal and nationalistic revolutions erupt across Europe?
78. List two factors that contributed to the eruption of revolutions across the European continent:
79. What was the dynamic force behind the revolutions of 1848?
80. List three things that political liberals were pushing for:
81. What class was primarily responsible for the revolutions of 1848?
82. What did the revolutions of 1848 fail to establish?
83. In which European country did the revolutions of 1848 begin?
84. Who abdicated the throne in February 1848 which was subsequently burned by an angry mob?
85. Who took control of the provisional government and enacted socialist policies such as the creation of national
workshops to provide work and relief for the unemployed?
86. Who headed the “Second Republic” in France and later seized dictatorial power?
87. Who became the emperor of the Second French Empire in 1852?
88. What was the most radical female group of revolutionaries in 1848?
89. What European dynasty ruled the Austrian/Holy Roman Empire and rejected liberal institutions and nationalistic
ideology?
90. What uprising took place on March 3, 1848 in Vienna?
91. Who was the Magyar nationalist and member of the Hungarian diet that attacked Austrian domination and called
for the independence of Hungary?
92. What revolt took place in Hungary and was supported by liberals and nobles in March 1848?
93. What country did the Hungarians try to annex?
94. What meeting was summoned by the Czechs and held in Prague in 1848 and included Poles, Ruthenians, Czechs,
Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes, and Serbs?
95. Who reigned as emperor of Austria from 1848 to 1916?
96. What form of government was proclaimed by Italian radicals in 1849?
97. List the two notable Republican Nationalists of Italy?
98. What country had sent troops to Italy in June 1849 to dissolve the Italian Republic?
99. What organization marked a split between the German working class (socialists) and German liberals?
100. What were the terms that represented two different versions of a unified Germany? With Austria:
Without Austria: