Louisiana State University
LSU Digital Commons
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Graduate School
1965
Leg Strength and Height - Weight Factors in
Relation to Cardiovascular Efficiency of College
Women.
Samia Hanem ahmed Abdo
Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses
Recommended Citation
Abdo, Samia Hanem ahmed, "Leg Strength and Height - Weight Factors in Relation to Cardiovascular Efficiency of College Women."
(1965). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1031.
http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1031
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65-11, 383
ABDO, Samia Hanem Ahmed, 1934LEG STRENGTH AND HEIGHT-WEIGHT FACTORS
IN RELATION TO CARDIOVASCULAR EFFICIENCY
OF COLLEGE WOMEN.
Louisiana State University, Ph. D ., 1965
Education, physical
U niversity Microfilms, Inc., A nn A rbor, M ichigan
LEG STRENGTH AND HE IGHT-WEIGHT FACTORS IN RELATION
TO CARDIOVASCULAR EFFICIENCY OF COLLEGE WOMEN
A D issertation
Su bm itt ed t o t h e Gra du at e F a c u l t y o f t h e
L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y and
A g r i c u l t u r a l and Me ch an ic a l C o l l e g e
in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e
r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e deg ree o f
D o c to r o f P h il os op h y
In
The Department o f H e a l t h ,
B .S .,
Physical
and R e c r e a t i o n E d uc at io n
by
Sarnia Hanem Ahmed Abdo
P h y s i c a l E d u c a t io n I n s t i t u t e , C a i r o , Eg ypt ,
M . S . , L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 1962
May, 1965
1957
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The a u t h o r
Is de e p ly
i nd eb te d t o Dr.
Anne F. M i l Ian and t o Dr.
Joy W. K i s t l e r f o r t h e i r gui da nc e and a s s i s t a n c e d u r i n g th e t i m e o f
th is
st u d y .
Further
and Dr.
cal
in debtedness
Jack K. Nelson f o r
is acknowledged t o Dr.
th e ir technical
Barton F a r t h i n g
assistance
in t h e s t a t i s t i ­
analysis o f the data.
Appreciation
w it h the
Is ex te nd ed t o Dr.
leg s t r e n g t h t e s t
For t h e i r h e l p
F r a n c i s A.
t h a t was used in t h i s
s tu dy .
in p r o v i d i n g t h e s u b j e c t s f o r t h i s
a u t h o r would l i k e t o e x p re s s her a p p r e c i a t i o n
women's f a c u l t y o f t h e Department o f H e a l t h ,
Ed uca tio n o f
Drury f o r h e l p i n g
Louisiana S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y .
il
study,
the
t o members o f th e
Physical
and R e c r e a t i o n
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................................................................... ' •
LIST OF T A B L E S ...............................................................................................................................vl
LIST OF C H A R T S ................................................
vl I I
ABSTRACT
I*
CHAPTER
I.
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
Current
I,.
................................................................................................................
Interest
In C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y
.............................
1
Purpose o f t h e S t u d y .......................................................................................
2
D e f i n i t i o n o f Terms ............................................................................................
3
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Measurement o f
.........................................................................
5
Leg S t r e n g t h ... .........................................................................
5
R e l a t i n g H e i g h t , Weight andBodyB u i l d
..................................................
Measurement o f C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y
III.
1
6
..........................................
10
PROCEDURE USED IN THE S T U D Y ...............................................................................
17
S u b j e c t s U s e d ...........................................................................................................
17
T e s t i n g t h e S u b j e c t s ........................................................................................
18
Pr oc edu re f o r F i r s t D a y ..............................................................................
19
Pr oc edu re f o r Second D a y ............................................................................... 21
S ta tis tic a l
IV.
A nalysis
.......................................................................................
23
ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF THED A T A ............................................................... 25
Total
Group A n a l y s i s ............................................................................................. 26
R e la tio n s h ip of Cardiovascular E f f ic ie n c y
t o Leg
S t r e n g t h .................................................................................................................26
11 i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ( c o n t in u e d )
CHAPTER
PAGE
R elationship of
Index
Cardiovascular E ff ic ie n c y
t o Ponderal
................................................
27
A n a l y s i s o f Data by We igh t G r o u p s ..........................................................
27
C o e ffic ie n ts of C o rre la tio n o f Cardiovascular E ffic ie n c y
and Leg S t r e n g t h f o r t h e T h r e e We igh t G r o u p s ....................28
C o e ff ic ie n ts of C o rr e la tio n of
Cardiovascular E f f ic ie n c y
and Weight f o r th e T h r e e Weight G r o u p s ..................................
C o efficien ts of
and H e i g h t f o r
30
C o rre la tio n o f Cardiovascular E ffic ie n c y
t h e Th r e e Weight G r o u p s .................................. 32
A n alysis of Variance o f Cardiovascular E f f ic ie n c y
Scores Among t h e T h r e e We igh t G r o u p s .......................................
Analysis o f Variance of
3**
Leg S t r e n g t h Scores Among
t h e T h r e e We igh t Groups .........................................................................
38
Comparison o f Leg S t r e n g t h o f S u b j e c t s Completing and
Not Completing Step T e s t .........................................................................
A n a l y s i s o f Data by C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y
V.
R a tin gs
. . .
38
39
SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................. **3
Purposes and P r o c e d u r e .................................................................................. **3
F i n d i n g s ........................ ........................................................................................... ^5
C o n c l u s i o n s ........................................................................
SELECTED Bt BLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................
iv
*+6
**8
TABLE OF CONTENTS ( c o n t in u e d )
PAGE
A P P E N D I X .............................................................................................................................................51
A Graph Showing t h e D i s t r i b u t i o n o f S u b j e c t s
Vari ou s We igh t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
in the
..........................................................
52
V I T A ...................................................................................................................................................... 53
v
LIS T OF TABLES
TABLE
I.
PAGE
C o e ff ic ie n t o f C o rre la tio n of Cardiovascular E f fic ie n c y
Scores and Leg S t r e n g t h Scores f o r One Hundred N i n e t y
E i g h t C o l l e g e W o m e n ...................................................................................
II.
C o e ff ic ie n t of C o rre la tio n o f Cardiovascular E ffic ie n c y
Scores and Pondera)
C o l l e g e Women
III.
26
Index f o r One Hundred N i n e t y - E i g h t
......................................................................................................
27
C o e ffic ie n ts of C o rre la tio n o f Cardiovascular E ffic ie n c y
Scores and Leg S t r e n g t h Scores f o r T h r e e Groups o f
Col lege Women C l a s s i f i e d as Normal W e i g h t ,
Un d e r w e ig h t,
and O v e r w e i g h t .....................................................
IV.
29
C o e ffic ie n ts of C o rre la tio n o f Cardiovascular E ffic ie n c y
and Wei ght f o r T h r e e Groups o f C o l l e g e Women C l a s s i f i e d
as Normal W e i g h t ,
V.
U n d e r w e ig h t,
C o e ffic ie n ts of Correlatio n of
Scores and H e i g h t
........................
31
Cardiovascular E ffic ie n c y
f o r T h r e e Groups o f C o l l e g e Women
C l a s s i f i e d as Normal W e i g h t ,
V I.
and O ver we igh t
U n d e r w e ig h t,
and Ov er we igh t
.
33
.................................................
34
A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y Scores
f o r T h r e e Groups o f C o l l e g e Women C l a s s i f i e d as Normal
Weight,
V II.
U n d e r w e ig h t,
and O ve r w e ig h t
Analysis o f Variance of Cardiovascular E ffic ie n c y
Scores
f o r t h e Underweight Group Versus t h e Normal We igh t Group,
and t h e Combination o f Un derweight and Normal Weight
Versus t h e Over we ight Group o f C o l l e g e Women .............................
vi
35
L IS T OF TABLES ( c o n t in u e d )
TABLE
V III.
PAGE
A nalysis o f Variance of
Leg S t r e n g t h
Scores f o r T h r e e
Groups o f C o l l e g e Women C l a s s i f i e d as Normal W e i g h t ,
U n d e r w e ig h t,
IX.
and O v e r w e i g h t .......................................................................... 37
A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f Leg S t r e n g t h
Scores f o r C o l l e g e
Women S u b j e c t s Who Completed t h e T h r e e - M i n u t e
St ep
T e s t and Those Who Did N o t ...............................................................................38
v ii
LIS T OF CHARTS
CHART
1.
PAGE
R e la tio n s h ip o f Cardiovascular E ffic ie n c y
o f One Hundred N i n e t y - E i g h t
Ponderal
C lass ific atio n s
C o l l e g e Women t o T h e i r
Index C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
v ii i
...............................................................
ABSTRACT
Ouring r e c e n t y e a r s t h e w id e sp r ea d concern w i t h p h y s i c a l
has r e s u l t e d
in p h y s i c a l
e d u c a t o r s 1 renewed a t t e m p t s t o d e f i n e , measure,
and e s t a b l i s h st an d a rd s f o r v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f p h y s i c a l
little
data,
however,
women's a d j u s t m e n t
i n v e s t i g a t i o n were t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
leg s t r e n g t h on t h e pe rf or m anc e o f a t h r e e - m i n u t e c a r d i o ­
t e s t and t o s t u d y t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between th e
w e i g h t o f women when c l a s s i f i e d
cardiovascular e ffic ie n c y .
i n t o t h r e e w e i g h t groups and t h e i r
A secondary purpose was t o
t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between g i r l s '
p o n de r al
investigate
i n d i c e s and t h e i r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
scores.
The t o t a l
number o f s u b j e c t s used was one hundred and n i n e t y -
e i g h t women s t u d e n t s e n r o l l e d
Louisiana S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ,
s t u d e n t s who v o l u n t e e r e d
education majors.
enrolled
Very
to the stress o f a c t i v i t y .
vascular e f f i c i e n c y
efficien cy
fitn ess .
have been r e p o r t e d t h a t a r e devoted t o s t u d y i n g
The m a j o r purposes o f t h i s
influence of
fitness
in p h y s i c a l
Baton Rouge,
to p a r t i c i p a t e
education classes at
Louisiana.
Tw en t y- tw o o f
the
in t h e study w er e p h y s i c a l
The re m ai nde r o f s t u d e n t s who v o l u n t e e r e d w ere
in t h e b a s i c p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n program f o r women.
j e c t s w ere c l a s s i f i e d
as q u a l i f i e d
for
regular physical
A ll
sub­
education
c l a s s e s by t h e L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y St u d e n t H e a l t h S e r v i c e ,
A leg s t r e n g t h t e s t and a t h r e e - m i n u t e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
t e s t were a d m i n i s t e r e d t o t h e s u b j e c t s on two s e p a r a t e days.
w eight,
chest w id th ,
Height,
and p e l v i c w i d t h o f t h e s u b j e c t s w er e measured.
ix
The c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n was used t o d e t e r m i n e th e r e l a t i o n ­
s h i p between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and leg s t r e n g t h and ponderal
in dex f o r t h e t o t a l
group o f s u b j e c t s .
C o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n was
a l s o used t o d e t e r m in e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
and leg s t r e n g t h f o r each o f t h e t h r e e w e i g h t groups and a l s o to
d e t e r m in e th e r e l a t i o n s h i p
as w e l l
as h e i g h t
between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and w e ig h t
f o r each o f th e t h r e e w e i g h t groups.
v a r i a n c e was u t i l i z e d
to d e t e r m i n e t h e d i f f e r e n c e
in leg s t r e n g t h
between s u b j e c t s who completed th e t h r e e - m i n u t e s t e p
d i d n o t . A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was a l s o u t i l i z e d
d ifference
Analysis of
t e s t and t ho se who
to determine
the
in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y among the t h r e e w e i g h t groups.
A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was a l s o used t o d e t e r m in e t h e d i f f e r e n c e
s t r e n g t h among t h e t h r e e w e i g h t groups.
leg
Regression was used t o a n a l y z e
the r e la tio n s h ip o f c a rd io v a s c u la r e f f i c i e n c y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
po nderal
in
to
index c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s .
As a r e s u l t o f
the a n a ly s is o f the d a ta ,
the fo llo w in g conclu­
s io n s were drawn:
1.
Body b u i l d and o t h e r f a c t o r s a r e more i m p o r t a n t ,
cardiovascular e ffic ie n c y
o f the
le g s .
Cardiovascular e f f i c i e n c y ,
r e la te d p o s it iv e ly to
2.
than th e s t r e n g t h
however, is
leg s t r e n g t h f o r normal w e i g h t women.
Cardiovascular e f f i c i e n c y
w eight.
point of view,
from a
is
inversely
related
t o excess
The more t h e person app ro xi m at es normal w e i g h t o r
un d er w ei g h t t o a c e r t a i n
efficiency w ill
be.
point,
the b e t t e r c a rd io v a s c u la r
Being o v e r w e i g h t has a n e g a t i v e
e f f e c t on c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y .
The s t r e n g t h o f
the
legs
i n f l u e n c e s t h e perf or ma nce on t h e
Cardiovascular E ff ic ie n c y Test
Cardiovascular e f f i c i e n c y
ponderal
I n d ex .
This
f o r G i r l s and Women.
is r e l a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y
re latio n s h ip
to
is not as s i g n i f i c a n t
w i t h women who possess a h i g h de gr ee o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
efficiency
as
e ffic ie n tly .
it
is w i t h t ho se who r e a c t
to e x e r c is e
less
Other f a c t o r s a p p a r e n t l y o p e r a t e t o produce
a hi gh deg ree o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y .
Cardiovascular e f f i c i e n c y
is not
r e la te d to h eig h t.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
I.
CURRENT INTEREST IN CARDIOVASCULAR EFFICIENCY
Physical
educators.
resulted
fitn ess
In
I t s many a s p e c t s has
long I n t e r e s t e d p h y s i c a l
The r e c e n t w id e s p r e a d concern w i t h p h y s i c a l
in p h y s i c a l
educators'
and e s t a b l i s h s t a n d a r d s
f i t n e s s has
renewed a t t e m p t s t o d e f i n e , measure,
f o r various aspects o f physical
fitn ess .
G a l l a g h e r and Brouha have d e s c r i b e d t h e t h r e e p r i m a r y a s p e c t s o f
physical
f i t n e s s as f o l l o w s : '
1. M ed ic al o r s t a t i c
fitn ess ,
h a v in g t o do w i t h
t h e soundness o f
organs o f t h e body.
2.
F u n c t i o n a l o r dynamic f i t n e s s ,
status,
th e a b i l i t y
which has t o do w i t h f u n c t i o n a l
to do s t r en uo u s w o r k,
and p h y s i o l o g i c a l
efficien cy.
3.
The t y p e o f f i t n e s s which has t o do w i t h s p e c i f i c s k i l l s ,
muscle c o o r d i n a t i o n s ,
A good d ea l o f
research
f i t n e s s " has been co m p l e t e d ,
Not u n t i l
and s t r e n g t h .
in t h e a r e a o f " f u n c t i o n a l
o r dynamic
t h e b u l k o f which d e a l s w i t h m ale s u b j e c t s .
Sk ubi c and Hodgkins de v elo ped t h e i r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
t e s t has t h e r e been a t o o l
f o r s t u d y i n g women's a d j u s t m e n t t o t h e s t r e s s
' j . Roswell G a l l a g h e r and Lucien Brouha, "Dynamic P h y s i c a l
in A d o l e s c e n c e , " Y a l e Jo u rn al o f B i o l o g y and M e d i c i n e . 1 5 : 6 5 7 - 7 0 ,
Fitness
I9**3.
of a c tiv ity .
These women have dev elo ped a v a l i d and r e l i a b l e t h r e e -
m in u te s t e p t e s t o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
2 , 3 6 0 women w i t h
t h e t h r e e - m i n u t e s te p t e s t ,
cardiovascular e f f ic ie n c y
in women.
Having t e s t e d
t h e a u t h o r s have p r o v i d e d
s ta n d a r d s f o r women.
In summarizing t h e i r
2
3
f i n d i n g s , S k ub lc and Hodgkins have s t a t e d
t h a t 1113 % o f t h e s u b j e c t s could not co m pl et e t h e t h r e e - m i n u t e t e s t "
"heavy women tend t o sco re
proposes t o
investig ate fu rth e r
b e a r i n g upon t h e
step t e s t :
less w e l l
l i g h t e r women."
T h i s study
two o f t h e f a c t o r s which may have had a
i n a b i l i t y o f t h e s u b j e c t s t o co m pl et e t h e t h r e e - m i n u t e
namely,
leg s t r e n g t h and excess w e i g h t .
ing o f t h e v a r i a b i l i t y o f fe m al e s
p r o v i d e us w i t h
than
and
i m p o r ta n t
in r e a c t i n g to a c t i v i t y
information
where t h i s a sp ec t o f f i t n e s s
A b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d ­
s t r e s s may
f o r t h e development o f programs
is an o b j e c t i v e .
11. PURPOSES OF THE STUDY
The m aj or purposes o f t h i s
influence of
i n v e s t i g a t i o n w er e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
leg s t r e n g t h on t h e perf or ma nce o f a t h r e e - m i n u t e c a r d i o ­
vascular e f f ic ie n c y
t e s t and t o study t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e
w e i g h t o f women when c l a s s i f i e d
i n t o t h r e e w e i g h t groups and t h e i r
cardiovascular e f f ic ie n c y .
A secondary purpose was t o
r e l a t i o n s h i p between g i r l s '
pon der al
2
In v e s tig a te the
i n d i c e s and t h e i r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
Jean Hodgkins and Vera S k u b i c , " C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y T e s t
Scores f o r C o l l e g e Women In t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , " Research Q u a r t e r l y .
XXXIV (December, 1 9 6 3 ) , W .
3
efficiency
sc o re s .
S p e c ific a lly ,
understanding o f th e v a r i a b i l i t y
th is
study proposed t o p r o v i d e f u r t h e r
o f f e m a le c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
by
s ee k in g t h e answers t o t h e s e t h r e e q u e s t i o n s :
1.
Is t h e r e a c o r r e l a t i o n
between leg s t r e n g t h s co re s and
cardiovascular e f fic ie n c y
2.
Is t h e r e a s i g n i f i c a n t
scores?
d ifference
in
leg s t r e n g t h between
women who com pl et e t h e t h r e e - m i n u t e s t e p t e s t and t hos e
who cannot?
3. What s p e c i f i c w e i g h t f a c t o r s o t h e r than " h eav y"
women's c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
III.
For t h i s
study t h e f o l l o w i n g d e f i n i t i o n s o f terms w ere used.
system t o a d j u s t
Ponderal
scores?
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Cardiovascular e f f i c i e n c y
circulato ry
influence
is t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e h e a r t and
to the s tre s s o f a c t i v i t y .
index is a r a t i o o f h e i g h t and w e i g h t - - a measure o f t h e
p e r s o n ' s a c h ie v e d mass o v e r h i s s u r f a c e a r e a .
t h e s u b j e c t ' s ponderal
index
c
A c co r d in g t o Sh eld on,
is d e t e r m in e d by th e f o r m u l a :
H e ig h t _____
3V
Weight
Leg S t r e n g t h
is t h e deg ree t o which
e x e r t f o r c e t hr ou gh
isom etric c o n tra c tio n .
Hodgkins and S k u b i c , 0 £ .
ci t . . p.
leg and h i p e x t e n s o r s can
191.
^ W i l l i a m H. S h el d on , S. S. S t e v e n s , and W. B. T u c k e r , The
V a r i e t i e s o f Human Phvslgues (second e d i t i o n ; New Yo rk: Ha rp er and
B r o t h e r s , 1 9 ^ 0 ) , pp. 5 , 2 6 5 - 2 6 6 .
k
Normal w e i g h t .
Normal w e i g h t s u b j e c t s were c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d in g
t o P r y o r W id th - W e ig h t T a b l e s .
S u b j e c t s who were from f i v e p e r ce n t
u nd er wei ght t o f i v e per ce n t o v e r w e i g h t were
in c l u d e d
in th e normal
weight c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
U n d e r w e lq h t .
S u b j e c t s w ere c l a s s i f i e d as un de rwe ig ht a c c o r d in g
t o Pr yo r W id t h - W e i g h t T a b l e s .
u nd erw ei ght were i n cl ud ed
O verweight.
in t h e u nd er w ei gh t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
Ov er we ig h t s u b j e c t s were c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d in g to
Pry or W id t h - W e ig h t T a b l e s .
o v e r w e i g h t w ere
Those who were more than f i v e p e r cent
inc lu de d
6
Those who w e r e more than f i v e per ce n t
in t h e o v e r w e i g h t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
^Helen B. P r y o r , W id t h - W e i g h t T a b l e s
S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y , C a l i f o r n i a , 19^0 ).
(second r e v i s e d e d i t i o n ;
CHAPTER I I
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
R e latively
little
d ea lin g s p e c i f i c a l l y w ith
substantial
has been r e p o r t e d
the problem in v o l v e d
amount has been r e p o r t e d ,
means o f m eas uring the f a c t o r s
leg s t r e n g t h ,
height,
w eight,
a de g re e upon t h e t o o l s used
in p e r f e c t i n g
factors
in
t o o l s and d e v i c e s
in t h i s
in t h i s s t u d y .
pertaining
A
t o ways and
in the st ud y:
namely,
and c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y o f women.
some o f the most
involved
however,
t o be d e a l t w i t h
Since th e v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y o f
review b r i e f l y
in t h e r e s e a r c h l i t e r a t u r e
st u d y ;
t h e study a r e dependent
th e s t u d y ,
it
to q u ite
seemed i m p o r ta n t to
s i g n i f i c a n t work which has been done
used in g a t h e r i n g d a t a r e l a t e d t o the
such a r e v i e w f o l l o w s .
I . MEASUREMENT OF LEG STRENGTH
Logan^ p r e s e n te d a d e s c r i p t i o n o f a M o d i f i e d Quadrant Assembly,
a d e v i c e f o r th e measurement o f knee e x t e n s o r s t r e n g t h a t v a r y i n g
ang le s
in the range o f m o t io n .
The i n s t r u m e n t , m o d i f i e d
from a s i m i l a r
d e v i c e r e p o r t e d by B r e w s t e r o f En gland, was d e s c r i b e d and i l l u s t r a t e d .
In stru ctio n s
f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n and use were i n c l u d e d .
^Gene A. Logan and A i l e e n e L o c k h a r t , " M o d i f i e d Quadrant Assembly
f o r Measuring I s o m e t r i c Knee Ex te n s o r S t r e n g t h a t S e le c t e d A n g l e s , "
P e r c e p t u a l and Motor S k i l l s , XIV ( F e b r u a r y , 1 9 6 2 ) , 3 5 - 3 7 .
5
Smith
conventional
2
measured th e
leg s t r e n g t h o f se ve nt y c o l l e g e men w i t h a
leg s t r e n g t h dynamometer
in a p o s i t i o n des igned to
t h e power t h r u s t o f t h e m aj or muscle groups used
in th e v e r t i c a l
The s u b j e c t s then perf ormed a m o d i f i e d S a rg en t Jump t h a t
arm snap.
Al th ou gh t h e r e l i a b i l i t y
differences
involve
jump.
i n v o l v e d no
o f a l l measures was h i g h ,
individual
in t h e r a t i o o f t e s t e d s t r e n g t h t o body mass showed o n l y a
low and n o n - s l g n t f l e a n t c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h jumping per formance.
The c u r r e n t
interest
in
i s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e has brought about a
need f o r an a c c u r a t e m eas uring d e v i c e f o r d e t e r m i n i n g s t r e n g t h o f
s p e c i f i c muscle groups.
Coach's S p o r t i n g Goods C o r p o r a t i o n ^ has developed
a strength-measuring device c a lle d
ment can be used
muscle groups,
The
the
Iso-Scale,
This p a r t ic u la r
in s e v e r a l ways to measure t h e s t r e n g t h o f v a r i o u s
i n c l u d i n g those
involved
in " s t e p "
testin g .
I s o - S c a l e can be used t o measure f o r c e s from z e r o t o f i v e
hundred t e n s i l e pounds w i t h a h i g h degree o f a c c u r a c y .
of
this
in stru ­
i n s t ru m e n t
was w e l l - s u i t e d
for
for
II.
The a d a p t a b i l i t y
l a b o r a t o r y use in th e measurement o f
th e purpose o f t h i s
leg s t r e n g t h
research.
RELATING HEIGHT, WEIGHT AND BODY BUILD
In r e v i e w i n g t h i s
type o f
research,
an a t t e m p t was made t o f i n d
2
Leon A. S m i t h , " R e l a t i o n s h i p Between E x p l o s i v e Leg S t r e n g t h and
Pe rformance in th e V e r t i c a l Jump," Research Q u a r t e r l y . XXXII ( O c t o b e r ,
1961),
4 0 5 -^ 0 8 .
■a
Coach's S p o r t i n g Goods C o r p o r a t i o n ,
Indiana.
P. 0 .
Box 8 3 5 , M a r i o n ,
7
an i n s t r u m e n t o r pr o c e d u r e t h a t would p r o v i d e the
means o f c l a s s i f y i n g
s t u d e n t s as o v e r w e i g h t ,
and f u r t h e r p r o v i d e the
ra tio
in v e s tig a to r w ith a
normal w e i g h t ,
i n v e s t i g a t o r w i t h an index o f
t h a t would g i v e a measure o f body s u r f a c e .
n u tritio n al
s t a t u s o f s t u d e n t s has g i v e n
tables f o r c l a s s if y in g
students
ris e
or u nd er w ei gh t
the h e i g h t - w e i g h t
Concern w i t h the
t o the development o f
in to overweight,
no rm al ,
and u nd er ­
w e ig h t groups.
The e a r l i e s t methods o f a p p r a i s i n g p h y s i c a l
s t a t u s were t a b l e s
fr o m . w h ic h w e i g h t could be p r e d i c t e d on the b a s i s o f sex,
height.
In e s t a b l i s h i n g
same sex,
age,
th ese t a b l e s ,
age,
and h e i g h t were weig hed .
and h e i g h t .
person to weigh e x a c t l y
several
thousand p e o p le .
the same
Hence,
k
the
The ave ra ge w e i g h t was
for a il
persons o f
The b e s t known t a b l e s o f
Wood-Baldwin A g e - H e i g h t - W e i g h t T a b l e s .
and
a l a r g e number o f peo ple o f
computed and recor de d as the normal w e ig h t
same sex,
age,
th is
the
typ e a r e the
One cannot e x p e c t a g iv en
as a norm computed on t h e b a s i s o f
th e usual i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f
is t j i a t the person should be w i t h i n
ten t o f i f t e e n
such norms
per c e n t o f h i s own
norm.^
It
is a t
times an e r r o r
to a cc ep t
th e av e ra ge as b e i n g no rm al .
The a v e r a g i n g o f a l a r g e number o f w e ig h t s r e s u l t s
What t h i s a ve r ag e means in terms
si m p ly
is
in one number.
o f h e a l t h could be an y o n e' s guess.
the b e s t s i n g l e score f o r r e p r e s e n t i n g
the group.
Donald K. Mathews, Measurement in Phys i c a l E d uc at io n (second
e d i t i o n ; P h i l a d e l p h i a and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1 9 6 3 ) ,
pp. 2 1 2 - 2 1 3 .
'"i b i d . , p . 2 1 3 .
It
8
Cureton^ de v is e d an e q u a t i o n f o r p r e d i c t i n g
w e ig h t on t h e
fat.
individu al
b a s i s o f t h e s k e l e t a l measurements o f bone, m usc le ,
Here a s k e l e t a l
tissue
pr o p e r
index,
index were combined.
and
a muscle g i r t h
index,
and an ad ip o s e
T h i s was l a t e r
improved and th e r e s u l t s
w ere t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a :
Weight
(lb .)
g irth ,
in .)
■ 9*09
+ 4.12
(ankle g i r t h ,
(hip w idth,
In .)
in .)
+ 5. 01
- 249.55-
In s t u d y i n g methods o f w e i g h t p r e d i c t i o n
Ludlum and Powell^ found t h a t h e i g h t ,
(minimum chest
f o r c o l l e g e women,
c he st d e p t h ,
items s t u d i e d .
and c he st w i d t h
were
t h e most e f f e c t i v e o f t h e
The
si on
e q u a t i o n was o b t a i n e d between t h e s e t e s t s and
follow ing
regres­
the w e i g h t s o f
1 , 5 8 0 women from n i n e t e e n c o l l e g e s th ro u g h o u t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s :
Weight ■ 2 . 6
(Sum o f Measurements)
-
154.3.
The c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n between a c t u a l
was . 7 1 , w i t h a p r e d i c t i v e
w eight,
index o f
. 5 7 t w ith a p re d ic tiv e
.30.
in de x o f
and th e p r e d i c t e d w e i g h t s
H e ig h t c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a c t u a l
.17*
Thus,
was found t o be a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w i c e as e f f e c t i v e
t h e new fo rm u la
in p r e d i c t i n g w e ig h t
as was h e i g h t a l o n e .
A f t e r an i n t e n s i v e
(St.
research p r o j e c t
in which t h e f a c t o r a n a l y s i s
^Thomas K. C u re to n , P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s A p p r a i s a l and Guidance
Lou is: The C. V. Mosby Company, 19^7)» PP^ 1 41 -1 45 .
^F. E. Ludlum and E l i z a b e t h P o w e l l , " C h e s t - H e i g h t - W e i g h t
T a b l e s f o r C o l l e g e Women," Research Q u a r t e r l y . XI ( O c t o b e r , 1 9 4 0 ) ,
55.
approach was used,
McCJoy
measurements o f h e i g h t ,
g irth ,
thigh
recommended t h a t sch ools use a n t h r o p o m e t r i c
weight,
w i d t h o f elbow and knee,
hip w idth,
and g i r t h s o f upper arm,
in p r e d i c t i n g normal w e i g h t .
He found t h a t
h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h normal w e i g h t .
tions
in the measurement o f c h e s t g i r t h
d e f i c i e n c y o r excess o f f a t .
of
9
forearm,
these el em ent s were
and h i p w i d t h
in r e l a t i o n
as Blesh and o t h e r s ,
10
recommend the
status.
t h a t d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a p p r o p r i a t e body
w e ig h t as an index o f n u t r i t i o n
height,
to
fa t calipers.
use o f t h e P r y o r W id th - W e ig h t T a b le s f o r e v a l u a t i n g n u t r i t i o n a l
f a c t o r s o f sex,
and
The c o r r e c t i o n was based upon measurements
as w e l l
P ry o r,m a in ta in in g
leg
I t was n ec ess ar y t o make c o r r e c ­
sk in and subcutaneous t i s s u e t ake n w i t h
Lowman and Young,
chest circumference,
and age,
framework and body s t r u c t u r e ,
should t a k e
i n t o account n o t o n l y the
but a l s o th e n a t u r e o f
th e bony
has d e v is e d a t e s t o f n u t r i t i o n a l
status
f o r persons between the ages o f one and f o r t y - o n e .
F o l l o w i n g a study o f v a r i o u s body measurements t h a t might be
used as an index o f body b u i l d ,
the b i - i l i a c
diam eter or width of
the
p e l v i c c r e s t was s e l e c t e d as the most i m p o r t a n t and l e a s t v a r i a b l e
g
C h a r l e s H. McCloy, " A p p r a i s i n g P h y s i c a l S t a t u s : The S e l e c t i o n
o f Measurements, S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f I o w a , " S t u d i e s in C h i l d W e l f a r e ,
X I I , Iowa C i t y : S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f Iowa, 1936.
g
C h a r l e s Leroy Lowman and C a r l Haven Young, P o s t u r a l F i t n e s s —
S i g n i f i c a n c e and V a r i a n c e s ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : Lea and F e b i g e r , I 9 6 0 ) .
'®T. Erwin Blesh and o t h e r s , "The Body Mechanics Program a t Y a le
U n i v e r s i t y , " (unpublished study, Yale U n i v e r s i t y ) .
^ H e l e n B. P r y o r , W id th - W e ig h t T a b l e s
S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y , C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9^ 0) .
(second r e v i s e d e d i t i o n ;
10
measurement o f body w i d t h .
In a d d i t i o n to t h i s measurement, t h e t h o r a c i c
w i d t h and t h e h e i g h t and age o f t h e s u b j e c t were r e c o r d e d .
data,
s p e c i a l l y pr e p a re d t a b l e s were used t o d e t e r m in e t h e pr o p e r w e ig h t
o f the s u b je c t.
12
The Ponderal
Index,
a r a t i o o f h e i g h t and w e i g h t ,
t o p r o v i d e an i n d i c a t i o n o f body s u r f a c e .
tio n ,
types:
W it h th e s e
S h e l d o n ' 3 has c l a s s i f i e d
A f t e r many y e a r s o f
human physiques
Investiga­
i n t o t h r e e m aj or body
endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ec t o m o r p h i c .
t he som atotyping pr oc ed ur e
has been used
The f i r s t
step
in
is t h a t o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s u b j e c t ' s ponderal
index by t h e f o r m u l a :
Height
3 /
Weight
Sheldon d e s c r i b e d th e ponderal
ach iev ed mass o v e r h i s s u r f a c e a r e a .
of
reference
index as a measure o f t h e p e r s o n ' s
This
index g i v e s us a n o t h e r p o i n t
in t h e study o f t h e r e l a t i o n o f w e i g h t t o c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
e f f ici ency.
III.
Since
MEASUREMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR EFFICIENCY
1884,
r e s e a r c h e r s have been se e k in g t o f i n d
measure muscular and c i r c u l a t o r y e f f i c i e n c y .
most p a r t ,
a t t e m p t s a t m eas uring c e r t a i n
14
W i l l i a m H. Sh el d on , S.
14
Mathews, 0 |>.
c i t . . p.
v a r i a b l e s which
S. Stevens and W.
187.
to
Such t e s t s a r e ,
c o n d i t i o n o f th e c i r c u l a t o r y system in a d j u s t i n g
IT
tests
re fle c t
f o r th e
the
t o work c o n d i t i o n s .
B. T u c k e r ,
lo c . ci t .
The
in volvemen t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s
r e s e a r c h and t e s t development
in t h e r e c e n t wars has promoted much
in t h i s a r e a .
The b u l k o f t h i s
research
15
d e a l s w i t h male s u b j e c t s .
related
to c a rd io v a s c u la r
Ac co rd in g t o Mathews,
the fo llo w in g tests
f u n c t i o n have been de ve lo ped :
1. B a l k e T r e a d m i 11 T e s t
2.
Barach In dex
3.
Bu rger T e s t
4.
C arl son F a t i g u e Curve T e s t
5.
Crampton Blood P o t o s is T e s t
6.
F o s ter's Test
7.
G a ll a g h e r and Brouha Te s t f o r G i r l s
8 .
G a l l a g h e r and Brouha T e s t
9.
Harvard St e p T e s t
10.
f o r High School
Boys
Pack T e s t
11. S c h n e i d e r T e s t
12.
Sloa n T e s t
13* T u t t l e
Pulse-R atio Test.
Three te s ts
reported
in t h e
l i t e r a t u r e were chosen f o r
review
h e r e p r i m a r i l y because t he y w ere designed f o r women and a p p a r e n t l y have
been s u c c e s s f u l l y used in meas uring c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y .
st a t e m e n t s about t h e s e t e s t s
Pertinent
fo llo w .
The G a ll a gh e r and Brouha Te s t f o r G i r l s ' ^ was devised f o r
l 5 l b l d . . pp.
19 0 -2 0 7 .
^ R o s w e l l J. G a ll a g h e r and Lucien Brouha, "A Fu nc tio nal Fi tn e s s
Te s t f o r High School G i r l s , " Journal o f H ea lt h and Physical E d u c a t io n .
X IV (December, 1 9 ^ 3 ) , 517*
12
e s t i m a t i n g t h e dynamic p h y s i c a l
was based upon t h e p r i n c i p l e
rapidly w i l l
test,
th irty
her h e a rt
2
that
t h e more f i t
ra te return
a g irl
to normal a f t e r
g irls .
is,
The t e s t
t h e more
exercise.
In th e
t h e s u b j e c t stepped up and down on a s i x t e e n - i n c h p l a t f o r m
tim e s a m i n u t e .
c o u ld up t o a maximum o f
li,
f i t n e s s o f hi gh school
to 2 ^,
The s u b j e c t c o n t i n u e d s t e p p i n g as long as she
fo u r minutes.
and 3 to 3 i m in ut e s a f t e r
The p u l s e was counted from 1 to
the subject fin is h e d
th e t e s t .
The sco re was computed by t h e f o r m u l a :
Physical
F i t n e s s Score ■ ( D u r a t i o n o f e x e r c i s e in s e c . )
2 (Sum o f p u l s e counts)
X 100
C l a r k e ' ^ used t h e Brouha m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e Ha rv ar d Step T e s t
as a F u n c t i o n a l
Physical
Fitness Test
f o r C o l l e g e Women.
In t h i s
test
an e i g h t e e n - i n c h bench was used and t h e e x e r c i s e was c o n t i n u e d f o r f o u r
m inutes.
The rem ai nde r o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f
as t h e G a l l a g h e r and Brouha T e s t
The Sloan T e s t
suitable
18
t h e t e s t was t h e same
for G irls .
is a m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e Ha rv ar d St e p T e s t ,
f o r use w i t h women.
In an e f f o r t
scores between men and women, t h i s
to equate f i t n e s s
index
e x p e r im e n t was conducted t o e s t a b l i s h
a s t e p h e i g h t f o r women t h a t would produce score s e q u i v a l e n t t o t ho se
o b t a i n e d w i t h a t w e n t y - i n c h s t e p f o r men.
down on an e i g h t e e n - i n c h bench a t
for a to ta l
The s u b j e c t s stepped up and
th e r a t e o f t h i r t y
e x e r c i s e p e r i o d o f f i v e m in u te s o r u n t i l
steps per m inute,
u n a b le t o c o n t i n u e
^ H a r r i e t L. C l a r k e , "A F u n c t i o n a l P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s T e s t f o r
C o l l e g e Women," Jou rn al o f H e a l t h and P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n . XIV (Sep te m ber ,
1943), 3 58 -5 9, 394-95.
18
A. W. S l o a n , "A M o d i f i e d Ha rv ar d Step T e s t f o r Women," J o u r n a 1
o f A p p l i e d P h y s i o l o g y . X I V (November, 1 9 5 9 ) , 985-
the e x e r c i s e .
The remainder o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f th e t e s t was the
same as the G a ll a g h e r and Brouha T e s t f o r G i r l s .
The Fi t n e s s
Index
was computed using t h e same formula as t h a t employed by these authors
in t h e i r o r i g i n a l
study.
The l i m i t a t i o n
id en tified.
th e t h r e e t e s t s discussed above a r e c l e a r l y
They a r e q u i t e lengthy and d i f f i c u l t
on ly o t h e r t e s t f o r g i r l s
to a d m i n i s t e r .
The
and women is th e r e c e n t l y developed t h r e e -
minute s te p t e s t by Skubic and Hodgkins.
19
These authors f i r s t
made a study to det ermine whether or not a t h r e e - m i n u t e step t e s t w it h
one recovery pu lse count
is a v a l i d and r e l i a b l e
ing th e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y o f women.
instrument f o r measur­
N i n e t y - s i x females between
the ages o f tw e lv e and t w e n t y - f i v e v o lu n t e e r e d to ta k e both the f i v e minute and t h r e e - m i n u t e t e s t s .
The r a t e o f st epping
in both t e s t s was
s e t a t t w e n t y - f o u r steps per minute on a bench e i g h t e e n
inches high.
The stepping rhythm was r e g u la t e d by an e l e c t r i c metronome.
minute o f r e s t f o l l o w i n g e x e r c i s e ,
seconds.
As f a r as p o s s i b l e , a l l
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s o f th e t e s t ,
test.
A f t e r one
the pulse was taken f o r t h i r t y
c o n d it io n s were the same f o r both
th e only v a r i a b l e being the length of the
In o r d e r to m in im iz e th e e f f e c t s of p r a c t i c e and l e a r n i n g , some
s ub je c ts were given the f i v e - m i n u t e t e s t f i r s t , w h i l e o t h e r s s t a r t e d
w i t h the t h r e e - m i n u t e t e s t .
The r e s u l t o b t a i n e d , a c o r r e l a t i o n of
.7 9 0 , was accepted as s u f f i c i e n t l y high t o j u s t i f y
f u r t h e r study o f
the t h r e e - m i n u t e t e s t .
19
Vera Skubic and Jean Hodgkins, " C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y Test
f o r G i r l s and Women," Research Q u a r t e r l y . XXXIV (May, 1 9 6 3 ) , 191—198.
]k
The m o d i f i e d
t h r e e - m i n u t e t e s t was then used t o t e s t
f o u r groups
of subjects:
1.
Trained g i r l s ,
between e i e v e n and seventeen ye ar s o f age.
2.
Untrained g i r l s ,
t w e l v e t o s i x t e e n ye a r s o f age.
3 . A c t i v e women, aged sev ent een to t w e n t y - t h r e e .
k . Se d e n t a r y women, sev ent een t o t w e n t y - t h r e e y e a r s o f age.
From
this
study,
Sk ubic and Hodgkins concluded t h a t :
1. The t h r e e - m i n u t e s t e p t e s t is s u f f i c i e n t l y st re nuo us t o be
c l a s s i f i e d as hard work f o r g i r l s and women.
2.
The t e s t , as d e s c r i b e d in t h e s t u d y , d i s c r i m i n a t e s to a
hi gh de g re e among s u b j e c t s in an e x c e l l e n t s t a t e o f
p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n , s u b j e c t s who a r e m o d e r a t e l y
a c t i v e , and those who a r e s e d e n t a r y .
3. T r a i n e d swimmers have lower h e a r t r a t e s d u r i n g t h e
second and t h i r d m in ut e s o f e x e r c i s e and d u r i n g
re co v e r y than g i r l s and women who a r e not in a t r a i n e d
condition.
k.
P h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n m aj or s t u d e n t s app ear to be h i g h l y
r e l i a b l e in c h e ck in g p u l s e r a t e s o f s u b j e c t s a f t e r
e x e r c i se.
5. Age is no t a f a c t o r in t h e s t e p t e s t among fe m ale s o f
j u n i o r h i g h , h i g h s c h o o l , and c o l l e g e age.
6 . The t e s t
is v a l i d and r e l i a b l e as an i n s t ru m e n t f o r
determ iningpthe c a rd io v a s c u la r e f f i c i e n c y o f g i r l s
and women.
Pursuant to t h e ab ov e- me nti one d r e s e a r c h ,
further
in vestig ated the three-m in u te step t e s t ,
cardiovascular e ffic ie n c y
2 0 I b i d . . p.
21
Hodgkins and Skubic
21
e s ta b lis h in g national
s t a n d a rd s f o r c o l l e g e women.
A total
of
197.
Hodgkins and S k u b i c , " C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y T e s t Scores
f o r C o l l e g e Women in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , " pp. * + 5 ^ - ^ ! .
15
2 , 3 6 0 c o I I e g e women, r e p r e s e n t i n g a l l
tio n s,
p articip ated
United S ta te s geographical
in t h e f o l l o w - u p s t u d y .
From t h i s
loca­
second s t u d y ,
Hodgkins and Sk ubi c concluded t h a t :
1. When r a t e d on a n a t i o n a l s c a l e f o r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y ,
t h e m a j o r i t y o f th e 2 , 3 6 0 c o l l e g e women in t h e study
were r a t e d " f a i r . "
2.
T h i r t e e n per c e n t o f a l l s u b j e c t s cou ld not complete t h e
t h r e e - m i n u t e s t e p t e s t , and t h e overwhelming m a j o r i t y
o f th e s e were in t h e " p o o r " and " v e r y poor" c a t e g o r i e s .
3.
S u b j e c t s in th e E a st e r n D i s t r i c t had b e t t e r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
e f f i c i e n c y scores t h a n s u b j e c t s in t h e o t h e r f i v e
d is tric ts .
The s u b j e c t s in t h e Southern D i s t r i c t made
po o re r scores than s u b j e c t s in any o t h e r d i s t r i c t .
4 . The h e i g h t o f s u b j e c t s does not a f f e c t scores on th e
s t e p t e s t , but t h e r e is c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n t h a t heavy
women tend t o sc ore less w e l l than l i g h t e r women.
5.
P h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n majors a r e more f i t from a c a r d i o ­
v a s c u l a r s t a n d p o i n t than any o t h e r group o f m aj or s
studied.
The e d u c a t i o n m ajors a r e less f i t than most
o ther major groups. 22
Skubic and Hodgkins
a th ird
study designed
s e n i o r hi gh school
diurnal
( 1)
to g a t h e r t e s t score s from j u n i o r and
subjects
o f secondary school
o f c o l l e g e women,
23 a l s o used t h e t h r e e - m i n u t e s t e p t e s t in
age,
in o r d e r t o p r o v i d e s t a n d a rd s f o r g i r l s
( 2 ) t o compare t h e s e r e s u l t s w i t h th ose
( 3 ) t o d e t e r m in e w h e t h e r o r not a i r
v a r i a t i o n s a f f e c t e d the scores,
o b t a i n e d from t h e s i x d i s t r i c t s
Physical
23
t o compare t h e scores
o f t h e American A s s o c i a t i o n
Ed uca tio n and R e c r e a t i o n .
2 2 lb td . .
and ( 4 )
t e m p e r a t u r e or
A total
fo r Health,
o f 6 8 6 j u n i o r hi gh school
pp. 4 6 0 - 4 6 1 .
Vera Skubic and Jean Hodgkins, " C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y
T e s t Scores f o r J u n i o r and S e n i o r High School G i r l s in t h e U n it e d
S t a t e s , " Research Q u a r t e r l y . XXXV (May, 1 9 6 4 ) , 18 4- 19 2.
16
students,
aged n i n e th ro ug h f o u r t e e n ,
aged f i f t e e n
t hr oug h n i n e t e e n ,
and 1 , 3 3 2 h i g h school
p a rtic ip a ted
hi gh school
s u b j e c t s were e n r o l l e d
distributed
th ro u g h o u t t h e s i x d i s t r i c t s
fo r H ealth,
Physical
in t h e s t u d y .
in t w e n t y - f i v e d i f f e r e n t
of
students,
The j u n i o r
schools
th e American A s s o c i a t i o n
E d uc at io n and R e c r e a t i o n .
were r e p r e s e n t e d and t h e s e were a l s o d i s t r i b u t e d
T h i r t y h i g h sch ools
th ro u g h o u t t h e s i x
d is tric ts .
From
1.
th is
t h i r d s t u d y , S kubic
and Hodgkins concluded t h a t :
A comparison o f 6 8 6 j u n i o r h i g h school s t u d e n t s w i t h
1 , 3 3 2 h i g h school s t u d e n t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e younger
g i r l s made s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r scores than t h e o l d e r
g i r l s on th e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y t e s t .
2. When compared w i t h scores o f c o l l e g e women o b t a i n e d in
a p r e v i o u s s t u d y , j u n i o r h i g h school s u b j e c t s scored
s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r than c o l l e g e women, but t h e r e was
no d i f f e r e n c e between hi gh school and c o l l e g e
sc o re s .
3.
S u b j e c t s t e s t e d in cool t e m p e r a t u r e s (between 5^ F and
65 F) d i d no t s c o re d i f f e r e n t l y from th ose s u b j e c t s
t e s t e d in t h e warm t e m p e r a t u r e s (between 80 F to
91 F ) .
A v e r y low, i n s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p was found
between t e m p e r a t u r e and scores on t h e t h r e e - m i n u t e s te p
test.
k.
T e s t s gi ven a t f o u r d i f f e r e n t tim e s d u r i n g t h e day
r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e t i m e o f t e s t i n g does not a f f e c t
s co re s.
5.
test
S e n i o r h i g h school s t u d e n t s in t h e C e n t r a l d i s t r i c t
made b e t t e r scores than s t u d e n t s in any o f t h e o t h e r
f i v e d i s t r i c t s o f t h e American A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h ,
P h y s i c a l Educa tion and R e c r e a t i o n .
In t h e j u n i o r
high school group, s t u d e n t s in the C e n t r a l and Southern
d i s t r i c t s made t h e b e s t s c o r e s .
At t h e c o l l e g e l e v e l ,
s u b j e c t s in t h e E a s t e r n d i s t r i c t scored h i g h e r than
a l 1 o th e rs .^
CHAPTER
I I I
' PROCEDURE USED IN THE STUDY
The d at a f o r t h i s
of
t h e school y e a r
Rouge,
study w e r e g a t h e r e d d u r i n g t h e s p r i n g semester
I963~1964 a t
Louisiana S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ,
Baton
Louisiana.
I . SUBJECTS USED
The
in v e s tig a to r exp lained
students e n r o l l e d
t h e n a t u r e o f t h e study t o women
in c o n d i t i o n i n g e x e r c i s e s ,
badminton,
swimming c l a s s e s , which a r e a p a r t o f t h e b a s i c p h y s i c a l
program a t
Louisiana S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ,
o f women s t u d e n t s m a j o r i n g
in p h y s i c a l
for p a rtic ip a tio n
and
education
and a l s o t o a l i m i t e d number
education.
o r d e r t o have a broad sample o f s u b j e c t s .
volunteer
tennis,
T h i s was done in
S t u d e n t s were asked t o
in t h i s s t u d y .
One hundred n i n e t y - e i g h t s t u d e n t s v o l u n t e e r e d as s u b j e c t s .
s u b j e c t s were c l a s s i f i e d " q u a l i f i e d
for
th e L . S . U .
Ages ranged from e i g h t e e n to
Student Health S e rv ic e .
tw e n ty -fiv e years.
e d u c a t i o n " by
S i x t y - n i n e o f t h e s u b j e c t s were e n r o l l e d
ing e x e r c i s e c l a s s e s ,
s e v e n t y - t h r e e were r e g i s t e r e d
t w e n t y - t w o were e n r o l l e d
in swimming c l a s s e s ;
re g u la r physical
in t e n n i s c l a s s e s ;
twenty-two o f
e d u c a t i o n and w er e p a r t i c i p a t i n g
to t h e i r major courses.
A ll
in c o n d i t i o n
f o r badminton c l a s s e s
t w e l v e s t u d e n t s w er e e n r o l l e d
the sub jects were m ajoring
in a v a r i e t y o f a c t i v i t i e s
in p h y s i c a l
in r e l a t i o n
I I . TESTING THE SUBJECTS
The t e s t s used
the
Iso-S cale,'
Women.
2
in t h i s
study were th e
leg s t r e n g t h t e s t ,
and t h e C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y T e s t
Measurements ta k e n were h e i g h t , w e i g h t ,
us in g
f o r G i r l s and
and c h e s t and p e l v i c
w idth.
The i n v e s t i g a t o r u n d e r t o o k a p r e - r e s e a r c h one-week t e s t i n g
p e r i o d t o p e r f e c t h e r own t e c h n i q u e f o r measurements as w e l l
determine the r e l i a b i l i t y
Du ri n g t h i s week t h e
pu rpose.
o f h e r me as ur ing and t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e s .
i n v e s t i g a t o r used t w e n t y - f o u r s u b j e c t s
for this
A n t h r o p o m e t r i c measures w e r e ta k e n t w i c e f o r each s u b j e c t
and f i g u r e s were compared u n t i l
The
as to
t h e o b t a i n e d f i g u r e s were th e same.
leg s t r e n g t h t e s t was a d m i n i s t e r e d t w i c e f o r each s u b j e c t and when
t h e score s were compared,
same.
i t was found t h a t
The c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
subject
in d iv id u a lly ,
they w ere e s s e n t i a l l y
t e s t was a d m i n i s t e r e d
h a v in g one o t h e r person w i t h
c o u n t i n g t h e r e c o v e r y p u l s e and r e c o r d i n g same.
p r e - r e s e a r c h e x p e r i e n c e was c o n t i n u e d u n t i l
niq ue s w ere ju dged t o be p e r f e c t e d
the
th e
the
to each
investigator
Practice
in t h i s
in v e s tig a to r's
tech­
t o a s a t i s f a c t o r y de g re e .
S u b j e c t s were t e s t e d on two s e p a r a t e days due t o t h e demands o f
t h e two t e s t s .
On t h e f i r s t
d ay ,
record personal
i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e
t h e s u b j e c t s w er e
research cards;
^Coach's S p o r t i n g Goods C o r p o r a t i o n ,
Ind i ana.
2
P.
0.
in s tru c te d to
anthropometric
Box 8 3 5 , M a r i o n ,
Sk ub ic and Hodgk ins, " C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y T e s t f o r G i r l s
and Women," pp. 19 1 -1 9 8 .
measurements w ere ta k e n and r e c o r d e d ;
the
leg s t r e n g t h t e s t was a d m i n i s t e r
ed to each s u b j e c t and sc or es were r e c o r d e d .
cardiovascular e ffic ie n c y
On th e second day,
the
t e s t was a d m i n i s t e r e d to each s u b j e c t .
number o f seconds d u r a t i o n o f e x e r c i s e ,
and t h i r t y - s e c o n d
The
r ec o v er y p u l s e
f o l l o w i n g o n e - m i n u t e r e s t w ere reco rde d f o r each s u b j e c t .
Proc edu re f o r F i r s t
Day
A f t e r t h e s u b j e c t ' s pe rs o na l
w eight,
the
chest,
I n f o r m a t i o n was r e c o r d e d ,
height,
and p e l v i c w i d t h measurements o f each w er e t a k e n .
Then
leg s t r e n g t h t e s t was a d m i n i s t e r e d t o each s u b j e c t .
H eigh t.
A s t a d i o m e t e r and a w a l l
height o f the s u b je c ts .
th e
Each s u b j e c t was measured w i t h o u t shoes,
h a v in g th e s u b j e c t stand as t a l l
h e e l s on t h e f l o o r ,
c h a r t w ere used t o o b t a i n
as she cou ld w i t h her f e e t
and w i t h h e r back a g a i n s t t h e w a i l
together,
chart.
A
s t a d i o m e t e r was p l a c e d on t h e s u b j e c t ' s head and t h e e x a c t h e i g h t o f
t h e s u b j e c t was read from th e w a l l
chart.
The r e c o r d was made t o t h e
n e a r e s t q u a r t e r o f an inc h.
Wei g h t .
scales.
shoes.
The w e i g h t o f each s u b j e c t was o b t a i n e d by use o f m edical
The s u b j e c t wore r e g u l a t i o n
Weight o f
gymnasium c l o t h e s and stood w i t h o u t
t h e s u b j e c t was recor de d t o t h e n e a r e s t h a l f - p o u n d .
Pondera 1 I n d e x .
each s u b j e c t ' s pon deral
Pondera 1 In de x ■
The h e i g h t - w e i g h t d a t a w ere used to d e t e r m i n e
in dex by t h e f o r m u l a :
Height
3 V W ei gh t
Chest W i d t h .
The s u b j e c t was
b r e a t h e n o r m a l l y , w i t h arms a t
instructed
the side of
t o st and
t h e body.
relaxed,
to
The i n v e s t i g a t o r
20
fa c e d th e s u b j e c t w i t h wooden s l i d i n g c a l i p e r s h e l d h o r i z o n t a l l y
nipple
level
and w i t h
th e arms o f th e c a l i p e r
on t h e si de s o f
t h e t h o r a c i c ca g e.
end o f a normal
exp iratio n
centim eter.
at
r e s tin g , w ithout pressure,
The measurement was taken a t
and recor de d to t h e n e a r e s t
the
tenth of a
A d e d u c t io n o f o n e - t e n t h o f a c e n t i m e t e r was made l a t e r
for clothes.
P e lvic W idth.
The i n v e s t i g a t o r stood f a c i n g t h e s u b j e c t , who
was s t a n d i n g w i t h f e e t
together,
t h e two arms o f t h e c a l i p e r ,
ilium .
and measured w i t h
firm pressure of
the g re a te s t width a t
the c r e s t of the
The arms o f t h e c a l i p e r were t i l t e d
s lig h tly
upward.
r eco rd was made t o t h e n e a r e s t t e n t h o f a c e n t i m e t e r .
t w o - t e n t h s o f a c e n t i m e t e r was made l a t e r
Weight C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s .
The
A deduction of
for clothes.
The age , h e i g h t , w e i g h t ,
chest,
and
p e l v i c w i d t h were used t o d e t e r m i n e w he th er o r not each s u b j e c t was
normal w e i g h t ,
underweight, or overw eight according to the Pryor
W id t h - W e ig h t C h a r t s .
W eights from f i v e per c e n t un d erw ei gh t to f i v e
p er ce n t o v e r w e i g h t were c o n s id e r e d t o be w i t h i n
t h e range o f normal
v a riatio n .
Leg S t r e n g t h T e s t .
The leg s t r e n g t h t e s t w i t h t h e
Iso-S cale,
a s t r e n g t h - m e a s u r i n g d e v i c e which can be used t o measure f o r c e s from
z e r o t o f i v e hundred t e n s i l e pounds, was used t o o b t a i n
scores o f t h e s u b j e c t s .
the te s t
subject
The i n v e s t i g a t o r e x p l a i n e d and dem onstrated
to the s u b je c ts ,
in d iv id u ally.
f e e t a p a r t , on t h e f l a t
leg s t r e n g t h
then t h e t e s t was a d m i n i s t e r e d t o each
The s u b j e c t was
instructed
p a r t s o f t h e m et al
h i p s f l e x e d a t 3 0 ° a n g le s w i t h
th e v e r t i c a l
to stand, w it h the
bar and w i t h
lin e .
t h e knees and
A go n io m e t e r w i t h
21
two a n g le s , 3 0 ° each,
r e p r e s e n t in g the knees and hips in a f le x e d
p o s i t i o n , was used to be sure t h a t a l l
bodies a t the sane a ng l e .
s ub je c ts were te s te d w i t h t h e i r
The b e l t was f i x e d to one end o f the metal
b a r , crossed over th e lower back o f the s u b j e c t , a d ju s te d to the he ig h t
o f the s ubj ect and then f i x e d to the o t h e r end o f the metal b a r .
A towel
was placed on the back of the s ub j e c t not on ly to prevent the b e l t from
s l i d i n g w h i l e the s ub je c t performed the t e s t but a ls o to prevent the
pressure o f the b e l t
from causing unnecessary p a i n .
The s u b j e c t was
urged to push upward a g a in s t the b e l t by c o n t r a c t i n g the leg and h i p
extensors as hard as she co ul d.
The number o f pounds the s u b j e c t was
a b l e to push was read from the I s o - S c a l e and recorded.
T h i s number was
m u l t i p l i e d by two, s in c e the s u b j e c t pushed a g a in s t two b e l t s , one from
each s i d e , and t h i s was recorded as the leg s t r e n g t h score.
Procedure f o r Second Day
The C a r di ov a sc u la r E f f i c i e n c y T e s t f o r G i r l s and Women, developed
by Skubic and Hodgkins,
3
was a d m in i s te r e d to the s ub j e c ts to o b ta i n
t h e i r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y scores.
C a rd io v a sc u la r E f f i c i e n c y T e s t .
st epping up and down on a bench e i g h t e e n
T h i s t e s t c on s is te d o f continuous
inches high a t the r a t e o f
t w e n t y - f o u r steps per minute f o r t h r e e minutes.
Students who completed
the t h r e e - m i n u t e d u r a t i o n o f e x e r c i s e r est ed f o r one minute in a
s i t t i n g position.
Foll ow ing the completion o f th e one-minute r e s t ,
recovery pu ls e was counted f o r t h i r t y seconds.
For s ub j e c t s who
stopped p r i o r t o the t h r e e - m i n u t e p e r i o d ,
noted,
and they were a l lo w e d
the t o t a l
t o r e s t one m i n u t e .
time o f s t e p p i n g was
Recovery p u l s e was
then counted f o r t h i r t y
seconds. The a c t u a l
was a b l e to s te p up and
down and r e c o v e r y p u l s e coun ts were recorded on
th e s u b j e c t ' s
efficien cy
research card.
ly.
administered
th is
b ea ts p e r m in u te
Two stop watches were used.
signal
f o r th e s u b j e c t
seconds
late r
Hodgkins and Sk u b i c .
k
the cadence.
in d iv id u al­
The cadence
to r e g u l a t e th e tim e o f
One was s t a r t e d
the s u b je c t
to a card io v a s c u la r
t e s t t o each s u b j e c t
A metronome was used t o s e t th e time o f
was s e t a t n i n e t y - s i x
after
They were co n ve r te d
score as d e s c r i b e d by
The i n v e s t i g a t o r
number o f
stepping.
sim ultaneously with
the
t o s t a r t p e r f o r m i n g the t e s t and stopped e x a c t l y
t h r e e minutes or when the s u b j e c t could no l o n g e r c o n t i n u e
s t e p p i n g up and down a t t h a t cadence.
s i m u l t a n e o u s l y when th e f i r s t
r e s t and t h e t h i r t y - s e c o n d
counts were t ake n by the
p a l p a t i o n method.
The second watch was s t a r t e d
watch was stopped,
pulse-counting
investigator at
The a u t h o r gave v e r b a l
t h e t e s t and t o h e l p th e s u b j e c t m a i n t a i n
Scores f o r s u b j e c t s who f a i l e d
t o tim e th e o n e -m i n u t e
in te rv a l.
th e c a r o t i d
signals
Recovery pu ls e
a r t e r y by the
t o s t a r t and stop
the cadence.
to f i n i s h
the t h r e e - m i n u t e
test
were computed by the f o r m u la : " ’
Score = No. o f seconds o f s t e p p i n g X 100
3 0 - second r e c o v e r y p u l s e X 5 . 6
For s u b j e c t s who completed the t h r e e - m i n u t e t e s t ,
a conversion
Hodgkins and Sk ub ic , " C a r d i o v a s c u l a r * E f f i c i e n c y T e s t Scores f o r
C o l l e g e Women in the U n i t e d S t a t e s , " pp. ^ $ 6 , 4 6 1 .
23
table** was used t o d e t e r m in e t h e sco res.
Standards set
were as f o l l o w s :
Very Good, 6 0 - 7 0 ;
F air,
39-48;
E x cellen t,
Poor, 2 8 - 3 8 ;
III.
71 and above;
and Very Poor,
to a n a l y z e s t a t i s t i c a l l y
raw scores were e n t e r e d on I . B . M .
provide
Good, 4 9 - 5 9 ;
0-27.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The L o u is i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
u tilize d
in th e t a b l e
Computer Research Center was
t h e d a t a ga t h er ed f o r t h i s s tu dy .
score sheets which were used to
i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e punching o f
then used t o compute th e f i n a l
The
results
I.B.M .
cards.
These cards were
f o r t h i s study.
The product-moment c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n was employed to
d e t e r m in e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and leg
strength,
and ponderal
index.
C o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n was a l s o used
t o d e t e r m in e th e r e l a t i o n s h i p between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and .
leg s t r e n g t h f o r each o f t h e gr ou ps --n orm al w e i g h t ,
overweight;
un d er w ei g h t , and
i t was a l s o used t o d et er m in e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between
c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and w e i g h t ,
and h e i g h t f o r th e t h r e e w e ig h t
groups.
In o r d e r to d e t e r m in e
if
t h e r e were s i g n i f i c a n t
differences
in
leg s t r e n g t h between t hos e who completed t h e t h r e e - m i n u t e s t e p t e s t
and those who could n o t ,
a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was used.
v a r i a n c e was a l s o used t o d e t e r m in e
ences
If
A n a l y s i s of
t h e r e were s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r ­
in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y among th e t h r e e w ei g h t groups,
^ I b i d . . p. 461.
and
t o d e t e r m i n e w he th er o r no t t h e r e were s i g n i f i c a n t
differences
in
leg
s t r e n g t h among th e t h r e e w e i g h t groups.
Regre ssi on was used t o a n a l y z e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between c a r d i o ­
vascular e f fic ie n c y c la s s if ic a t io n s o f
Index c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s .
the subjects
to t h e i r
pon de ra l
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF THE DATA
In a n a ly z in g the d a t a , c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n were computed
between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and leg s t r e n g t h ,
The group was then d i v i d e d
and overweight groups.
and ponderal
i n t o t h r e e groups— normal w e ig h t ,
index.
underweight,
The subjects were assigned to these groups
according t o Pryor Width-Weight Tabl es,
c h e s t , and p e l v i c width d a t a .
using the age, h e i g h t , we ig ht ,
Weights from f i v e per cent underweight
t o f i v e per cent overweight were considered to be w i t h i n the range of
normal v a r i a t i o n s .
C o e f f i c i e n t s of c o r r e l a t i o n were computed between
c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and leg s t r e n g t h f o r each of the t h r e e weight
groups.
C o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n were a ls o ob ta in e d between c a r d i o ­
v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and weight and h e ig h t f o r the t hr e e weight groups.
A na ly s is of v a r i a n c e was used to dete rmi ne whether o r not t h e r e
were s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s
in leg s t r e n g th between those who completed
the t h r e e -m i n u t e step t e s t and those who d i d not complete the t e s t .
A n a ly s is o f v a ri a n c e was a ls o used t o determine whether or not t h e r e were
s ig n ific a n t differences
weight groups.
in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y among the thr ee
An a ly s is of v a ri a n c e was a ls o u t i l i z e d
whether o r not t he r e were s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s
to determine
in leg s t r e n g t h among
the t hr e e weight groups.
An a d d i t i o n a l
phase o f the study involved r a t i n g and c l a s s i f y i n g
the groups i n t o very good, good, f a i r ,
poor, and very poor c a t e g o r i e s
based on t h e i r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y scores.
25
These r a t i n g s and
26
c la s s ific a tio n s
were based on the n a t i o n a l
developed by Hodgkins and S k u b i c . *
ponderal
index c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f
was used t o a n a l y z e the e x t e n t o f
e f fic ie n c y c la s s if ic a tio n s of
s t a n d a rd s f o r c o l l e g e women
For th ese c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s ,
th e s u b j e c t s were computed.
the r e l a t i o n s h i p o f
the s u b j e c t s
fiv e
Regression
the c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
t o t h e i r ponderal
index
classi fic a tio n s .
I.
Using the t o t a l
TOTAL GROUP ANALYSIS
group d a t a ,
c o e ffic ie n ts of c o rre la tio n
computed between the scores o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
and pon de ra l
hypothesis
index.
and leg s t r e n g t h
The c o r r e l a t i o n s were t e s t e d a g a i n s t
t o d e t e r m in e
th e ir significance.
t i o n s ar e shown in T a b le s
Results of
were
the n u l l
th ese c o r r e l a ­
I and I I .
TABLE I
COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION OF CARO IOVASCULAR EFFICIENCY
SCORES AND LEG STRENGTH SCORES FOR ONE HUNDRED
NINETY-EIGHT COLLEGE WOMEN
Mean o f C a r d i o v a s c u l a r
E f f i c i e n c y Scores
Mean o f Leg
S t r e n q t h Scores
D.F.
3 26 .8
196
^7.2
r needed f o r
.0 5
level
was . 1 3 8 and f o r
the
r
P
.193
.01
1 eve 1 ,
.01
.181
R e l a t i o n s h i p o f C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y t o Leg S t r e n q t h
The c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n
shown i n T a b l e
1 between
c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and leg s t r e n g t h was . 1 9 3 .
freedom, c o r r e l a t i o n s o f
.138
hy po th esi s a t th e . 0 5 and .01
r of
For 196 degrees o f
and . 1 8 1 were needed to r e j e c t
le v e ls of confidence,
th e n u l l
respectively.
The
.193 was t h e r e f o r e found to be s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e . 0 ) l e v e l o f
c o n f i d e n c e , and th e n u l l
h y p ot h es is was r e j e c t e d a c c o r d i n g l y .
This
i n d i c a t e d a p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
scores and leg s t r e n g t h sc o re s.
R e l a t io n s h i p o f Cardi ovascular E f f i c i e n c y to Ponderal
As shown in T a b l e
II,
Index
a c o e ffic ie n t of co rrelation of
.36*+ was
o b t a i n e d between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y scores and ponderal
s co re s.
th e .01
The o b t a i n e d c o r r e l a t i o n o f
level
r e v e a le d t h a t
of confidence,
. 3 6 *+ was h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t beyond
and the n u l l
h y p ot h es is was r e j e c t e d .
the c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
to t h e ponderal
index o f the s u b j e c t s
index
This
r a t i n g s were h i g h l y r e l a t e d
in t h i s s t u d y .
TABLE I I
COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR EFFICIENCY
SCORES AND PONDERAL INDEX FOR ONE HUNDRED
NINETY-EIGHT COLLEGE WOMEN
Mean o f Cardi ovascular
E f f i c i e n c y Scores
*♦7.2
r needed f o r
.0 5
II.
Mean o f Ponderal
1ndex
D.F.
13.06
196
l e v e l was . 1 3 7 and f o r t h e . 0 1
r
P
.36*+
level,
.01
.181
ANALYSIS OF DATA BY WEIGHT GROUPS
The s u b j e c t s were d i v i d e d
i n t o normal w e i g h t ,
underweight,
and
28
o v e r w e i g h t groups a c c o r d i n g t o t h e P r y o r W id t h - W e ig h t T a b l e s .
number o f s u b j e c t s
seventeen,
tion
In each group was s e v e n t y - o n e , one hundred t e n ,
respectively.
of subjects
I t was s u r p r i s i n g t o f i n d
in th e und er we ig ht group.
for th is
The
and
t h e g r e a t e s t number
The i n v e s t i g a t o r has no e x p l a n a ­
find ing.
The d a t a w ere a n a ly z e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between
cardiovascular e f fic ie n c y
groups.
and leg s t r e n g t h f o r each o f t h e t h r e e w e ig h t
C o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n was a l s o used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
r e l a t i o n s h i p between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
f o r each o f t h e t h r e e w e i g h t groups.
against the n u ll
and w e i g h t and h e i g h t
These c o r r e l a t i o n s were t e s t e d
h y p o th e s i s t o d e t e r m in e t h e i r s i g n i f i c a n c e .
Using t h e d a t a f o r
t h e t h r e e w e i g h t group s,
analysis of variance
was employed t o d e t e r m i n e w he th er o r no t t h e r e were s i g n i f i c a n t
differences
in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
scores among t h e t h r e e groups.
A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was a l s o employed t o d e t e r m i n e
significant
differen c es
in
if
t h e r e were
leg s t r e n g t h among t h e t h r e e groups.
C o e f f i c i e n t s o f C o r r e l a t i o n o f C ar d io v a sc u la r E f f i c i e n c y and Leg S tr e ng th
f o r the Three Weight Groups
R e l a t ionsh i p o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and leg s t r e n q t h
normal w e i g h t g r o u p .
T able
III
between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and
gro up ,
respectively.
relatio n sh ip s at
The r o f
leg s t r e n g t h f o r the
For t h e s i x t y - n i n e degrees o f freedom f o r
c o e ffic ie n ts of co rrelatio n of
in d itate s ig n ific a n t
the
The o b t a i n e d c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n shown in
normal w e i q h t group was .**8 **.
this
for
. 4 8 4 was,
the
. 2 3 4 and . 3 0 4 were needed t o
.0 5
therefore,
and . 0 1
le v e ls o f confidence,
found t o be s i g n i f i c a n t a t
29
the .01
level
accordingly.
of confidence,
This
and t h e n u l l
h y p o t h e s i s was r e j e c t e d
indicated e x is t in g p o s itiv e
cardiovascular e ffic ie n c y
r e l a t i o n s h i p between
score s and leg s t r e n g t h scores f o r t h e normal
w e i g h t group.
TABLE I 11
COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR EFFICIENCY
SCORES AND LEG STRENGTH SCORES FOR THREE GROUPS
OF COLLEGE WOMEN CLASSIFIED AS NORMAL WEIGHT,
UNDERWEIGHT , AND OVERWEIGHT
Group o r
C lassificatio n
Mean o f
C . V . E . Scores
Mean o f
Leg S t r e n g t h
r
D.F.
Normal w e i g h t
47.1
335 .1
69
.1*84
Underweight
i«S. 6
315.5
108
-057
Ov er we igh t
39 . 1
365.9
15
.223
P
.01
For 69 d f , r . 0 5 - . 2 3 4 ; r .01 - . 3 0 4
For 108 d f , r . 0 5 - . 1 8 8 ; r .01 - . 2 4 6
For 15 d f , r . 0 5 - .**82; r .01 - . 6 0 6
R e l a t l o n s h l p o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c v and l eg s t r e n g t h f o r
t h e un d er w ei g h t g r o u p .
of co rrelatio n
As shown
th e ir
III,
the obtained c o e f f i c i e n t
between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
t h e u nd er w ei gh t group was . 0 5 7 t
score s f o r
in T a b l e
indicating
and leg s t r e n g t h f o r
that cardiovascular e f f ic ie n c y
t h e u n d e r w e i g h t group o f c o l l e g e women w ere n o t
r e l a t e d to
leg s t r e n g t h s c o r e s .
R e l a t i o n s h i p o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and
the overweight group.
leg s t r e n g t h f o r
The o b t a i n e d c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n
cardiovascular e ffic ie n c y
was .223 as shown in T a b l e
between
and leg s t r e n g t h f o r t h e o v e r w e i g h t group
III.
T h i s c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n was
30
considerably
the
.05
le ss than t h e r o f
level o f confidence.
was p o s i t i v e ,
it
o f the subjects
portio nal
sig n ifican t
of
significance at
the c a rd io v a s c u la r e f f i c i e n c y
scores
in t h e o v e r w e i g h t group w er e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y p r o ­
lee s tre n g th scores.
In t h i s c h a p t e r ,
i t was shown t h a t
t h e r e was found a
r e l a t i o n s h i p between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and leg
strength fo r
A pparently,
Is needed f o r
C o n s e q u e n t ly , a l t h o u g h t h e c o r r e l a t i o n
can be seen t h a t
to t h e i r
E a rlie r
.482 th a t
the t o t a l
group o f s u b j e c t s
the subjects
( se e T a b l e
I,
page 2 7 ) .
in th e normal w e i g h t group accounted f o r most
t h i s c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e two v a r i a b l e s .
From the
f o r e g o i n g a n a l y s i s o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and
l eg s t r e n g t h w i t h i n each w e i g h t g ro up ,
i n d i v i d u a l ' s body b u i l d d e v i a t e s
le ss
i m p o r ta n t
other factors
th a t are associated w ith
leg s t r e n g t h becomes
body b u i l d become i n c r e a s i n g l y
In r e g a r d t o t h i s s t u d y ,
is t h e p r i n c i p a l
b en eficial
from t h e n o r m a l ,
in p r e d i c t i n g c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y pe rf or m an ce and
more p r o m i n e n t .
weight
t h e e v i d e n c e suggests t h a t as t h e
effect of
determ ining
it
is ob v io u s t h a t excess
f a c t o r and p r o b a b ly overshadows t h e
leg s t r e n g t h .
C o e f f i c i e n t s of C o r r e l a t i o n o f C ar d io v a sc u la r E f f i c i e n c y and Weight f o r
Three Weight Groups.
R elationship o f cardiovascular e f fic ie n c y
normal w e i g h t g r o u p .
and w e i g h t was - . 4 0 3 ,
t o be s i g n i f i c a n t ,
c o n f i d e n c e and an r o f
for
the
The c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n o b t a i n e d between
cardiovascular e ffic ie n c y
In o r d e r
and w e iq h t
an r o f
as shown in T a b l e
. 2 3 4 was needed a t t h e .0 5
. 3 0 4 was needed a t t h e . 0 1
IV.
level of
level o f confidence.
31
The o b t a i n e d c o r r e l a t i o n o f - . 4 0 3 was s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .01
fidence,
t h e r e f o r e the n u l l
c o r r e l a t i o n was n e g a t i v e ,
the
h y p o t h e s i s was r e j e c t e d .
th is
indicated th a t
lower t h e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
l e v e l o f con
S i n c e th e o b t a i n e d
th e h e a v i e r t h e s u b j e c t ,
sc o re o b t a i n e d by t h a t s u b j e c t .
TABLE IV
COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR EFFICIENCY AND WEIGHT
FOR THREE GROUPS OF COLLEGE WOMEN CLASSIFIED AS
NORMAL WEIGHT, UNDERWEIGHT, AND OVERWEIGHT
Group o r
Class 1f 1cat ion
Mean o f
C. V. E. Scores
Mean
Weight
D.F.
r
P
f^l
O
47 .1
12 9. 58
69
Underweight
48.6
113 .8 7
108
-.018
Overwei ght
39 .1
1 5 2 .8 5
15
-.47 8
1
Normal Weight
.01
—
For 69 d f , r . 0 5 - . 2 3 4 ; r .01 - . 3 0 4
For 108 d f , r . 0 5 - . 1 8 8 ; r .01 - . 2 4 6
For 15 d f , r . 0 5 ■ . 4 8 2 ; r .01 ■ . 6 0 6
R e l a t ionsh ip o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and we i g h t f o r
un d erw ei gh t g r ou p.
The o b t a i n e d c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n
cardiovascular e ffic ie n c y
and w e i g h t
-.01 8.
IV,
As shown In T a b l e
the n u ll
h y p o t h e s i s was n o t
for
t h i s c o r r e l a t i o n was not s i g n i f i c a n t and
rejected,
scores o b t a i n e d by t h es e
in d ic atin g that
efficien cy
in t h e un d er we ig ht
the c a rd io v a s c u la r
in d iv id u als .
R elatlonship of cardiovascular e f f ic ie n c y
o v e r w e i g h t g r ou p.
between
t h e un d er we ig ht group was
group, w e i g h t d i d n o t have any r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h
efficien cy
th e
The c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n
and w e i g h t f o r th e o v e r w e i g h t
and w e i q h t
for
the
between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
group was - . 4 7 8 .
For the
32
f i f t e e n degrees o f freedom f o r t h i s group, shown in Table IV, c o e f f i c i e n t s
o f c o r r e l a t i o n o f .**82 and .606 were needed to i n d i c a t e s i g n i f i c a n t
r e l a t i o n s h i p s at the . 0 5 and .01
l e v e ls of confidence,
respectively.
The
obtained c o r r e l a t i o n o f -.1+78 did not q u i t e reach s i g n i f i c a n c e a t the
.05
lev el o f confidence.
As shown in Ta bl e I V , the obtained c o r r e l a t i o n
f o r the overweight group was higher than the obtained c o r r e l a t i o n f o r
the normal weight group, but because of the small number o f subjects
the overweight group and the l a r g e r number o f subjects
in
in the normal
weight group, the c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n were s i g n i f i c a n t a t the
.01
level o f confidence f o r the normal weight group and not s i g n i f i c a n t
a t the .05
lev el o f confidence f o r the overweight group.
The obtained
c o r r e l a t i o n was n e ga tiv e which r e a f f i r m e d the in d i c a t i o n t h a t persons
w i t h excess weight tend to be in poorer c a rd io v a s c u la r c o n d it io n than
those whose weight
is e i t h e r normal or s l i g h t l y under normal.
The mean
score fo r c a rd io v a s c u la r e f f i c i e n c y f o r the overweight group was the
poorest of a l l
the t hr e e weight groups.
la r g e r number of subjects
I t was f e l t t h a t use o f a
in t h i s group might have r e s u lt e d
in a s i g n i f i ­
cant ne gat ive c o r r e l a t i o n between weight and c a r d io v a s c u la r e f f i c i e n c y
scores.
C o e f f i c i e n t s of C o r r e l a t i o n of Cardiovascular E f f i c i e n c y and Height f o r
the Three Weight Groups
R e l a t i o n s h i p o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and h e i g h t f o r t h e
normal w ei g h t gr oup .
The o b t a i n e d c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n between
cardiovascular e ffic ie n c y
this
and h e i g h t was - . 0 8 7 .
As shown in T a b l e V,
c o r r e l a t i o n was not found t o be s i g n i f i c a n t and th e n u l l
hyp ot h es is
33
was n o t r e j e c t e d ,
in dicating that
of cardiovascular e f f ic ie n c y
h e i g h t was not
related
t o t h e scores
f o r the normal w e i g h t group.
TABLE V
COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR EFFICIENCY
SCORES AND HEIGHT FOR THREE GROUPS OF COLLEGE WOHEN
CLASSIFIED AS NORMAL WEIGHT, UNDERWEIGHT, AND
OVERWEIGHT
Group o r
C l a s s i f i c a t ion
Mean o f
C . V . E . Scores
Mean
H e ig h t
D.F.
r
P
Normal Weight
47.1
65.01
69
-.087
--
Underweight
48.6
64.51
108
-.085
—
Overweight
39 .1
64.88
15
-.026
—
For 69 d f , r . 0 5 - . 2 3 4 ; r .01 - . 3 0 4
For 108 d f , r . 0 5 - . 1 8 8 ; r .01 - . 2 4 6
For 15 d f , r . 0 5 - . 4 8 2 ; r .01 - . 6 0 6
R e l a t i o n s h i p o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and h e l q h t f o r
und er we ig ht g r ou p.
As shown in T a b l e V, a c o e f f i c i e n t o f
o b t a i n e d between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
th e
. 0 8 5 was
scores and h e i g h t ,
showing
no r e l a t i o n s h i p between h e i g h t and t h e sc or es made in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
efficiency
by t h e un d erw ei gh t group.
R e l a t l o n s h i p o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y score s and h e i g h t f o r
the overweight group.
The o b t a i n e d c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n between
cardiovascular e ffic ie n c y
T a b l e V.
H eight,
scores and h e i g h t was . 0 2 6 ,
as shown in
t h e r e f o r e , was no t found t o be a f a c t o r a f f e c t i n g
scores o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
the
f o r any o f t h e t h r e e groups t e s t e d .
34
A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y Scores Among th e Three
Weight Groups
As shown in T a b l e V I ,
th e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
efficien cy
scores among the t h r e e w ei g h t groups r e s u l t e d
of
T h i s r a t i o was found t o be h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t beyond the .01
11.33.
level
of c o n f i d e n c e .
t h e t h r e e groups
in an F - r a t i o
T h i s meant t h a t a t r u e d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t e d
among
in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y s c o r e s .
TABLE VI
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR EFFICIENCY SCORES
FOR THREE GROUPS OF COLLEGE WOMEN CLASSIFIED AS NORMAL
WEIGHT, UNDERWEIGHT, AND OVERWEIGHT
Source o f
Mean
Va r i ance_________________ D . F . ___________ Squares____________ F______________ P
Total
197
Among Groups
02
Error
657.5
195
F.0S
’
3-09; F.01
11.33
.01
58.03
-
i' - m
F u r t h e r st udy o f t h e d a t a was made t o d e t e r m i n e s p e c i f i c a l l y ,
which group s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e d
efficien cy
scores.
comparisons
is a l l o w e d .
efficien cy
if
Therefore,
a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was used to
the normal w e i g h t group to
t h e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e
scores.
in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
With t h r e e groups o n l y two degrees o f freedom f o r
compare t h e un d er w ei g h t group w i t h
determ ine
from the o t h e r s
in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
Then th e sc or es o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y f o r
t h e u n d e r w e i g h t and normal w e i g h t groups were combined and compared
w ith cardiovascular e f f ic ie n c y
score s o f t h e o v e r w e i g h t group.
35
These p a r t i c u l a r comparisons were made because o f t h e n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a ­
t i o n s o b t a i n e d between w e i g h t and c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
Thus,
sc o re s .
a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was employed t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r o r not
und erwe ight and normal w e i g h t groups s i g n i f i c a n t l y
d iffered
o v e r w e i g h t group in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y s c o r e s .
the
from t h e
R e s u l t s o f th e s e
a n a ly s e s a r e shown in T a b l e V I I .
TABLE VI I
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR EFFICIENCY SCORES FOR THE
UNDERWEIGHT GROUP VERSUS THE NORMAL WEIGHT GROUP, AND THE
COMBINATION OF UNDERWEIGHT AND NORMAL WEIGHT VERSUS THE
OVERWEIGHT GROUP OF COLLEGE WOMEN
Groups
Normal We ight Group
vs.
Und erw eig ht Group
Sources o f
Variance
D.F.
Total
180
Among Groups
Normal and Underweight
Group v s . Ov er we ig h t
Group
For
1 and 179 d f ,
For
1 and 196 d f ,
01
Error
179
Total
197
Among Groups
Error
01
93
3-90;
F.0 I
■
F. 0 S -
3 - 89i
F. 0 I -
F - r a tio o f cardiovascuiar e ffic ie n c v
F
P
1-7**
m
20.99
.01
53 - 3 9
1222
58.21
196
F .os "
and normal w e i g h t g r ou p s.
Mean
Sguares
6.79
6.76
scores between u nd er w ei gh t
Analysis o f varian ce of c ard io va scu lar
e f f i c i e n c y s co re s between und er we ig ht and normal w e i g h t groups r e s u l t e d
in an F - r a t i o o f
1.7**, as
indicated
in T a b l e V I I .
For t h e
I and 179
36
degrees o f
freedom,
a t t h e . 0 5 and .01
F - r a t i o s o f 3 * 9 0 and 6 . 7 9 were needed f o r s i g n i f i c a n c e
levels o f confidence,
was t h e r e f o r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ,
respectively.
The F - r a t f o o f
1.7^
i n d i c a t i n g no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e
un d e r w e i g h t group and normal w e i g h t group on c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y .
F - r a t i o o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y sc or es between t h e normal
and un d er we ig ht groups v er s us t h e o v e r w e i g h t g r o u p .
V II,
page 3 6 ,
As shown in T a b l e
the a n a lys is of variance of cardiovascular e f fic ie n c y
sc or es between t h e combined normal and un d er we ig ht groups v er s us t h e
o v e r w e i g h t group r e s u l t e d
and un de rwe ig ht groups.
in an F - r a t i o o f 2 0 . 9 9
For
in f a v o r o f
1 and 196 degrees o f fre edom,
t h e normal
F -ra tio s of
3 . 8 9 and 6 . 7 8 w e r e needed f o r s i g n i f i c a n c e a t t h e . 0 5 and .01
confidence,
respectively.
levels of
The o b t a i n e d F - r a t i o o f 2 0 . 9 9 was t h e r e f o r e
h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t beyond t h e
.0)
level
o f confidence.
S i n c e no s i g n i f i ­
c a n t d i f f e r e n c e was found between t h e normal w e i g h t and un de rwe ig ht
groups
in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y ,
and t h e o b t a i n e d F - r a t i o between
the
combined normal and und er we ig ht
was
h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t , i t can be concluded t h a t b e i n g o v e r w e i g h t has a
s ig n i f i c a n t l y detrim ental
measured by t h i s
groups ve rs us t h e o v e r w e i g h t group
e f f e c t on c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y ,
test.
Analysis o f Variance o f
The means o f
l eg
Leg S t r e n q t h
Scores Among t h e T h r e e Weight Groups
s t r e n g t h scores f o r t h e t h r e e w e i g h t groups were
335*1 f o r t h e normal w e i g h t gr oup ,
3 6 5 . 9 f o r th e o v e r w e i g h t group.
315-5
f o r t h e u nd er w ei gh t gr oup ,
Analysis of variance of
sc ore s among t h e t h r e e w e i g h t groups r e s u l t e d
of
1.65,
as
as shown in T a b l e V I I I .
leg s t r e n g t h
in o b t a i n i n g an F - r a t i o
For 2 and 1 9 6 degrees o f fre edom,
F - r a t i o o f 3 . 0 9 was needed f o r s i g n i f i c a n c e a t
and
the .05
an
level o f confidence.
37
The o b t a i n e d F - r a t i o o f
1.65,
t h e r e f o r e , was not s i g n i f i c a n t which means
t h a t no t r u e d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t e d among t h e t h r e e groups
sc o r e s .
in ieg s t r e n g t h
No f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s was needed.
TABLE V I I I
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF LEG STRENGTH SCORES FOR THREE
GROUPS OF COLLEGE WOMEN CLASSIFIED AS NORMAL
WEIGHT, UNDERWEIGHT, AND OVERWEIGHT
Source o f
Variance
D.F.
Total
197
Among Groups
Mean
Sauares
02
Error
3 0 9 : F .01 -
4* «
1. 65
221*90.5
13 6 2 8 .2 8
195
F.0 5 ■
P
F
“ •8 “
I t was beyond t h e realm o f
th is
study t o s p e c u l a t e as t o w h e t h e r
s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s m ig h t have been found among t h e groups had t h e
numbers o f s u b j e c t s
logical
that,
in t h e groups been com pa ra bl e .
gen erally
speaking,
the
larger
I t would seem
th e p e r so n,
t h e more leg
strength that
i n d i v i d u a l would possess.
group had t h e
l a r g e s t mean in l eg s t r e n g t h , which was 3 6 5 * 9 .
normal w e i g h t group had t h e n e x t
was 3 3 5 * 1 ,
been found
l a r g e s t mean o f
and t h e u n d e r w e i g h t group had t h e
which was 3 1 5 * 5 *
differences
I t was found t h a t t h e o v e r w e i g h t
in
if
The
leg s t r e n g t h ,
lowest mean o f
which
l eg s t r e n g t h ,
I t would seem r e a s o n a b l e t o assume t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t
leg s t r e n g t h among t h e t h r e e w e i g h t groups would have
t h e number o f s u b j e c t s
in each group had been e q u a l .
38
III.
COMPARISON OF LEG STRENGTH OF SUBJECTS COMPLETING
AND NOT COMPLETING STEP TEST
The d a t a were an a ly z e d to de te rm in e whether o r not t h e r e was a
s ig n ific a n t difference
in leg s t r e n g t h between th e group t h a t completed
t h e t h r e e - m i n u t e s t e p t e s t and
th e group t h a t d i d n o t .
Analysis o f
v a r i a n c e was used t o d et er m in e
i f t h e r e was s i g n i f i c a n t
difference
between th e leg s t r e n g t h means
o f t h e two groups. R e s u l ts o f t h i s
a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e a r e shown
in T a b l e
IX.
TABLE IX
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF LEG STRENGTH SCORES FOR COLLEGE WOMEN
SUBJECTS WHO COMPLETED THE THREE-MINUTE STEP TEST AND
THOSE WHO DID NOT
Source o f
Variance
D.F.
Total
197
Among Groups
Error
F .0 5 ‘
3' 89;
F -ratio of
F. 0I ■
Mean
Sauares
01
167280
196
12935
12.93
.01
leg s t r e n q t h between t h e group t h a t completed the
The number o f
in t h e group t h a t completed t h e t h r e e - m i n u t e s te p t e s t was
one hundred s i x t y - s e v e n .
339.3-
P
6 76
t h r e e - m i n u t e s t e p t e s t and t h e group t h a t di d n o t .
subjects
F
The mean o f
The number o f s u b j e c t s
f o r t h i s group was
in th e 'group t h a t d i d not complete th e
t h r e e - m i n u t e s t e p t e s t was t h i r t y - o n e ,
f o r t h i s group was 2 5 9 - ^ .
leg s t r e n g t h
and t h e mean o f
leg s t r e n g t h
39
As shown in T a b l e I X ,
page 38,
the F - r a t i o of
leg s t r e n g t h f o r
the
group t h a t completed the t h r e e - m i n u t e s t e p t e s t and the group t h a t d i d
n o t was 12 .9 3 in f a v o r o f
t h e s u b j e c t s c o m p l e t i n g th e t e s t .
degrees o f freedom shown,
F - r a t i os o f 3 . 8 9 and 6 . 7 6 were needed f o r
s i g n i f i c a n c e a t t h e . 0 5 and .01
Therefore,
the .01
the F - r a t i o o f
level
le v e ls of confidence,
For
the
respectively.
1 2. 93 was found t o be h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t beyond
of confidence.
Thus,
m in u te s t e p t e s t were s i g n i f i c a n t l y
the s u b j e c t s who completed the t h r e e stronger
in
leg s t r e n g t h
than the
s u b j e c t s who could not co m pl et e th e t e s t .
I V . ANALYSIS OF DATA BY CARDIOVASCULAR EFFICIENCY RATINGS
The s u b j e c t s were d i v i d e d
t h e ir cardiovascular e f fic ie n c y
Very Good,
national
Good,
Fair,
Poor,
into f i v e c l a s s i f ic a t i o n s
scores.
a c c o r d in g to
These c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s were:
and Very Poor,
as de te rm in ed by the
s t a n d a rd s f o r c o l l e g e women de v elo ped by Hodgkins and Sk u b i c .
For t he se c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s ,
f i v e pon deral
s u b j e c t s were a l s o computed.
It
index c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f
was d e c id e d t o use r e g r e s s i o n
2
the
to analyze
the r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f th e
s u b j e c t s t o t h e i r ponderal
more g r a p h i c
were u t i l i z e d
orthogonal
illu s tra tio n .
index c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
Orthogonal
in o r d e r t o p r o v i d e a
p o l y n o m i a l s from F i s h e r and Y a te s
t o d e t e r m i n e th e n a t u r e o f
th e r e g r e s s i o n
lin e .
The
p o l y n o m i a l s t h a t were used a r e as f o l l o w s :
2
Hodgkins and S k u b i c , " C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y T e s t Scores f o r
C o l l e g e Women i n th e U n i t e d S t a t e s , " p. *+6l.
3
Ronald A. F i s h e r and Frank Y a t e s , S t a t i s t i c a l
B i o l o g i c a l . A q r i c u l t u r a l . and M ed ic al Research { f i f t h
and e n l a r g e d ; New York: H a f n e r P u b l i s h i n g C o . , 1 9 5 7 ) .
Tables f o r
e d i t i o n , revised
P* 90 .
*
3
ko
Very Poor
Poor
Comparison I
(Lin ear)
-2
-
1
Comparison 2
(Quadratic)
+2
-
1
The r e g r e s s i o n was f i r s t
be s i g n i f i c a n t l y
Fai r
0
-
2
tested fo r
l in e a r a t th e .05
Good
level
+2
-1
+2
and was found to
o f confidence.
The sum o f
from t h e t r e a t m e n t sum
in o r d e r t o f i n d w h e t h e r t h e r e g r e s s i o n c u r v e had o t h e r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s or whether
see w h e t h e r t h e
i t was w h o l l y
lin e a r.
at
t h e .01
level
s u b t r a c t i n g t h e combined sum o f squares o f t h e
computations,
The n e x t s t e p was to
l i n e was q u a d r a t i c and an F t e s t
s ig n ific a n tly of th is nature,
nearly a l l
+1
lin e a rity
squares o f t h i s comparison was then s u b t r a c t e d
o f squares
Very Good
revealed th a t
of confidence.
I t was
By
l i n e a r and q u a d r a t i c
i t was found t h a t t h e s e two t r e a t m e n t s had accounted f o r
o f t h e t r e a t m e n t sum o f squares and t h e r e f o r e no f u r t h e r
t e s t s w er e made.
The r e s u l t a n t p l o t t i n g o f t h e r e g r e s s i o n
t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f a s u b j e c t ' s pon der al
e fficien cy
in dex is shown in Ch ar t
I t , can be seen t h a t t h e r e
lin e of
in dex w i t h h e r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
I.
is a r a t h e r
rapid corresponding
increase
in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y sc or es w i t h an i n c r e a s e
pon der al
in dex o f t h e s u b j e c t s .
category
in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
that there
is a s l i g h t
drop
This
in t h e
r i s e c o n t i n u e s up t o t h e “ good"
ra tin g .
in t h e r e g r e s s i o n
Then
i t can be observed
l i n e from t h e "good" to
t h e " v e r y good" r a t i n g s o f s t e p t e s t p e r fo r m an ce w i t h t h e h i g h e s t
pon de ra l
index.
G enerally speaking,
ectomorphic
t h e h i g h e r t h e po n de ra l
is t h e pers on , o r s t a t e d a n o t h e r way,
i n de x,
t h e more
t h e more t h e p e r s o n ' s
CHART I
RELATIONSHIP OF CARDIOVASCULAR EFFICIENCY CLASSIFICATIONS OF
ONE HUNDRED NINETY-EIGHT COLLEGE WOMEN TO THEIR
PONDERAL INDEX CLASSIFICATIONS
Ponderal
In dex
13.0
V .P .
P.
F.
C ardiovascular Rating
G.
V.G.
kz
phy si q ue tends away from endomorphy.
Therefore,
t h a t t h e more excess w e i g h t th e person c a r r i e s ,
t h i s w e ig h t
is
l in e of
indices w ith highest c a rd io v a s c u la r e f f i c i e n c y
in one o f s e v e r a l
ways.
I t might be t h a t
representation of
the p o p u l a t i o n .
m us cu la r e n d u r an ce ,
the more d e t r i m e n t a l
general
the h i g h e s t pon de ra l
r a t i n g s m ig ht be e x p l a i n e d
t o be c o n s id e r e d
Perhaps o t h e r f a c t o r s
physical
fitn ess ,
in the
true
such as s t r e n g t h ,
and e x e r c i s e a r e more
in th e " v e r y good" st ep t e s t perf ormances than mere body b u i l d
ch a racteristics
there
can be observed
th e number o f s u b j e c t s
extre me ranges o f the two s c a l e s was to o small
that
it
to her c a r d io v a s c u la r e f f i c i e n c y .
The noted dr op in th e r e g r e s s i o n
important
again
r e p r e s e n t e d by the pon deral
index.
is a p o in t o f d im in is h in g re tu rn s ,
Or,
i t may a l s o be
or optimum pon deral
index,
beyond which s u b j e c t s ap p ro ac hi ng extreme ectomorphy l a c k s t r e n g t h and
general
physical
f i t n e s s which
results
in p o o r e r s te p t e s t
s c o re s .
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY
I . PURPOSES AND PROCEDURE
The m a j o r purposes o f t h i s
influence of
i n v e s t i g a t i o n were t o d e t e r m i n e th e
leg s t r e n g t h on t h e pe rf or m an ce o f a t h r e e - m i n u t e c a r d i o ­
vascular e f f ic ie n c y
t e s t and to study t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e
w e ig h t o f women when c l a s s i f i e d
i n t o t h r e e w e i g h t groups and t h e i r
cardiovascular e f f i c i e n c y .
A secondary purpose was t o
r e l a t i o n s h i p between g i r l s '
pon der al
efficien cy
scores.
S p e c ific a lly ,
understanding o f the v a r i a b i l i t y
i n v e s t i g a t e the
i n d i c e s and t h e i r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
th is
study proposed t o p r o v i d e f u r t h e r
o f f e m a le c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
by
s e e k in g t h e answers t o t h e s e t h r e e q u e s t i o n s :
1.
Is t h e r e a c o r r e l a t i o n
between
cardiovascular e f fic ie n c y
2.
leg s t r e n g t h scores and
scores?
Is t h e r e a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e
in leg s t r e n g t h between
women who co m pl et e t h e t h r e e - m i n u t e s te p t e s t and those
who cannot?
3. What s p e c i f i c w e i g h t
f a c t o r s o t h e r than " h e a v y "
women's c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
scores?
One hundred and s e v e n t y - s i x c o l l e g e women e n r o l l e d
ing e x e r c i s e s ,
bad minton,
o f the basic physical
tennis,
and t w e n t y - t w o women s t u d e n t s m a j o r i n g
fo r th is
study.
physical
education a c t i v i t i e s
in c o n d i t i o n ­
and swimming c l a s s e s which a r e a p a r t
e d u c a t i o n program a t
subjects
influence
The l a t t e r
related
Louisiana S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ,
in p h y s i c a l
e d u c a t i o n serve d as
group p a r t i c i p a t e d
in a v a r i e t y o f
t o t h e m a j o r cours es
in which t he y
44
were e n r o l l e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f t e s t i n g .
ranging
in age from e i g h t e e n
"q u alified
A il
s u b j e c t s were v o l u n t e e r s
to t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s ,
and w ere c l a s s i f i e d
f o r r e g u l a r p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n " by L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ' s
Student Health S e rv ic e .
Height, w eig ht,
were measured.
subjects,
ch e st w i d t h ,
These were u t i l i z e d
and t o c l a s s i f y
o v e r w e i g h t group s.
and p e l v i c w i d t h o f each s u b j e c t
t o compute pon de ra l
them i n t o normal w e i g h t ,
The s t r e n g t h o f t h e
underweight,
l eg s t r e n g t h scores o f t h e s u b j e c t s .
efficiency
for g ir ls
and women was u t i l i z e d .
A cardiovascular
The number o f
seconds t h e s u b j e c t s c ou ld pe rf or m t h e s t o o l - s t e p p i n g
t e s t and t h e i r
involved
r e c o v e r y p u l s e were c o n v e r t e d by f o r m u la
vascular e f f i c ie n c y
score s o f th e s u b j e c t s .
in the
to c a r d i o ­
S u b j e c t s w ere t e s t e d on
two s e p a r a t e days due t o t h e t im e r e q u i r e d t o t a k e t h e t e s t s .
d a t a were g a t h e r e d d u r i n g th e s p r i n g semester o f t h e school
1964 a t
and
legs was measured w i t h an I s o -
Scale to o b ta in
test
indices of the
The
year
1963“
Louisiana S ta te U n iv e r s it y .
S ta tis tic a l
comp uta tio ns were c a l c u l a t e d
the Louisiana S t a t e U n iv e r s it y
in th e
laboratory of
Computer Research C e n t e r .
The d a t a
were a n a l y z e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
e f f i c i e n c y and leg s t r e n g t h ,
of subjects.
and pon deral
index f o r
th e t o t a l
group
C o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n were a l s o computed between
cardiovascular e ffic ie n c y
normal w e i g h t ,
and w e i g h t as w e l l
underweight,
as h e i g h t
and o v e r w e i g h t groups.
f o r each o f the
C o efficients of
c o r r e l a t i o n were a l s o computed between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y and
leg s t r e n g t h f o r each o f t h e t h r e e w e i g h t groups.
was u t i l i z e d
in t r e a t i n g
the data to determine
if
A nalysis o f variance
t h e r e were s i g n i f i c a n t
differences
in leg s t r e n g t h between s u b j e c t s who completed t h e t h r e e -
m in u te s t e p t e s t and t hos e who d i d n o t .
u tilize d
to d e t e r m i n e
if
A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was a l s o
t h e r e were s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s
v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y among th e t h r e e w e i g h t groups.
was a l s o u t i l i z e d
in
to determine
if
Analysis of variance
t h e r e were s i g n i f i c a n t
leg s t r e n g t h among t h e t h r e e w e i g h t groups.
in c a r d i o ­
differences
Regr ess ion was used
to de m on st ra te t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y c l a s s i f i ­
cations
to t h e i r
ponderal
index c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s .
I I . FINDINGS
The f o l l o w i n g f i n d i n g s were o b t a i n e d
in t h i s
1. A p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n was found between
and c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
o f s u b j e c t s as measured
were d i v i d e d
grou ps ,
efficiency
leg s t r e n g t h
fo r the t o t a l
in t h i s
study.
i n t o normal w e i g h t ,
however,
st ud y:
group
When t h e s u b j e c t s
underweight,
and o v e r w e i g h t
t h e c o r r e l a t i o n between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
and leg s t r e n g t h was found t o be s i g n i f i c a n t
f o r t h e normal w e i g h t group o n l y .
2. The c o r r e l a t i o n
in t h i s
study,
between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y ,
and pon deral
as measured
index was found t o be s i g n i f i ­
cant.
3. The c o r r e l a t i o n
between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
and w e ig h t
f o r t h e normal w e i g h t group was - . 4 0 3 ,
and f o r t h e o v e r ­
w e i g h t group was - . 4 7 8 .
negative c o r r e la tio n
A sig n ifican t
was found between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
th e normal w e i g h t group.
and w e i g h t f o r
The n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n
f o r th e
146
o v e r w e i g h t group o b v i o u s l y would have been more s i g n i f i c a n t
had t h e number o f s u b j e c t s
in th e group been
larger.
No
r e l a t i o n s h i p was found between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
and w e ig h t
f o r t h e u nd er w ei gh t group;
t h e c o r r e l a t i o n was
-.01 8.
4.
No r e l a t i o n s h i p was found between c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
and h e i g h t
5.
f o r any o f t h e t h r e e w e i g h t groups.
No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s
in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y were
found between the normal w e ig h t and und erwe igh t groups.
S ignifican t
d i f f e r e n c e s were found in c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
e f f i c i e n c y between t h e o v e r w e i g h t group and t h e combina­
t i o n o f normal w e i g h t and und er wei ght groups.
6.
No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s were found
in leg s t r e n g t h among
t h e t h r e e w e i g h t groups.
7.
S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s were found
in
leg s t r e n g t h between
s u b j e c t s who completed t h e t h r e e - m i n u t e s t e p t e s t and those
who d i d n o t .
8 . The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
t o pon der al
Index c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s was found t o be both
l i n e a r and q u a d r a t i c .
resulted
The i n c r e a s e
in ponderal
in b e t t e r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y
s l i g h t drop in pon der al
index
ratings.
A
index was found in t h e group w i t h
the highest c a r d io v a s c u la r e f f i c i e n c y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
III.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h i s
study,
t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c lu s io n s
kl
were drawn:
1. Body b u i l d and o t h e r f a c t o r s a r e more i m p o r t a n t ,
cardiovascular e ffic ie n c y
o f th e
legs.
p o s i t i v e l y to
2.
than t h e s t r e n g t h
Cardiovascular e f f i c i e n c y ,
however,
is r e l a t e d
leg s t r e n g t h f o r normal w e ig h t women.
Cardiovascular e f f i c i e n c y
weight.
po in t of view,
from a
is
inversely
related
t o excess
The more t h e person app ro xi m at es normal w e ig h t
o r un de rwe ig ht t o a c e r t a i n p o i n t ,
efficien cy w ill
be.
the b e t t e r c a rd io v a s c u la r
Being o v e r w e i g h t has a n e g a t i v e
e f f e c t on c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y .
3. The s t r e n g t h o f t h e
legs
i n f l u e n c e s t h e perf or ma nce on the
Cardiovascular E f f ic ie n c y Test
k.
Cardiovascular e f f i c i e n c y
po nd era l
in dex.
This
for G irls
and Women.
is r e l a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y
relatio n s h ip
to
is not as s i g n i f i c a n t
w i t h women who possess a h i g h deg ree o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
e f f i c i e n c y as
it
is w i t h
th ose who r e a c t
to e xe rcis e
e ffic ie n tly .
Othe r f a c t o r s a p p a r e n t l y o p e r a t e t o produce
a high degree o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e f f i c i e n c y . 1
5.
Cardiovascular e f f i c i e n c y
is not
related
to h e ig h t.
less
v*\
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48
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" R e l a t i o n s h i p between E x p l o s i v e Leg S t r e n g t h and
Perform anc e in t h e V e r t i c a l Jump," Research Q u a r t e r l y . XXXI I
(October, 1961), 405*408.
C. UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL
B l e s h , T. Erwin and o t h e r s .
"The Body Mechanics Program a t Y a l e
U n i v e r s i t y , " (unpublished study, Ya le U n i v e r s i t y ) .
APPENDIX
51
Number o f
Subjects
17 16
-
15 “
14 13 12
-
11
-
10
-
9 -
8
-
7 -
6
-
5 4 3 2
-
-35% -30%*- U % -20% -15% -10% *-5%
*0
+5% +10% +15% +20% +25% +30% +35%
normal we igh t
<
>
A GRAPH SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SUBJECTS IN THE VARIOUS
WEIGHT CLASSIFICATIONS
VITA
The a u t h o r was born
193**.
in Elmahala E l - K o b r a ,
Egypt on November 28,
She o b t a i n e d h e r e l e m e n t a r y and j u n i o r hi gh school
a t Helmia School
in C a i r o .
Her h i g h school
Interm ediate
I n s t i t u t e o f PhysicaJ
gr a d u a te d
1953.
in
She a t t e n d e d C a i r o High
e d u c a t i o n was o b t a i n e d a t
Ed u c a t io n
in C a i r o from which she
i n s t i t u t e o f Physical
Egypt and r e c e i v e d h e r Ba c h e l o r o f S c ie n c e de gr ee
in P h y s i c a l
Education.
in P h y s i c a l
Ed uc at io n
in 1957. w i t h a major
in Baton Rouge,
Louisiana
in
from
1962, w i t h a
E d u c a t io n .
Work on t h e d o c t o r a l
l e v e l was begun in
1962 a t
Louisiana S ta te
U n i v e r s i t y and t h e D o c to r o f P h il o s o p h y d e g r e e , w i t h a m a j o r
Physical
in C a i r o ,
The M a s t e r o f S c ie n c e de g re e was o b t a i n e d
Louisiana S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
major
education
E d u c a t i o n , was awarded
in May,
53
1965•
in
EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPORT
Candidate:
Sami a Hanem Ahmed Abdo
*
M a jo r Field:
T itle o f Thesis:
Physical
Ed uca tio n
Leg S t r e n g t h and H e l g h t - W e i g h t F a c t o r s in R e l a t i o n
C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y o f C o l l e g e Women
to
Approved:
l^Qor Professor and Chairman
Dean of fne Graduate School
EXAMINING COMMITTEE:
Date of Examination:
Hay 6 ,
1965