Geology 12
Name: ________________________
Block: ______
Review Package
1.
What is meant by uniformitarianism? Include an example.
2.
Draw a cross-sectional diagram of the Earth. For each layer, indicate its name, state
(solid, liquid…), and general composition. Note that the outermost layer of the Earth
has thick and thin parts – these should be labelled appropriately.
3.
Describe the isostatic adjustment that would occur if a large mountain range was
eroded away. Why would it take thousands, or even millions of years to reach isostatic
equilibrium?
4.
Refer to the following rock cycle diagram. It shows the relationships among the three
major rock types. The diagram is missing information which describes the processes
that change one rock type into another. Name and provide a complete description
for each of the three processes.
1
Sedimentary
rock
1
3
1
Igneous rock
2
3
3
Metamorphic
rock
2
2
5.
Are the terms lithosphere and asthenosphere equivalent, respectively, to crust and
mantle? Explain.
6.
The ages of seafloor rocks and sediments show a regular pattern around a spreading
ridge. Describe the pattern.
7.
Contrast what occurs at a continental-continental convergent plate boundary with what
occurs at an oceanic-continental convergent boundary. How does this help to account
for the relative youth of the seafloor?
8.
Explain how a terrane becomes attached to the edge of a continent.
9.
According to the idea of _________________, rocks will “snap back” to their initial
dimensions following the release of stress that occurs in an earthquake.
10. Earthquake _________________ is based on building damage and personal
observations and is measured according to the _________________ scale.
11. Deep-focus earthquakes tend to be concentrated in _________________, occurring
along convergent plate boundaries.
12. Match each statement with the appropriate term:
_____ An area with few earthquakes in an otherwise active fault zone.
_____ The second waves to arrive at any seismograph.
_____ A model to explain earthquake precursors.
_____ Rocks bend, then release energy as they break.
_____ A subjective measure of earthquake damage.
_____ The point underground where fault first slips suddenly.
_____ P-waves and s-waves.
_____ A measure of energy released at an earthquake’s focus.
_____ Seismic waves that go through Earth’s core.
_____ Another term for l-waves.
_____ A map location.
_____ Movement along a fault without producing an earthquake.
_____ Waves that start at the epicentre and spread from there.
_____ A crack along which there is relative displacement.
A) Elastic rebound
B) Fault creep
C) Fault
D) Focus
E) Epicentre
F) P-waves
G) S-waves
H) L-waves
I) Body waves
J) Surface waves
K) Magnitude
L) Intensity
M) Seismic gap
N) Dilatancy
13. How is the distance to an epicentre determined? How many seismograph stations are
needed to pinpoint the location of an epicentre? Include a diagram as part of your
answer.
14. Explain the difference between the p-wave shadow zone and the s-wave shadow zone.
What causes each? Include a cross-sectional diagram of the Earth as part of your
answer.
15. Match each statement with the appropriate term.
A)
_____ A mineral’s density relative to that of water.
B)
_____ A mineral’s _____ is related to the arrangement of atoms.
C)
_____ The ability of a mineral to resist being scratched.
D)
_____ The colour of a powdered sample of a mineral.
_____ Substitution of one atom for another in the same crystal structure. E)
F)
_____ The way a mineral breaks along planes of weakness.
_____ A procedure you could perform to test for carbonate minerals.
G)
H)
_____ Probably the least useful diagnostic property of a mineral.
I)
_____ The way light reflects from a mineral.
16. List two properties that best distinguishes each of the following minerals:
a) Biotite
b) Quartz
c) Pyrite
d) Calcite
cleavage
hardness
colour
streak
crystal form
lustre
solid solution
acid test
specific gravity
17. You have unlabeled samples of gold, pyrite, and chalcopyrite. All of them look the same
in appearance. Completely describe a procedure you would do to tell them apart from
each other.
18. You have unlabeled samples of quartz, fluorite, and calcite. Completely describe a
procedure you would do to tell them apart from each other.
19. Label the indicated features on the following diagram:
20. What is the identity of a fine grained igneous rock consisting of 15% quartz, 52%
potassium feldspar, 10% plagioclase feldspar, 15% biotite, and 8% hornblende?
21. What is the identity of a coarse grained igneous rock consisting of 15% quartz, 52%
potassium feldspar, 10% plagioclase feldspar, 15% biotite, and 8% hornblende?
22. What is the identity of a phaneritic rock consisting of 20% plagioclase, 8% hornblende,
56% pyroxene, and 16% olivine?
23. What is the identity of an aphanitic rock consisting of 20% plagioclase, 8% hornblende,
56% pyroxene, and 16% olivine?
24. What is the identity of an intrusive rock consisting of 60% plagioclase, 1% biotite, 31%
hornblende, and 8% pyroxene?
25. Most volcanic glasses are rhyolitic in composition. Compositional layering is more often
observed in mafic than in felsic plutons. What property of a magma may have a bearing
on both of these observations? Explain.
26. Match each statement with the appropriate term.
_____ Melted rock below the surface.
_____ “Bubbles” preserved in volcanic rock.
_____ A rock which cooled slowly then quickly.
_____ Two or more melts combine.
_____ The large crystals in a porphyry.
_____ Water and gases dissolved in magma.
_____ Low viscosity magma is usually _____.
_____ A piece of wall rock caught up as an inclusion.
_____ Magma incorporates chunks of country rock.
_____ Minerals rich in iron and magnesium.
_____ Another word for silicic.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
I)
J)
K)
volatiles
magma
ferromagnesian
felsic
mafic
vesicles
phenocrysts
porphyry
assimilation
xenolith
magma mixing
27. Could fractional crystallization (crystal settling) cause a melt to become more mafic?
Explain.
28. How is the grain size of an igneous rock related to its cooling rate? What does a
porphyritic texture indicate?
29. Match each item on the left to the type of volcano with which it is most associated.
_____ Built primarily of lava flows only.
_____ Likely to produce a nuée ardente.
_____ Columbia River plateau basalts.
_____ Built of pyroclastics and lava flows.
_____ Generally andesitic in composition.
_____ Built entirely of pyroclastics.
_____ Highly explosive, ash-rich eruptions.
_____ Associated with oceanic hot spots.
_____ Low-viscosity lavas.
A) Shield volcano
B) Composite volcano
C) Neither
30. Match each statement with the appropriate term.
_____ Having no sharp edges.
_____ The most common carbonate rock.
_____ The degree to which a sediment is enriched in quartz
_____ A clastic rock made of large, angular fragments.
_____ The most common evaporite rock.
_____ A rock made up of microscopic quartz crystals.
_____ A rock made up of decayed plant remains.
_____ Having a variety of grain sizes.
_____ How much a sediment has become rounded and sorted.
_____ The spaces in conglomerate are filled with a _____.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
I)
J)
poorly sorted
matrix
well rounded
limestone
chert
chemical maturity
textural maturity
coal
rock salt
breccia
31. A large granite outcrop is exposed above a river. Every year, large amounts of granite
break off and fall into the river.
a) Describe how the shape and size of the granite fragments change as they are moved
downstream by the river.
b) Describe how the composition of the sediments changes as they are moved
downstream.
c) You sample some of the smaller sediments a few kilometres downstream and find
that there are no rounded bits of feldspar. Why not?
32. Complete the following table describing clastic sedimentary rocks:
Clast Size
Sediment Name
Rock Name
(rounded)
(anglular)
> 2 mm
1/16 to 2 mm
Rock is called
____________________
if it splits easily.
1/256 to 1/16 mm
< 1/256 mm
33. Complete the following table describing chemical and biochemical sedimentary rocks.
Composition
Rock Name
Calcite
Dolomite
Gypsum
Halite
Quartz (microscopic)
Carbon
Double Matching
For each sketch, select the correct name from the first list, and how
it formed from the second list.
Structure
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
How it formed
Mud cracks
Graded bedding
Cross-bedding
Asymmetrical ripple marks
Symmetrical ripple marks
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Poorly sorted sediments settle out of water.
Alternating back-and-forth motion of water.
Drying out of fine grained sediments.
Flow of wind or water in one direction only.
Flowing current drapes sediments in inclined layers.
35.
34.
Structure:
How Formed:
________
Structure:
________
36
How Formed:
________
________
37.
Structure:
How Formed:
________
________
Structure:
________
How Formed:
________
38. Name and describe two processes of lithification.
39. Consider the features shown in Diagram 1:
a) On Diagram 2, indicate a location where each feature could form, by placing the
feature’s letter on the diagram.
b) Describe how each feature formed.
Cross bedding:
Mud cracks:
Symmetrical ripple marks:
Asymmetrical ripple marks:
40. Match each statement with the appropriate term.
_____ Parallel arrangement of mineral grains.
_____ Introduction of ions in solution.
_____ Atoms rearrange while in a solid or plastic state.
_____ Leads to deformation and foliation.
_____ The ability of a rock to split.
_____ Increasing temperature with depth.
_____ Hot fluids.
_____ Tends to decrease volume without changing shape.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
confining pressure
directed stress
geothermal gradient
foliation
rock cleavage
metasomatism
hydrothermal
recrystallize
41. Explain the difference between confining pressure and directed stress. Which
produces foliated rocks?
42. What is the parent rock of:
a) slate?
b) quartzite?
c) metaconglomerate?
d) amphibolite?
e) schist?
f) gneiss?
g) marble?
43. Why is it that the metamorphic aureole around a felsic pluton is smaller than that
around a mafic pluton of equivalent size? Supply at least 2 reasons.
44. List at least two characteristics that you might observe in a high-grade metamorphic
rock.
45. A geologist collected four rock samples in the land area shown in diagram 1.
Unfortunately, the labels fell off each sample. All that was left to identify each
sample were field-note descriptions and a magnified view showing the microscopic
make-up of each rock.
a) Complete the following table using information from diagram 2 and the description
of each rock sample below.
b) For each rock sample, place its corresponding letter on Diagram 1 in a location where
it would most likely form.
c) The texture of a rock tells a great deal about how that rock was formed. Pick two
of the rocks from a) and, with reference to texture, describe how each rock was
formed.
Rock sample: ____________________
How rock sample was formed:
Rock sample: ____________________
How rock sample was formed:
46. Name two foliated metamorphic rocks, and supply the names of their parent rocks
47. Name two nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, and supply the names of their parent rocks.
48. Match the rock or mineral name with the most appropriate description.
_____ chalcopyrite
_____ galena
_____ gold
_____ sphalerite
_____ molybdenite
_____ gypsum
_____ limestone
_____ magnetite
_____ bauxite
_____ diamond
_____ graphite
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
I)
J)
K)
An important ore mineral of zinc.
Often found as a native element in placer deposits.
Found in evaporite deposits.
The metal from _____ is used to harden stainless steel.
An ore mineral of iron.
Formed in lateritic soils.
An important ore mineral of copper.
An important ingredient in cement.
Formed from the metamorphism of coal.
Usually found in kimberlites.
The metal from this ore mineral is used in storage batteries.
49. On the following diagram, label the following:
a) Locations where hydrothermal vein deposits would be forming.
b) Locations where pegmatites would be forming.
c) Locations where granite would be forming.
d) Metamorphic aureoles.
50. Describe the sequence, early in Earth’s history, that produced most of the world’s
sedimentary iron ore deposits.
51. Match the name with the most appropriate description.
_____ trap
A) The first stage in coal formation.
_____ peat
B) Molecules made of hydrogen and carbon.
_____ natural gas
C) A subsurface structure where oil and gas accumulate.
_____ petroleum
D) A rock into which you might drill for oil or gas.
_____ anthracite
E) High grade coal.
_____ hydrocarbons
F) An impermeable layer.
_____ source rock
G) A rock in which oil originally formed, and escaped.
_____ reservoir rock
H) Small hydrocarbons.
_____ cap rock
I) ____ is often a source rock or a cap rock.
_____ shale
J) ____ is often a reservoir rock.
_____ limestone
K) A mixture of large hydrocarbons.
52. On the following diagrams, shade in the places where hydrocarbons would be most
likely to accumulate and indicate the best place(s) to drill for oil.
Key
sandstone
shale
conglomerate
Key
limestone
shale
sandstone
Key
sandstone
shale
limestone
53. Refer to the cross section to the right.
a) Explain why this well would not
produce oil.
b) Name a more appropriate layer to
drill to, and explain the reason for
your choice.
54. Refer to the following geological map:
a) Place the events listed below in the correct order by writing the letter that appears
beside each event in the appropriate space in the box on the right.
Events in random order
Events in correct order
(Give only the letters)
Youngest: ______
.
V Dike intrusion
______
.
W Shale deposition
______
.
X Faulting
______
.
Y Conglomerate deposition
______
.
Oldest: ______
.
U Sandstone deposition
Z Tilting
b) The absolute age of the conglomerate cannot be determined exactly by radiometric
techniques. From the data provided, what is the best estimate of the absolute age
range of the conglomerate?
55. Refer to the following diagram of a sea cliff and the incomplete map:
Complete the map area above to show the following:
i) The likely outcrop pattern of the folds exposed to the landward side of the cliff.
ii) A right lateral strike-slip fault with a displacement of 10 m.
56. Refer to the following geological map and cross section:
a) Complete the map area above.
b) Complete the cross section X–Y.
c) Name the fold structure shown.
d) State the relative age of the limestone compared to the black shale.
57. Paleontologists have estimated that of all the different species that ever lived on
Earth, less than 1 in 5 000 left any fossil remains to show that they ever existed.
Describe three reasons why a modern-day woodland slug is unlikely to become part of
the fossil record.
58. Refer to the cross sectional diagram:
a) Both fossils shown in the cross section above belong to the same fossil group. Name
the group to which they belong.
b) Which boundary from the list at the right most
likely exists between the folded and horizontal
shale layers?
Types of geological boundaries
i) Unconformity
ii) Fault
iii) Undisturbed sedimentary contact
c) Give one reason that justifies your answer to part b).
Use the following description and
diagrams to answer question 59:
Conodont elements are very common,
microscopic, tooth-like fossils made of
the same material as vertebrate teeth.
They occur in a large range of marine
sedimentary rocks, ranging in age from
the late Precambrian to the Triassic, and
are found all over the world. Conodonts
evolved rapidly into distinct forms
through time. The three specimens of
the conodont animal that have been
found are about five centimetres long
and contain the conodont elements in the
head area. The elements are likely to be
part of a food processing device.
59. a) The form and lifestyle of the conodont animal shown in the diagram was created by
comparing its fossil remains with modern creatures. When paleontologists engage
in this sort of activity, which geological principle are they applying?
b) Give two reasons why conodont elements are such useful index (guide) fossils.
60. Refer to the following map which shows outcrops of rocks in a generally flat area. A
slight depression occurs along the fault trace.
a) A geologist has determined that the fold structure shown above is a syncline.
Describe the evidence that helped her come to this conclusion.
b) Describe the type of plate tectonic situation where a fold of this type would most
likely be formed.
c) Explain why the fault would not be crossed by a vertical drill hole at X.
d) Explain why there would be a depression in the ground along the fault trace.
61. The following sketch above was drawn from memory by a geology student. A few errors
were made in the details and the labelling of the sketch. Name four such errors, and
describe how the drawing could be corrected.
Error 1 and correction:
Error 2 and correction:
Error 3 and correction:
Error 4 and correction:
62. Refer to the following diagram:
a) The people using the water well in the diagram above should be very concerned
about the quality of their water supply. Describe two existing problems for a well in
this location.
b) What measures could be taken to prevent material from the future landfill site
from leaching into the water supply?
63. Refer to the following diagram. A hydro-geologist has drilled three exploratory test
wells (X, Y, Z) in search of a suitable location for a new garbage landfill site. In order
to investigate the rocks in the test wells, the hydro-geologist measured the porosity
by noting how much water was contained in each of the rocks when saturated. The
hydro-geologist also attached a pump to the top of each well and determined the rate
at which water could be drawn to the surface. The results of these tests are given
below.
a) Choose the well which is at the best location for a garbage landfill site, and explain
why you have chosen this site.
b) In preparing the landfill site, what other precaution could be taken to ensure that
drainage liquids (leachates) do not contaminate the groundwater?
c) During the pump tests, the level of the water table in well Y was lowered by 10
metres. How would this affect the water table in each of the other two wells?