ed rv Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e © ed rv Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e © ed rv Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e © ed rv Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e © 1 set geometric solids Student Contract 1 Shape Up by David Adler 2-D Geometric Designs 1 pen Polygon Names 1 Teaching Manual Popsicle Square 3 white board markers Popsicle Triangle 12 dice How Many Triangles? 12 glue sticks Prisms 12 pairs of scissors Platonic Solids 24 pencils Platonic Solids chart 100 square tiles rv Station Cards ed Parent Letter Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e Dot to Dot Dark Pentominoes Light Pentominoes Prisms Platonic Solids Cube Octahedron © Tetrahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedron 1 Blokus® by Mattel 1 Pattern Block Sudoku by Didax 1 Quizmo?™ Geometry by Media Materials 2 IZZI® by ThinkFun 2 Blink® by Mattel *Trademarked and/or commercially available games are provided for educational use. Their inclusion in this club kit does not constitute approval, sponsorship, or endorsement of Zeno by the game manufacturer. 2 tubs play clay 3 sheets chart paper 4 rolls transparent tape 24 journals 50 round coffee filters 100 chenille stems 150 sheets 1 inch graph paper 100 sheets 9 x 12 white construction paper 160 sheets 60 lb paper 200 straws 275 popsicle sticks 400 toothpicks Return envelope for evaluations Student Club Evaluation Teacher Curriculum Evaluation Placing shapes into categories and using correct vocabulary to explain categories. Welcome students, go over the Student Contract and then ask students what they know about shapes and geometry. Why is geometry important? What occupations use geometry? Engineers, designers, contractors, artists, etc. Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv Remember to send home the Parent Letter at the end of class. ed Hand out the Pre-Math Club Student Evaluation sheet (copies are in the manila envelope in the back of the Teaching Manual), and ask students to answer the questions as best they can. Remind students that this is not a test, but rather a way for you to understand their thinking. When students have finished, collect the sheets and hold onto them until the last day of club. Divide the students into groups of 2 to 3 and pass out decks of Shapes Cards to each group. Have each group divide their shapes into 3 categories. Ask them to explain what their categories are and why their cards fit into each category. © Pass out a die to each group. Have students roll the die and then categorize the shapes according to the number on the die. When the students first start grouping the cards they may not have the vocabulary to explain their categories. Start helping to develop vocabulary by placing vocabulary words on chart paper. Do not feel the need to use all the vocabulary listed on this page and the next. These terms are used throughout the unit. NOTE: If students roll a 1, a characteristic that all the shapes share is that they are all closed figures. Students may want to call any four-sided shape a square or rectangle. It is helpful to describe shapes from the general to the specific. Show students an example of what this means. For example, in describing a student, a sequence from general to specific might be: Animal Human Child Boy Similarly, with a shape the sequence might be: Closed figure Polygon Quadrilateral Square Play the game until students start to feel comfortable using the vocabulary and understand how to categorize the shapes. Make a copy of the Student Contract and Parent Letter for each student. Make a copy of each 2D Geometric Shapes sheet , and cut apart. Make enough copies of the Shapes cards onto the 60 lb paper (and then cut out) so that there is one deck per group. -Student Contract -Parent Letter -Pre-Math Club Student Evaluation -Shape cards -Dice -Chart paper CLOSED FIGURE—a shape that begins and ends at the same point. TRIANGLE—polygon with three angles and three sides. SCALENE TRIANGLE—triangle with unequal sides EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE—triangle with all equal sides. ISOSCELES TRIANGLE—triangle with two equal sides. QUADRILATERAL— polygon with four sides and four angles. RHOMBUS—polygon with four equal sides. and right angles. Hold up and flash a 2-D Geometric Design for the students to see for 3 seconds. Then ask students to draw the design in their journals from memory. When most of the students are done drawing, flash the image again for another 3 seconds. Allow the students to make any revisions. Show the image a final time and then discuss the different strategies used to remember the figure. When finished, move on to the next design. rv ed Students may be aware of some common 2D designs in the world. Many of these designs are symbols. A symbol is often an object, picture, or design that represents something else. For example, the “peace” sign and the dove are common symbols for peace, a light bulb is a common symbol for a good idea, and a heart is often used to symbolize love. ? Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e The following are some other common symbols: Four leaf clover or horse shoe (luck) Red cross on a white background (first aid) Infinity Male and female, Company logos(e.g. Nike swoosh, etc.) ∞ What are some other symbols students have seen? © Have students create their own 2D symbols to represent something in their lives. Give students the opportunity to create their own 2-D geometric designs for the class to try to recreate. Use the same displaying and drawing sequence such as seen in Activity 2. NOTE: To avoid students drawing overly-complex designs, place some restrictions on their creations. For instance, they may be limited to a certain number of lines, curves, sides and/or instructed that there should be no open figures, etc. -Journals SQUARE— a polygon with four equal sides and right angles. TRAPEZOID—a foursided figure, with one pair of sides parallel. PARALLELOGRAM—a four- sided figure with both pairs of opposite sides parallel. LINE SEGMENT—part of a line consisting of a path between two endpoints. POLYGON—closed shape with line segments and angles. RIGHT ANGLE—angle measuring 90 degrees. ACUTE ANGLE— angle measuring less than 90 degrees OBTUSE ANGLE— more than 90 degrees VERTEX—point were two sides of an angle meet. CONCAVE—“dent in” CONVEX—“dent out” 5 6 7 8 pentagon hexagon septagon octagon 9 10 11 12 nonagon decagon hendecagon dodecagon Understanding terminology such as horizontal, vertical, triangle, quadrilateral and parallelogram. Learning what shapes are polygons and creating polygon puzzles. Flash a 2-D Geometric Design for 3 seconds. Have the students draw the design in their journals. Flash the image again for 3 seconds and have them make any necessary revisions. Show the image a final time and then discuss the different strategies used to remember the figure. rv © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e 1. When creating triangles and angles, have them use whole and broken toothpicks instead of slices of American cheese and pretzels. 2. When measuring angles, have them use folded coffee filters instead of round sheets of paper. 3. When creating quadrilaterals, have them use toothpicks instead of pretzels. 4. When creating many sided polygons, have the students cut them from graph paper instead of from slices of bread. ed Read the book Shape Up to the students. The students can do the activities in the book with the following alterations: Pass out 6 popsicle sticks to each student. Explain that that there is a way to put these sticks together to form a square without using any glue or tape. Have the students try to figure out how to put them together. If they are stymied, display the Popsicle Square sheet. After students have created a square, pass out 5 more popsicle sticks and challenge them to create a triangle. If need be, display the Popsicle Triangle sheet as a guide. After the students have created the triangles and squares, have them test them to see how sturdy they are. You can either have students drop them from various heights or take them somewhere to fly the puzzles like a frisbee to see how well they hold up. NOTE: 1. When creating the square polygon, weave the sticks together. 2. When creating the triangle, it is best to hold the three top pieces together in the air and then slide in the other two popsicle sticks. When the sticks are laying on the table it is harder to slot in the other popsicle sticks. To prepare for Activity 1, read the book Shape Up by David Adler. For Activity 2, practice building the square and triangle polygon puzzles. -2-D Geometric Designs sheet -Shape Up by David A. Adler -Toothpicks -Coffee filters -Graph paper -Popsicle Square sheet -Popsicle Triangle sheet Toothpick Polygons: Have the students use toothpicks to create the many sided polygons in activity 1. They can use whole toothpicks to create regular polygons or broken and whole toothpicks to create irregular polygons. More Popsicle Puzzle Shapes: Once the students have mastered the square and triangle popsicle puzzles, have them create other shapes. The following are some ideas: Adjust the angles in the square puzzle to create a rhombus. Change the angle of an inner stick in the square puzzle to create four internal trapezoid shapes. Create a rectangle by forming a puzzle with whole and broken popsicle sticks. Trapezoids Rectangle © Rhombus Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Divide the class into groups of 3 or 4. Pass out a number of toothpicks or popsicle sticks to each group. Ask the students to create some large polygons with the manipulatives. Display the Polygon Names sheet and ask students to use it as a guide to name the polygons they create. -Popsicle sticks -Toothpicks -Polygon Names sheet Playing games to learn about line segments, vertices, shape attributes and the vocabulary to describe three-dimensional objects. If students were unable to finish their popsicle squares and triangles in the last lesson, have them finish up as they come into the class. -IZZI® by ThinkFun -Blink® by Mattel -Dot to Dot sheet -Geometric solids -Station Cards Set up the following stations in the classroom: ed STATION 1—2 IZZI® puzzles; 2 to 3 students per puzzle Have students work together to solve each puzzle. Make copies of the Dot to Dot sheet and Station Cards sheets. Cut apart Station cards. What strategies did you use to solve these puzzles? Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv STATION 2—2 sets of Blink®; 2 to 3 students per game This is a very fast paced game in which students play cards that have similar attributes. What attribute was the most easily identified? © STATION 3—Dot to Dot; 2 students per dot paper Give each student a pencil and each pair a Dot to Dot sheet. Students draw line segments to connect one dot (vertex) to the next. On each turn they draw one line segment either horizontally or vertically between the two points. The object of the game is to create squares. You create a square by being the last person to connect a line segment that will form a square. Once students form a square they put their initials within it and take another turn. The student with the most squares wins. What strategies did you use to complete squares? STATION 4—Polyhedron Structures; 2 students at a time Give two identical sets of geometric solids to each student (Do not tell them the names of these solids yet. Having them describe their characteristics will help them understand the different shapes better.) The students sit back-toback and one student builds a structure with all the shapes, making sure their partner does not see the creation. Students describe how their structure is built as clearly as they can (using words such as “on top of”, “to the right of”, “underneath”, “next to”, etc..) Do the two models match? What challenges did you face with describing the shapes? Does it help to know the exact name of the shapes? After the students have had time at all the stations, review what they have learned. Add any new vocabulary words to the list. Introduce this bingo-like game to the whole class, in which students learn about various geometric shapes and concepts. DOT TO DOT GAME M Y Understanding types of angles and angle measurements. Learning that acute, obtuse, and right triangles are named for their angles. Display the Triangles sheet. Have the students determine the number of triangles in each figure. (The top triangle has 13 triangles. The bottom triangle has 23.) What kind of line have you made on the fold? A straight line. What is the special name for this line? Diameter. rv ed Pass out a coffee filter to each student. Have students fold them in half so the sides match exactly. Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e Have them fold the filters in half again so that the edges match exactly. What kind of shape is formed on this fold? A right angle. When students open up the circle, the fold makes four quarter turns (see example below.) Have them draw lines on the folds and turn the circle so that the lines are horizontal and vertical. © 0° NOTE: About 6,000 years ago, the Babylonians thought that the sun revolved around the Earth in 360 days. Although they were wrong, because the Earth revolves around the sun in slightly more than 365 days, 360 stayed as the number of a full circle because it is a useful number with many factors. To prepare for Activity 2, cut several straws to different lengths (i.e. half, thirds, fourths, etc.) -Triangles sheet -Coffee filters -Scissors DIAMETER—a line segment that passes through the center of a circle, connecting endpoints on the circle. DEGREE—a unit of angular measure. RIGHT ANGLE—an angle equal to 90°. ACUTE ANGLE—an angle less than 90°. OBTUSE ANGLE—an angle greater than 90°. Point out that circles are measured in degrees and that there are 360° in a full circle. Have them mark the point where the vertical fold meets the top of the circle (circumference) as 0°. Then have the students trace around the circumference of the circle back to 0°. One revolution is 360°. Both 0° and 360° occupy the same point on the circumference of the circle. Have the students trace with their fingers from the 0° to the bottom of the vertical line. How much of the circle has your finger traced? One half. How many degrees has it turned? 180° Mark that on the circle. Now ask them to trace their fingers from the 0° clockwise to the position of the horizontal fold. How much of the circle has your finger traced? One fourth. How many degrees has it turned? 90° Mark that on the circle. ed Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv Have the students figure out the measurement of the final marking on the left horizontal. Then have them refold the paper and then fold in half one more time and create two more fold lines. Work with the students to figure out the degree marks of these new folds. The final product will look like this: 315° 360° 0° 270° 90° 135° 225° © 45° 180° Keep this marked coffee filter compass for the next activity. Pass out several straws previously cut to different lengths and some chenille stems to each student. Have the students create angles by threading one chenille stem through two straws and then bending the chenille stem where the two straws meet (vertex.) They should create three angles; a right angle, an acute angle, and an obtuse angle. Now have the students estimate the measurements of their obtuse and acute angles by using their coffee filter compass from Activity 1. After they have formed their angles have the students add a third straw (they may have to cut it to fit) to each angle to form a right triangle, an acute triangle and an obtuse triangle. They can twist the ends of the pipe cleaner so that the triangle will stay in place. Collect the coffee filter compasses for use in the next lesson. Angles can be sent home with students at the end of this lesson. -Coffee filters -Cut Straws -Chenille stems Looking at the properties of a triangle and learning about the sum of the angles of a triangle. Pass out the coffee filter compasses and ask students to stand up and all face the same direction. Instruct students that they should hold the compass so that the 0/360 mark faces away from their body. Call out degree measurements and then have students rotate by that amount. The following are some ideas for patterns to follow: Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv Start at 0° then turn 90° clockwise. Go back to 0°. Turn 180° counter-clockwise and then go back to 0°. Rotate 360° clockwise, then 45° counter-clockwise and then back to 0°. Rotate 90° clockwise, 135° counter-clockwise and then 45° clockwise. ed Divide the class into pairs; pass out two sheets of white construction paper to each student and a pair of scissors and a glue stick to each pair. Draw and name the six different types of triangles with the class (scalene, isosceles, equilateral, right, obtuse and acute) Have them draw the different types of triangles on their construction paper (make sure they draw them rather large) and cut them out. © Direct students to mark each angle in all six triangles with an arrow pointing to each vertex. Instruct students them to label the vertices (A,B,C, D, E, F), so that all three angles in each triangle have the same letter (i.e., scalene= AAA, obtuse= BBB, right= CCC, etc.). Then have students rip off large sections of each corner of their triangles. Ask students to choose any three of their triangles. Have students try arrangements of triangles three angles with different letters so that the vertices all point to the same spot (ABB or BBC, etc.) and arrange all the arrows (vertices) of the angles so they point to the same spot. After they have tried different arrangements, have students take their original sets of three angles from each triangle (AAA, BBB, CCC, etc.), arrange them to point to the same spot (should make a pretty straight line) and then glue these arrangements of angles down on the other piece of construction paper. Then have them repeat the above process with each of the six triangles they drew and label each set of three angles with the name of the triangle they are from. Ask some of the following questions: What can you tell me about the angles of a triangle? What do the measurements of the three angles in a triangle add up to? 180° What types of triangles do you think this applies to? Every triangle. -Coffee filter compasses from Lesson 4. -White construction paper -Scissors -Glue sticks SCALENE TRIANGLE—triangle with unequal sides. EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE—triangle with all equal sides. ISOSCELES TRIANGLE—triangle with two equal sides. RIGHT TRIANGLE— triangle with a 90° angle. OBTUSE TRIANGLE— triangle with an angle greater than 90° ACUTE TRIANGLE— triangle with all angles less than 90° Divide the class into pairs. Pass out about 20 toothpicks to each pair. The students will arrange the toothpicks into triangles. Have the students start with 3 toothpicks. Ask the students what type of triangle they made and how many pieces are on each side. Record the information on the board while the students record the information in their journals. Then go on to 4 pieces, then 5, then 6 and so on. Some numbers are not possible to make into triangles and some have more than one form they can make. For example, only one triangle is possible with 3 toothpicks, none are possible with 4 toothpicks and two different triangles are possible with 7 (a 3-2-2 isosceles triangle or a 1-3-3 isosceles triangle.) 4 5 Equilateral REGULAR POLYGON—a polygon with all sides equal and all interior angles equal. None Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e 3 Types of Triangles ed Number of Pieces PERIMETER—the sum of the length of the sides of a polygon. rv -Toothpicks -Journals -Toothpicks -Journals Isoceles © Divide the class into pairs. Pass out about 20 toothpicks to each pair. Have the students arrange the toothpicks into other shapes beside triangles (square, pentagon, hexagon, etc..) Have them create and fill out a table similar to the one above for each shape. (Point out that the number of toothpicks constitutes the perimeter of the shape.) For example, the tables for a square and pentagon might look like this: Pentagon Square Type of Square Number of Pieces Type of Pentagon 3 None 4 None 4 1 by 1 square 5 Regular Pentagon 5, 6, 7 None 6, 7, 8, 9 Irregular Pentagon 8 2 by 2 square 10 Regular Pentagon 9, 10, 11 None 12 3 by 3 square c Number of Pieces 11, 12, 13, 14 Irregular Pentagon 15 Regular Pentagon Using spatial sense and geometrical problem solving to determine the 12 different pentomino shapes and to discover the shapes that can form an open topped box. Draw a large circle on the board. Explain that whatever you put in the circle has a specific rule and whatever is outside the circle does not follow that rule. See if students can guess the rule. The following are some figures to draw: Right Angles Acute Triangles Quadrilaterals (only 4 sides) Polygons (closed shapes with only line segments and vertices) Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed A pentomino is a shape formed by joining 5 squares together. Each square must have at least one whole side of a square touching another whole side. Examples: This is not correct. This is correct. © Pass out 5 square tiles and a piece of graph paper to each student. Have the students use the square tiles to create a pentomino shape. Once they have created a shape they may draw it out on the graph paper. Do not tell the students how many pentomino shapes there are, but challenge them to create and draw as many as they can. Introduce the term “congruent” here and instruct students to test for congruence to determine if they have found a new pentomino. If the shapes are congruent, it is not a new pentomino. Once students think they have found all the pentominoes, have them show you, one on one, so others students’ searching and learning does not stop. There are 12 different shapes; examples of them are on the right. After the students have found all 12 pentominoes, have them try to figure out that once folded, which ones will form open topped boxes and which will not. Have the students cut out those pentominoes that open topped form boxes and tape their boxes together. -Square tiles -Graph paper -Scissors -Tape CONGRUENT—two plane figures that have the same size and the same shape. Have students look at the pentominoes and then figure out where to add a sixth square to try to form a cube. -Pentominoes -Graph paper -Blokus® by Mattel -Pattern Block Sudoku by Didax In the African Congo, children of the Kuba people draw patterns of connected squares in the sand. These patterns resemble the nets that their parents use for fishing. Then the children trace the patterns without lifting their fingers and without going over the same line more than once. Some of the networks they draw are very complex. CUBE NET—a two dimensional shape that can be folded to a three dimensional object. ed In this extension, have the students draw some of the simple networks (to the right) on graph paper. Then see if they can trace the patterns without lifting their pencils or going over a line more than once (they may cross the lines.) Blokus® by Mattel Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv Some solutions to the networks are shown to the right. Ask students to find others. The numbers next to each side indicate one way that a network can be retraced without lifting the pencil or going over the same line more than once. 1 9 10 8 4 5 7 6 Blokus® is a great strategy game that helps develop logic, reasoning and spatial perception. © 6 The game has some very small pieces. Let the students know there are 21 different shapes for each color and they should count all the pieces before they start. They should count them again at the end the game so they don’t lose any pieces. 5 4 3 18 2 7 8 9 17 1 14 13 12 27 28 11 10 15 16 12 11 16 Pattern Block Sudoku by Didax 14 13 10 If they lose a piece, they should figure out which shape is lost and then create that same shape and color out of cardboard or construction paper. This game gives students practice with problem solving, shape recognition and spatial sense. 2 3 15 26 24 1 17 2 18 25 19 20 23 21 22 9 8 7 6 3 5 4 Exploring concepts of congruence by playing with pentomino shapes. In this activity, students use pentominoes to explore concepts of congruence, flips, slides, and turns. Divide the class into pairs. Pass out a Dark and Light Pentominoes sheet and some scissors to each pair. Have one person cut out a light shape while the partner finds and then cuts out the matching dark shape. Have the partners switch roles until all congruent shapes have been cut out and matched. Practice concepts of flips, slides, and turns by displaying shapes on the document camera. Display a shape and ask for volunteers to show a similar shape that has been slid, flipped, or turned. Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Have each pair practice doing slides, flips and turns with their matching shapes. This is an extension of Activity 1. In this activity, students work with a partner. One person places a dark pentomino somewhere on a sheet of graph paper. Then that person places a light pentomino somewhere else on the paper. Make copies of the Dark Pentominoes and Light Pentominoes sheets. -Scissors -Dark Pentominoes sheet -Light Pentominoes sheet -Graph paper TRANSLATION/ SLIDE—moving a figure without turning or flipping it. Next, the partner figures out the following: 1) Whether the second shape is congruent to the first (if it is not, the partners switch roles and do the activity again.) © 2) What has to be done to the first shape to match the second shape (e.g., a flip and a slide to the right, a flip and a turn clockwise, etc..) As the students get better at moving the shapes, they can get more specific about the details of the movements (e.g., a flip and a slide two spaces to the right, a flip, a slide 5 spaces down, and a turn 90 degrees counter-clockwise.) REFLECTION/FLIP— rotating an object over a line of symmetry, creating a mirror image of the original. ROTATION/TURN—an object is moved by turning not flipping; the size or shape is not changed by the turn. CONGRUENT— two plane figures that have the same size and the same shape. In this game, students reflect movements that a teammate has made. Divide students into pairs. Each pair is a single team who will be assigned another pair against whom they will play. In every pair, one student is a “mover” and the other is assigned the role of “reflector.” NOTE: On the team’s second and subsequent turns, the “mover” and “reflector” change positions. -Dice Teams roll a die. The team with the highest roll plays first. The “mover” starts with a normal stance (feet together, hands at side.) Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed The “reflector” rolls a die. The “mover” then moves as many body parts as are on the rolled die. For example, if the die shows a 2, the “mover” creates a stance with two changes from a “normal” stance (e.g., left arm up, right arm out to the side.) The “reflector” tries to correctly reflect each movement and gets as many points as the number of correct reflections. If students roll a 4, 5 or 6, the mover must move at least 3 body parts, but the team can move (and get points for) up to the number on the die. When the first team has finished, the second team takes a turn, repeating the above procedure of rolling the die, then moving and reflecting. © The game continues until one team reaches 11 points. Understanding what makes a 3-dimensional shape a prism. Learning to count a prism’s faces, edges and vertices. Pass out some play clay and toothpicks to each student. Have students create a number of small play clay spheres by rolling them between their palms. For best results, the spheres should be about 1/4 to 1/2 inch in diameter. Have the class start creating prisms by first making two bases of a polygon (i.e., square, triangle, pentagon, hexagon etc… .) The bases should be as close to the same size and shape as possible. After finishing two bases of the prism, have them vertically attach toothpicks to them to complete the prism. Write the word prism on the board and ask students if they know the definition of the word. Show them some examples of geometric solids and take out those that are prisms. Can they tell you why they are prisms? ed Make copies of the Prisms sheet. -Play clay -Toothpicks -Geometric solids -Prisms sheet -Prisms Answer sheet PRISM—a 3dimensional shape that has two congruent bases. Students should make at least two prisms with the play clay spheres and toothpicks. PLANE—a flat surface Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv Prisms are 3-dimensional figures that have two identical opposite faces or bases. A prism is named by the shape of its base. So there are triangular prisms, hexagonal prisms, pentagonal prisms, etc… © Once students have created a few prisms, introduce them to the vocabulary words face, edge, vertex. Give each student a Prisms sheet. Have them count their prisms’ faces, edges and vertices and record the correct values in the handout. As a class, go over the handout and fill in any remaining information. If no one has made a certain type of prism have the students figure out how many edges, faces and vertices that figure will have. What patterns do they see in the information? How does the number of edges of each base relate to the number of total edges? What pattern do you see with the number of faces and edges? What pattern do you see with the number of edges to the number of vertices? Discuss the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler, born in Basel, Switzerland in 1707. Euler, one of the greatest and most prolific mathematicians of all time, wrote nearly 900 mathematical papers in his life time (half of them after he was blinded at the age of 60.) He also developed this formula for polyhedrons: V + F - E = 2 (V=number of vertices, F=number of faces, E = number of edges. Have the students use Euler’s formula to verify their answers on the prisms table. Answers are provided to the teacher on the Prisms Answers sheet. Have them use Euler’s formula to predict the numbers of faces, vertices, and edges of other prisms (octagonal, nonagonal, and more.) FACE—a plane/flat shaped figure. EDGE—a line segment that joins two faces. VERTEX—where two or more line segment meet. RECTANGLUAR PRISM PENTAGONAL PRISM Identifying and creating the platonic solids. Review prisms and Euler’s formula. For more information on platonic solids, go to www.enchantedlearning.com/ math/geometry/solids/ Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed NOTE: Five regular polyhedrons were discovered by the ancient Greeks. These solids are the cube, tetrahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron and icosahedron. The Pythagoreans knew of the tetrahedron, the cube, and the dodecahedron; the mathematician Theaetetus added the octahedron and the icosahedron. These shapes are also called the Platonic solids, after the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. For a polyhedron to be classified as a platonic solid, all of its faces must be congruent. Show the students the cube and tetrahedron previously made. What polygons are on the faces of a cube and a tetrahedron? Square and triangle Are the faces congruent? Yes. How many faces are there on a tetrahedron? 4. On a cube? 6. Photocopy the Cube, Tetrahedron, Octahedron, Dodecahedron and Icosahedron sheets. Create a cube and tetrahedron from the Cube and Tetrahedron sheets to show students. -Scissors -Tape -Graph paper -Cube, Tetrahedron, Octahedron, Dodecahedron, Icosahedron sheets -Platonic Solids sheet -Platonic Solids Answers sheet © Ask students why there is no “rectangularhedron” (because not all of a rectangular polyhedron’s faces are congruent.) Now explain to the students that they are going to create a cube by using the 1 inch graph paper and cutting out the shape they think makes a cube. There are different ways to make a cube. The graphic on the right shows one example. Pass out Tetrahedron, Octahedron, Dodecahedron and Icosahedron sheets to each student. Have the students cut the templates out and form these Platonic Solids. They can work in pairs, with one student cutting out a shape and the other preparing tape to put the shape together into a Platonic Solid. The tetrahedron and octahedron are the easiest ones to create, so students should start with those. Once the shape construction has been completed, have the students fill in the Platonic Solids sheet. Answers are provided to the teacher on the Platonic Solids Answers sheet. POLYHEDRON—a solid formed by the joining of its several faces. Please ask the students to fill out a Post-Math Club Student Evaluation sheet. Remind students that this is not a test, but rather a way for you to understand their thinking. Also, teachers please fill out the Curriculum Evaluation form so that Zeno learns how to better serve you and the students in the future. Please mail all the Student Evaluations (those from the first day of class, and those from the last) and your Curriculum Evaluation back to Zeno in the self-addressed envelope provided. Games: Blokus® by Mattel Adler, David A. Shape Up. Holiday House/ New York, 1998 Quizmo?™ Geometry by Learning Advantage Burns, Marilyn The Greedy Triangle. Scholastic Inc./New York, 1994 Pattern Block Sudoku® by Didax Cavon, Lucille Geometry. Enslow Publishers, 2001 Reflection Game Activities: © 2D Geometric Designs Polygon Puzzles rv Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e Dot to Dot Game ed IZZI® by ThinkFun Burns, Marilyn About Teaching Mathematics second Edition. Math Solutions Publications, 2000. Blink® by Mattel Back to Back Polyhedrons Long, Lynette Groovy Geometry: Games and Activities that Make Math Easy and Fun. J Wiley, 2003 Smoothey, Marion Let’s Investigate Angles Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1993 Smoothey, Marion Let’s Investigate Triangles Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1993 Tierney C & Russell S Ten-Minute Math Dale Seymour Publications, 2001 VanCleave, Janice Janice VanCleave’s Geometry for Every Kid. Wiley & Sons/New York, 1994 www.mathisfun.com www.enchantedlearning.com/math/geometry/ solids/ http://illuminations.nctm.org http://nlvm.usu.edu VanDeWalle, John A. Elementary and Middle School Mathematics: Teaching Developmentally, 4th Edition. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 2001 Zaslavsky, Claudia Math Games and Activities from around the World. Chicago Review Press, 1998 Dear Parents and Caregivers, Congratulations on enrolling your student in a Zeno math-powered club. Let the fun begin! Research shows that students who actively engage in their learning do better in school. Enter Club Zeno—a math adventure where students explore math skills and concepts in new and unexpected ways. Zeno math clubs use games, movement, and investigations that pique students’ curiosity and engagement in math. The learning is not limited to math club! At home, you can help reinforce your child’s growth by: positive. Never tell your child that you hated math or were not good at it—this gives them permission to do the same. Encouraging growth. Participate in family math nights, robotics, chess clubs, and math Olympiad teams. Making math fun. Spend time playing board games and puzzles to encourage math risktaking and persistence. Using real world examples. Point out ways people use math every day to budget their money, pay bills, make change, or leave a tip. Preparing for a profession. Let kids know what vocations require a sound base in mathematics. Encouraging problem solving. Provide assistance but let kids figure out the answers to questions themselves. Problem solving is a lifetime skill. © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Staying As 21st century learners, technology is an increasingly present mode of learning for children. Here are some Zeno-vetted educational web sites and phone apps to help keep your child’s screen time fun AND educational. Websites Smart Phone Apps www.mathplayground.com Mathmateer www.factmaster.com Math Doodles www.funbrain.com Numerosity www.funbrain.com Glow Burst www.coolmath4kids.com Motion Math: Zoom or Hungry Fish Lastly, remember to ask your children what game or activity they learned in their math club when you pick them up. Your interest in their learning = happy, math-powered students! Sincerely, The Zeno Team Student Contract Welcome to a Zeno math club. In order for all students to have a positive experience in this club we have developed the following guidelines. The guidelines explain the positive behaviors we expect, as well as behaviors that are unacceptable. Positive behavior will allow us to learn, play, grow and have fun together. Unacceptable behaviors will be handled by the club instructor, who may choose to contact the parents, teacher, or principal of the misbehaving student. Consequences of unacceptable behavior could include a warning or suspension from club activities. Positive Behaviors Listen and cooperate with students and teachers in the program. Wait quietly. Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e Be responsible and respectful with your words and actions. rv ed Follow directions. Treat the materials carefully and use them in the way that you are instructed. Help with cleanup. Unacceptable Behaviors © Not following school rules. Put-downs, teasing, and swearing. Roughhousing, pushing, tripping, hitting, kicking or play fighting. Damaging materials or taking them out of the room (without teacher permission). I agree to follow these behavior guidelines and to do my best to help everyone have a positive experience. ___________________________________ __________ Signature Date Modified from Student ID: __________________________ PRE-Exploring Geometry Please check ONE response to each statement. Remember that there are no “right” or “wrong” answers. We want to know how you feel about math. You do not have to write your name on this survey. Statement Disagree Agree Strongly agree 1. I am really good at math. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2. I love math. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3. I understand math. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 5. I can solve difficult math problems. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 6. I enjoy doing math puzzles. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 7. Math is very hard for me. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 8. I do math problems on my own “just for fun.” 9. Math is confusing to me. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 10. Math is fun. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 11. I look forward to learning new math. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 12. Math comes easily to me. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 13. I hate math. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 14. I enjoy playing math games. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 15. I can tell if my answers in math make sense. 16. I enjoy studying math. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 17. Doing math is easy for me. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 18. Solving math problems is fun. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ rv Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e © 4. Math is boring. ed Strongly disagree How I feel Neither agree or disagree ☐ Please tell us a few things about you. Are you a boy or girl? ____________________ Please circle what grade you are in: 3rd grade 4th grade 5th grade Modified from Student ID: ________________ PRE-Exploring Geometry Please circle your race (you may circle more than one): 6. Middle Eastern or Arab 2. Asian American 7. Native Hawaiian or other Pacific 3. African American or Black 8. White or European American 4. Caribbean Islander 9. Other 5. Hispanic—Latino/a 10. I am not sure. Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed 1. American Indian or Alaska Native 1. Draw a horizontal line inside the triangle and a vertical line inside the circle. 2. What is fewest sides a polygon can have? Write the number:_______ © Draw and name the shape with that many sides.________________ 3. Circle the angle below that is a right angle. 4. How many degrees are in a circle? __________________________ 5. How many faces does a rectangular prism have?_________________ Thank you for completing this survey! It will help Zeno learn and grow. © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Shape Cards (page 1) Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 1 Activity 1 © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Shape Cards (page 2) Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 1 Activity 1 © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Shape Cards (page 3) Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 1 Activity 1 © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Shape Cards (page 4) Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 1 Activity 1 © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Shape Cards (page 5) Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 1 Activity 1 © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed 2-D Geometric Designs Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 2 Starter © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed 2-D Geometric Designs Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 2 Starter © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed 2-D Geometric Designs Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 2 Starter © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Popsicle Square Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 2 Activity 2 © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Popsicle Triangle Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 2 Activity 2 POLYGON NAMES “Gon” is derived from the Greek word “gonu” meaning “knee” which represents an “angle” in a shape “Hedron” in “polyhedron” means “seat” which represents a “face” of shape. A polygon is a shape with many knees or a 2-D object with many angles. Polyhedron is a shape with many seats or a 3-D object with many faces. To make a 2-D polygon into a 3-D polyhedron just replace the “gon” with “hedron” Names of polygons past 12. 13–tridecagon 14–tetradecagon 15–pentadecagon 16–hexadecagon ed 17–heptadecagon 18–octadecagon rv 19–nonadecagon Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e To construct the name of a polygon with more than 20 and less than 100 sides, combine the prefixes as follows: and © Tens A 42 sided polygon would be: Tens tetraconta- 1 -hena- 20 icosi- 2 -di- 30 triaconta- 3 -tri- 40 tetraconta- 4 -tetra- 50 pentaconta- 5 -penta- 60 hexaconta- 6 -hexa- 70 heptaconta- 7 -hepta- 80 octaconta- 8 -octa- 90 enneaconta- 9 -ennea- and -kai- Ones Ones -di- -kai- final prefix -gon final prefix -gon full polygon name tetracontakaidigon 100—hectogon 1000– chiliagon 10000– myriagon Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 2 Enrichment Extension Dot to Dot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ed . . . . . . . rv . . . . . . . Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e . . . . . . . © . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 3 Station 3 Station Directions For a real challenge see if you can get all the small individual squares to form a giant square, where only white touches white and black touches black. © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv 2 to 4 students per puzzle Try to create a continuous pattern of white touching white and black touching black. ed Station 1 Izzi Station 2 Blink 2 students per game Deal all the cards so that each player has an equal amount. Place two cards face up in the middle of the table. Put 3 cards in your hand from your pile. As fast as you can, place down the cards, one at a time, in the pile that has at least one attribute that is the same as your card. Once you have placed a card on the pile, add more cards to your hand from the your draw pile so you have AT MOST 3 cards in your hand. First one out of all their cards wins. Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 3 Station Directions On your turn draw a line, either horizontally or vertically, to connect two dots. If you are able to draw a line that creates a square, write your initials in the square and go again. The student with the most squares with their initials in it wins. © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv 2 students per game The object of the game is to create the most squares. ed Station 3 Dot to Dot Game Station 4 Polyhedron Structures 2 students at station Players share a tub of geometric solids. They divide the pieces so they each have an equal number of each type. Sit back to back. One player creates a geometric structure out of the shapes. Then that player describes those shapes and their locations to the other player. The other player tries to match the structure without looking at it. Once done giving the directions, the players turn around and compare models. Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 3 © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed How Many Triangles? Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 4 Starter © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Dark Pentominoes Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 7 Activity 1 © Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Light Pentominoes Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 7 Activity 1 Prisms Shapes Number of Faces Number of Vertices Number of Edges Triangular Prism © Pentagonal Prism Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e Rectangular Prism rv ed Square Prism (Cube) Hexagonal Prism Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 8 Activity 2 Prisms Answers Rectangular Prism 6 9 6 8 12 6 8 7 © Pentagonal Prism Hexagonal Prism Number of Edges 5 8 ed Square Prism (Cube) Number of Vertices rv Triangular Prism Number of Faces Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e Shapes 12 10 15 12 18 Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 8 Activity 2 Platonic Solids Solid Number of Faces Shape of Faces Number of Faces at Each Vertex Number of Vertices Number of Edges Tetrahedron Dodecahedron © Octahedron Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Cube Icosahedron Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 9 Activity 2 Platonic Solids Answers Number of Solid Number of Faces Faces at Each Number of Vertex Vertices Shape of Faces Number of Edges 4 triangle 3 4 6 6 square 3 8 12 Tetrahedron 8 Octahedron Dodecahedron triangle 4 6 12 pentagon 3 20 30 triangle 12 30 © 12 Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e rv ed Cube 20 5 Icosahedron Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 9 Activity 2 ed rv Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e octahedron © Cube Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 9 Activity 2 ed rv Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e © tetrahedron Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 9 Activity 2 ed rv Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e octahedron © Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 9 Activity 2 ed rv Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e © dodecahedron Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 9 Activity 2 ed rv Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e © n h a os ic ro d e Zeno: Exploring Geometry: Lesson 9 Activity 2 Modified from Student ID:_________________ POST– Exploring Geometry Please check ONE response to each statement. Remember that there are no “right” or “wrong” answers. We want to know how you feel about math. You do not have to write your name on this survey. How I feel Disagree Strongly agree 1. I am really good at math. ☐ ☐ ☐ 2. I love math. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3. I understand math. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 4. Math is boring. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e Strongly disagree rv Agree ☐ Neither agree or disagree ☐ ed Statement ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 7. Math is very hard for me. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 8. I do math problems on my own “just for fun.” 9. Math is confusing to me. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 10. Math is fun. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 11. I look forward to learning new math. 12. Math comes easily to me. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 13. I hate math. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 14. I enjoy playing math games. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 15. I can tell if my answers in math make sense. 16. I enjoy studying math. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 17. Doing math is easy for me. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 18. Solving math problems is fun. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ © 5. I can solve difficult math problems. 6. I enjoy doing math puzzles. Please tell us a few things about you. Are you a boy or girl? ____________________ Please circle what grade you are in: 3rd grade 4th grade 5th grade Modified from Student ID: _________________ POST-Exploring Geometry Please circle your race (you may circle more than one): 6. Middle Eastern or Arab 2. Asian American 7. Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 3. African American or Black 8. White or European American 4. Caribbean Islander 9. Other 5. Hispanic or Latino/a 10. I am not sure. rv ed 1. American Indian or Alaska Native Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e 1. Draw a horizontal line inside the triangle and a vertical line inside the circle. 2. What is fewest sides a polygon can have? Write the number:_______ © Draw and name the shape with that many sides.________________ 3. Circle the angle below that is a right angle. 4. How many degrees are in a circle? __________________________ 5. How many faces does a rectangular prism have?_________________ Thank you for completing this survey! It will help Zeno learn and grow. Curriculum Evaluation Form Exploring Geometry Dear Club Teacher, Thank you so much for making math fun for students. In order to make these clubs most effective for students and club teachers, we need to get some information from you on the lessons and games. Please include on the back of this form any additional information that you would like us to know . Thank you Ages/Grades of Students: ______________ How many weeks was the club?______________ How many lessons were completed: ________ How many students did you teach?___________ Did you utilize Zeno’s online math club training? YES NO If yes, please explain your experience. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ No change More confidence rv Less confidence ed From the beginning to the end of math club, overall, did you observe any shift in student confidence? Please explain. Al 201 lR 3 ig Ze ht n s o R es e ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ What lessons and games did you find to be most helpful, and why? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ © What lessons and games did you find to be least effective, and why? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Is there anything that you feel needs to be changed or restructured? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Do the daily lessons provide enough activities to fill an hour? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Were any supplies missing from the club kit? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Please return evaluation forms to: Zeno 1404 East Yesler Way, Suite 204 Seattle, WA 98122 If you have any other questions or concerns please feel free to contact: Program Director, Jennifer Gaer at 206-325-0774 or [email protected]
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz