SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
BIODIVERSITY
I. Biodiversity
a. Defined
b. Measuring biodiversity
c. Taxonomy (naming things)
d. New species continue to be discovered
II. Biodiversity in the US
III Gradients in Biodiversity
a. Space
b. Time: Succession
c. Human Impacts on Biodiversity
BIODIVERSITY:
The variety of organisms considered at
all levels: from genetic variants
belonging to the same species
through arrays of species, to arrays
of genera, families and still higher
taxonomic levels. E. O. Wilson
(1992)
We have to consider diversity
at different levels.
Biomes
Ecosystems
Communities
Population
Species (Subspecies, Variation)
For the exclusive use of students in GEOG 316 Fall 06
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Biomes : broad major groupings of natural
ecosystems that include animals as well as
plant life.
Ecosystem: grouping of plants, animals and
microbes, etc. interacting with each other and
their physical environment
"ECO" = "oikos" (greek for home)
Community: all plants and animals inhabiting an
area (suggests interactions)
Population: a group of individuals of the same
species in an area
Species: a group of organisms where all
members do or have the potential to
interbreed and produce viable offspring.
Subspecies: Anatomically different but
still able to interbreed
Morphological Species Concept:
each species is morphologically
distinguishable from its closest relative.
Biological Species Concept: a group of
organisms that is reproductively isolated
from another group
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Taxonomy
(naming things)
Red wolf (Canis rufus)
Major Groups :
Prokaryotes,
DNA not enclosed in a nucleus
(includes monera,
monera, viruses)
Eukaryotes
DNA enclosed in a nucleus
includes fungi, protista,
protista, animals, plants)
Until recently: 5 kingdoms
„
„
„
„
„
Monera (Bacteria and Blue green algae)
Protista
Fungi
Plants
Animals
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
NEW GROUP:
Archaea, consisting
of about 500
species, was
discovered in 1977.
(extremophiles)
Now all living things are
classified into 3 Domains
(Groups)
„
„
„
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryotes (4 kingdoms)
Prokaryotes (now divided into
two Domains)
„
ARCHAEA: exist in extreme
environments, hypersaline lakes,
thermal vents, hot springs
„ BACTERIA: bacteria, nitrogen fixing
bacteria, bacteriophages
– Viruses (?)
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
FOR EUKARYOTES
PROTISTA: protozoa, chrysophytes, slime molds (including
(CHROMISTA: kelps, diatoms, haptophytes)
FUNGI: true fungi, mushrooms, yeast, molds, lichen
PLANTAE: plants, algae, bryophytes,
ANIMALIA: (Metazoa) multicellular animals
Scientific nomenclature…..
(Latin names)
Carl Linnaeus
( 1707-1778)
Binomial (two names)
includes genus and species name
i.e. Homo sapien
vs.
Common name: human
Classification Hierarchy
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
For Plantae
KINGDOM
DIVISION
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
Classification Hierarchy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Cetacea
suborder Odontoceti
FAMILY
Monodontidae
GENUS
Monodon
SPECIES
Monodon monceros
Common name:
Narwhal
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Cetacea
SubOrder:
SubOrder: Mysticeti
Family: Eschrichtiidae
Genus: Eschrichtius
Species: Eschrichtius robustus
Common name: Grey Whale
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Kingdom Plantae
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Liliopsida
Order Liliales
Family Agavaceae
Genus Yucca
Species Yucca brevifolia
Common name :
Joshua Tree
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Coleoptera
Suborder: Polyphaga Series: Cucujiformia
Superfamily:
Superfamily: Cucujoidea Section: Clavicornia
Family: Coccinellidae
Genus: Hippodamia
Species: Hippodamia convergens
Common Name: 12 spotted ladybug
How many Species are
there?
„
There are about 1.8 million
described and named
species of organisms.
For the exclusive use of students in GEOG 316 Fall 06
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
How many species are
there really?
„ 1.41.4-6
million?
„ 4.34.3-5.6 million?
„ 30 million?
„
„
„
New Species. About 10,000 new species are
found every year, and most of these are insects and
other inconspicuous animals
For animals: New species are still being discovered,
at the rate of about 1-5 birds and 1-5 mammals
per year
Primates: 38 primates, species and subspecies,
have been described in the last ten years: 10 from
Madagascar, 8 from Africa, 7 from South-east Asia,
10 from the Brazilian Amazon (seven of them
marmosets), and 3 from the Brazilian Atlantic forest.
For the exclusive use of students in GEOG 316 Fall 06
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
BLACKBLACK-FACED LION
TAMARIN
(Leontopithecus caissara)
caissara)
Known locally as:
micomico-leãoleão-caracara-preta
Photo by Luis Claudio Marigo
Drawing of Peruvian beaked whale (Mesoplodon peruvianus)
© Wurtz-Artescienza
An Adult Pseudoryx (saola) (#1) ©Alan
Rabinowitz c/o International Wildlife, Volume
28, Number 4, 1998: 36-43. [Used with
permission]
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Head of the Megamouth
stranded at Mandurah,
Western Australia.
Fishermen captured the shark six kilometers from their home in Barangay
Puerto. Map is cropped from Encarta World Atlas 1998 Edition.
The Antarctic gravelbeard
plunderfish (Artedidraco
glareobarbatus), collected at
a depth of 130 m near
Franklin Island in the Ross
Sea. This species lives in the
vicinity of sponge beds and
uses its chin barbel as a lure
to attract prey. This species
is about 6 inches long.
The Antarctic brainbeard
plunderfish (Pogonophryne
cerebropogon), a new
species recently collected at
a depth of 300 m in the
Ross Sea. The long chin
barbel is used as a lure to
attract prey. This species is
nearly 15 inches long.
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae )
New Ecosystems
„
„
HydroHydro-thermal
marine vents
Anchialine caves
Cataloging the biodiversity on
Earth is a huge team effort.
„ The Tree of Life
„ All-species Foundation
„ All-species Inventory
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Biodiversity in the United States
Devil’
Devil’s hole pupfish
200,000 native
species currently
known in the US
Coast
Redwood
US Biodiversity
Four out of every 10
salamanders are found in US
Freshwater species
1/3 of world’
world’s freshwater mussels
61% of worlds freshwater crayfish
22% of freshwater turtles
17% of freshwater snails
US biodiversity
Sixth greatest diversity
of mammals
Second in number
of gymnosperms
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
California
„
„
„
California is most
biologically
diverse state in
the union
40,000+ species
Most federally
listed species
Biodiversity
through
space
Biodiversity through
space
„
As you go away from the tropics
species numbers decrease
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Profile of a tropical rainforest . Different
heights allows different niches. TRF can
accommodate more species
Relationship between the
number of birds species and the
number of canopy layers.
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Number of breeding
birds in different parts
of Central and North
America
Number of mammal
species in Central and
North America
Number of tree
species found in
parts of North
America
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Diversity
through time
Diversity through time
Succession:
Change in
species
composition
over time
(thought to be
directional and
predictable)
„
Primary
Succession:
Succession:
succession of plant
communities of
new land/soil
(no seed source/new soil
formed) dunes, lava flows,
glaciated lands, shrinking
lakes
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Secondary succession:
succession: previously
vegetated land that has been recently
disturbed (seed source in soil) agricultural
field, clear cut
Disturbance succession:
succession: where
disturbance creates/initiates the
successional process: fire, flood
Seres:
Seres: series
of communities
that follow one
another:
„
„
„
early seral stage
mid seral stage
late seral stage
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SFSU
„
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Early seral stage
Pioneer species: (plants
adapted to adverse
conditions) weedy,
germinate/grow quick
lots of seeds
„
Mid seral stage
competitors
„ Late
seral stage (Mature
stage)
stress tolerators,long lived
– Climax Community: community in
“equilibrium state”
state” stable but not static
regenerates/ individuals replaced by
same species
Successional Theories
„
„
Facilitation:
Facilitation: Species create
favorable environment for new
species
Individualistic:
Individualistic: Random
occurrence of species , they
happen to be able to survive
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Lichens
and mosses
Small herbs
and shrubs
Exposed
rocks
Heath mat
Jack pine,
black spruce,
and aspen
Balsam fir,
paper birch, and
white spruce
climax community
Time
Mature oak-hickory forest
Annual
weeds
Perennial
weeds and
grasses
Young pine forest
Shrubs
Time
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Seedling cover
increased
significantly the
second year
The largest seedling observed in 1997 was 1.4 m
By year 2000
saplings are
well-established
averaging 2.5-3m
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
For the exclusive use of students in GEOG 316 Fall 06
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
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Density
Geography 316-Fall 2006
1996
Area
Total Seedlings
Protected
12489
Exposed
860
Bayview
1880
Total
15229
Cover
Area
Protected
Exposed
Bayview
Total
1997
Avg/m2
32.9
6.1
23.5
25.3
Total Seedlings
4863
588
1178
6629
% Cover
12.8
4
14.5
11
Total Hits
322
40
81
443
1996
Total Hits
122
14
29
165
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
2001
Avg/m2
12.8
4.2
14.7
11
Total Saplings
1508
333
180
2021
% Cover
33.9
11.4
40.5
29.5
Total Hits
345
111
49
505
1997
Avg/m2
4.9
2.4
2.3
3.4
p
(Significanc
.000
.000
.294
.000
% Cover
36.3
31.7
24.5
33.7
p
(Significanc
.000
.000
.159
.000
2001
Inverse relationship between density and
cover. Cover ↑’s - density ↓’s
Pt. Reyes National Seashore: Bishop Pine Forest 1995-2002
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Geography 316-Fall 2006
Early Successional
Species
Midsuccessional
Species
Late Successional
Species
Wilderness
Species
Rabbit
Quail
Ringneck pheasant
Dove
Bobolink
Pocket gopher
Elk
Moose
Deer
Ruffled grouse
Snowshoe hare
Bluebird
Turkey
Martin
Hammond’s
Flycatcher
Gray squirrel
Grizzly bear
Wolf
Caribou
Bighorn sheep
California condor
Great horned owl
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Ecological succession
Characteristics of early and late Successional
Stages
Net Biomass (annual)
Mineral Cycling
Nutrient Exchange Rate
Number of Species
Food Chains
EARLY
high
open
rapid
low
-highestlinear
(simple)
LATE
low
closed
slow
high
web like
(complex)
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Mature: Old Growth
Human effects on
Succession
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SFSU
Geography 316-Fall 2006
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Wrap up
I. Biodiversity
a. Defined at all taxonomic levels
b. Measuring biodiversity
From Biomes to individuals
Spatial and relational differences
c. Taxonomy (naming things)
A way to organize life on the planet
3 domains, 5 kingdoms, KPCOFGS
d. New species continue to be discovered (recorded)
Primates as well as invertebrates and beyond
II. Biodiversity in the US
III Gradients in Biodiversity
a. As you go up in latitude you go down in
biodiversiy
b. Time: Succession
c. Human Impacts on Biodiversity
For the exclusive use of students in GEOG 316 Fall 06
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25