SPEC/3/HIST2/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
MARKSCHEME
SPECIMEN
HISTORY
Route 2
Higher and Standard Level
Paper 1
11 pages
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SPEC/3/HIST2/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
SE C T I O N A
Prescribed Subject 1
Peacemaking, peacekeeping – international relations 1918–36
These questions relate to the Locarno Conference, 1925.
1.
(a)
W hat, according to Source E, was the significance of the Locarno Conference?
[3 marks]
Countries bordering the Rhine would give up the use of force.
The Rhineland would be demilitarized and the whole of the Rhineland would be evacuated
by 1930.
Germany would be admitted into the League of Nations.
European security would be ensured.
Award [1 mark] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [3 marks].
(b)
W hat message is conveyed by Source D?
[2 marks]
The leaders of France, Britain and Germany are standing on a draft of the Locarno Treaty
and their handshake indicates that Germany has been welcomed back into the fold
of Europe.
However, the expressions on the face of Britain and Germany, which indicate the serious
nature of the agreement, contrast with the sly smile on the face of Briand who, with a
boxing glove behind his back, is indicating that he hopes that France will be able to use
force at a later date.
Award [1 mark] for each valid point up to a maximum of [2 marks].
N.B. Do not enter half marks or + and – but compensate between (a) and (b) if necessary for a
final mark out of [5 marks].
2.
Compare and contrast the views expressed about the Locarno Conference in
Sources B and C .
[6 marks]
For comparison:
they both discuss the securing of a frontier or border
they both discuss the roles of Britain, Germany and France.
For contrast:
Source C mentions the roles of Italy and Belgium
Source B is very optimistic, whereas Source C is far more pessimistic
Source B sees Britain, Germany and France as cooperating together, whereas Source C maintains
that Locarno will have the opposite effect
Source B mentions the effect of Locarno on countries outside of Europe, Source C does not.
If only one source is discussed award a maximum of [2 marks]. If the two sources are discussed
separately award [3 marks] or with excellent linkage [4–5 marks]. For a maximum [6 marks]
expect a detailed running comparison/contrast.
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3.
SPEC/3/HIST2/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
W ith reference to their origin and purpose, discuss the value and limitations of
Source A and Source C for historians studying the 1925 Locarno Conference.
[6 marks]
Source A
Origin:
A speech by Gustav Stresemann, the German Foreign Minister, on 16 October 1925.
Purpose:
To explain to the world community the reasons why Germany has signed the
Locarno Treaty.
Value:
It’s recorded at the time it was made and shows the views of a representative of the German government, who signed the Locarno Treaty. This speech should be seen as
being representative of the German government’s public position at this point
in time.
Limitations:
It is a speech, which is explaining why Germany wishes to be welcomed back into
the world community, but may merely be a justification to the world as to why
Germany should be accepted back after its treatment in the Treaty of Versailles.
The speech can not necessarily be accepted at face value as there may be ulterior
reasons behind the German government’s signing of the Locarno Treaty.
Source C
Origin:
It is an extract from the Official History of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office
published in 2006.
Purpose:
To give an account of the reactions to the signing of the Locarno Treaty from the
British government’s point of view.
Value:
It will have access to all the official papers and documents, which relate to the
signing of the Locarno Treaty and is written with the benefit of hindsight. It will
give the official British government’s view on Locarno.
Limitations:
It is an official history and therefore may not be totally objective. It has been written
in 2006 and is a compilation of other material, which means that a selection process
has taken place, which may have omitted other details. It is not written by any single
person, or there is no way of determining this.
Do not expect all the above and allow other valid points. Ideally there will be a balance between
the two sources, and each one can be marked out of [3 marks], but allow a [4/2 mark] split. If only
one source is assessed, mark out of [4 marks]. For a maximum [6 marks] candidates must refer to
both origin and purpose, and value and limitations.
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4.
SPEC/3/HIST2/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Using these sources and your own knowledge, analyse the importance of the
Locarno Conference for international relations between 1925 and 1936.
[8 marks]
Source material that could be used:
Source A: Clearly indicates that Germany is willing to work together with other European nations
and will do so in the future. It shows a change in government policy.
Source B: Indicates the viewpoint of someone supportive of the League of Nations who regards
the signing of the Locarno Treaty as a major step forward to world peace through
disarmament by all nations.
Source C: Warns that, despite the optimistic claims for Locarno of guaranteeing the Rhineland
frontier through an agreement signed by Belgium, Italy, France, Germany and Britain,
it sowed the seeds for later disagreements and split the alliance between Britain
and France.
Source D: Clearly shows the intention, by France, not to abide by the Locarno Treaties in the future.
Source E: Shows how the Rhineland frontier was to be guaranteed and demilitarized, as a result of
which Germany would be admitted into the League of Nations. It also shows that
Locarno was seen as the basis for the beginning of European security.
O wn knowledge that could be used:
Own knowledge could include the signing of the Kellog-Briand Treaty of 1928, and the effect that
the Treaty of Mutual Guarantee had on Europe through the “Locarno Honeymoon”. Mention could
also be made of the effect of the rise to power of Hitler on Europe with regard to Versailles,
the Geneva Disarmament Conference, the Four Power Pact, the Stresa Conference, Abyssinia,
Mussolini’s change of sides to support Hitler after the Hoare-Laval incident, the invasion of the
Rhineland, the Spanish Civil War and the Rome-Berlin Axis.
Do not expect all the above and credit other relevant material. If only source material or only own
knowledge is used, the maximum mark that can be obtained is [5 marks]. For a maximum
[8 marks], expect argument, synthesis of source material and own knowledge, as well as references
to the sources used.