Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
License Agreement and Disclaimer
i
vii
x
P a rt I: P r og ra m Ov e rv ie w
Chapter 1: Introduction to CrimeStat
1.1
Uses of Sp a t ia l St a t ist ics in Cr im e Ana lysis
Th e Crim eS tat III S pa t ia l S t a t is t ics P r ogr a m
P r ogr a m Requ ir em en t s
In st a llin g t h e P r ogra m
St ep-by-s t ep In st r u ct ion s
Op t ion s
S h or t a p plica t ion s
On -lin e H elp
Ch a pt er 1 En dn ot es
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.10
Chapter 2: Quickguide to CrimeStat
2.1
I. D at a S e tu p
P r im a r y F ile
Secon da r y File
Refer en ce File
Mea su r em en t P a r a met er s
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.7
2.9
II. S p a t ia l D e s c r i p ti o n
Spa t ia l Dis t r ibu t ion
Dista nce Ana lysis I
Dista nce Ana lysis II
‘H ot S pot ’ An a lysis
‘Hot Spot’ Ana lysis I
‘Hot Spot’ Ana lysis II
2.13
2.13
2.19
2.25
2.28
2.28
2.35
III. Spatial Mode ling
In t er pola t ion
Sp a ce-Tim e Ana lysis
J our n ey t o Crim e Ana lysis
2.40
2.40
2.47
2.53
IV. Cri m e Tra ve l D e m a nd
Cr im e Tr a vel Dem a n d Da t a P r ep ar a t ion
Tr ip Gen er a t ion
Tr ip Dis t r ibu t ion
Mode S plit
2.59
2.60
2.61
2.69
2.88
i
Table of Contents (continued)
N et wor k As sign m en t
F ile Wor ks h eet
V. Op t io n s
Dyn a m ic Da t a E xch a n ge (DDE ) Su pp or t
Chapter 3: Entering Data into CrimeStat
2.97
2.103
2.106
2.106
3.1
Required Dat a
P r im a r y F ile
Secon da r y File
Refer en ce File
Mea su r em en t P a r a met er s
Dis t a n ce Ca lcu la t ion s
S avin g P a r a m et er s
S ta t is t ica l Rou t in es an d Ou t pu t s
A Tu t or ia l wit h t h e S a m ple Da t a S et
E n dn ot es for Ch a pt er 3
3.3
3.6
3.15
3.17
3.23
3.28
3.31
3.32
3.32
3.37
Part II: Spatial Description
Chapter 4: Spatial Distribution
4.1
Cen t r ogr a ph ic S t a t is t ics
Mea n Cen t er
Weigh t ed Mea n Cent er
Media n Cent er
Cen t er of Min im u m Dis t a n ce
Sta nda rd Deviation of th e X an d Y Coordina tes
St a n da r d Dis t a n ce Devia t ion
St a n da r d Deviat ion a l Ellipse
Geom et r ic Mea n
H a r m on ic Mea n
Aver a ge Den sit y
Ou t pu t F iles
S t a t is t ica l Tes t in g
Directiona l Mean a n d Va r ian ce
Convex H u ll
Spa t ia l Au t ocor r ela t ion
Mora n ’s I St a t ist ic
Gea r y’s C S t a t ist ic
Mor a n Cor r elogr a m
E n dn ot es for Ch a pt er 4
ii
4.1
4.1
4.4
4.6
4.12
4.12
4.15
4.17
4.19
4.22
4.24
4.24
4.25
4.36
4.44
4.47
4.48
4.56
4.61
4.67
Table of Contents (continued)
Chapter 5: Distance Analysis I and II
5.1
Nea r est Neighbor In dex
K-or der Nea r est Neighbor In dex
Linea r Nea r est Neighbor In dex
K-or der Lin ea r Nea r est Neigh bor s
Ripley’s K St a t ist ic
As sign P r im a r y P oin t s t o Secon da r y P oin t s
Dista nce Mat rices
E n dn ot es for Ch a pt er 5
Chapter 6: ‘Hot Spot’ Analysis I
5.1
5.7
5.12
5.18
5.19
5.33
5.36
5.40
6.1
H ot Sp ot s
Sta tistical Approaches to th e Measur ement of ‘Hot Spots’
Mode
F u zzy m ode
Nea r est Neigh bor H ier a r chical Clu st er in g
Risk -ad jus t ed Nea r est Neigh bor H ier a r chical Clu st er in g
E n dn ot es for Ch a pt er 6
Chapter 7: ‘Hot Spot’ Analysis II
6.1
6.1
6.8
6.8
6.14
6.36
6.53
7.1
Sp a t ial a n d Tem pora l An a lysis of Cr im e (STAC)
by Rich a r d Block a n d Ca r olyn Re becca Block
K-Mea n s P a r t it ion in g Clu st er in g
An selin ’s Loca l Mor a n St a t is t ics
Some Thought s on t he Concept of ‘Hot Spots’
E n dn ot es for Ch a pt er 7
7.1
7.19
7.29
7.36
7.41
Part III: Spatial Modeling
Chapter 8: Kernel Density Interpolation
8.1
Ker n el Den sit y E st im a t ion
Single Density Estima tes
Du a l Dens ity E st ima t es
Visu a lly P r esen t ing Ker n el Est ima t es
Con clu sion
E n dn ot es for Ch a pt er 8
Chapter 9: Space-Time Analysis
8.1
8.14
8.25
8.36
8.36
8.40
9.1
Mea su r em en t of Tim e in Crim eS tat
Spa ce-Tim e In t er a ct ion
Kn ox Ind ex
Ma n t el Ind ex
Sp a t ia l-te m por a l Moving Aver a ge
9.1
9.1
9.4
9.8
9.12
iii
Table of Contents (continued)
Corr ela t ed Wa lk An a lysis
Accu r a cy of P r edict ion s
E n dn ot es for Ch a pt er 9
9.14
9.36
9. 42
Chapter 10: Journey to Crime Estimation
Loca t ion Th eor y
Tr a vel Dem a n d Modelin g
Tr a vel Beh a vior of Cr im in a ls
Th e Crim eS tat J our n ey t o Crim e Rout in e
Dis t a n ce Modelin g U sin g Ma t h em a t ica l F u n ct ion s
Th e J our n ey t o Crim e Rout in e U sin g a Ma t h em a t ical F orm u la
Dis t a n ce Modelin g U sin g a n E m pir ica lly Det er m in ed F u n ct ion
Th e J our n ey t o Crim e Rout in e U sin g t h e Ca libr a t ed F ile
Dra w Crime Trips
How Accur at e are th e Methods?
Ca u t ion a r y N ot es
E n dn ot es for Cha pt er 10
10.1
10.1
10.2
10.7
10.17
10.18
10.41
10.43
10.61
10.68
10.68
10.76
10.79
Part IV: Crime Travel Demand Modeling
Chapter 11: Overview of Crime Travel Demand Modeling
Tr a vel Dem a n d F or eca s t in g
Need for More Comp lex Tr a vel Model of Cr im e
Cr im e Tr a vel Dem a n d F r a m ewor k
Cr im e Tr a vel Defin it ion s
Cr im e Tr a vel Dem a n d v. J our n ey t o Crim e
Models v. Descr ip t ion
Us es of a Crim e Tra vel Dem a n d Model
Refer en ces on Tr a vel Dem a n d Modelin g
E n dn ot es for Cha pt er 11
Chapter 12: Data Preparation for Crime Travel Demand Modeling
Ch oice of a Zon a l System
Obta ining Crim e Dat a
Developin g a P r edict ive Model
Obt a in in g La n d Us e Da t a
Spa t ial Loca t ion Va r iables
Definin g Policy or In t er vent ion Va r iables
Wher e to Obta in Th ese Dat a ?
Cr ea t in g a n In t egr a t ed Da t a S et
Obta ining Net wor k Da t a
Con clu sion
E n dn ot es for Cha pt er 12
iv
11.1
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.7
11.11
11.13
11.15
11.18
11.19
12.1
12.1
12.8
12.19
12.22
12.23
12.24
12.25
12.26
12.27
12.37
12.38
Table of Contents (continued)
Chapter 13: Trip Generation
13.1
Ba ck gr ou n d
Modelin g Tr ip Gen er a t ion
Ap pr oa ch es Towa r d s Tr ip Gen er a t ion Mod elin g
Diagnostics Tests
Addin g S pecia l Gen er a t or s
Ad din g E xt er n a l Tr ip s
Ba la n cin g P r edict ed Or igin s a n d P r edict ed Dest in a t ion s
Su m m a r y of t h e Trip Gen er a t ion Model
Th e Crim eS tat Tr ip Gen er a t ion Model
Ca libra t e Model
Ma k e Tr ip Gen er a t ion P r edict ion
Ba la n ce P r edict ed Or igin s & Dest in a t ion s
E xam ple Trip Gen er a t ion Model
St r en gt h s a n d Wea k n esses of Regr ession Modelin g of Trip s
S um m a r y
E n dn ot es for Cha pt er 13
Chapter 14: Trip Distribution
13.1
13.1
13.6
13.18
13.25
13.26
13.27
13.28
13.28
13.30
13.33
13.35
13.36
13.54
13.57
13.58
14.1
Th eor et ica l Ba ckgr ou n d
Th e Gr a vit y Model
Tr a vel Im p ed a n ce
Alter n a t ive Models: Int er venin g Opport u n ities
Met h ods of E st im a t ion
Crim eS tat Tr ip Dist r ibut ion Rou t ines
Describe Origin-Destina tion Trips
Ca libr a t e Im peda n ce F u n ct ion
Set u p of Or igin-Dest ina t ion Model
Th e Or igin-Dest ina t ion Model
Compa red Observed & Pr edicted Trips
Uses of Tr ip Dist r ibu t ion An a lysis
E n dn ot es for Cha pt er 14
Chapter 15: Mode Split
14.1
14.4
14.7
14.12
14.13
14.14
14.15
14.21
14.26
14.37
14.43
14.66
14.70
15.1
Th eor et ica l Ba ckgr ou n d
Ut ilit y of Tr a vel a n d Mode Ch oice
Rela t ive Accessibilit y
Crim eS tat Mode Split Tools
Applyin g t h e Re la t ive Acces sibilit y F u n ct ion
Usefuln ess of Mode Split Modelin g
Lim it a t ions t o th e Mode Sp lit Met h odology
Con clu sion s
E n dn ot es for Cha pt er 15
v
15.1
15.1
15.9
15.22
15.27
15.33
15.35
15.36
15.37
Table of Contents (continued)
Chapter 16: Network Assignment
16.1
Th eor et ica l Ba ckgr ou n d
N et w or k s
S hor t es t P a t h Algor it h m s
Rout in g Algor it h m s
Th e Crim eS tat Net work Ass ignm en t Rout in e
Cr ime Types
U ses of N et wor k As sign m en t
Con clu sion s
E n dn ot es for Cha pt er 16
Chapter 17: Case Studies in Crime Travel Demand Modeling
by Richa r d Block a n d Da n H elm s
I. Tra vel P a t t er n s of Chicago Robber y Offen der s
by Rich a r d Block
II. Applica t ion of Tr a vel Dem a n d Be h a vior Model on
Crime Dat a from Las Vegas, Nevada
by Da n H elm s
References
Appendix A: Dynamic Data Exchange Support
Appendix B: Some Notes on the Statistical Comparison of Two Samples
Appendix C: Ordinary Least Squares and Poisson Regression Models
16.1
16.2
16.9
16.30
16.31
16.46
16.46
16.48
16.49
17.1
17.1
17.25
R-1
A-1
B-1
C-1
by Lu c An selin
vi
Acknowledgments
Crim eS tat III wa s developed u n der t h e dir ect ion of Dr . N ed Levin e of N ed L ev in e &
Associates, H ou s t on , TX, fr om Gr a n t N o. 2002-I J -CX-0007, a wa r d ed by t h e N a t ion a l
In st itu t e of J u st ice (NI J ), Office of J u st ice Pr ogra m s, US Depa r t m en t of J u st ice. The
developer would lik e t o th a n k t h e m a n y in divid u a ls w h o cont r ibu t ed t o th is p r ogra m :
1.
Mr . Long Doa n of Doan Cons u lt in g, Fa lls Ch u r ch, VA wh o was t h e origin a l
pr ogra m m er for t h e pr oject . Mr. Doa n 's brillian ce in pr ogra m m ing was
essen t ial t o t h e developm en t of t h e init ial pr ogra m . For t h is version, he h a d
t h e r ole of en su r in g s ys t em in t egr a t ion .
2.
Ms. H a iya n Ten g of H ou st on , TX, wh o wa s t h e pr im a r y p r ogr a m m er for
ver sion 3.0. H er h igh level of p r ogr a m m in g com pet en ce a n d m a t h em a t ica l
exper t ise wa s ess en t ial for t h e su ccessful com plet ion of t h e cr ime t r a vel
deman d rout ines.
3.
P r ofes sor Rich a r d Block of Loyola Un iver sit y a n d Mr . Da n iel H elm s of th e
La w E n for cem en t Cor r ect ion s a n d Tech n ology Cen t er a t t h e Un iver sit y of
Den ver wh o ser ved as cr imin a l ju st ice a dvisor s t o t h e pr oject . They played
cr it ica l r oles in t es t in g t h e cr im e t r a vel d em a n d r ou t in es wit h da t a fr om
Ch ica go a n d La s Vega s. They a r e co-a u t h or s of on e ch a pt er .
4.
Pr ofessor Luc An selin of t h e Un ivers ity of Illinois a t Ur ban a -Cha m pa ign who
pr ovided t ech n ica l ad vice a n d docu m en t a t ion on t h e r egres sion m odels u sed
in t h e crim e t r a vel dem a n d m odel.
5.
Pr ofessor P eter St oph er of t h e Un ivers ity of Sidney in Au st r a lia who
pr ovided t echn ical a dvice on t h e crim e t r a vel dem a n d m odel.
6.
Mr . Ph il Can t er of t h e Balt imore Cou n t y Police Depar t m ent , Towson , MD
wh o ha s been wit h t h e pr oject sin ce its in cept ion. F or t h is r oun d, h e
provided support an d dat a for a na lysis.
7.
Ms. San dra Wort ha m of Wort ha m Design, Wilmington, DE who designed th e
gr a ph ical icons u se d in t h e pr ogra m .
8.
Mr . Ia n Ca h ill of Ca h ill S oft wa r e, Ot t a wa , On t a r io for pr ovidin g P ois son a n d
OLS r egression m a xim u m likelihood code, based on h is MLE++ soft wa r e
pa cka ge. h t t p://www .m a gm a .ca /~ca h ill.
9.
Th e GNU pr oject libr a r y for pr ovidin g F-test a n d t -t est code.
h t t p://www.gn u .org.
10.
Dr . Ca r olyn Re becca Block of t h e Illin ois Cr im in a l J u st ice In for m a t ion
Au t h or ity for pr ovidin g th e STAC rout ine.
vii
11.
Th e dedicat ed pr oject m a n a ger s a t t h e Ma pp in g a n d Ana lysis for P u blic
Sa fet y Pr ogra m (MAP S) at NIJ : Ms. Debra St oe a n d Mr . Ron Wilson . They
both su pp ort ed t h e pr oject t h r ough t h is d evelopm en t a n d p r ovided va lu a ble
feedba ck on t h e n ew r out in es a n d t h eir u t ilit y.
12.
All t h e ot h er in divid ua ls fr om t h e MAP S u n it wh o h a ve s up por t ed th e p roject
in ea r lier st a ges: for t h e secon d ver sion , Ms. E lizabet h Gr off of th e In st it u t e
of La w a n d J u st ice, Mr . E r ic J efferis of th e U n iver sit y of Akr on, a n d
P r ofessor Rober t La n gwort h y of th e U n iver sit y of Ala sk a ; an d, for t h e firs t
vers ion , Ms. Cin dy Mam a lian a n d Dr . Na n cy LaVigne of t h e Ur ba n In st itu t e.
13.
To t h e individu a ls of t h e Balt imore Met r opolita n Cou n cil wh o pr ovided
n et wor k a n d oth er da t a on bot h Balt imore Coun t y an d t h e City of Balt imore,
in part icular J acqueline Zee, Matt de Rouville, an d Gene Bandy. Than ks also
t o Ala n Cla r k of t h e H ous t on-Ga lvest on Area Coun cil for m a k in g a va ila ble
dat a on H oust on m otor vehicle cra shes.
14.
To ind ividu a ls wh o ha ve pr ovided feed ba ck a n d in for m a t ion for t h is a n d
pr eviou s ver sion s of Cr im eSt a t : P r ofessor E r ic Ren sh a w of t h e Un iver sit y of
St r a t h clyde in Gla sgow, Mr . J ohn DeVoe of Siebel Sys t em s, P r ofessor J im
LeBea u of Sou t h er n Illin ois U n iver sit y, Mr . Br ya n H ill of th e Glen da le
(Ar izon a ) P olice Dep ar t m en t , P r ofes sor Ka r l Kim of t h e U n iver s it y of
H a wa ii, Mr . Lu ben Dim ov of Lou is ia n a St a t e Un iver sit y, Mr . Weijie Zh ou of
t h e H ou st on -Ga lvest on Ar ea Cou n cil, Mr . Keit h Alcock of Arizon a St a t e
Un iver sit y, a n d Mr . Ma r t in H it t lem a n of Valley Com m u n it y College in Los
Angeles .
15.
To t h e individu a ls wh o pr ovided a exam ples for t h e m a n u a l: Rena t o
Assu n ção, Cláu dio Bea t o, Br á u lio Silva of t h e F eder a l Un iver sit y of Mina s
Ger a is in Belo H or izon t e, Bra zil; Da n iel Bibel of t h e Ma ssa ch u set t s St a t e
P olice; Gilber t o Câm a r a , Silva n a Ama r a l, An t ônio Migu el V. Mont eir o, an d
J osé A. Qu in t a n ilh a of t h e In st it u t o Na cion a l de P esqu isa s E sp a ciais in
Br a zil; Sp en cer Ch a in ey of In foTech E n t er pr ises E u r ope in Lond on, E n gla n d;
Rich a r d Cr ep ea u of Ap pa la ch ia n S t at e U n iver s it y; J a is h a n ka r Ka r u p pa n n a n
of t h e Un iver sit y of Ma dr a s in Chep a u k, In dia ; Yon gmei Lu of Sout h west
Texa s St a t e Un iver sit y; Da vid McGr a t h of t h e J oh n st own Ca st le Re sea r ch
Cen t r e in Wexfor d, Ir ela n d; Diet r ich Ober wit t ler a n d Ma r c Wiesen h ü t t er of
t h e Ma x Pla n ck In st it u t e for F oreign a n d I n t er n a t ion a l Cr im in a l La w in
F r eibu r g, Ger m a n y; Der ek P a u ls en of Appa la ch ia n St a t e Un iver sit y; Ga st on
P ezzu ch i of t h e Bu en os Air es P r ovin ce P olice F or ce; Mik e Sa weda of th e
Un iver sit y of Ott a wa ; Tak a h it o Sh im a da of t h e N a t ion a l P olice Agen cy in
Ch iba , J a pa n ; Br en t Sn ook, P a u l Ta ylor & Cr a ig Be n n ell of t h e Un iver sit y of
Liver pool, En gla n d; Ma t t h ew S t one of th e Ca liforn ia Dep a r t m en t of H ea lt h
Ser vices, Ch a osh en g Zha n g of t h e N a t iona l Un iver sit y of Ir ela n d in Ga lwa y,
Ir ela n d; Ma r t a A. Gu er r a of t h e Ce n t er s for Dis ea se Con t r ol a n d P r even t ion ;
Rich a r d H osk in s of t h e St a t e of Wa sh in gt on Depa r t m en t of H ea lt h ; Tom
viii
Reynolds of t h e Un iver sit y of Texas S ch ool of P u blic H ea lth a lon g with Luc
An selin, Rich a r d Block, Ca r olyn Block, P h il Ca n t er , Lon g Doa n , Dan iel
H elms , J im LeBea u , Ron Wilson a n d Br yan H ill m en t ion ed a bove.
16.
To t h e dozen s of in divid u a ls wh o pr ovided feedba ck a n d su ggest ion s for
im p rovin g t h e p rogr a m . Th ey a r e, u n for t u n a t ely, t oo n u m er ou s t o m en t ion
by n a m e.
17.
F in a lly, t h is pr ogr a m is dedica t ed t o m y wife, Dr . C. E liza bet h Ca st r o, for
bein g so pa t ien t a n d s u pp ort ive t h r ough out t h is long pr ocess. Sh e is t h e
in spir a t ion for t h is wh ole effor t .
ix
License Agreement and Disclaimer
Th is pr oject wa s su ppor t ed by Gr a n t No. 2002-IJ -CX-0007 a wa r ded by t h e Na t ion a l
In st itu t e of J u st ice, Office of J u st ice Pr ogra m s, US Depa r t m en t of J u st ice. Poin t s of view
in t h is docu m en t a r e t h os e of t h e a u t h or a n d d o n ot n eces sa r ily r ep r es en t t h e officia l
position or policies of t h e US Depa r t m en t of J u st ice.
Crim eS tat ® is a r egist er ed t r a dem a r k of Ned Levin e & Associa t es. Th e pr ogr a m is
copyr igh t ed by an d t h e pr oper t y of Ned Levin e a n d Associat es a n d is int en ded for t h e u se
of la w en for cem en t a gen cies , cr im in a l ju s t ice r es ea r ch er s , a n d ed u ca t or s . It ca n be
dist r ibut ed freely for edu ca t ion a l or r esea r ch pu r poses, but ca n n ot be re-sold. It m u st be
cit ed cor r ect ly in a n y p u blica t ion or r ep or t wh ich u s es r es u lt s fr om t h e p r ogr a m . Th e
cor r ect cit a t ion is:
Ned Levin e, Crim eS tat III: A S patial S tatistics Program for the An alysis of Crim e
I ncid en t L oca tion s. N ed Levin e & As socia t es, H ou st on , TX, a n d t h e Na t ion a l
In st itu t e of J u st ice, Wa sh ingt on , DC. Novem ber 2004.
Th e Na t ion a l Ins t itu t e of J u st ice, Office of J u st ice Pr ogra m s, Un ited St a t es
Depa r t m en t of J u st ice r eser ves a r oyalt y-fr ee, non-exclus ive, an d ir r evoca ble licen se t o
r epr odu ce, publish , or ot h er wise u se, an d a u t h or ize ot h er s t o u se t h is pr ogra m for F eder a l
gover n m en t pu r poses. Th is pr ogr a m ca n n ot be dis t r ibu t ed wit h ou t t h e per m is sion of bot h
Ned Levin e a n d Ass ocia t es a n d t h e N a t iona l In st it u t e of J u st ice, except a s n ote d a bove.
With r espect t o t h is soft wa r e a n d docu m en t a t ion , neit h er Ned Levin e a n d
As socia t es , t h e U n it ed St a t es Gover n m en t n or a n y of t h eir r es pect ive em p loyees m a ke a n y
wa r r a n t y, exp r ess or im plied, in clu din g bu t n ot lim it ed t o t h e wa r r a n t ies of
m er ch a n t a bilit y an d fit n ess for a pa r t icu lar pu r pose. In n o event will Ned Levin e a n d
Associa t es, t h e Un it ed St a t es Gover n m en t or a n y of t h eir r espect ive em ployees be lia ble for
dir ect , in dir ect , s pecia l, in cid en t a l, or con sequ en t ia l d a m a ges a r is in g ou t of t h e u se or
in a bilit y t o u s e t h e s oft wa r e or d ocu m en t a t ion . N eit h er N ed Levin e a n d As socia t es , t h e
Un it ed St a t es Gover n m en t n or t h eir r espect ive em ployees a r e r espon sible for a n y cos t s
in clu din g, bu t n ot lim it ed t o, t h ose in cu r r ed a s a r esu lt of los t pr ofit s or r even u e, loss of
t im e or u se of soft wa r e, loss of da t a , t h e cost s of r ecover in g s u ch soft wa r e or da t a , t h e cost
of substitu te softwa re, or oth er similar costs. Any actions t ak en or docum ents pr inted as a
r esu lt of u sin g t h is s oft wa r e a n d it s a ccomp a n ying docu m en t a t ion r em a in t h e
r espons ibility of t h e u ser .
An y quest ion s a bou t t h e u se of t h is pr ogra m sh ou ld be directed t o eith er :
Dr . Ned Le vine
Ned Levin e & Associat es
H ou st on , TX
n ed@n edlevin e.com
Mr . Ron Wils on
Ma pp in g a n d An a lysis for P u blic Sa fet y P r ogra m
Na t ion a l In st it u t e of J u st ice
U. S. Dep a r t m en t of J u st ice
810 7th St, NW
Was h ingt on , DC 20531
Ron a ld .Wilson @u sdoj.gov