567
Acta Cryst. (1958). 1 1 , 5 6 7
I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i o n of C r y s t a l l o g r a p h y
Report of Executive Committee for 1957
Introduction
The m o s t i m p o r t a n t e v e n t in 1957 was t h e F o u r t h General
Assembly a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress, which b y k i n d
i n v i t a t i o n of t h e National Research Council of Canada
was held in Montreal in t h e buildings of McGill University. The General Assembly m e t on 10 J u l y during t h e
whole day, a n d on 17 J u l y during t h e afternoon. The
m o r n i n g a n d afternoon sessions on t h e first d a y were
fully d e v o t e d to discussing a draft of new Statutes a n d
By-Laws p r e s e n t e d b y t h e E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e in
accordance w i t h a decision of t h e Third General Assembly.
After some a m e n d m e n t s were m a d e in t h e draft, t h e new
rules were a d o p t e d a n d came i m m e d i a t e l y into force for
t h e subsequent proceedings of t h e Assembly. I n a d d i t i o n
to t h e routine business prescribed to t h e General Assembly b y t h e Statutes, t h e Assembly further discussed
possible extensions of t h e publication p r o g r a m m e of t h e
Union, a n d a p p r o v e d of t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a Commission on Electron Diffraction. A detailed report of the
proceedings of t h e F o u r t h General Assembly (including
t h e more i m p o r t a n t appendices to t h e Agenda, a n d t h e
n e w Statutes a n d By-Laws) has been sent to the N a t i o n a l
C o m m i t t e e s a n d to all persons involved in t h e w o r k of
the Union. F u r t h e r copies of this report are still available,
a n d persons wishing to receive a copy should write to t h e
secretary of their National Committee. (Residents of
countries n o t a d h e r i n g to t h e U n i o n m a y obtain a copy
b y writing to t h e General Secretary of t h e Union.)
The Congress, w h i c h was held during t h e period 11 to
17 J u l y , was a t t e n d e d b y a b o u t 600 active a n d 140
a c c o m p a n y i n g m e m b e r s from t w e n t y - o n e countries. The
scientific p r o g r a m m e consisted of (a) a special evening
lecture p r e s e n t e d by t h e retiring President of t h e U n i o n
at the U n i v e r s i t y of Montreal on 12 J u l y ; (b) five i n v i t e d
general lectures p r e s e n t e d as first topics on t h e successive
days of t h e Congress; a n d (c) about 240 c o n t r i b u t e d
papers covering all branches of crystallography. The
Congress was followed b y two Symposia, respectively
d e v o t e d to 'Physical techniques of crystallographic
interest' a n d 'Electron-diffraction studies of solids a n d
gases', on 18 a n d 19 J u l y . I n a d d i t i o n to the i n v i t e d
i n t r o d u c t o r y lectures, 36 c o n t r i b u t e d papers were read
at these Symposia. For t h e period following the Congress
two excursions of mineralogical interest were organized;
each of t h e m was a t t e n d e d by a b o u t t h i r t y persons. More
details concerning t h e Congress, t h e Symposia a n d t h e
excursions can be f o u n d in a report on t h e F o u r t h
General Assembly a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress, which has
been published in this journal, a n d which is followed b y
t h e abstracts of all papers p r e s e n t e d in Montreal (Acta
Cryst. (1957), 10, p a r t 12).
The new E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e m e t directly after t h e
close of t h e General Assembly, primarily to d e t e r m i n e its
policy for t h e period until the F i f t h General Assembly,
a n d to m a k e a r r a n g e m e n t s in pursuance of the decisions
t a k e n b y t h e F o u r t h General Assembly. I t was decided
to invite D r W. H. Taylor to set up a n d h e a d the Pro-
g r a m m e C o m m i t t e e for the F i f t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress.
I t was further decided to invite Dr D. Rogers to be
Chairman, a n d Prof. G. A. Jeffrey, Dr A. J. Rose a n d
Prof. V. Schomaker to be m e m b e r s of an ad-hoc Comm i t t e e on Computing Methods w h i c h would advise t h e
E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e on a n u m b e r of questions p u t
before it at Montreal. [These invitations h a v e m e a n w h i l e
been accepted.] The E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e also a p p r o v e d
of t h e co-option of D r A. F. Wells on t h e Commission
on Crystallographic Teaching, a n d confirmed the app o i n t m e n t s of Prof. J. M. Bijvoet, Prof. J. D o n o h u e a n d
Dr W. B. Pearson as Co-Editors for Structure Reports.
The t o t a l n u m b e r of adhering countries r e m a i n e d unchanged since t h e Third General Assembly, a n d a m o u n t e d
to t w e n t y - t w o at t h e end of 1957. The A d h e r i n g Bodies,
a n d t h e n a m e s a n d addresses of t h e secretaries of t h e
N a t i o n a l Committees, are listed in Table 1. The m e m b e r ship of t h e National Committees for Crystallography can
be found at t h e e n d of t h e R e p o r t for 1956 (see Acta Cryst.
(1957), 10, 391), a n d in two additional notes (see Acta
Cryst. (1957), 10, 719; (1958), 11, 128).
W o r k of the C o m m i s s i o n s
Commission on A c t a Ciystallographica
The Commission held three meetings during the General
Assembly in Montreal. Most of t h e t i m e was d e v o t e d to
discussing t h e editorial problems arising from increasing
n u m b e r s of manuscripts dealing w i t h c o m p u t a t i o n a l
m e t h o d s . These highly specialized m e t h o d s are usually
applicable only to one t y p e of c o m p u t e r (e.g. IBM 650 or
704) a n d therefore n o t e v e n of general interest to all those
h a v i n g access to computers. The technical language employed is usually forbidding. Discussion of rules of acceptance of such papers is still actively going on.
A n exchange of views t o o k also place on other editorial
topics, such as incomplete structure determinations, a n d
l e n g t h y m a t h e m a t i c a l developments. Since it is difficult
to lay down h a r d a n d fast rules of acceptance, it is all t h e
more i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e editors act in t h e same spirit,
a n d this requires personal contact b e t w e e n t h e m .
More intereditorial correspondence on editorial procedure has t a k e n place since t h e sessions of the Commission
in Montreal, a welcome result.
Commission on Structure R e p o r t s
Volume 8 of Structure Reports, covering t h e years
1940-1941, was scheduled for publication in D e c e m b e r
1956 b u t t h r o u g h u n a v o i d a b l e delays actually appeared
in J a n u a r y 1957. Volume 15, covering 1951 only, was
published in D e c e m b e r 1957.
The Commission m e t twice during t h e General Assembly in Montreal. The chief m a t t e r of discussion was
m e t h o d s of speeding up t h e publication of Structure
Reports. I n an a t t e m p t to do this, two sets of co-editors
for t h e various sections were appointed, who will w o r k
simultaneously on different years. Considerable t i m e was
568
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OF
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Table 1. Adhering Bodies
Group*
Adhering Body
Secretary of National Committee
Australia
I
Australian Academy of Science
Austria
I
0sterreichische Akademie der
Wissenschaften
Academic Royale des Sciences,
des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts
do Belgique
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas
R . I . G~ROD, Aeronautical Research Laboratories, Lorimer
Street, Fishermen's Bend, Victoria
F. M~CHATSC~KI, Mineralogisches Institut der Universitit,
Vienna 1
R. VA~ TASSEL, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de
Belgique, Rue Vautier 31, Brussels
Country
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
III
I
IV
Chile
I
Czechoslovakia
I
Denmark
I
France
VII
German Federal
Republic
India
VI
Italy
III
Japan
IV
Netherlands
IV
I
Norway
I
South Africa
I
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
IV
I
I
U.K.
VIII
U.S.A.
VIII
U.S.S.R.
VIII
National Research Council
National Committee for Crystallography
(~eskoslovenskA Akademie V~d
Akademiet for de Tekniske
Videnskaber
Acad6mie des Sciences (Institut
de France)
Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft
Department of Scientific Research
and Technical Education
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
Science Council of Japan
Stichting veer Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie met R6ntgen- en Electronenstralen
Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi
South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
Consejo Superior de Investigaclones Cientlficas
Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien
Soci6t6 Suisse de Min~ralogie et
de P6trographie
The Royal Society
National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council
Academija Nauk U.S.S.R.
E. TAVORA, Faculdade National de Filosofia, Av. Pres.
Antonio Carlos 40, Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
W. H. BARNES, Division of Pure Physics, National Research
Council, Ottawa 2
I. GARAYCOC~Ei, Laboratorio de Cristalografla y Fisiea
IWIolecular, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 147, Santiago
A. Li~EK, ~eskoslovensk£ Akademie V~d, N£rodni t~ida 3,
Prague I
A. TOVBORG
JE~S~.N, Den Kgl. Yeterinser- og Landbohojskoles Kemiske Laboratorium, Biilowsvej 13, Copenhagen V
H. CU~I~.N, Laboratoire de Min~ralogie-Cristallographie
la Sorbonne, 1 Rue Victor-Cousin, Paris 5
H. O'DA_~EL, Mineralogisches Institut der Universitit,
Senckenberg Anlage 30, Frankfurt/M.
The Secretary, Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Government of India, New Delhi
M. FO~NASERI, Istituto di Geochimica, Universit~ di Roma,
Rome
T. WATANAB]~, Department of Chemistry, Osaka University,
Nakanoshima, Osaka
D. W. SMITS, Laboratorium veer Anorganische en Fysische
Chemic, Bloemsingel 10, Groningen
I. OFTEDAL, Universitetets Mineralogiske Institutt, Blindern, Oslo
F. HERBSTEIN, National Physical Research Laboratory,
P.O. Box 395, Pretoria
M. ABBAD Y BERGER, Institute de Fisica 'Alonso de Santa
Cruz', Serrano 119, Madrid
F. E. WICKMAN,Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm 50
W. NOWACKI, Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut der
Universitat, Hermann-Sahlistrasse 6, Bern
The Secretary of the British National Committee for
Crystallography, The Royal Society, Burlington House,
London W. 1
G. A. JEFFREY, Department of Chemistry, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 13, Pa.
N. N. SHEFWAL, Institute of Crystallography, Py~evskij 3,
Moscow 17
* See Statute 2.6 (Acta Cryst. (1957), 10, 727).
also d e v o t e d to a discussion of possible p u b l i c a t i o n of
reports on A p p a r a t u s a n d Techniques. The General Assembly a p p r o v e d t h a t t h e proposals concerned be f u r t h e r
considered by an ad-hoc Committee, a n d a u t h o r i z e d t h e
E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e to decide on t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
of this ad-hoc C o m m i t t e e w i t h o u t w a i t i n g for t he n e x t
General Assembly.
Commission on I n t e r n a t i o n a l Tables for X - r a y Crystallography
Volume I I is in t h e proof stage, b u t proof-reading is
t a k i n g longer t h a n was expected, a n d it is u n l i k e l y t h a t
t h e Volume will be published for several m o n t h s . No
f u r t h e r progress has been m a d e w i t h t h e S u p p l e m e n t to
V o l u m e I, giving d i a g r a m s for t h e cubic space groups;
in fact, in spite of criticisms of Volume I on a c c o u n t of
their omission, t h e General E d i t o r has h a d difficulty in
finding anyone who really seems to need these diagrams
for use and not for ornament. The preparation of Volume
III continues steadily.
The Commission met several times during the General
Assembly
in Montreal, mainly to consider details of
Volume III.
Commission on Crystallographic Apparatus
The m a j o r project of this Commission d u r i n g t h e last
y e a r has been t h e precision m e a s u r e m e n t of lattice parameters. F i f t e e n laboratories representing t e n n a t i o n s h a v e
u n d e r t a k e n a cooperative p r o j e c t in w h i c h t h e lattice
p a r a m e t e r s of silicon, d i a m o n d a n d t u n g s t e n were
m e a s u r e d . All laboratories w o r k e d on t h e same homogeneous samples. Full reports were p r e p a r e d describing
in detail t h e various techniques, m e t h o d s a n d i n s t r u m e n t s
used. E v e n if t h e values t h a t were f u r t h e s t r e m o v e d
INTERNATIONAL
UNION
from t h e others were omitted, t h e spread in results was
0.014% for each of t h e three samples. This is a m u c h
lower precision t h a n is frequently reported in literature.
The project will be continued, a n d m a n y topics such as
X - r a y wavelengths, precision methods, and single-crystal
m e a s u r e m e n t s will be t a k e n up. Additional m e a s u r e m e n t s
will be made. Some of t h e m e m b e r s of the Commission
a n d participants in t h e project m e t during t h e General
Assembly in Montreal. I t is hoped t h a t t h e Commission
can m e e t in 1959 w i t h t h e participants in this project,
to hold a s y m p o s i u m on lattice-parameter measurements.
I t is p l a n n e d to revise the Index of Manufacturers of
Apparatus and Materials used in Crystallography, so
t h a t it will be available before t h e F i f t h General Assembly
a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress in 1960.
Proposals to publish special charts for powder diffraction have been received a n d are being studied. Other
proposals being studied include various m e t h o d s of
recording X - r a y diffraction data, a n d t h e problems relating to t h e publication of R e p o r t s on A p p a r a t u s a n d
Techniques. A s u m m a r y report on radiation protection
in the field of X - r a y analysis is being prepared.
Commission on Crystallographic Data
The Commission organized an open m e e t i n g at t h e
F o u r t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress in Montreal, w i t h i n v i t e d
papers on the practical a n d theoretical aspects of recording a n d classifying powder data. During 1957 close
contact was m a i n t a i n e d b e t w e e n t h e Commission a n d t h e
A.S.T.M. J o i n t C o m m i t t e e on Chemical Analysis b y
P o w d e r Diffraction Methods.
The collection of d a t a for t h e new edition of Crystal
Data covering the literature until t h e beginning of 1958,
has been completed a n d the m a n u s c r i p t of t h e book is in
preparation.
The question of systematic collection of electrondiffraction d a t a is u n d e r discussion.
Commission on Crystallographic Nomenclature
No report has been received from this Commission.
Commission on Crystallographic Teaching
I n connection w i t h the Montreal Congress t h e Commission a r r a n g e d for a small exhibition of apparatus,
photographs, films a n d charts. A t an open m e e t i n g organized b y the Commission, a n u m b e r of papers were
presented dealing w i t h various topics concerned w i t h t h e
teaching of crystallography. At t h e closed sessions t h e
future activities of t h e Commission were discussed. A
great interest has arisen in t h e use of visual aids in teaching, a n d action has been t a k e n to collect information
a b o u t such aids, n o t a b l y films, structure models a n d
stereoscopic views in order t h a t a n y o n e interested in the
field can be informed about w h a t is available a n d where
to obtain it.
The publication of t h e papers presented at the m e e t i n g
of t h e Commission held in Madrid in 1956 is in progress
as a joint u n d e r t a k i n g b e t w e e n the Commission a n d t h e
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. The book
is expected to appear in t h e course of 1958.
Commission on Electron Diffraction
The Commission on Electron Diffraction was formed
at t h e General Assembly at Montreal. At a m e e t i n g of the
OF
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
569
new Commission in Montreal it was agreed to propose
t h a t electron-diffraction symposia be held in t h e years
1959 a n d 1961. I t was also agreed to sponsor t h e preparation of tables of atomic scattering factors for electrons,
to be included in Volume I I I of International Tables for
X-ray Crystallography, as requested by the E d i t o r of t h i s
work.
The general features of the programme
for a symposium
in 1959 have been determined by correspondence, and
further arrangements are in progress. Specific proposals
have been made for the material on electron scattering
to be included in International Tables, a n d these are t h e
subject of current correspondence a m o n g the m e m b e r s of
the Commission.
Commission on Macromolecules of the International Union
of Pure and Applied Chemistry
A m e e t i n g of t h e Commission was held during t h e
General Assembly of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i o n of Pure and
Applied Chemistry in Paris in J u l y 1957. The m a t t e r s
discussed included t h e a r r a n g e m e n t s for t h e s y m p o s i a
on Macromolecules in Prague, 9-14 S e p t e m b e r 1957, and
in N o t t i n g h a m , 21-24 J u l y 1958; a n d t h e t e x t of t h e
German version of t h e R e p o r t on Nomenclature, chiefly
relating to properties of p o l y m e r solutions. The English
version of this report was issued some t i m e ago, t h e
German version is approaching its final form. I t was
decided t h a t n o m e n c l a t u r e proposals in t h e Italian,
Russian, a n d J a p a n e s e languages should be w o r k e d out.
Prof. G. N a t t a was asked to submit to t h e Commission
a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t presenting his proposals for t h e
n o m e n c l a t u r e of t h e new types of vinyl polymers discovered by him.
Commission on Solid-State Physics o.f the Internationa~
Union of Pure and Applied Physics
The 'Conference on current problems in crystal physics',
which h a d been p l a n n e d by this Commission and prepared b y Prof. J. C. Slater, was held at t h e Massachusetts
I n s t i t u t e of Technology from 1 to 5 J u l y 1957. As already
reported in Montreal, this was a m o s t s t i m u l a t i n g conference d e v o t e d m a i n l y to two topics, n a m e l y t h e wavemechanical calculation of particular crystal structures,
a n d the experimental a n d theoretical investigation of t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e m o t i o n in crystals. Most of t h e papers dealt
w i t h the t h e o r y of perfect crystals rather t h a n w i t h t h e
influence of imperfections which has been discussed on
n u m e r o u s other conferences. The proceedings have been
published in Reviews of Modern Physics.*
The Commission held several short meetings and expressed t h e desire t h a t a similar conference be arranged
in 1960, w h e n it could be a t t e n d e d by those going to t h e
Assemblies of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i o n of Pure and
Applied Physics a n d of Crystallography, b o t h to be held
in t h a t year.
A t the General Assembly of t h e former Union, which
was held in R o m e in the fall of 1957, t h e structure of t h e
Commission on Solid-State Physics was changed. It,
remains to find out in w h a t respects these changes, which
were n o t b r o u g h t to t h e notice of t h e U n i o n of Crystallog r a p h y before the Assembly in Rome, affect our participation in this Commission, which was originally i n t e n d e d
to be a joint Commission of the two Unions.
* Rev. Modern Physics (1958), 30, 46.
570
INTERNATIONAL
UNION
International Council of Scientific U n i o n s
'The U n i o n was r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e General Secretary,
D r D. W. Smits, a t t h e n i n t h m e e t i n g of t he E x e c u t i v e
B o a r d of ICSU, w h i c h was held in Brussels, at t h e Palais
,des Acad6mies, from 27 to 29 J u n e 1957. I n a d d i t i o n to
t h e r o u t i n e business, t h e larger p a r t of t h e a g e n d a was
d e v o t e d to m a t t e r s of no direct interest to t h e Union,
of w h i c h t h e following projects falling u n d e r t h e direction
of I C S U m a y be m e n t i o n e d : t he I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical
Year, t h e F e d e r a t i o n of Astronomical a n d Geophysical
Sciences, t h e organisation of t he Special C o m m i t t e e on
Oceanic Research, a n d t h e ICSU A b s t r a c t i n g Board.
Proposals of t h e B u r e a u of ICSU were a p p r o v e d t h a t a
p e r m a n e n t I C S U secretariat be established in order to
a v o i d t h e necessity of m o v i n g t he secretariat w h e n e v e r
n ew Se c r e t a r y General of ICSU is elected, a n d t h a t its
staff be enlarged, to m e e t t h e c o n t i n u o u s l y increasing
a m o u n t of work. [The p e r m a n e n t secretariat has m e a n while been located at The H a g u e , The N e t h e r l a n d s , at t h e
Paleis Noordeinde.] I t was f u r t h e r decided to replace t h e
m i m e o g r a p h e d I C S U Quarterly Bulletin b y a p r i n t e d
q u a r t e r l y j o u r n a l n a m e d I C S U Review. This periodical
s h o u l d serve n o t only as a news vehicle b u t also to c a r r y
descriptive articles of a high s t a n d a r d on the w o r k of
I C S U a n d t h e Unions, a n d f u r t h e r act as a f o r u m for t h e
.discussion of t h e m a j o r policies a n d projects of ICSU.
T h e b r e a k d o w n of t h e U N E S C O s u b v e n t i o n for t h e
financial y e a r 1957/58, showing an allocation of $ 5500
to t h e U n i o n of Crystallography, was approved. I t was
n o t e d t h a t t h e t o t a l a m o u n t of the requests received
from ICSU a n d t h e Unions exceeded considerably t h e s u m
available, a n d it was decided to appeal to all N a t i o n a l
Members of I C S U to urge t h r o u g h t h e proper channels
t h a t t h e p e r c e n t a g e of t h e t o t a l U N E S C O b u d g e t
.allocated to its N a t u r a l Sciences D e p a r t m e n t be increased.
Finances
'The a u d i t e d a c c o u n t s of t he U n i o n for t he y e a r 1957 are
published at t h e e n d of this R e p o r t . As in previous years
%he a m o u n t s are expressed in N e t h e r l a n d s Guilders,
using t h e c u r r e n t rates of exchange £ 1 = f . 10.64,
$ 1 ----f. 3.80, a n d Fr. Fr. 420 = $ 1 .
On comparison w i t h previous accounts, t he Acta
Crystallographica a c c o u n t for 1957 shows again a n inc r e a s e d income from subscriptions to t h e j o u r n a l a n d from
th e sale of b a c k n u m b e r s . The n u m b e r of subscribers has
increased c o n t i n u o u s l y since t h e a p p e a r a n c e of t h e
j o u r n a l ; it was in 1957 m o r e t h a n twice as high as in 1948,
t h e y e a r t h a t Volume 1 was published. Also t h e income
from t h e sale of b a c k n u m b e r s has n e v e r been so high as
in 1057. The nett yield of the advertisements was in
1957 slightly less t h a n in 1956; it is ho p e d t h a t in t h e
course of t h e n e x t y e a r more firms will recognize Acta
Crystallographica as a m e d i u m to re a c h practically everyo n e i n t e r e s t e d in crystallography. I n 1957 two subventions from D a n i s h sources, t o g e t h e r a m o u n t i n g to D. Cr.
6000, were again received for t he support of t he publicatio n ; these subventions were promised some years ago
for a period of three years. Since t h e large i m p r o v e m e n t
o c c u r r e d in t h e financial s i t ua t i on of Acta CrystaUo.
graphica, no n e w subventions h a v e been sought.
A comparison of t h e Acta CrystaUographica a c c o u n t s
for 1956 a n d 1957 shows t h a t t h e cost of p r i n t i n g a n d
OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
b i n d i n g of Vol. 10 was slightly less t h a n t h e one of Vol. 9.
I t should, however, be realized t h a t t h e size of Vol. 10
was only 874 pages, w h e r e a s t h e size of Vol. 9 a m o u n t e d
to 1050 pages. As it is r a t h e r probable t h a t t h e n e x t
volumes will again exceed 1000 pages, a n d as t h e p r i n t i n g
order has been increased from 2000 to 3000 copies as from
1958, a higher cost of p u b l i c a t i o n is to be e x p e c t e d for
t h e n e x t years. As m o r e o v e r t h e editorial e x p e n d i t u r e
m a y also increase, it is likely t h a t t h e a c c o u n t s for those
years will show smaller balances t h a n t h e a c c o u n t for
1957, w h i c h shows a r a t h e r high excess of income over
e x p e n d i t u r e a m o u n t i n g to f. 42,635. T h e a c c u m u l a t e d
balance of t h e Acta Crystallographica a c c o u n t , w h i c h
a m o u n t e d to f. 117,011 at t h e e n d of 1957, should be
considered as a reserve against u n e x p e c t e d factors w h i ch
m i g h t change t h e financial situation.
The Structure Reports a c c o u n t for 1957 also shows an
excess of income over e x p e n d i t u r e , e v e n t h o u g h 1957 was
t h e first y e a r in w h i c h no subventions were received for
t h e support of this publication. A comparison of t h e
accounts for t h e various years is, however, n o t justified
because on each a c c o u n t income a n d e x p e n d i t u r e are
m a i n l y r e l a t e d to different volumes. F o r instance, t h e r e
has n o t been a n y e x p e n d i t u r e w i t h respect to Vols. 8-13
in 1957, b u t b y far t h e larger p a r t of t h e income in t h a t
y e a r was received from t h e sale of copies of these volumes.
On t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e larger p a r t of t h e editorial exp e n d i t u r e paid in 1957 concerned v o l u m e s w h i c h are still
in preparation. The only possibility to get a correct
picture of t h e Structure Reports a c c o u n t is to e x a m i n e
t h e e x p e n d i t u r e a n d income for t h e i n d i v i d u a l volumes.
I t t h e n appears t h a t t h e present financial s i t u a t i o n can
be considered satisfactory. The t o t a l cost of p r o d u c t i o n of
Vols. 10 a n d 13 (which respectively a p p e a r e d in 1953
a n d 1954) has been recovered, a n d as t h e sale of copies
of these volumes still continues, a reserve is f o r m e d
w h i c h allows an increase in t h e period d u r i n g w h i c h t h e
cost of p r o d u c t i o n of a v o l u m e should be recovered.
I t m a y therefore be possible to set t h e selling prices
of t h e n e x t v o l u m e s a t a slightly lower level, or to int r o d u c e a r e d u c e d price for individuals for t h e i r personal use; t h e E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e is investigating t h e
second possibility. As t h e higher level of t h e selling prices
since 1955 was m a i n l y caused b y a n increase in t h e
editorial expenditure, t h e publishers agreed to r e d u c i n g
t h e i r commission on t h e sales from 25 to 17½% as from
Vol. 15. At t h e same t i m e t h e y a d j u s t e d , however, t h e i r
price for t h e p r o d u c t i o n , w h i c h t h e y h a d k e p t c o n s t a n t
for two years. The n e t t effect of these t w o changes will
also p e r m i t a small decrease in t h e selling prices of t h e
n e x t v o l u m e s to appear.
The International Tables a c c o u n t for 1957 shows
p r a e t i e a l l y t h e same a m o u n t of income from t h e sale of
copies of Vol. I as t h e a c c o u n t for 1956. As b o t h t h e
publication a n d t h e editorial expenses were lower in 1957
t h a n in 1956, a higher balance resulted in 1957. I t should
h o w e v e r be m e n t i o n e d t h a t a sharp increase in t h e charges
of t h e publishers occurred in t h a t year. The a m o u n t of
f. 1490 for t h e b i n d i n g of a d d i t i o n a l copies of Vol. I in
1957 concerned 200 copies, whereas in 1956 400 copies
were b o u n d for f. 1869. The a c c u m u l a t e d balance of t h e
International Tables a c c o u n t increased to f. 76,102 at
t h e e n d of 1957, w h i c h is m o r e t h a n sufficient to m e e t
t h e cost of p u b l i c a t i o n of Vol. I I .
The a c c u m u l a t e d balance of the General P u b l i c a t i o n s
INTERNATIONAL
UNION
F u n d , f. 86,486, r e m a i n e d u n c h a n g e d in 1957 because no
subventions were received for the credit of this account,
nor were a n y expenses charged to it.
The General F u n d is t h e only account showing a
deficit in 1957. This deficit of f. 8497 is, however, less
t h a n t h e e s t i m a t e d deficit appearing on t h e b u d g e t for
1957 which was p r e s e n t e d to t h e F o u r t h General Assembly. The m a i n a d v a n t a g e differences were t h a t t h e
P r o g r a m m e C o m m i t t e e for t h e Montreal Congress n e e d e d
less m o n e y t h a n it was authorized to spend; t h a t t h e total
of t h e r e i m b u r s e m e n t s to t h e i n v i t e d speakers was lower
t h a n e s t i m a t e d ; a n d that, contrary to expectation, b o t h
t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e e x p e n d i t u r e a n d the i t e m for incidental
travelling expenses of Officers was k e p t at the same level
as in 1956.
I n connection w i t h t h e F o u r t h General Assembly a n d
I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress, a n d t h e subsequent Symposia,
a total sum of f. 56,008 was charged against t h e General
F u n d . A b o u t half of this e x p e n d i t u r e was covered b y
subventions received t h r o u g h ICSU from UNESCO.
As already reported in the R e p o r t for 1955, t h e a m o u n t
o f f . 5429 spent as c o n t r i b u t i o n to t h e travelling expenses
of F r e n c h crystallographers was received some years ago
from the F r e n c h N a t i o n a l C o m m i t t e e as t h e balance
r e m a i n i n g of funds raised in France for t h e Paris Congress, a n d was e a r m a r k e d b y t h e E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e
to be used to facilitate the a t t e n d a n c e of F r e n c h crystallographers at t h e Montreal Congress. The cost of participation in t h e M.I.T. m e e t i n g of t h e Commission on SolidState Physics of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i o n of Pure a n d
Applied Physics comprised a travel grant to a E u r o p e a n
crystallographer to a t t e n d this conference; for this
purpose the orighlal allocation to t h e U n i o n from the
t o t a l UNESCO s u b v e n t i o n to ICSU was increased b y
f. 1900.
The income from interest on i n v e s t m e n t s was in 1957
a b o u t f. 400 less t h a n in 1956 because t h e total holding
was lower. On t h e other h a n d t h e income from interest
on b a n k i n g a n d deposit accounts was considerably higher,
n a m e l y f. 2015 in 1957 against f. 695 in 1956. The
depreciation of t h e F r e n c h F r a n c in 1957 caused, however, a loss to t h e U n i o n a m o u n t i n g to f. 747. This loss
being included, t h e t o t a l income from i n v e s t m e n t s a n d
b a n k i n g accounts a m o u n t e d to f. 5259 in 1957 against
f . 5083 in 1956.
W i t h respect to t h e Balance Sheet as at 31 D e c e m b e r
OF
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
571
1957, it should be s t a t e d t h a t , as at the end of 1956,
t h e actual value of t h e i n v e s t m e n t s was again lower t h a n
their n o m i n a l value. For the same reason as given in t h e
R e p o r t for 1956, n a m e l y t h a t it is n o t likely t h a t t h e
i n v e s t m e n t s will be sold below par before t h e y are due
for r e d e m p t i o n , t h e y are again included on t h e Balance
Sheet at their n o m i n a l value. I n 1957 t h e holding of
Fr. Fr. 500,000 Bons du Tr@sor h Int@r@t Progressif was
sold at a g u a r a n t e e d value, a n d f. 9000 of t h e holding of
t h e 3% bonds N e d e r l a n d s c h Indi6 1937 were redeemed.
A t t h e e n d of 1957 f. 60,000 of t h e balance w i t h t h e
A m s t e r d a m s c h e B a n k N.V., a n d £ 1773 of t h e balance
w i t h t h e W e s t m i n s t e r B a n k Ltd, were placed on deposit
accounts. The a m o u n t s due from t h e publishers of t h e
U n i o n ' s publications represent t h e balances of t h e 1957
accounts w i t h these firms; t h e sums h a v e m e a n w h i l e
been received. As in previous years, t h e stocks of unsold
copies of Acta Crystallographica, Structure t~eports and
International Tables are again m e n t i o n e d pro memoria on
t h e Balance Sheet. I t should be k e p t in m i n d t h a t these
stocks represent a considerable asset which is gradually
being c o n v e r t e d into money.
Membership of Committees, C o m m i s s i o n s
and Other Bodies
The m e m b e r s h i p of the bodies belonging to t h e Union,
a n d t h e n a m e s of t h e representatives on bodies n o t
belonging to the Union, as at the end of 1957, are listed
in t h e detailed report of t h e proceedings of t h e F o u r t h
General Assembly w h i c h has been s u b m i t t e d to t h e
National Committees. This m e m b e r s h i p has also been
published in t h e R e p o r t on the F o u r t h General Assembly
a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress which a p p e a r e d in this
journal (Acta Cryst. (1957), 10, 721), except for t h e
following a d d i t i o n s :
Commission on Structure R e p o r t s
A d d as Co-Editors: J. M. BIJVOET (Netherlands)
J. DONOR~UE (U.S.A.)
W. B. P E ~ S O N (Canada)
[As from I April 1958 R. W. AS~USSEN
(Denmark) has
succeeded R. C. EvANs
(U.K.) as Technical Editor of
A cta Crystallographica. ]
572
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