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Introduction
Chinnima – English
English – Chinnima index
Comparative wordlist of five dialects
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The first part of this vocabulary (Chinnima – English) contains over 1800 Chinnima
entries and some Chimaraba ones; the same entries are used in the second part
(English – Chinnima). The questionnaires used to collect these data are the following:
the Questionnaire on Basic and Common Vocabulary in Bantu Languages, and the
extensive Questionnaire on Cultural Vocabulary, both designed by the project group
The Linguistic Atlas of Tanzania, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The short
word list of Frederick Johnson in his “Notes on Kimakonde” (1923) was checked,
and finally, words were added as they came up during our field work.
In general, there are no separate entries for words derived with one of the productive
processes of word derivation, like passive, causative and applicative verbs, and agent,
manner and instrument nouns. But exceptions are made when such words are
lexicalized, show formal or semantic irregularities, or are frequently used basic
words. We have marked a number of words as Swahili loans, but we do not claim that
we have identified all of them in our vocabulary. With verbs, no attempt is made to
subclassify them on whatever basis.
The first part of this vocabulary is organized as follows. The Chinnima entry (without
penultimate lengthening) is followed by the surface tones (including penultimate
lengthening) and the underlying tones (including the tone group) in capitals, the
grammatical category (N = noun, V = verb, P = pronominal form, A = adjective and I
= invariable) in italics, the English gloss, and some remarks if needed. In the second
part of the vocabulary the English gloss is followed by the Chinnima entry in italics,
the surface and underlying tones in capitals, and the grammatical category.
The nouns (N) are given in their singular and plural form (if different); with some
nouns, there is no singular form, with others, there is no plural form. The underlying
tone starts with the tone group to which the noun belongs (A, B, C1, C2, D1, D2, E),
followed by the corresponding H tones which are assigned in the lexicon (see 4.4, e.g.
A:S1/SF and C1:H.SF: in the first case, the noun belongs to tone group A which
means that there are H tones on the first mora of the stem (S1) and on the final mora
of the stem (SF), the tone of the NPx is default L, and is not indicated; in the second
case, the noun belongs to tone group C1 which means that there is a H tone on the
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
345
NPx, and a H tone on the final mora of the stem). Generally, the tones are identical
for the singular form and the plural form, with some exceptions which are indicated in
the tone field. The sign of the grammatical category N is followed by the class
number(s), explained in 4.1 - 4.3.
The verbs (V) are cited as stems with initial hyphen. The surface tones are the tones
of the Infinitive (without marker). The underlying tones are not indicated since they
depend on the tense of the verb, and are the same for all verbs. The Infinitive belongs
to tone group A:S1/SF, which results in penultimate level H surface tones when the
final syllable is simple (or penultimate R in case of reflexive verbs), and in
penultimate L: (or F) when the final syllable is complex. The sign of the grammatical
category may be followed by “refl.” (reflexive), “caus.” (causative), “refl/caus”
(reflexive/causative), “pas.” (passive), “red.” (reduplication), “irr.” (irregular verb)
and “fin.” (finite verb form).
The pronominal forms (P) take a pronominal prefix (PPx), and they are either given
with PPx (like substitutives) or cited as a stem with initial hyphen (like possessive
stems). When cited as a stem, the surface tones are indicated without PPx, except
when the stem is minisyllabic or disyllabic vowel-initial. If possible, the surface tones
are followed by the underlying tones. The sign of the grammatical category may be
followed by “con.” (connexive), “dem.” (demonstrative), “nom.” (nominalized form),
“pos.” (possessive) and “subst.” (substitutive). Stems that take a nominal prefix (NPx)
in class 1 are indicated by “P/A”, the A referring to the grammatical category
Adjective.
The adjectives (A) take a NPx; they are cited as stems with initial hyphen. The
surface tones are indicated without NPx.
The invariables (I) are invariable words like conjunctions, interjections, exclamations
and clitics. An attempt has been made to classify them into one of the tone groups.
The last part of this Appendix contains a short comparative word list of five different
Makonde dialects.
346
&
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
&KLQQLPD±(QJOLVK
$
DRL, 3GHPthis (short forms); D\X
RL cl.1, DX RL cl.3, DL RL cl.9;
attributive tones: (L:)L, the initial D
is optional (dem. without D is clitic):
QQXPHD\X LHH L:L, QQXPH\X
LHF-L this man
DL:H, 3GHPthat (short forms); D\X
L:H cl.1, DX L:H cl.3, DL L:H cl.9;
attributive tones: (L:)H, the initial D
is optional (dem. without D is clitic):
QQXPHD\X LHH L:H, QQXPH\X
LHF-H that man
DODLL:H, 3GHPthat; D\XOD LL:H
cl.1, DXOD LL:H cl.3, DLOD LL:H cl.9;
attributive tones: (L)L:H, the initial D
is optional; PDFKHGRSDOD LHH L:H
year before last year, time ago
DQHRHFH, 3GHPthis, that
(referential); DQH\R HFH cl.1, DQHZR
HFH cl.3, DQH\R HFH cl.9; attributive
tones: (H)FH, the initial D is
optional; DQHSRYLQR HFH (RL)
cl.16 well, then, now (then)
DQRLRL, 3GHPthis; D\XQR LRL
cl.1, DXQR LRL cl.3, DLQR, LRL cl.9;
attributive tones: (H)H:L, the initial
D is optional; cf. YLQR RL I now; YLQR
DSDQR RL LRL now then here
DRL:H, 3GHPthis, that (referential
short forms); D\R L:H cl.1, DZR L:H
cl.3, D\R L:H cl.9; attributive tones:
(L:)H, the initial D is optional (dem.
without D is clitic): QQXPHD\R LHH
L:H, QQXPH\R LHF-H this, that man
(ref.)
DYRRL, C1:SF, 3SRVtheir; tones
including PPx; ZDYR RL cl.1,
ZDYR RL cl.3, \DYR RL cl.9;
predicative: FL tones
DQDQLHLRL, 3FRQwhose; tones
including prefixes; the second prefix
is an NPx; cf. QDQL -RL A who
DFKLKZDQJR?, 3FRQlast; tones
unknown; cf. KZD V die, FKLKZD
YLKZD H:L cl.7/8 death
DFKLNRQJZHHLFL, 3FRQfemale;
tones including PPx; cf. QNRQJZH
LFL cl.1 woman
DFKLOXPHHLH:L, 3FRQmale; tones
including PPx; cf. QQXPH LH:L cl.1
man
DFKLQ\DNDODHLHFL, 3FRQof former
days, old, of the past; tones including
PPx; cf. DWDQJX
DG\DQJXDFKDG\DYDQJXLFL/LHH
RL, C2:H.SF, 1$$my wife;
DG\DOR LFL your (sg.) wife; DG\DZH
LFL his wife; also QG\DQJX LFL my
wife, etc.; also used for ‘husband’
DKDPELHH:L, 3FRQnew; tones
including PPx
DNDKZHQDYDNDKZHQDLHFL, 9ILQ
lame person; lit. s.o. who does not
walk (Neg.Pres.)
DNDORODYDNDORODLHFL, 9ILQblind
person; lit. s.o. who does not see
(Neg.Pres.)
DNDSLOLNDQDYDNDSLOLNDQDLHHLL:L,
9ILQdeaf person; lit. s.o. who does
not hear (Neg.Pres.)
DNDWRQJRODYDNDWRQJRODLHHL:L, 9
ILQdumb person; lit. s.o. who does
not speak (Neg.Pres.); also
DNDWDQJRODYDNDWDQJROD LHHL:L
DNHRL, C1:SF, 3SRVhis, her; tones
including PPx; ZDNH RL cl.1, ZDNH
RL cl.3, \DNH RL cl.9; predicative:
FL tones
DNRRL, C1:SF, 3SRVyour (sg.); tones
including PPx; ZDNR RL cl.1, ZDNR
RL cl.3, \DNR RL cl.9; predicative:
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
FL tones
DPDPDDFKDPDPDDQJDDPDPD
HRL/LHRL/LH:-H:L, C2:H.SF, 1
$$mother; my m.; DPDPD\R
LHRL your (sg.) m.; DPDPD\H
LHRL his/her m.; D\XYHWX L:H RL
our m.; D\XYHQX your (pl.) m.; D\X
YDR our m.; cf. DQ\RNZH
DPDWLLRL, C1:SF, 1$aunt
(father’s sister); also PDWL H:L;
DPDWL\R LHH:L your (sg.) fa-si;
DPDWL\H LHH:L his/her fa-si
DPEDOHQJDHLLL:L, 3FRQpierced
(ear); tones including PPx; cf.
PEDOHQJD LLL:L cl.3 lobe
DPERQHHH:L, 3FRQgood; tones
including PPx; cf. NDWDSDOD V be
good, FKLNDWDSHOH V fin. good
DPZDQDHFL, 3FRQsmall; tones
including PPx; also GLNLGLNL A,
G\RNR A; cf. PZDQD FL cl.1 child
DPZHQ\HDFKDPZHQ\HHRL/LHRL,
C2:H.SF, 1$$headman of
village (traditional); cf. XPZHQ\H
LRL cl.14 chiefhood; cf. QMXPEH
PDMXPEH cl.3/6
DQDKXYLHLH:L, 3FRQred; tones
including PPx; cf. KXYLOLOD be red
DQDPEX\HLHFL, D2:H.no H, 1$
grandfather; master
DQDQJ¶DODLHFL, D2:H.no H, 1$
uncle (mother’s brother); also
QMRPEDYDMRPED cl.1/2
DQDQMLSLHHH:L, 3FRQshort; tones
including PPx; cf. LSLND V be short
DQDSLHH:L, 3FRQblack; tones
including PPx; cf. GLPED V be black
DQDVZHHH:L, 3FRQwhite; tones
including PPx; cf. VZHOHOD V be
white
DQJDOD-HH:L, 9please, make happy
DQJXRL, C1:SF, 3SRVmy; tones
including PPx; ZDQJX RL cl.1,
ZDQJX RL cl.3, \DQJX RL cl.9;
predicative: FL tones
DQ\RNZHHRL, C2:H.SF, 1$
mother; his mother; DQ\RNR HRL
your mother; used more or less as
347
terms of abuse; cf. DPDPD cl.2A, D\X
L:L cl.2A mother
DSLOD-HH:L, 9swear an oath
DWDQJXHFL, 3FRQold, of the past;
tones including PPx; cf.
DFKLQ\DNDOD, NRPDOD V,
NRQJRSDOD V
DWDWDDFKDWDWDDQJDDWDWD
LFL/LHRL/LH:-FL, D2:H.no H, 1
$$father; my f.; DWDWDNR LHRL
your (sg.) f.; DWDWDNH LHRL his/her f.;
DWDWDYHWX LHH RL our f.; DWDWD
YHQX your (pl.) f.; DWDWDYDR their f.
DWDWXHFL, 3FRQthird; tones
including PPx; cf. WDWX -RL A three
DYLOLHFL, 3FRQsecond; tones
including PPx; cf. YLOL -RL A two
DYLYLDQJDDYLYLLRL/LH:-H:L, C1:SF,
1$grandparent, ancestor; sg. also
YLYL H:L
D\XDFKD\XL:L/LH:L, D1:no H, 1
$$mother; see DPDPD HRL;
pl.: DFKD\XYHWX LHH RL our m.’s;
DFKD\XYHQX LHH RL your (pl.)
m.’s; DFKD\XYDR LHH RL their m.’s;
cf. DQ\RNZH cl.2A
%
EDGXOD-HH:L, 9bite off; also EHGXOD
-HH:L
EDKLRL, C1:SF, ,and so, accordingly,
well, enough!, stop it!, be it so!; < Sw.
basi; see QDQR I
EDNRODGLEDNRODLFL/LLFL, E:S2, 1
FFstick (to walk with); also
QNDQJRMRPLNDQJRMR cl.3/4
EDNXOLLFL, E:S2, 1Etype of dance
(every celebration)
EDQD-H:L, 9press tight, squeeze; also
NDED; cf. WRKD; see afflict
EDQD-H:L, 9afflict, oppress; cf. neut.
EDQLND -HH:L be afflicted, caus.
EDQLKD -HFL annoy, ODJDVD; see
press tight
EDQLKD-HFL, 9FDXVannoy; caus. <
EDQD -H:L afflict
EDQLND-HH:L, 9get problems, be
afflicted; neut. < EDQD -H:L afflict;
348
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
cf. KXYD, WXQGXZLOD, ODJD
EDVLNHOLGLEDVLNHOLHHL:L/LHHL:L,
B:S1, 1FFbicycle; < Sw.
baisikeli; see LQMLQJDGLQMLQJD cl.9/10
EHGXOD-HH:L, 9bite off; also EDGXOD
-HH:L
ELQGDGLELQGDRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1
FFokra
ERED-H:L, 9shoot (arrow, gun)
ERPROD-HH:L, 9destroy a house; also
EDPROD -HH:L
EXKXND-HH:L, 9go out, come out
suddenly
EXOLND-HH:L, 9pile up things upside
down; cf. OXQGDQ\D
&K
FKDH:L, 9dawn; tones with Infinitive
marker; XKLNXXNDFKD LHL LH:L
until dawn, lit. if the night dawns; cf.
NXO\DPED cl.17, XPDPEXPEX cl.14
dawn
FKDEDQGDY\DEDQGDHFL, B:S1, 1
insect sp. (damaging produce of
fields); grammar: N or P nom.?
FKDNDY\DNDH:L, A:S1/SF, 1year;
also PZDNDP\DND H:L cl.3/4
FKDNDQLHRL, C2:H.SF, ,when; tones
also LRL; question phrase-finally:
final FH FKDNDQL HFH; also QGXYDQL
I (< Chimaraba)
FKDNDSDOD-HHH:L, 9become small;
cf. GLNLGLNL A, G\RNR A, DPZDQD
P con.
FKDNXO\DY\DNXO\DHL:L, D2:H.no H,
3QRPfood; < Sw. chakula; see YLO\R
cl. -/8
FKDODY\DODH:L, A:S1/SF, 1finger
FKDOXPRLRL, C1:SF, ,together;
FKDOXPRQD LRL L together with;
also SDPRQD RL (L) P
FKDPDQLHRL, C2:H.SF, ,what; tones
also LRL; question phrase-finally:
final FH FKDPDQL HFH
FKDPEXY\DPEXFL, C2:H.SF, 1
dry season
FKDQJDY\DQJDL:L, D1:no H, 1
galago, bushbaby (Sw. komba)
FKDQJDY\DQJDFL, C2:H.SF, 1
size, position
FKDQJRORY\DQJRORHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
millipede; grammar: N or P nom.?
FKDSD-H:L, 9wash (clothes)
FKHFKHOHGLFKHFKHOHLL:L/LLL:L,
D1:no H, 1FFtype of clothing
FKHKD-FL, 9FDXVincise, cut to shape,
trim; NXFKHKDGLQHPER LHH HH:L
to make incision mark(s)
FKHNHFKHNHLLRL, C1:SF, 1sieve
FKHNHWD-HH:L, 9cut, chop (e.g.
branches); harvest bananas, millet
sp.(Sw. ulezi); also FKDNHWD -HH:L
FKHOD-H:L, 9cut, chop (trees)
FKHPD-H:L, 9call
FKHPXVD-HFL, 9FDXVboil; cf. Sw.
-chemsha; see \DXNLG\D, NRG\D; cf.
\DXOD, \DXNLOD, WRNRWD, WLQLKD
FKHQJXOD-HH:L, 9cut hair; cf. PRZD
FKLH:L, 9say; tones with Infinitive
marker; NXFKLGRQRNXFKLGRQL
HH(RL)/HH(RL) that (Compl.); cf.
WRQJROD; in greetings: XFKLYDFKL
GDFKL L:L/L:H LL how are
you/they? (today, etc.)
FKLEDOXDLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
cultivating together (paid with food,
beer, etc.); < Sw. kibarua
FKLEDWDOLYLEDWDOLLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
lamp (small)
FKLERNRYLERNRLRL, C1:SF, 1
hippopotamus
FKLFKLPD-HH:L, 9taste sour, unripe
FKLGD-H:L, 9be avaricious, give small
things
FKLGLGLHFL, B:S1, 1pity
FKLGLND-HH:L, 9bolt, bar; be end of
sth.
FKLGLXYLGLXLRL, C1:SF, 1plug,
cork
FKLGRGHORYLGRGHORLLRL, C1:SF, 1
hammer; nom. < GRGD V
hammer; also LQ\XQGRGLQ\XQGR
cl.9/10
FKLGROHYLGROHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
type of dance (esp. girls)
FKLGXPEDLRL, C1:SF, 1fever,
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
influenza
FKLGZDGZDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
barren ground
FKLJRGDYLJRGDLFL, B:S1, 1stool
FKLKD-FL, 9FDXVleap (of joy, with
celebrations, etc.); red. > FKLKDFKLKD
-HHL:L jump about
FKLKDYLKDRL, C1:SF, 1bundle of
grass; cf. OLIXQJXPDIXQJX cl.5/6,
FKLWXYLYLWXYL cl.7/8
FKLKDNDXLHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
misfortune
FKLKDNRYLKDNRLRL, C1:SF, 1
hunt; nom. < KDND V hunt
FKLKDPXODYLKDPXODLLL:L, D1:H.no
H, 1comb; cf. KDPXOLOD
VDPXOLOD V comb
FKLKDQXYLKDQXLRL, C1:SF, 1
grass sp.
FKLKDSRYLKDSRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
type of basket (big)
FKLKDXHFL, D2:H.no H, 1Yao
language, nature; cf. QQ\DXYDKDX
HFL cl.1/2 Yao person
FKLKHNRLRL, C1:SF, 1laughter;
nom. < KHND V laugh
FKLKHORYLKHORLRL, C1:SF, 1
winnowing tray
FKLKHSRYLKHSRLRL, C1:SF, 1
plucked food, e.g. fruit; nom. < KHSD
V pluck, gather (e.g. fruit)
FKLKLL:L, D1:no H, 1only, in vain,
for free, no matter; FKLKL
FKDQJ¶DQGH L:L H-H:L there is no
light or fire in the house
FKLKLPDYLKLPDLFL, B:S1, 1well
(digged); cf. PXWRP\XWR cl.3/4
FKLKLQJ¶LQRYLKLQJ¶LQRLHH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1heel, elbow;
FKLKLQJ¶LQRFKDOXGRGR LHHL
H-LH:L heel; FKLKLQJ¶LQRFKDQNRQR
LHHL H-LH:L elbow
FKLKREDLRL, C1:SF, 1smallpox
FKLKRKLYLKRKLLH:L, E:S2, 1fruit
FKLKRORYLKRORLRL, C1:SF, 1
thorny thicket
FKLKRQGHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
discussion; NXWD\DFKLKRQGH LHH
349
HH:L to participate in a discussion
FKLKRQJDKRQJDLHHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
quarrelsome; cf. KRQJD V bribe;
adjunct
FKLKXNRYLKXNRLRL, C1:SF, 1
rainy season; pool, puddle; also
FKLKXNXYLKXNX LRL cl.7/8; cf.
OLWDQGDPDWDQGD cl.5/6
FKLKXNXKXNXYLKXNXKXNXLHHL:L,
B:S1, 1mask
FKLKXOXYLKXOXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
bladder, bubble, lather
FKLKXPERYLKXPERLRL, C1:SF, 1
torch
FKLKXQGRYLKXQGRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
knot; also FKLKXQGXYLKXQGX
LH:L cl.7/8
FKLKXYDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1cold (in
the chest); see chest; also PDKXYD
LH:L cl.6; also in use OLKXYD LH:L
cl.5 less severe cold, partly in the
nose
FKLKXYDYLKXYDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
chest; see also cold (in the chest)
FKLKZDYLKZDH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
death; also used NXKZD H:L cl.15 to
die; cf. DFKLKZDQJR P con. last
FKLKZHQLYLKZHQLLRL, C1:SF, 1
gait; nom. < KZHQD V walk
FKLMHPEHYLMHPEHLH:L, E:S2, 1
razor
FKLND-H:L, 9draw borderline
FKLNDSXYLNDSXLFL, B:S1, 1
basket
FKLNDWDSHOHLLHFL, 9ILQgood,
beautiful, fine; lit. (thing, cl.7) which
is good, etc. (Relative Present
Perfective of NDWDSDOD be good,
etc.); cf. DPERQH -LH:L P con.
FKLNRFKDYLNRFKDLL:L, D1:no H, 1
type of dance (esp. weddings)
FKLNRNRORZDYLNRNRORZDLLLL:L,
D1:no H, 1maize cob (empty);
also FKLNRNZDYLNRNZD LL:L cl.7/8
FKLNRNZDYLNRNZDLL:L, D1:no H, 1
maize cob (empty); also
FKLNRNRORZDYLNRNRORZD LLLL:L
cl.7/8
350
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
FKLNRQJRYLNRQJRLFL, B:S1, 1
stick (for beating)
FKLNRQJ¶RYLNRQJ¶RLFL, B:S1, 1
stick (for beating)
FKLNRRYLNRRLRL, C1:SF, 1
pineapple; often heard as FKLNRZR
YLNRZR LRL; also FKLNRXYLNRX LRL
cl.7/8
FKLNRWDYLNRWDLRL, C1:SF, 1
sweet millet stalk; millet sp. (red)
QWDPDZDYLNRWD LHL H-LRL
FKLNXGLYLNXGLLRL, C1:SF, 1
age-mate ceremony (of elders)
FKLNXOD-HH:L, 9raise up (in order to
prop)
FKLNXQGDYLNXQGDLFL, B:S1, 1
red soil (used as building material);
also LQJXQMDGLQJXQMD cl.9/10
FKLNXQGXYLNXQGXLFL, B:S1, 1
waist; NXKXPDGDPXNXFKLNXQGX
LHH HL LLFL to menstruate, lit. to
come out blood from the waist
FKLNXQJRYLNXQJRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
type of trap (rope, to trap birds)
FKLNXWLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1pleiades
FKLNXWLYLNXWLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
circle around the sun, moon
FKLOD-H:L, 9establish sth. new
FKLODNDOLYLODNDOLLHFL, B:S1, 1
tonsil
FKLODPERYLODPERLRL, C1:SF, 1
land, area, country
FKLODWXYLODWXLRL, C1:SF, 1shoe,
sandal
FKLOHXYLOHXLRL, C1:SF, 1beard
FKLOLPXYLOLPXLRL, C1:SF, 1
cleared land (before being cultivated)
FKLORRL, C1:SF, 1night; also
XKLNX cl.14
FKLORORYLORORHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
mirror; pane of glass; pl. eyeglasses;
nom. < OROD V look at; cf FKLOROR
YLOROR LL:L cl.7/8 mirror (implement
of divination)
FKLORORYLORORLL:L, D1:no H, 1
mirror (implement of divination);
nom. < OROD V look at; cf. FKLOROR
YLOROR HRL cl.7/8 mirror
FKLORQGDYLORQGDLRL, C1:SF, 1
wound
FKLORRQJRYLORRQJRLLFL, E:S2, 1
pot
FKLPD-H:L, 9shut, fasten; hate; sep. >
FKLPXOD -HH:L open, unfasten; cf.
KLND
FKLPDNRQGHLHFL, D2:H.no H, 1
Makonde language, nature; cf.
PDNRQGH LRL cl.6 desert areas
(without water), PPDNRQGH
YDPDNRQGH LHFL cl.1/2 Makonde
person
FKLPDODEDLHFL, D2:H.no H, 1
Maraba dialect, nature; cf. PPDODED
YDPDODED LHFL cl.1/2 Maraba
person
FKLPDQJDLRL, C1:SF, 1Swahili
language, nature; cf. NXPDQJD LRL
cl.17 coast; also FKLVZDKLOL cl.7/FKLPDWDPEZHLHFL, D2:H.no H, 1
Matambwe dialect, nature; cf.
PPDWDPEZHYDPDWDPEZH LHFL
cl.1/2 Matambwe person
FKLPEHWDYLPEHWDLL:L, D1:no H, 1
flute; NZRPEDFKLPEHWD HH
LL:L to flute
FKLPEXQJDLRL, C1:SF, 1rain
bringing winds
FKLPEZDKHGLYLPEZDKHGLHHH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1shadow (of people);
also FKLPEZHKHGLYLPEZHKHGL
HHH:L cl.7/8
FKLPEZHKHGLYLPEZHKHGLHHH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1shadow (of people);
also FKLPEZDKHGLYLPEZDKHGL
HHH:L cl.7/8
FKLPEZLPEZLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
swampy soil
FKLPXOD-HH:L, 9open, unfasten; sep.
< FKLPD -H:L shut, fasten; also
FKXPXOD -HH:L
FKLPZD-FL, 9SDVbe angry; also
YLVD, YLKD; cf. VXQDOD
FKLPZHODHFL, D2:H.no H, 1
Mwera language, nature; cf.
PPZHODYDPZHOD HFL cl.1/2 Mwera
person
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
FKLPZHPZHLL:L, D1:no H, 1joy
FKLQDQGDYLQDQGDHFL, D2:H.no H, 1
bed
FKLQGLQGLYLQGLQGLLRL, C1:SF, 1
head cloth
FKLQGRQGHHFL, D2:H.no H, 1
Ndonde dialect, nature; cf. QQGRQGH
YDQGRQGH HFL cl.1/2 Ndonde
person, NXQGRQGH LH:L cl.17 lower
parts of the Plateau; western direction
FKLQGXOLYLQGXOLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
cassava vegetable; cf. QWDQGDVD
QFKLQGXOL LLLL LHRL type of food
FKLQHPEDLRL, C1:SF, 1friendship
FKLQJ¶DWLLH:L, E:S2, 1middle, in
the middle, among, between; cf. QNDWL
LRL cl.18 within, in the middle,
NXNDWL LRL cl.17 room
FKLQJHQJHYLQJHQJHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
type of dance (any celebration)
FKLQJRQLLRL, C1:SF, 1Ngoni
language, nature; cf. QQJRQLYDQJRQL
LRL cl.1/2 Ngoni person
FKLQJXOLPEDYLQJXOLPEDLHRL,
C2:H.SF, 1calf of leg; very short
person
FKLQJXQJXQGDYLQJXQJXQGDLLL:L,
D1:no H, 1joint (of body)
FKLQJXQJZDYLQJXQJZDLH:L, E:S2, 1
calabash bottle; cf. OLQJXQJZD
PDQJXQJZD LH:L cl.5/6 skin of
calabash; cf. OLWLNLWLPDWLNLWL cl.5/6;
cf. LQGXPEDGLQGXPED cl.9/10
FKLQJZDODQJZDQMDYLQJZDODQJZDQMD
LLLH:L, E:S2, 1type of dance
(esp. initiation); also
OLQJZDODQJZDQMD
PDQJZDODQJZDQMD LLLH:L cl.5/6
FKLQMLOD-HH:L, 9jump (long); cf.
XOXND, FKLWLND, GDQJ¶D
FKLQQLPDHHFL, D2:H.no H, 1
Nnima dialect; cf. PXQQLPD
YDQQLPD HHFL cl.1/2 Nnima person,
SDQQLPD LLRL cl.16 height, high,
above
FKLQXYLQXRL, C1:SF, 1thing; cf.
FKLWXNXWXNXYLWXNXWXNX cl.7/8
FKLQXPEDYLQXPEDHFL, D2:H.no H,
351
1calabash (for drinking beer,
unfermented drink); cf. FKLWXPED
YLWXPED LFL cl.7/8 gourd, calabash
FKLQ\HPDYLYLQ\HPDYLLHRL,
C2:H.SF, 1puff adder
FKLSDODYLSDODLRL, C1:SF, 1
smithy; nom. < SDOD V scratch, peck
FKLSDQGDYLSDQGDLFL, B:S1, 1
pillar
FKLSDQJDYLSDQJDLFL, B:S1, 1
tsetse fly
FKLSDQMLHFL, D2:H.no H?, ,perhaps;
also SDQML FL P, SDQMLND LH:L I; cf.
NZDOL I
FKLSHGDYLSHGDLRL, C1:SF, 1
beehive
FKLSHOHLRL, C1:SF, 1rash; cf.
QDPPDWD cl.9a/FKLSHWRYLSHWRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
sifting basket; nom. < SHWD V sift
FKLSLQLYLSLQLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
pin’ s head in left wing of the nose (as
decoration)
FKLSXODYLSXODLH:L, E:S2, 1knife;
FKLSXODFKDPXWZH LHL H-RL
circumcision knife, lit. knife of head
FKLSXWXLRL, C1:SF, 1initiation
rites (girls)
FKLSZHQJ¶HLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1"type
of food (beans with millet or rice)
FKLS\DLYLS\DLLRL, C1:SF, 1
broom; nom. < S\DLOD V sweep
FKLVDQJDYLVDQJDLFL, B:S1, 1
snake sp. (big, very fast, brown,
white)
FKLVLQMDYLVLQMDHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
hawk sp. (black, white, attacking
chickens without taking them)
FKLVXNDOLLHFL, B:S1, 1banana sp.
(small)
FKLVXOXYLVXOXLFL, B:S1, 1termite
hill
FKLVXPLODYLVXPLODLHFL, B:S1, 1
snake sp. (small, very poisonous,
making jumping movements)
FKLVZDKLOLLLRL, C1:SF, 1Swahili
language, nature; also FKLPDQJD
cl.7/-; cf.QVZDKLOLYDVZDKLOL LLRL
352
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
cl.1/2 Swahili person
FKLVZHVZHYLVZHVZHLH:L, E:S2, 1
highest point of round roof; also
FKLVZHVLYLVZHVL LH:L cl.7/8
FKLWD-H:L, 9build up (wall or hut,
from the ground); cf. GHQJD
FKLWDOHYLWDOHLFL, B:S1, 1iron;
also FKLWDOLYLWDOL LFL cl.7/8
FKLWDPRLRL, C1:SF, 1"
pre-marriage procedures
FKLWHKLYLWHKLLH:L, E:S2, 1nest
(of bird)
FKLWHOHNRYLWHOHNRLLRL, C1:SF, 1
pot (for cooking); nom. < WHOHND
WDOHND V cook; also OLKDQMD
PDKDQMD cl.5/6
FKLWHQJ¶XYLWHQJ¶XLFL, B:S1, 1
chair
FKLWHWHLFL, B:S1, 1the shivers;
also FKLWHWHPHGLYLWHWHPHGL LLLRL
cl.7/8; cf. WHWHPD V, WHWHPHOD V
shiver, tremble
FKLWLND-HH:L, 9jump down; cf.
XOXND, FKLQMLOD, GDQJ¶D
FKLWLSXYLWLSXLFL, B:S1, 1type of
dance (to remember the deceased)
FKLWRNRYLWRNRLFL, B:S1, 1
testicle; also OLWRNRPDWRNR LFL
cl.5/6; also LQRQJRGLQRQJR cl.9/10
FKLWRQJRYLWRQJRLRL, C1:SF, 1
penis; also FKLYRORYLYROR cl.7/8; cf.
LQRQJRGLQRQJR LRL cl.9/10 testicle
FKLWRQJRGLYLWRQJRGLLLRL, C1:SF, 1
language; also FKLWDQJRGL LLRL;
nom. < WRQJRODWDQJROD V speak
FKLWRQRQRYLWRQRQRLHH:L, A:S1/SF,
1window; also FKLWDQRQR
YLWDQRQR LHH:L
FKLWRZHYLWRZHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
frog
FKLWXNXWXNXYLWXNXWXNXLLHFL,
E:S2, 1thing, substance, what a
thing is made of; cf. FKLQXYLQX cl.7/8
thing
FKLWXPEDYLWXPEDLFL, B:S1, 1
calabash, gourd; (edible) seed:
LQXPEDGLQXPED LFL cl.9/10;
calabash with long neck: FKLWXPED
FKDQDQJRQJRQGLQJR LHL
H-LLLRL; cf. FKLQXPEDYLQXPED
HFL cl.7/8
FKLWXPELOLYLWXPELOLLHFL, B:S1, 1
monkey (Sw. tumbili)
FKLWXPERYLWXPERLRL, C1:SF, 1
pregnancy, embryo; DYHQDFKLWXPER
LH L-LRL she is pregnant
(Pres.Perf); FKLWXPERFKDSDQQ\LWX
LHH L-LLH:L out of wedlock
pregnancy, lit. embryo of the thicket
FKLWXQGLYLWXQGLLRL, C1:SF, 1
yam
FKLWXQGXYLWXQGXLFL, B:S1, 1
enclosure for keeping animals; grime,
soot
FKLWXQGXQLYLWXQGXQLLHRL, C2:H.SF,
1type of food (with cassava)
FKLWXQGZHLL:L, D1:no H, 1anger;
also FKLWXQGL LL:L cl.7/FKLWXWDYLWXWDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
rubbish heap
FKLWXWXWXYLWXWXWXLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
motorcycle; also
PPXWXNDVLNHQLPLXWXNDVLNHQL
cl.3/4
FKLWXYLYLWXYLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
bundle (of things tied together with a
cloth), load; cf. OLIXQJXPDIXQJX
cl.5/6, FKLKDYLKD cl.7/8
FKLXPELLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1drizzling
rains
FKLXPELYLXPELLRL, C1:SF, 1
screen (used in hunting)
FKLYDODYDODYLYDODYDODLHHH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1scorpion
FKLYDQJDLRL, C1:SF, 1drought
FKLYDYDYLYDYDLL:L, D1:no H, 1
haunt (of animal)
FKLYRORYLYRORLFL, B:S1, 1penis;
also FKLWRQJRYLWRQJR cl.7/8
FKLZLGXKXLHFL, B:S1, 1sweat;
nom. < ZLGXKD V sweat
FKLZXOLYLZXOLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
fireplace; also OLMLNRPDMLNR cl.5/6
FKL\HZHYL\HZHLL:L, D1:no H, 1
chin
FKL\RKDYL\RKDLH:L, E:S2, 1term
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
of abuse; nom. < \RKD V abuse; cf.
NXWRQJRYL\RKD LHH HFL abuse,
insult, lit. speak terms of abuse
FKRFKD-H:L, 9prick, pierce
FKRQJD-H:L, 9converse, gossip
FKXNXGXOD-HHH:L, 9squeeze skin;
cf. NDPLOD, PLQ\D, NDGD
FKXPDH:L, A:S1/SF, 1musical
instrument (pieces of iron)
FKXPDY\XPDH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
bead, string of beads; cf. QFKDNHWD
PLFKDNHWD cl.3/4
FKXQJD-H:L, 9herd, tend; cf.
RQJROHOD
FKXQLY\XQLRL, C1:SF, 1bird
'
GDFKLL:L, D1:no H, ,hey, tell me!,
what?; interrog. particle; in greetings:
GDFKLZDDNRXPRPL L:L HRL LFH
how are you?, YDFKLGDFKLYDYDQD
L:H L:L HFH how are the children?
GDGDPLOD-HHH:L, 9stand on toes
GDKXRL, C1:SF, ,bare, naked, useless
GDPLOD-HH:L, 9mount, ascend; cf.
NZHOD
GDPXH:L, ?, 1Eblood; < Sw.
damu; see P\DGL cl. -/4
GDQJ¶D-H:L, 9leap; cf. FKLWLND,
FKLQMLOD, XOXND
GHND-H:L, 9walk with swagger; also
QHPD
GHNHGHOD-HHH:L, 9carry load on
head without touching it
GHQJD-H:L, 9build; cf. FKLWD
GLGLPD-HH:L, 9cool down (itr.), be
cold; red. < GLPD -H:L extinguish;
cf. SROD; cf. LWXOD, WXOLOD
GLKDNDODZHLHHL:L, B:S1, 1
gravel
GLKRQLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1shame,
modesty; NZRQDGLKRQL HH HH:L be
ashamed
GLKXOLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1grey hair
(of age); also LPEXOLVDGLPEXOLVD
cl.9/10
GLKXPLLRL, C1:SF, 1belch;
NXWD\DGLKXPL LHH HH:L to belch;
353
cf. WXNXOD V belch
GLKZL\RLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1kidney
GLNDGLND-HHH:L, 9UHGtickle; also
GXNXODGXNXOD -HHHHH:L
GLNLGLNL-HHH:L, A:S1/SF, $small;
QGLNLGLNLPLGLNLGLNL LHHH:L cl.3/4,
LQGLNLGLNLGLQGLNLGLNL LHHH:L
cl.9/10; also G\RNR A, DPZDQD P
con.; cf. NDGLNL LRL I; predicative:
same tones
GLPD-H:L, 9extinguish; cf. red.
GLGLPD -HH:L cool down, be cold
GLPED-H:L, 9be black, be dark, be
dirty; cf. DQDSL P con. black
GLPEHOHQMHLHFL, B:S1, 1
half-grown, not full-grown (e.g. tree,
forest); QQ\LWXZDGLPEHOHQMH LHL
H-LHFL thicket which has stopped
growing before reaching maturity;
also GLPEDOHQMH LHFL cl. -/10
GLPRQJRLRL, C1:SF, 1
strength, force, power; cf. PRQJR RL
cl.3 back (of body)
GLQDNRLRL, C1:SF, 1buttocks
GLQHPERLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
incision mark
GLQJ¶DQRLRL, C1:SF, 1wisdom,
intellect, understanding
GLQJ¶RPEHLRL, C1:SF, 1present
for a special occasion (esp. initiation);
also LQXG\RGLQXG\R cl.9/10
GLQJ¶RSHGLLHFL, B:S1, 1idiocy;
also GLQJ¶DSHGL LHFL cl. -/10
GLQJXGLND-HHH:L, 9coil
GLQJXND-HH:L, 9go round
GLQMDKDQJRLLRL, C1:SF, 1
miscarriage (stillborn child); WXYH
NXGLQMDKDQJR LL HHHH:L
expression for ‘we got a stillborn
child’ ; cf. XNXOXKD cl.14 miscarriage
GLQMXJDLRL, C1:SF, 1music
instrument (bells worn around the
ankle as a chain)
GLQ\RNDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1bracelet
GLVDODPXLLRL, C1:SF, 1
greetings; < Sw. salamu; greet
him/her: QQ\DXOLOHPZLQJ¶H
GLVDODPXG\DNH LLLLL/L:L LLLH
354
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
RL lit. tell/give him his greetings; see
LPXND V, FKL V, RPL P
GLYLND-HH:L, 9faint, collapse; cf.
GXOXPEXND
GLYLOD-HH:L, 9prevent, hinder
GRED-H:L, 9be tired, be hungry; cf.
LQGDOD cl.9/- hunger
GREROD-HH:L, 9pull out, uproot; also
GDEROD -HH:L, \XSXOD; NXGREROD
GLQJXR LHHH HH:L undress, lit. pull
out clothes
GRGD-H:L, 9hammer; cf. GRGD RL
cl.9b/10b dots on cheeks and between
the eyes (as decoration); cf. nom.
FKLGRGHORYLGRGHOR LLRL cl.9/10
hammer
GRGD RL, C1:SF, 1EEdots on
cheeks and between the eyes (as
decoration); cf. GRGD V hammer
GRGRPD-HH:L, 9rob, take by force;
also GDGRPD -HH:L, NXWXOD,
SRNRQ\ROD, SDNDQ\ROD
GRNDGRND-HHH:L, 9UHGshow
oneself by a certain way of dancing
GROROD-HH:L, 9cause diarrhoea
GRQJ¶D-H:L, 9clap hands, catch
GRYROD-HH:L, 9bore; also GDYROD
-HH:L; cf. WROROD
GRZHOD-HH:L, 9rely on (fellows)
GXGXGD-HH:L, 9pulverize
GXNXOD-HH:L, 9tap, knock, beat (of
heart); also SDSD; cf. red.
GXNXODGXNXOD HHHHH:L tickle
GXNXODGXNXOD-HHHHH:L, 9UHG
tickle; also GLNDGLND -HHH:L
GXOXPEXND-HHH:L, 9become weak
and slack; cf. GLYLND
GXPD-H:L, 9scold, rebuke; cf.
GXPLOD -HH:L groan because of
pain; also NDOLSD
GXPLOD-HH:L, 9groan because of
pain; cf. GXPD -H:L scold; cf.
JXPLOD -HH:L
G\RNR-H:L, A:S1/SF, $small;
QG\RNRYDG\RNR LH:L cl.1/2 (as
nouns: youth), LQ\RNRGLQ\RNR LH:L
cl.9/10 (forms are without -d-); also
GLNLGLNL A, DPZDQD P con.;
predicative: same tones
G\RYHOHOD-HHH:L, 9be used to, get
accustomed; also G\DYHOHOD -HHH:L
G\XKD-FL, 9FDXVrevive; cf. G\XND
-H:L be changed
G\XND-H:L, 9be changed; cf. G\XKD
-FL revive
(
HORRL, C1:SF, ,yes!
HPDRL, C1:SF, ,or; whether...or
NXYDHPD H:L...RL, lit. to be...or
HQGD-H:L, 9enter; also \LQMLOD
HQHFL, ?, 3$self; tones including
prefix; NPx in cl.1: PZHQH FL, PPx
in other classes: ZHHQH FL cl.3, \HHQH
FL cl.9; predicative: same tones
HQHOHG\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVextend,
abound; caus. < HQHOHOD -HHH:L
spread
HQHOHOD-HHH:L, 9spread, infect; cf.
caus. HQHOHG\D -HHL:L extend
HQXRL, C1:SF, 3SRVyour (pl.); tones
including PPx; ZHQX RL cl.1, ZHQX
RL cl.3, \HQX RL cl.9; predicative:
FL tones
HWXRL, C1:SF, 3SRVour; tones
including PPx; ZHWX RL cl.1, ZHWX
RL cl.3, \HWX RL cl.9; predicative: FL
)
IXQGLVD-HFL, 9FDXVteach; < Sw.
-fundisha; cf. refl. OLIXQGLVD -HHL:L
learn; cf. KXQGD
*
JRQJ¶ROD-HH:L, 9push (once); also
JDQJ¶ROD -HH:L; cf. KLQJLOLKD
JXOXJXVD-HHL:L, 9FDXVfail (after
promise); cf. OXJXVD -HFL be loose
JXPD-H:L, 9beat (with hand); cf. ?
app. > JXPLOD -HH:L groan
JXPLOD-HH:L, 9groan; ?app. < JXPD
-H:L beat (with hand); cf. GXPLOD
-HH:L
+
KDFKLOD-HH:L, 9hunt for; also KDNLOD
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
-HH:L
KDKD-H:L, 9ferment; cf. KDKDPD
-HH:L be fermented
KDKDPD-HH:L, 9be fermented; cf.
KDKD -H:L ferment
KDKXOD-HH:L, 9clean; cf.
NDWDSDG\D, VZHOHOD
KDND-H:L, 9hunt; cf. app. KDNLOD
KDFKLOD -HH:L hunt for; cf. nom.
FKLKDNRYLKDNR LRL cl.7/8 hunt
KDNDODQJD-HHH:L, 9be bad, be dirty,
be worn out; also Q\DWD
KDNDOLND-HHH:L, 9be busy with
affairs, act restlessly
KDNLOD-HH:L, 9hunt for; app. < KDND
-H:L hunt; also KDFKLOD -HH:L
KDPDWD-HH:L, 9filter, strain
KDPXOLOD-HHH:L, 9comb; also
VDPXOLOD -HHH:L; cf. FKLKDPXOD
YLKDPXOD LLL:L cl.7/8 comb
KDQD-H:L, 9clear land for cultivation;
forge; frequently used with Pre-Final
DQJ: KDQDQJD -HH:L; cf.
NDQJ¶DQD, NXOXZDQ\D, OLPD
KDQJ¶D-H:L, 9be confused, be
anxious
KDQJDODOD-HHH:L, 9rejoice; cf.
WDPED, SRND
KDQJROD-HH:L, 9sharpen teeth;
NXKDQJRODPHQR LHHH H:L
KDQMLOD-H:L, 9cut down (millet)
KDSD-H:L, 9choose; also WRQGROD
KDSXND-HH:L, 9break off, terminate;
also \DPLOD, SDSDWXOD; see pass,
abate
KDSXND-HH:L, 9pass, abate; cf. ass.
KDSXNDQD -HHH:L separate,
divorce; see break off
KDSXNDQD-HHH:L, 9separate,
divorce; ass. < KDSXND -HH:L pass,
abate; break off
KDWXOD-HH:L, 9disengage a trap
KDXOD-HH:L, 9tell, say, speak,
explain; cf. app. KDXOLOD -HHH:L tell
s.o.
KDXOLOD-HHH:L, 9tell s.o., explain,
advise; app. < KDXOD -HH:L tell, say;
to welcome: NXQQ\DXOLODLGD
355
LQJ¶DQGHNXND\D H-H-HLLH L:H
HFL/HFL lit. to tell him/her come
house/home(stead)
KD\D-H:L, 9grind
KHND-H:L, 9laugh; cf. FKLKHNR LRL
cl.7/- laugh(ter)
KHNDL:H, C1:SF, ,but, to the contrary;
KHNDYLQR L:H RL but, and now
KHQJHOHOD-HHH:L, 9approach, draw
near; also YDQGLNLOD; cf. SHSHNHOD
KHSD-H:L, 9pluck, gather (beans,
fruit, wild greens); FKLKHSRYLKHSR
LRL cl.7/8 plucked food, e.g. fruit; cf.
\ROD, KHYD
KHYD-H:L, 9gather; cf. \ROD, KHSD
KLND-H:L, 9close loosely; cf. FKLPD
KLNDOLOD-HHH:L, 9guard, defend
KLOD-H:L, 9cease, finish
KLPDQD-HH:L, 9meet; WXQDKLPDQD
LLLRL goodbye, we’ ll meet again;
cf. NRG\DQD
KLPED-H:L, 9dig; harvest peanuts, all
sorts of potatoes, cassava
KLQGLOD-HH:L, 9nod
KLQJD-H:L, 9bathe; cf. refl. OLKLQJD
-HRL bathe oneself
KLQJLOLKD-HHL:L, 9FDXVpush (over
and over again); cf. JRQJ¶ROD
KLQJLQLND-HHH:L, 9be sorry; also
VLNLWLND
KLQLND-HH:L, 9cover; KLQLNLOD
-HHH:L cover with (put a cover or lid
on sth.); also KXQLND HH:L; cf.
KXQXNXOD -HHH:L uncover
KLQLNLOD-HHH:L, 9cover with (put a
cover or lid on sth.); cf. KLQLND
-HH:L cover; cf. KXQXNXOD -HHH:L
uncover
KLSXND-HH:L, 9sprout, shoot up; cf.
Sw. -chipuka; see PHOD
KLWD-H:L, 9deny, refuse
KL\D-H:L, 9kill, die; cf. ZDODOD
KL\DOD-HH:L, 9be left, remain
KRGLND-HH:L, 9announce arrival; say
KRGL H:L and clap hands
KROD-H:L, 9thresh; harvest millet,
peas; also KXOD
KRORKD-HFL, 9FDXVmake a hole,
356
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
break into; also KDORKD -HFL
KRORND-HH:L, 9come from, come out,
appear; also KDORND -HH:L; cf. XND,
KXPD, RQHND
KROROD-HH:L, 9pull (softly); also
KDOROD -HH:L; cf. XWD
KRPD-H:L, 9pierce; NXKRPDQNXFKL
LHH HFL to spear
KRPROD-HH:L, 9draw out, take out,
bring to light; also KDPROD -HH:L;
cf. NRKRPROD -HHH:L cough
KRQGD-H:L, 9suck
KRQJD-H:L, 9bribe; cf.
FKLKRQJDKRQJD LHHH:L I
quarrelsome
KRYD-H:L, 9lack, get lost
KXKXOLOD-HHH:L, 9fill in (holes)
KXOD-H:L, 9thresh; harvest millet,
peas; also KROD
KXOXOD-HH:L, 9be able; defeat; neut.
> KXOXOLND -HHH:L, LQDKXOXOLND
LLHLRL it is possible (Non-Past, SC
cl.9)
KXPD-H:L, 9come out; cf. KRORND
KXPEDLOD-HHH:L, 9limp
KXPEZD-FL, 9SDVinfect (and
destroy) fruit, trees
KXQD-H:L, 9ripen badly; cf. XOD,
ODSDWD
KXQGD-H:L, 9teach (to behave with
respect and dignity); cf. refl. OLKXQGD
-HRL learn; cf. IXQGLVD teach
KXQJD-H:L, 9tie, fasten, fix; cf.
SDPELOLOD
KXQLND-HH:L, 9cover; also KLQLND
-HH:L; cf.KXQXNXOD -HHH:L
uncover; cf. nom. OLKXQLNR
PDKXQLNR LLRL cl.5/6 cover
KXQLNXOD-HHH:L, 9uncover, take off
lid; also KXQXNXOD -HHH:L; sep. <
KXQLND -HH:L, KLQLND -HH:L
cover; cf. KLQLNLOD -HHH:L cover
with
KXQXNXOD-HHH:L, 9uncover, take off
lid; also KXQLNXOD -HHH:L
KXYD-H:L, 9have problems; cf.
EDQLND, WXQGXZLOD
KXYLOLOD-HHH:L, 9be red; cf.
DQDKXYL P con. red
KZDH:L, 9die; tones with Infinitive
marker; corpse: PXQXDKZLOH LRL
HRL lit. person who died;
DQLKZLOLZDQDDQ\RNH LLHLL L
HRL his mother died; cf. KDSXND; cf.
DFKLKZDQJR P con.
KZHHWXHRL, C2:H.SF, 3VXEVWwe;
XKZHKZH LFH (emphatic)
KZHQD-H:L, 9go; cf. red.
KZHQDKZHQD -HHH:L walk; cf.
nom. FKLKZHQLYLKZHQL LRL cl.7/8
gait
KZHQDKZHQD-HHH:L, 9UHGwalk;
red. < KZHQD -H:L go; cf. NZRQJD
KZLND-H:L, 9arrive; also NRPROD; cf.
KZLNDQLOD -HHH:L reach
KZLNDQLOD-HHH:L, 9reach; cf.
KZLND -H:L arrive; KZLNDQLODQD
-HHHH:L reach one another
,
LGD-H:L, 9come; LGDQDKRWL L:L
LH:L come first
LGDQD-H:L L, 9bring; lit. come with
LGRSD-HH:L, 9be heavy
LKDQJRGLKDQJRLRL, C1:SF, 1
divining board; incantation (spoken
by sorcerer); NXORODNXODXG\D
LKDQJR LHH/L-H-LL HH:L to divine,
lit. to look at/to ask them (cl.6,
probably referring to ‘words’ ) the
divining board
LKDWRGLKDWRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
python; species oriented; also
LKDWXGLKDWX LH:L cl.9/10;
individualized: XKDWXDKDWXXKDWR
DKDWR LH:L cl.1A/2A
LKLNLGLGLKLNLGLLHFL, B:S1, 1
desire; also WDPD cl.9c/-; cf. OXNRX
cl.11/LKLPEDGLKLPEDLFL, B:S1, 1
lion; species oriented; individualized:
XKLPEDDKLPED LFL cl.1A/2A
LKLQJDGLKLQJDLRL, C1:SF, 1
calabash (for storing milk)
LKRPEDGLKRPEDLFL, B:S1, 1
fish; species oriented; individualized:
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
XKRPEDDKRPED LFL cl.1A/2A
LKRPHORGLKRPHORLLRL, C1:SF, 1
beam
LKRQGRGLKRQGRLRL, C1:SF, 1
stone used with firesticks
LKRQJDGLKRQJDLRL, C1:SF, 1
teat
LKRQJ¶RGLKRQJ¶RLRL, C1:SF, 1
maggot; species oriented;
individualized: XKRQJ¶RDKRQJ¶R
LRL cl.1A/2A
LKXKLGLKXKLLRL, C1:SF, 1snake
sp. (related to python); species
oriented; individualized: XKXKLDKXKL
LRL cl.1A/2A
LKXQJRGLKXQJRLH:L, E:S2, 1
genet; species oriented;
individualized: XKXQJRDKXQJR
LH:L cl.1A/2A
LKXWLGLKXWLLL:L, D1:no H, 1gun
LNDOD-HH:L, 9sit down, stay, live
LNDQDYDLLH:L, 9ILQalthough; in
compound tenses, also possible with
same SC as following verb form; lit.
although it (cl.9) is (Concessive of
YD be)
LNDQ\DGLNDQ\DLL:L, D1:no H, 1
FFmouth; sg. also NDQ\D L:L
cl.9c
LNDYHLHL, 9ILQexcept; lit. it (cl.9) is
not/has not been (Negative Perfective
of YD be)
LNXWD-HH:L, 9be pregnant; also YH
SDPPLOL -L HHH:L lit. be at body,
YHQDFKLWXPER -H L-LRL lit. have
embryo; cf. FKLWXPERYLWXPER
cl.7/8; see satisfied: be
LNXWD-HH:L, 9be satisfied (food); see
pregnant: be
LOD-H:L, 9repeat; also XLOD -HH:L
LPD-H:L, 9refuse to give sth. to s.o.
LPDNDGLPDNDLRL, C1:SF, 1cat;
species oriented; individualized:
XPDNDDPDND LRL cl.1A/2A
LPDPDQDGLPDPDQDLHFL, B:S1, 1
ant sp. (small, red); species
oriented; individualized:
XPDPDQDDPDPDQD LHFL cl.1A/2A
357
LPDPEDGLPDPEDLFL, B:S1, 1
crocodile; cf. Sw. mamba; species
oriented; individualized:
XPDPEDDPDPED LFL cl.1A/2A;
see LPEXOXGLPEXOX cl.9/10
LPDQGDGLPDQGDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
cooked rice
LPDQGHGLPDQGHLH:L, E:S2, 1
grasshopper; species oriented;
individualized: XPDQGHDPDQGH
LH:L cl.1A/2A
LPED-H:L, 9sing
LPEDLGLPEDLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
bee sp.; species oriented;
individualized: XPEDLDPEDL LH:L
cl.1A/2A
LPEDOXGLPEDOXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
bamboo
LPEDQJRGLPEDQJRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
wild pig; species oriented;
individualized: XPEDQJRDPEDQJR
LH:L cl.1A/2A
LPEHGRGLPEHGRLRL, C1:SF, 1
axe
LPEHOHNHKRGLPEHOHNHKRLHHL:L,
B:S1, 1hole (through sth.); also
LPHQ\DGLPHQ\D cl.9/10
LPEH\XGLPEH\XLFL, B:S1, 1
seed
LPERNRGLPERNRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
louse; species oriented;
individualized: XPERNRDPERNR
LH:L cl.1A/2A
LPERZDGLPERZDLRL, C1:SF, 1
vegetable
LPEXGLGLPEXGLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
goat; species oriented;
individualized: XPEXGLDPEXGL
LH:L cl.1A/2A
LPEXODGLPEXODLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
rain
LPEXOLVDGLPEXOLVDLHFL, B:S1, 1
grey hair (of age); also GLKXOL cl.
-/10
LPEXOXGLPEXOX?, 1crocodile;
tones unknown; species oriented;
individualized: XPEXOXDPEXOX; also
LPDPEDGLPDPED cl.9/10
358
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
LPEXOXNXWDGLPEXOXNXWDLLHRL,
C2:H.SF, 1butterfly; species
oriented; individualized:
XPEXOXNXWDDPEXOXNXWD LLHRL
cl.1A/2A
LPEXQWXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1early
rains
LPEXWXNDGLPEXWXNDLLRL, C1:SF, 1
antelope sp. (klipspringer);
species oriented; individualized:
XPEXWXNDDPEXWXND LLRL
cl.1A/2A
LPEZHGLPEZHL:L, D1:no H, 1
cataract (of the eye)
LPEZLOLPEZLQGLGLPEZLOLPEZLQGL
LLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1termite sp.
(small winged, not edible); species
oriented; individualized:
XPEZLOLPEZLQGLDPEZLOLPEZLQGL
LLHRL cl.1A/2A
LPHPEHGLPHPEHLH:L, E:S2, 1
fly; species oriented; individualized:
XPHPEHDPHPEH LH:L cl.1A/2A
LPHQHGLPHQHLRL, C1:SF, 1
pigeon-pea
LPHQ\DGLPHQ\DLL:L, D1:no H, 1
hole (through sth.); also
LPEHOHNHKRGLPEHOHNHKR cl.9/10
LPHSRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1air (cold)
LPHWHGLPHWHLRL, C1:SF, 1flash
of light
LPLDGLPLDLH:L, ?, 1FFhundred;
< Sw. mia; sg. also PLD H:L cl.9c;
also PDNXPLOLNXPL LHH LRL N6 +
N5
LPLOD-HH:L, 9stand
LPLOLSLOLGLPLOLSLOLLHHL:L, B:S1, 1
pepper
LPLQGDGLPLQGDLRL, C1:SF, 1
knuckle of suger cane
LPLQGLGLPLQGLLRL, C1:SF, 1
knockly part of the stem of a maize
plant
LPXGLPXRL, C1:SF, 1spirit,
demon (Sw. jini)
LPXND-HH:L, 9rise, get up; cf. LPXOD
-HH:L; morning greeting:
XYHQNZLPXND LLLHFH; greet them:
YDXG\HFKLYDLPZLNHQHOR LLL
LHHLL RL lit. ask them how they
rose today
LPXNXVDGLPXNXVDLHFL, B:S1, 1
calabash seed (edible); cf.
QNDNDKLPEDPLNDNDKLPED cl.3/4
LPXOD-HH:L, 9awake; cf. LPXND
-HH:L
LPXODGLPXODLRL, C1:SF, 1nose
LPXQGDGLPXQGDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
dove; species oriented;
individualized: XPXQGDDPXQGD
LH:L cl.1A/2A
LPXQGXGLPXQGXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
bald patch on the head; NXPRZD
LPXQGX LHH HH:L to get a clear
head
LPZHGRGLPZHGRLRL, C1:SF, 1
pea
LQDPELOLGLQDPELOLLHFL, B:S1, 1
partridge; species oriented;
individualized: XQDPELOLDQDPELOL
LHFL cl.1A/2A
LQGDODLRL, C1:SF, 1hunger; be
hungry: NZRQDLQGDOD HH HH:L lit.
feel hunger, YHQDLQGDOD -H L-LRL
lit. be with hunger (Pres.Perf. of YD
be); cf. GRED V be hungry
LQGDXGLQGDXLRL, C1:SF, 1type
of ointment (perfumed)
LQGHDFKDLQGHH:L/LHH:L, ?, 1$
centipede sp.
LQGHJHGLQGHJHLRL, C1:SF, 1
plane
LQGLODGLQGLODLRL, C1:SF, 1
path, road
LQGRQJDGLQGRQJDLFL, B:S1, 1
heavy stick, cudgel
LQGRQJRGLQGRQJRLFL, B:S1, 1
hunting stick
LQGRQ\DGLQGRQ\DLL:L, D1:no H, 1
lip-plug (in upper lip)
LQGRZDGLQGRZDLRL, C1:SF, 1
marriage; cf. Sw. ndoa; see XORPEL
PDORPEL cl.14/6
LQGXGLQGXL:L, D1:no H, 1
groundnut
LQGXPEDGLQGXPEDLFL, B:S1, 1
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
calabash bottle (small, implement of
divination); cf. OLWLNLWLPDWLNLWL cl.5/6,
FKLQJXQJZDYLQJXQJZD cl.7/8
LQGXQGDGLQGXQGDLRL, C1:SF, 1
type of drum (small)
LQGXYDGLQGXYDLRL, C1:SF, 1
flower, blossom; cf. OLXZDPDXZD,
OLZXZDPDZXZD cl.5/6
LQHPEHGLQHPEHLRL, C1:SF, 1
calf; species oriented; individualized:
XQHPEHDQHPEH LRL cl.1A/2A
LQHPERGLQHPERLFL, B:S1, 1
elephant; species oriented;
individualized: XQHPERDQHPER LFL
cl.1A/2A
LQHWHGLQHWHLL:L, D1:no H, 1
grass sp.
LQJ¶D-H:L, 9give (to s.o.); cf. XVD
give, display, show
LQJ¶DPEHGLQJ¶DPEHLFL, B:S1, 1
tortoise; species oriented;
individualized: XQJ¶DPEHDQJ¶DPEH
LFL cl.1A/2A
LQJ¶DPERGLQJ¶DPERLH:L, E:S2, 1
other side (e.g. of river, valley),
beyond; SDQJ¶DPER LH:L cl.16
Mozambique
LQJ¶DQGHGLQJ¶DQGHLH:L, E:S2, 1
house; augm.: OLNDQGHPDNDQGH
LH:L cl.5/6; also LQ\XPED
GLQ\XPED cl.9/10; cf. OLEDQGD
PDEDQGD cl.5/6
LQJ¶DQJDGLQJ¶DQJDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
guinea-fowl; species oriented;
individualized: XQJ¶DQJDDQJ¶DQJD
LH:L cl.1A/2A
LQJ¶DQ\DLFL, B:S1, 1cause,
reason; court case, debt; LQJ¶DQ\D
\D LFL (H-...) because (of),
LQJ¶DQ\DQWZDQL LLH HFL why, lit.
what kind of reason; cf. PDLND I,
OL\RQJRPD\RQJR cl.5/6
LQJ¶DYDQJDGLQJ¶DYDQJDLHFL, B:S1,
1dog; species oriented;
individualized: XQJ¶DYDQJD
DQJ¶DYDQJD LHFL cl.1A/2A
LQJ¶RKDGLQJ¶RKDLH:L, E:S2, 1
digging stick
359
LQJRNZDGLQJRNZDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
stone of mango
LQJ¶RNZHGLQJ¶RNZHLL:L, D1:no H, 1
storage of produce; cf. OLNXQJZL
PDNXQJZL cl.5/6
LQJ¶ROHGLQJ¶ROHLRL, C1:SF, 1
dance
LQJ¶RPEHGLQJ¶RPEHLRL, C1:SF, 1
cow; species oriented;
individualized: XQJ¶RPEHDQJ¶RPEH
LRL cl.1A/2A
LQJ¶RQGRGLQJ¶RQGRLFL, B:S1, 1
quarrel, war
LQJ¶RQGRGLQJ¶RQGRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
lizard sp. (big, living on land);
species oriented; individualized:
XQJ¶RQGRDQJ¶RQGR LH:L cl.1A/2A
LQJRQGRORGLQJRQGRORLLRL, C1:SF, 1
sheep; species oriented;
individualized: XQJRQGROR
DQJRQGROR LLRL cl.1A/2A
LQJRQJRGLQJRQJRLH:L, E:S2, 1
forest (area with many trees)
LQJ¶RRGLQJ¶RRLRL, C1:SF, 1
banana; often heard as LQJ¶RZR
GLQJ¶RZR LRL; also LQJ¶RXGLQJ¶RX
LRL
LQJ¶XNXGLQJ¶XNXLFL, B:S1, 1
chicken; species oriented;
individualized: XQJ¶XNXDQJ¶XNX
LFL cl.1A/2A
LQJ¶XOXQJXGLQJ¶XOXQJXLLRL, C1:SF,
1round stone (for smoothening
surfaces, e.g. pots)
LQJXOXYHGLQJXOXYHLLRL, C1:SF, 1
pig; species oriented;
individualized: XQJXOXYHDQJXOXYH
LLRL cl.1A/2A
LQJXPELGLQJXPELLFL, B:S1, 1
termite sp. (winged); species oriented;
individualized: XQJXPELDQJXPEL
LFL cl.1A/2A
LQJ¶XQGHGLQJ¶XQGHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
bean sp.; LQJ¶XQGH\DFKLPDKH
GLQJ¶XQGHG\DFKLPDKH LHL
H-LH:L the small species, lit. female
bean(s)
LQJ¶XQJ¶XQLGLQJ¶XQJ¶XQLLHH:L,
360
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
A:S1/SF, 1bed bug; species
oriented; individualized:
XQJ¶XQJ¶XQLDQJ¶XQJ¶XQL LHH:L
cl.1A/2A
LQJXQMDGLQJXQMDLFL, B:S1, 1
red soil (used as building material);
also FKLNXQGDYLNXQGD cl.7/8
LQJXRGLQJXRLRL, C1:SF, 1
clothing
LQJ¶XYDGLQJ¶XYDLFL, B:S1, 1
lightning
LQJZDPEDGLQJZDPEDLL:L, D1:no H,
1hoe (big)
LQJZDQJZDODWLGLQJZDQJZDODWL
LHHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1dog sp.
(digging up corpses); species
oriented; individualized:
XQJZDQJZDODWLDQJZDQJZDODWL
LHHH:L cl.1A/2A; QQJZDQJZDODWL
YDQJZDQJZDODWL LHHH:L cl.1/2
killer, savage person
LQJ¶ZDSDGLQJ¶ZDSDLH:L, E:S2, 1
armpit
LQLNLOD-HHH:L, 9set a trap
LQLQMLGLQLQMLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
pumpkin seed
LQMDODKXGLQMDODKXLHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
ant sp. (big, red); species
oriented; individualized: XQMDODKX
DQMDODKX LHH:L cl.1A/2A
LQMHOHGLQMHOHLFL, B:S1, 1maize
cob
LQMHQMHPDGLQMHQMHPDLHRL,
C2:H.SF, 1mosquito; species
oriented; individualized: XQMHQMHPD
DQMHQMHPD LHRL cl.1A/2A
LQMLQJDGLQMLQJDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
bicycle; also EDVLNHOLGLEDVLNHOL
cl.9c/10c
LQMLQMLGLQMLQMLLL:L, D1:no H, 1
type of fence
LQMLSDOD-HHH:L, 9be short; also
LSLND; cf. DQDQMLSL P con. short
LQMLSLND-HHH:L, 9be sufficient, be
(with) many, be available; cf.
NRORG\D, WDQMLOD
LQRQGZDGLQRQGZDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
star
LQRQJRGLQRQJRLRL, C1:SF, 1
testicle; also OLWRNRPDWRNR cl.5/6,
FKLWRNRYLWRNR cl.7/8; cf. FKLWRQJRY
LWRQJR LRL cl.7/8 penis
LQRQRGLQRQRLFL, B:S1, 1dorsal
muscle
LQXG\RGLQXG\RLL:L, D1:no H, 1
present for a special occasion (esp.
initiation); nom. < WXG\D V offer
present for a special occasion; also
GLQJ¶RPEH cl. -/10
LQXPEDWLLHFL, B:S1, 1"traditional
powder
LQXQGDGLQXQGDLH:L, E:S2, 1
ankle
LQXQJXGLQXQJXLFL, B:S1, 1
navel
LQXWDGLQXWDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
ant sp. (red); species oriented;
individualized: XQXWDDQXWD LH:L
cl.1A/2A
LQ\DPDGLQ\DPDLRL, C1:SF, 1
meat
LQ\DPERLH:L, E:S2, 1syphilis
LQ\DQJDGLQ\DQJDLFL, B:S1, 1
hawk sp. (big, striking colours);
species oriented; individualized:
XQ\DQJDDQ\DQJD LFL cl.1A/2A
LQ\DQMDGLQ\DQMDLL:L, D1:no H, 1
plume on top of maize plant
LQ\DWLGLQ\DWLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
buffalo; species oriented;
individuaized: XQ\DWLDQ\DWL LH:L
cl.1A/2A
LQ\HGLGLQ\HGLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
snail; species oriented; individualized:
XQ\HGLDQ\HGL LH:L cl.1A/2A
LQ\HKHGLQ\HKHLFL, B:S1, 1
flock of birds
LQ\LPDGLQ\LPDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
monkey (Sw. kima); species oriented;
individualized: XQ\LPDDQ\LPD
LH:L cl.1A/2A
LQ\LQJDPXGLQ\LQJDPXLHH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1rainbow
LQ\RPRNRGLQ\RPRNRLLRL, C1:SF, 1
kernel of pumpkin
LQ\RWDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1thirst; be
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
thirsty: NZRQDLQ\RWD HH HH:L lit.
feel thirst, YHQDLQ\RWD -H L-LH:L
lit. be with thirst (Pres.Perf. of YD
be); cf. \XPD V be thirsty
LQ\XFKLGLQ\XFKLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
honey-bee; species oriented;
individualized: XQ\XFKLDQ\XFKL
LH:L cl.1A/2A
LQ\XNXGXPEDGLQ\XNXGXPED
LLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1soldier ant;
species oriented; individualized:
XQ\XNXGXPEDDQ\XNXGXPED
LLHRL cl.1A/2A
LQ\XPEDGLQ\XPEDLH:L, E:S2, 1
house; cf. Sw. nyumba; see
LQJ¶DQGHGLQJ¶DQGH cl.9/10; cf.
OLEDQGDPDEDQGD cl.5/6
LQ\XPEXGLQ\XPEXLRL, C1:SF, 1
tail (implement of divination)
LQ\XQGRGLQ\XQGRLRL, C1:SF, 1
hammer; cf. Sw. nyundo; see
FKLGRGHORYLGRGHOR cl.7/8
LQ\XQJ¶XQ\XQJ¶XGLQ\XQJ¶XQ\XQJ¶X
LHHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1wrist
LSD-H:L, 9cut grass
LSLND-HH:L, 9be short; also LQMLSDOD;
cf. DQDQMLSL P con. short; cf. SHSL I
near
LVDOD-HH:L, 9stay behind; cf. LVDOLOD
-HHH:L remain
LVDOLOD-HHH:L, 9remain; cf. LVDOD
-HH:L stay behind
LVXQJXGLVXQJXLFL, B:S1, 1
spirit, heart, soul
LVXQJXODGLVXQJXODLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
hare; species oriented;
individualized: XVXQJXODDVXQJXOD
LHRL cl.1A/2A
LVXQJXODGLVXQJXODLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
poles
LVXYLGLVXYLLFL, B:S1, 1leopard;
species oriented; individualized:
XVXYLDVXYL LFL cl.1A/2A
LWHVRGLWHVRLRL, C1:SF, 1FFadze
LWXOD-HH:L, 9cool down (tr.); cf.
GLGLPD, SROD, WXOLOD
LYD-H:L, 9steal
361
-
MDSDQLGLMDSDQLHFL/LHFL, B:S1, 1
FFtype of clothing
.
NDED-H:L, 9press tight, squeeze; also
EDQD; cf. WRKD
NDFKDNDFKD-HHH:L, 9UHGrustle (in
shrubs); cf. ZD\D
NDGD-H:L, 9squeeze, massage; cf.
NDPLOD, PLQ\D, FKXNXGXOD
NDGDPED-HH:L, 9step in
NDGLNLLRL, C1:SF, ,few, a bit; cf.
GLNLGLNL -HHH:L A small; QDKRWL
NDGLNL LHL LRL presently
NDKZLYLWXKZLYLLH:L, E:S2, 1
not yet full-grown chicken
NDODRL, C1:SF, ,formerly, the past;
also WDQJX I
NDODOD-HH:L, 9be bitter; NXNDODOD
LVXQJX LHHH HFL cruel spirit (reply
to question “ how are you” ; reply in
Sw.: mambo mabaya)
NDODPXND-HHH:L, 9be clever, be
cunning
NDODQJD-HH:L, 9fry; cf. Sw. kaanga;
see QDQXKD; refl. > OLNDODQJD
-HLRL be troubled by sun and heat
NDODYD-HH:L, 9wash (hands);
NXNDODYDPPDNRQR HHH HHH:L
lit. wash in hands
NDOHZD-HFL, 9SDVget drunk; also
NHOHZD -HFL
NDOLSD-HH:L, 9scold, rebuke; also
GXPD
NDPD-H:L, 9get tied, curdle;
cf.NDPDWD -HH:L mould, NDPXOD
-HH:L seize, NDPLOD -HH:L squeeze
NDPDVD-HFL, 9FDXVgreet; greet
older people by clapping with cupped
hands and say VLDP LL:L; cf.
GLVDODPX cl.10, LPXND, FKL, RPL
H:L P, GDFKL LL I
NDPDWD-HH:L, 9mould; cont. <
NDPD -H:L get tied; cf. XPED,
PXQ\D
NDPHND-HH:L, 9know, understand,
362
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
recognize; QLNDNDPHND LHHL:L I
don’ t know (Neg.Pres.), QLNDNDPHNH
LHLH:L I don’ t understand
(Neg.Perf.); cf. PDOD
NDPLOD-HH:L, 9squeeze; cf. NDPD
-H:L get tied; cf. PLQ\D, NDGD,
FKXNXGXOD
NDPXOD-HH:L, 9seize; cf. NDPD
-H:L get tied; NXQNDPXOD
XPZHQ\H H-H-HLL HH:L to be
made headman, lit. to seize him for
chiefhood
NDQGD-H:L, 9make completely
straight, knead; cf. Q\RND, XGXOD
NDQGLND-HH:L, 9be rotten
NDQGLOD-HH:L, 9eat fish or meat
NDQGLOLGLNDQGLOLLFL/LLFL, E:S2, 1
FFlamp
NDQJD-H:L, 9be scattered abroad
NDQJDGLNDQJDRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1
FFpiece of cloth (worn by
women); cf. Sw. kanga
NDQJDQD-HH:L, 9be astonished, be
surprised; also neut. > NDQJDQLND
-HHH:L; also ODSD
NDQJ¶DQD-H:L, 9hoe (a field); cf.
NXOXZDQ\D, KDQD, OLPD
NDQ\DGLNDQ\DL:L/LL:L, D1:no H, 1
FFmouth; sg. also LNDQ\D LL:L
cl.9c
NDWDSDG\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVprepare,
arrange, put in order, clean; caus. <
NDWDSDOD -HHH:L be good, beautiful
NDWDSDG\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVdecorate;
also OHPED; see prepare
NDWDSDOD-HHH:L, 9be good, be
beautiful; cf. DPERQH P con. good;
cf. caus. > NDWDSDG\D -HHL:L
prepare, arrange, put in order, clean;
cf. FKLNDWDSHOH LLHFL V fin. good,
fine, beautiful
NDYLODLH:L, A:S1/SF?, ,again; also
NXYLOD LH:L; cf. YLOL -RL A two; cf.
XYLOD LFL thus, so, as follows
ND\DGLND\DH:L/LH:L, E:S2, 1FF
homestead, village; cf. NXPD\D\D
LLL:L cl.17
NHGHNHGD-HHH:L, 9be troubled
NHOHZD-HFL, 9SDVget drunk; also
NDOHZD -HFL
NLPELOD-HH:L, 9drink; also NXPELOD
-HH:L
NRFKD-H:L, 9poke into
NRGLG\D-HFL, 9FDXVfind; app. <
NRG\D -FL meet, come across, find
NRGROD-HH:L, 9circumcise; also
NDGROD -HH:L; cf. \DOXND,
QQJDOLEDYDQJDOLED cl.1/2 s.o. who
circumcises
NRG\D-FL, 9FDXVboil, put on fire;
also \DXNLG\D, FKHPXVD boil; cf.
\DXOD, \DXNLOD, WRNRWD, WLQLKD;
see meet
NRG\D-FL, 9FDXVmeet, come across,
find; ass.> NRG\DQD -HFL meet each
other; app.> NRGLG\D -HFL find; see
boil
NRG\DQD-HFL, 9meet each other; ass.
< NRG\D -FL meet; WXQDNRG\DQD
LLLL:L goodbye, we’ ll meet again;
cf. KLPDQD
NRG\RND-HH:L, 9vomit; also
NDG\RND -HH:L, WDSLND
NRKRPROD-HHH:L, 9cough; also
NDKDPROD -HHH:L; cf. NXPXOD
NRNDH:L, A:S1/SF?, ,then, finally, at
the end; if; cf. XND V go away, come
from
NROD-H:L, 9do, receive (sth. out of
s.o.’ s hand); be sharp; cf. WHQGD
NROHG\D-HFL, 9FDXVkindle fire; also
NXPEDQ\D
NRORG\D-HFL, 9FDXVbe enough, be
sufficient; also NDORG\D -HFL; cf.
LQMLSLND
NRORPD-HH:L, 9snore
NRORYD-HH:L, 9stir; cf. Sw. koroga;
cf. NRORZDQ\D, SLQGLNXODQ\D
NRORZDQ\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVturn
round, stir (e.g. in making cassava
porridge); cf. SLQGLNXODQ\D, NRORYD
NRPD-H:L, 9bring to an end
NRPDOD-HH:L, 9be old, healthy and
strong; also NDPDOD -HH:L; cf.
ODPD, NRQJRSDOD, DWDQJX P con.
old, DFKLQ\DNDOD -LLHFL P con. old
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
NRPEROD-HH:L, 9redeem; also
NDPEROD -HH:L
NRPHOD-HH:L, 9drive in (e.g. a nail)
NRPRG\D-HFL, 9FDXVbe hard, be
difficult; also NDPRG\D -HFL,
QRQRSD
NRPROD-HH:L, 9arrive; also NDPROD
-HH:L, KZLND
NRQGD-H:L, 9flourish
NRQJ¶RQD-HH:L, 9strike, beat hard
NRQJRSDOD-HHH:L, 9be old (of
people); also NDQJDSDOD -HHH:L,
NRQJD -H:L; cf. NRPDOD; cf.
DWDQJX P con. old, DFKLQ\DNDOD P
con. old, of past
NRQJRYHOD-HHH:L, 9crow (cock);
also NDQJDYHOD -HHH:L
NRQLG\D-HFL, 9FDXVshut eyes; cf.
NRQD -H:L to sleep
NRQ\HOD-HH:L, 9poke up, put more
wood on fire
NRYD-H:L, 9dish out food (with ladle)
NRYHND-HH:L, 9hang (up); cf. sep. >
NRYRNROD -HHH:L take down sth.
hanging (e.g. dried clothing)
NRYRNROD-HHH:L, 9take down sth.
hanging (e.g. dried clothing); sep. <
NRYHND -HH:L hang up; also
NDYDNROD -HHH:L
NXFKLH:H, 9ILQthat (Compl.); cf. FKL
say; also NXFKLGRQR HHRL
NXFKLGRQRHHRL, 9ILQthat (Compl.);
cf. FKL say; also NXFKL H:H
NXFKLKDQ\DLLL:L, D1:no H, 1
doctor’ s place
NXNDWLLRL, C1:SF, 1room; cf.
FKLQJ¶DWL LH:L cl.7 middle, in the
middle, between, QNDWL LRL within,
in the middle
NXOD-H:L, 9grow, grow up; cf. Sw.
-kua; see NXOXPXND -HHH:L
NXOHKXLH:L, E:S2, $far; NXOHKX
QDNXND\DNZHWX LHL L-LLH RL
far from our home(stead); cf. OHKX
-H:L A long, tall, high, PZDOHKX LFL
I directly
NXOXKD-HFL, 9FDXVhave
miscarriage; cf. nom. XNXOXKD LHFL
363
cl.14 miscarriage; cf. GLQMDKDQJR cl.
-/10; to miscarry: NXYHOHND
PZDQDQNX\D LHHH FL-LFL lit.
bear a child-return
NXOXPXND-HHH:L, 9grow, grow up;
also NXOD -H:L
NXOXQJZD-HFL, B:S1, $big;
QNXOXQJZDYDNXOXQJZD LHFL
cl.1/2 (as nouns: elder),
QNXOXQJZDPLNXOXQJZD LHFL
cl.3/4, LQJ¶XOXQJZDGLQJ¶XOXQJZD
LHFL cl.9/10; cf. WXPEXOD V be big,
be fat; predicative: same tones
NXOXSLG\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVraise s.o.’ s
hopes; caus. < NXOXSLOD -HHH:L
trust s.o., hope
NXOXSLOD-HHH:L, 9trust, hope; also
NXOXSLOLOD -HHHH:L; cf. caus.
NXOXSLG\D -HHL:L raise s.o.’ s hopes
NXOXYD-HH:L, 9glide, trickle, slide
along (esp. water through a channel)
NXOXZDQ\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVhoe (a
cleared area); cf. NDQJ¶DQD, KDQD,
OLPD
NXO\DPEDLH:L, E:S2, 1dawn; cf.
XO\DPED HRL cl.14 morning,
SDO\DPED LH:L cl.16 day after
tomorrow; cf. FKD V dawn,
XPDPEXPEX cl.14 early in the
morning
NXPDQJDLRL, C1:SF, 1coast;
eastern direction; cf. FKLPDQJD LRL
cl.7/- Swahili language, nature
NXPD\D\DLLL:L, D1:no H, 1
village; cf. ND\DGLND\D cl.9c/10c
NXPED-H:L, 9cheat
NXPEDQJD-HH:L, 9incite
NXPEDQ\D-HFL, 9FDXVkindle fire;
also NROHG\D
NXPELOD-HH:L, 9drink; also NLPELOD
-HH:L
NXPEXNLOD-HHH:L, 9remember,
think
NXPEXOD-HH:L, 9invite; inform
NXPEXVD-HFL, 9FDXVremind
NXPHKRLH:L, E:S2, 1face,
front, before; cf. PHKR H:L cl.6 eyes,
SDPHKR LH:L cl.16 publicly; cf.
364
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
PX\R cl.18
NXPLOD-HH:L, 9swallow
NXPLVDWLLLL:L, D1:no H, 1
graveyard
NXPXOD-HH:L, 9cough with force,
groan; cf. NRKRPROD
NXQGDJDODLLL:L, D1:no H, 1
initiation place (bush)
NXQGDQLOD-HHH:L, 9share; cf.
NXQGDQ\D -HFL mix, collect
together
NXQGDQ\D-HFL, 9FDXVmix, collect
together, add; cf. NXQGDQLOD -HHH:L
share
NXQGRQGHLH:L, E:S2, 1lower
parts of Plateau; western direction
(and land located there); cf. QQGRQGH
YDQGRQGH HFL cl.1/2 Ndonde
person, FKLQGRQGH HFL cl.7 Ndonde
dialect, nature
NXQJD-H:L, 9collect, gather together
NXQJXOXND-HHH:L, 9talk, converse;
also ORQMHOD
NXQJXPLND-HHH:L, 9respect, obey;
cf. OLPXND
NXQMD-H:L, 9fold; cf. Sw. -kunja
NXSXOD-HH:L, 9singe
NXWD-H:L, 9cry; cf. OLOD
NXWXOD-HHH:L, 9rob, take by force;
also GRGRPD, SRNRQ\ROD,
SDNDQ\ROD
NXYD-H:L, 9draw a line
NXYDOD-HH:L, 9stub oneself (esp. toe)
NXYLODLH:L, A:S1/SF?, ,again; also
NDYLOD LH:L I; cf. YLOL -RL A two; cf.
XYLOD LFL thus, so, as follows
NXZD-H:L, 9pluck (fowl)
NZDFKLRL, C1:SF, ,where; question
phrase-finally: FH NZDFKL FH; cf.
FKL V say
NZDNLHH-, 3at one’ s place; followed
by a name of a person, title or kinship
term: NZDNLPDULDPX HH LLH:L at
Mariamu’ s; cf. NZDQJD
NZDOLH:L, A:S1/SF?, ,perhaps, maybe,
I don’ t know; probably an old form
derived from an irregular verb `to be’
which consists of a locative prefix
followed by OL, cf. SDOL -H:L V; cf.
SDQML P
NZDPD-H:L, 9urinate
NZDQJD-H:L, 9scrape off, peel; cf.
SDODWD, SXNXVXOD
NZDQJDHH-, 3at the persons’ place;
followed by names of persons, titles
or kinship terms (of more than one
person): NZDQJDYDQWDQGD HH
HHFL at the Vantanda’ s; cf. NZDNL
NZHOD-H:L, 9climb, ascend; cf.
GDPLOD
NZLFKDNZLFKD-HHH:L, 9UHG
sharpen (knife); cf. WHPD
NZLQD-H:L, 9be erect
/
ODGXND-HH:L, 9be flat (of taste)
ODG\D-FL, 9FDXVspread, lay down;
caus. < ODOD -H:L lie down; cf. YLND
ODJD-H:L, 9be afflicted, be
discomforted; cf. ODJDVD -HFL
afflict; cf. EDQLND
ODJDVD-HFL, 9FDXVafflict; cf. ODJD
-H:L be afflicted, EDQD
ODLOD-HH:L, 9take leave of, bid
farewell
ODOD-H:L, 9lie down, go to bed; also
GDPD; cf. caus. ODG\D -FL spread,
lay down; OLGLOLODOD RL LH:L not
being able to speak, lit. the voice
which lies down
ODOHKD-HFL, 9FDXVbe sweet (taste)
ODPD-H:L, 9recover; live/exist long;
cf. caus. ODP\D -FL cure; cf. nom.
XODPD LH:L cl.14 life; cf. act.-pos.
ODPDOD -HH:L be handicapped; cf.
NRPDOD, NRQJRSDOD
ODPDOD-HH:L, 9be handicapped;
act.-pos. < ODPD -H:L recover
ODPED-H:L, 9lick
ODPELOD-HH:L, 9deceive, lie; cf. refl.
OLODPELOD -HLRL pretend
ODP\D-FL, 9FDXVcure; caus. < ODPD
-H:L recover
ODQJD-H:L, 9rear, breed, keep in
confinement
ODQJDOD-HH:L, 9be light; also
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
ODQJXOD -HH:L
ODQJXG\D-HFL, 9FDXVshow; cf. XVD
ODQJXOD-HH:L, 9be light; also
ODQJDOD -HH:L
ODQLND-H:L, 9curse
ODSD-H:L, 9be astonished, be
surprised; also NDQJDQD
ODSDWD-HH:L, 9ripen; cf. XOD, KXQD
ODSLOLOD-HHH:L, 9kill at a distance
(witchcraft)
ODXND-HH:L, 9turn
ODYDQ\D-HFL, 9FDXVlie; cf.
QDQNDODYDQ\DDFKDQDQNDODYDQ\D
LLLLFL/LHLLLLFL cl.1a/2A+ liar
OHJH\D-HH:L, 9be loose; cf. Sw.
legea; also ODJH\D -HH:L; see
OXJXVD
OHKX-H:L, E:S2, $long, tall, high;
QQHKXPLOHKX LH:L cl.3/4, LQGHKX
GLQGHKX LH:L/E cl.9/10; cf. NXOHKX
QD LH:L (L) far (from), PZDOHKX
LFL I directly; predicative: same
tones
OHND-H:L, 9leave, leave behind, stop
doing sth.; QJXOHND LLL nor, lit. I
stop (doing it); cf. OHNHOHOD -HHH:L
omit, neglect, OHNDQLOD -HHH:L be
different
OHNDQLOD-HHH:L, 9be different; cf.
OHND -H:L leave, OHNHOHOD -HHH:L
omit, neglect
OHNHOHOD-HHH:L, 9omit, neglect,
leave (in a certain condition); app.+
app. < OHND -H:L leave; cf. OHNDQLOD
-HHH:L be different
OHOD-H:L, 9rear (a child)
OHOHND-HH:L, 9be obedient
OHPED-H:L, 9decorate; also
NDWDSDG\D; see get ripe, put
medicine..., write
OHPED-H:L, 9ripen (of papaya,
mango, not of banana); see put
medicine..., decorate, write
OHPED-H:L, 9write; also \DQGLND;
see get ripe, put medicine..., decorate
OHPED-H:L, 9put medicine on wound
with finger; see get ripe, decorate,
write
365
OHPEHOD-HH:L, 9want, like, desire,
wish, look for; also ODPEHOD -HH:L;
cf. WDPZD; app. OHPEHOHOD -HHH:L
look for; welcome: QDNXOHPEHOD
XLGHNXND\D LLLLL LLL HFL lit. I
wish you to come home
OHPEHOHOD-HHH:L, 9look for; also
ODPEHOHOD -HHH:L; app. < OHPEHOD
-HH:L want, like, etc., look for; cf.
WDKD, OROHKD
OHPEXOD-HH:L, 9mock, ridicule,
gossip
OHPZD-FL, B:S1, $idle; QQHPZD
PLOHPZD LFL cl.3/4, LQGHPZD
GLQGHPZD LFL cl.9/10; cf. nom.
XOHPZD LFL cl.14 idleness, laziness;
cf. OLVLQJD V be idle; predicative:
same tones
OHQJD-H:L, 9slice; harvest (cassava)
OHSD-H:L, 9be long; also OHSHOHOD
-HHH:L, ODSHOHOD -HHH:L; cf. OHKX
-H:L A long, tall
OHYD-H:L, 9fail, make mistake, miss
OLEDGDQJ¶DPDEDGDQJ¶DLHFL, B:S1,
1head (esp. of animals)
OLEDNDPDEDNDLRL, C1:SF, 1wall
OLEDQGDPDEDQGDLRL, C1:SF, 1
house (big, with square roof); cf.
LQJ¶DQGHGLQJ¶DQGH cl.9/10,
LQ\XPEDGLQ\XPED cl.9/10
OLELEXPDELEXLRL, C1:SF, 1
cashew apple
OLERQJRPDERQJRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
foetus
OLEXGDPDEXGDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
field (without yield)
OLEXGDPDEXGDLFL, B:S1, 1cheek
OLEXODQJHWLPDEXODQJHWLLLLH:L,
E:S2, 1blanket
OLFKHKHPDFKHKHLRL, C1:SF, 1
type of storage of produce (plaited of
grass)
OLFKHODPDFKHODLFL, B:S1, 1
harvest time; also QFKHODPLFKHOD
LFL cl.3/4
OLFKHOHODPDFKHOHODLLRL, C1:SF, 1
wildcat sp.
OLFKLOLQJDQ\D-HHLL:L, 9UHIOFDXV
366
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
protect against evil
OLFKLQGDFKLQGDPDFKLQGDFKLQGD
LHHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1young child
OLFKLQJDPDFKLQJDLFL, B:S1, 1
mountain
OLFKXQJZDPDFKXQJZDLFL, B:S1, 1
orange
OLGD-FL, B:S1, 3which; DOLGD LFL
cl.1, XOLGD LFL cl.3, LOLGD LFL cl.9;
question phrase-finally: FH;
predicative: same tones
OLGDPELPDGDPELLRL, C1:SF, 1
worn piece of clothing
OLGHQJRPDGHQJRLRL, C1:SF, 1
work; cf. GHQJD V build; NXWHQGD
OLGHQJRPDGHQJR LHH HH:L to
work, lit. to do work
OLGLPDOLGLRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1
voice
OLGLOD-HRL, 9UHIOscream (until
exhaustion); cf. Q\RNRQ\D
OLGLQJLORPDGLQJLORLLRL, C1:SF, 1
rope for building
OLGRRL, C1:SF, 1yesterday
OLGXYDPDGXYDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
sun, day (daytime); OLGXYDNXVZD
LHL H:L all day long
OLHQJD-HRL, 9UHIOcongeal
OLIXQGLVD-HHL:L, 9UHIOFDXVlearn; <
Sw. -jifundisha; refl. < IXQGLVD -HFL
teach; see OL\HG\D; cf. OLKXQGD
OLIXQJXPDIXQJXLFL, B:S1, 1
bundle, bunch; cf. Sw. fungu; see
FKLWXYLYLWXYL cl.7/8, FKLKDYLKD
cl.7/8
OLJRPDPDJRPDLRL, C1:SF, 1
drum; cf. Sw. ngoma
OLJXPDPDJXPDLH:L, E:S2, 1
field which has not been cultivated in
the right way
OLJZDPEXPDJZDPEXLFL, B:S1, 1
banana bark
OLKD-FL, 9FDXVfeed, make eat; also
OLVD -FL; caus. < O\D eat
OLKDKDPDQJDPDKDKDPDQJDLLLRL,
C1:SF, 1hair (of back)
OLKDKLPDKDKLLRL, C1:SF, 1
leaves of maize cob
OLKDODPDKDODLRL, C1:SF, 1field
which has been cultivated twice in
succession
OLKDODZHPDKDODZHLLL:L, D1:no H, 1
anvil
OLKDPEDPDKDPEDLRL, C1:SF, 1
leaf; cf. QDPDKDPED LHFL cl.1a
snake sp. (big, green)
OLKDPHPDKDPHLH:L, E:S2, 1
abandoned homestead
OLKDQJDKLLLRL, C1:SF, 1"white
soil
OLKDQJDZLODLHHL:L, B:S1, 1"
crowd of celebrating people;
SDOLKDQJDZLOD LLHHL:L cl.16+5
place of gathering during celebrations
OLKDQMDPDKDQMDLL:L, D1:no H, 1
pot (for cooking); also FKLWHOHNR
YLWHOHNR, FKLWDOHNRYLWDOHNR cl.7/8
OLKLFKLPDKLFKLLRL, C1:SF, 1
stump, trunk of a fallen tree
OLKLNXPDKLNXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
day (24 h); also OLVLNXPDVLNX LH:L
cl.5/6
OLKLQGDPDKLQGDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
honey comb
OLKLQGLOLPDKLQGLOLLHFL, B:S1, 1
cooking stone
OLKLQJD-HRL, 9UHIObathe oneself;
refl. < KLQJD -H:L bathe
OLKL\HPDKL\HLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
locust; also
OLSDODQJXODPDSDODQJXOD cl.5/6,
QDPSDODQJXOD cl.1a
OLKRPHKRH:L, A:S1/SF, 1eye; sg.
also OLVR H:L; evil eye: OLKR
OXNXOXQJZD HL LHFL, lit. big eye,
OLKRO\DNXPDZHOX HL H-LLH:L lit.
eye of outside
OLKRKRPDKRKRLFL, B:S1, 1
wild-dog (Sw. mbwamwitu)
OLKRNDPDKRNDLRL, C1:SF, 1
spirit (ancestral)
OLKRQJDPDKRQJDLH:L, E:S2, 1
wooden arrow
OLKRQJRPDKRQJRLH:L, E:S2, 1
arrow shaft
OLKRQMHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1"millet sp.;
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
full name: QWDPDZDOLKRQMH LHL
H-LH:L
OLKRQ\RPDKRQ\RLFL, B:S1, 1
ant-hill
OLKXODPDKXODLH:L, E:S2, 1rag
OLKXQGD-HRL, 9UHIOlearn (to behave
with respect and dignity); refl. <
KXQGD -H:L teach; cf. OL\HG\D,
OLIXQGLVD
OLKXQGHPDKXQGHLRL, C1:SF, 1
cloud
OLKXQLNRPDKXQLNRLLRL, C1:SF, 1
cover; nom. < KXQLND V cover
OLKXWDPDKXWDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
oil; sg. used for oil from animals
OLKZDQJ¶DQLG\D-HHLL:L, 9
UHIOFDXVsmear; also OLSDNDOD
OLMDPDQGDPDMDPDQGDLLFL, E:S2, 1
sifting basket (round, small)
OLMLNRPDMLNRLRL, C1:SF, 1
fireplace; cf. Sw. jiko; see
FKLZXOLYLZXOL cl.7/8
OLND-H:L, 9be worn out
OLNDEXOLPDNDEXOLLHFL, B:S1, 1
grave; < Sw. kaburi; see
OLWHPEHPDWHPEH cl.5/6
OLNDKLPDNDKLLFL, B:S1, 1outer
covering (of trees (= bark), plants,
animals); OLNDKLO\¶XQ\HGL LHL
HH:L snail shell
OLNDODPDNDODLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
charcoal
OLNDODODPDNDODODLHFL, B:S1, 1
sifting basket (long)
OLNDODQJD-HLRL, 9UHIOget hold of
oneself
OLNDPEDQJRKLPDNDPEDQJRKL
LLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1bark of
Christmas tree
OLNDQGHPDNDQGHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
sleeping mat; also OLNDQGL
PDNDQGL LH:L cl.5/6; cf. O\DPEL
PDO\DPEL cl.5/6+
OLNDQGRPDNDQGRLRL, C1:SF, 1
unfermented beer (start of final stage
in preparation of beer)
OLNDQJDODPDNDQJDODLLRL, C1:SF, 1
ceiling
367
OLNDVDXOD-HHLRL, 9UHIOwash
private parts (women)
OLNRFKRPDNRFKRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
type of trap (rope, to trap bigger
animals)
OLNRORLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1"mother, i.e.
having given birth (esp. animals)
OLNRQGHPDNRQGHLRL, C1:SF, 1
desert area (without water); cf.
PPDNRQGHYDPDNRQGH LHFL cl.1/2
Makonde person, FKLPDNRQGH LHFL
cl.7 Makonde language, nature
OLNRQJ¶ZHPDNRQJ¶ZHLL:L, D1:no H,
1pumpkin sp. (watery)
OLNRWHPDNRWHLRL, C1:SF, 1dip
(in terrain)
OLNRZHPDNRZHLRL, C1:SF, 1
partridge sp.
OLNXODPELODLLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
type of food (rice with watery
pumpkin sp.)
OLNXOHPDNXOHLFL, B:S1, 1rat; sg.
also QNXOH LFL cl.3
OLNXOXNXOXPDNXOXNXOXLHHH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1field which has been
cultivated more than three times in
succession; (cultivation usually ends
after four crops)
OLNXPEDWXPDNXPEDWXLLRL, C1:SF,
1foot
OLNXPELPDNXPELLRL, C1:SF, 1
initiation rites (boys)
OLNXPELODPDNXPELODLHFL, B:S1, 1
water lemon; cf. NXPELOD V
drink
OLNXPLPDNXPLLRL, C1:SF, 1ten;
PDNXPLPDYLOL LHH LRL twenty,
PDNXPLOLNXPL LHH LRL hundred
OLNXQGLPDNXQGLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
crowd, company, group; cf. Sw.
kundi; see OLNXZDPDNXZD cl.5/6
OLNXQJZDPDNXQJZDLL:L, D1:no H,
1type of drum (big); dance (to
remember the deceased)
OLNXQJZLPDNXQJZLLRL, C1:SF, 1
type of storage of produce; cf.
LQJ¶RNZHGLQJ¶RNZH cl.9/10
OLNXWLPDNXWLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
368
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
type of drum (big, esp. used at boy’ s
initiation)
OLNXWXPDNXWXLRL, C1:SF, 1ear
OLNXWXNXWXPDNXWXNXWXLLHFL, E:S2,
1mischievous child; also
OLYHOXPDYHOX cl.5/6
OLNXZDPDNXZDLFL, B:S1, 1
crowd, company, group; also OLNXQGL
PDNXQGL cl.5/6
OLNZDQGDPDNZDQGDLRL, C1:SF, 1
scar
OLNZDWLPDNZDWLLRL, C1:SF, 1
leaves of maize plant
OLNZLNZLPDNZLNZLLRL, C1:SF, 1
eyebrow
OLOD-H:L, 9cut navel string; cry
OLODODPDODODLRL, C1:SF, 1wild
date tree
OLODPELOD-HLRL, 9UHIOpretend; refl.
< ODPELOD -HH:L deceive; cf. WZHVD
OLODQJDPDODQJDLRL, C1:SF, 1
wasteland (grass, few trees)
OLODXOD-HRL, 9UHIOeat first products
of new crop
OLODYD-HRL, 9UHIOget up early
OLOHKDPDOHKDLRL, C1:SF, 1
feather, hair (on legs)
OLOHPDPDOHPDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
bat
OLOHQJDPDOHQJDLRL, C1:SF, 1
stem
OLORGDPDORGDLRL, C1:SF, 1
wildcat sp.
OLORPEHPDORPEHLH:L, E:S2, 1
maize
OLORQMHGLPDORQMHGLLLRL, C1:SF, 1
saying; nom. < ORQMHOD V talk,
converse
OLORYHPDORYHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
word; cf. QDPDORYH LHRL cl.9a echo
OLOXQGLPDOXQGLLH:L, E:S2, 1
knee
OLOXWXPDOXWXLFL, B:S1, 1rat sp.
OLOZHGRPDOZHGRLH:L, E:S2, 1
earthworm
OLPD-H:L, 9cultivate; cf. nom.
QNXOLPDYDNXOLPD LHFL cl.1/2
farmer; cf. NDQJ¶DQD, KDQD,
NXOXZDQ\D
OLPEHQGHPDPEHQGHLH:L, E:S2, 1
skin
OLPELG\D-HFL, 9FDXVforbid, refuse
s.o.
OLPHL:L, D1:no H, 1dew
OLPXND-HH:L, 9behave with respect,
dignity; cf. NXQJXPLND
OLQDPDOLQDH:L/LH:L, B:S1, 1
name
OLQDGLPDQDGLLH:L, E:S2, 1skin
of coconut
OLQGD-H:L, 9wait
OLQGLPD-HH:L, 9make a loud noise;
thunder; cf. YDOXOD
OLQGLPXND-HHH:L, 9begin, start; cf.
WDQGLOLND
OLQGXQ\DPDQGXQ\DLH:L, E:S2, 1
blunt cutting tool
OLQJD-H:L, 9try, attempt
OLQJRQJRPDQJRQJRLL:L, D1:no H, 1
type of fence
OLQJRWLPDQJRWLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
type of QGLPX dance
OLQJXQJZDPDQJXQJZDLH:L, E:S2, 1
skin of calabash; cf. FKLQJXQJZD
YLQJXQJZD LH:L cl.7/8
OLQJXQJZHPDQJXQJZHLH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1bow; also
XSLQGHPDSLQGH cl.14/6
OLQJXSDPDQJXSDLRL, C1:SF, 1
centipede sp.
OLQJZDODQJZDQMDPDQJZDODQJZDQMD
LLLH:L, E:S2, 1type of dance
(esp. initiation); also
FKLQJZDODQJZDQMD
YLQJZDODQJZDQMD LLLH:L cl.7/8
OLQJZDQJXODPDQJZDQJXODLLFL,
E:S2, 1lizard
OLQJZHOHPDQJZHOHLH:L, E:S2, 1
monkey (Sw. nyani)
OLQRPHQRH:L, A:S1/SF, 1tooth
OLQRKDPDQRKDLFL, B:S1, 1liver
OLQRZD-HRL, 9UHIObe proud of
oneself, boast; refl. < QRZD -H:L be
sweet, pleasant
OLQ\LQGZDPDQ\LQGZDHRL, C2:H.SF,
1tomato
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
OLSD-H:L, 9pay
OLSDGDQJRPDSDGDQJRLLRL, C1:SF,
1door post
OLSDKXPDSDKXLRL, C1:SF, 1
lungs
OLSDNDOD-HLRL, 9UHIOsmear; also
OLKZDQJ¶DQLG\D
OLSDODQJXODPDSDODQJXODLLLRL,
C1:SF, 1locust; nom. <
SDODQJXOD V hop; also
QDPSDODQJXOD LLLLRL cl.1a; also
OLKL\HPDKL\H cl.5/6
OLSDPEDPDSDPEDLH:L, E:S2, 1
fear, doubt
OLSDSDPDSDSDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
potsherd
OLSDSDLPDSDSDLLHFL, B:S1, 1
papaya
OLSDWHODPDSDWHODLLFL, E:S2, 1
brown snake sp. (big, colours white,
black and yellow)
OLSHODPDSHODLFL, B:S1, 1guava
OLSHOHNRPDSHOHNRLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
medicine; nom. < SHOHND V do
witchcraft; cf. QWHODPLWHOD cl.3/4
OLSHOHSHQGHPDSHOHSHQGHLHHH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1grass sp.
OLSHOHSHQGHPDSHOHSHQGHLHHH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1cockroach
OLSHQHVLPDSHQHVLLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
jack-fruit
OLSHQJDPDSHQJDLH:L, E:S2, 1
horn, whistle; NZRPEDOLSHQJD HH
HFL to blow the horn
OLSLNXPDSLNXLRL, C1:SF, 1type
of QGLPX dance
OLSLOLPDSLOLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
adder
OLSLQGD-HRL, 9UHIOcrouch; refl. <
SLQGD -H:L bend
OLSLQGLPDSLQGLLRL, C1:SF, 1
loin-cloth
OLSLQMLLRL, C1:SF, 1half, part,
portion
OLSLQMLPDSLQMLLHL, A:S1/SF, 1
banana tree; no lengthening of
penultimate vowel
OLSLWLKXPDSLWLKXLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
369
stomach
OLSRQGRPDSRQGRLRL, C1:SF, 1
hole (in sth., e.g. in the ground)
OLSRVDPDSRVDLL:L, D1:no H, 1
snuff (of tobacco); cf. WRQD V take a
snuff (tobacco)
OLSRWHPDSRWHLFL, B:S1, 1boil,
abscess
OLSXKLPDSXKLLRL, C1:SF, 1
millet ear
OLSXQJRLRL, C1:SF, 1wind; cf.
SXQJD V blow (of wind); also
PSDSDPLSDSD cl.3/4
OLSXWLODPDSXWLODLLFL, E:S2, 1
type of trap (rope, to trap small bush
animals)
OLSZHOHOD-HLRL, 9UHIObe restless,
feel uncomfortable; also OLSZDOHOD
-HLRL
OLS\DQGDPDS\DQGDLFL, B:S1, 1
afterbirth
OLVDQMHPDVDQMHLRL, C1:SF, 1
musical instrument (tin with stone
isnide and stick pierced through)
OLVLQJD-HRL, 9UHIOremain idle; cf.
OHPZD A idle
OLVXYHOHLHFL, B:S1, 1measles
OLWDPEDPDWDPEDLFL, B:S1, 1
bean sp. (big)
OLWDPEZHPDWDPEZHLL:L, D1:no H,
1fog, mist, haze
OLWDQGDPDWDQGDLFL, B:S1, 1
lake, pool; cf. FKLKXNRYLKXNR cl.7/8
OLWDQGHKXPDWDQGHKXLHFL, B:S1, 1
bee sp.
OLWDQJ¶XQLORPDWDQJ¶XQLORLHHH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1molar tooth; cf.
WDQJ¶XQD V chew
OLWDQRPDWDQRLRL, C1:SF, 1lid
(of pot)
OLWDSD-HRL, 9UHIOboast; also WDSD
-H:L
OLWDWROLPDWDWROLLLFL, E:S2, 1
gruel; also QNDQJRKXPLNDQJRKX
cl.3/4
OLWDZDPDWDZDLFL, B:S1, 1clan,
ethnic group
OLWHPEHPDWHPEHLRL, C1:SF, 1
370
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
grave; also OLNDEXOLPDNDEXOL cl.5/6
OLWHQGHPDWHQGHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
water pot (big)
OLWHQJDPDWHQJDLRL, C1:SF, 1
type of basket (huge, tall)
OLWHQJHPDWHQJHLL:L, D1:no H, 1
type of dance (to remember the
deceased)
OLWHSRPDWHSRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
trunk
OLWHVDPDWHVDLL:L, D1:no H, 1
opportunity, space
OLWHWHOHPDWHWHOHLHFL, B:S1, 1hut
for girls during initiation rites
OLWHZHLH:L, E:S2, 1initiates
(returning from bush)
OLWLNLWLPDWLNLWLLHFL, B:S1, 1
calabash bottle; cf. OXWLNLWLGLQLNLWL
LHFL cl.11/10 calabash plant; cf.
FKLQJXQJZDYLQJXQJZD cl.7/8; cf.
LQGXPEDGLQGXPED cl.9/10
OLWLPEHPDWLPEHLL:L, D1:no H, 1
field (near a valley, where rice is
planted)
OLWLPEZLVLLLH:L, E:S2, 1sandy
ground
OLWLQMLPDWLQMLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
pumpkin fruit
OLWRNRPDWRNRLFL, B:S1, 1
testicle; also FKLWRNRYLWRNR LFL
cl.7/8, LQRQJRGLQRQJR cl.9/10
OLWRSHPDWRSHLRL, C1:SF, 1mud
OLWXNXPDWXNXLRL, C1:SF, 1
blister
OLWXNXWDPDWXNXWDLLRL, C1:SF, 1
heat of body
OLWXPED-HRL, 9UHIOprepare oneself
to do sth. which needs strength
OLWXPERPDWXPERLRL, C1:SF, 1
abdomen; cf. Sw. tumbo; see SDQWLPD
cl.16
OLWXQJXWXQJXPDWXQJXWXQJXLHHH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1banana flower
OLWXSDPDWXSDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
dead root (found when clearing a
field)
OLWXSDPDWXSDLRL, C1:SF, 1huge
object (person, animal, thing, etc.)
OLWXWXQJDLLRL, C1:SF, 1dust
OLWZDODPDWZDODLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
abduction (of a woman); sg.
nowadays: the name of the bride
during the first week; pl. those living
in another place after marriage
OLWZDOLKD-HHL:L, 9UHIOFDXVhide
oneself; refl., caus. < WZDOD -H:L
take
OLWZHQHPDWZHQHLFL, B:S1, 1
drop
OLXRL, C1:SF, 1ashes
OLXNXPDXNXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1owl
sp.
OLXPLPDXPLLRL, C1:SF, 1frog
sp. (big, living in mud, edible)
OLXZDPDXZDLRL, C1:SF, 1
flower; cf. Sw. ua; also OLZXZD
PDZXZD LRL; see LQGXYDGLQGXYD
cl.9/10
OLYDODPDYDODLH:L, E:S2, 1
shoulder
OLYDOLOD-HHH:L, 9forget sth. or s.o.;
also OXYDOLOD -HHH:L
OLYDQJDPDYDQJDLRL, C1:SF, 1
mark of a wound or injury
OLYDQJDPDYDQJDLH:L, E:S2, 1
mushroom sp. (in the bush)
OLYDQXPDYDQXLRL, C1:SF, 1
arrow barb
OLYDWD-HH:L, 9tread on, put food on;
also OXYDWD -HH:L; cf. OLYDWD
PDYDWD LRL cl.5/6 tread
OLYDWDPDYDWDLRL, C1:SF, 1tread;
cf. OLYDWD V tread on
OLYDYLPDYDYLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
caterpillar
OLYHOHPDYHOHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
breast (female); see milk
OLYHOXPDYHOXLRL, C1:SF, 1
mischievous child; also OLNXWXNXWX
PDNXWXNXWX cl.5/6
OLYLODPDYLODLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
twin
OLYLPED-HRL, 9UHIOwrap around;
refl. < YLPED -H:L thatch; swell
OLZDQJZDPDZDQJZDLH:L, A:S1/SF,
1bone
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
OLZRQGRPDZRQGRLRL, C1:SF, 1
bark cloth
OL\DPLOLOD-HHLRL, 9UHIOdefend
oneself; cf. \DPLOD -HH:L slap off
OL\DQGDPD\DQGDLRL, C1:SF, 1
palm (of hand)
OL\DQJDPD\DQJDLFL, B:S1, 1
stone
OL\HPD\HRL, C1:SF, 1egg; also
OLLPDLOL\LPD\L RL cl.5/6
OL\HG\D-HFL, 9UHIOFDXVlearn; refl.
< \HG\D -FL taste; imitate; refresh;
also OLIXQGLVD; cf. OLKXQGD
OL\HPEHPD\HPEHLRL, C1:SF, 1
hoe (small)
OL\HQLPD\HQLLRL, C1:SF, 1gift,
present; cf. QQ\HQLYD\HQL LRL cl.1/2
guest, stranger
OL\RQJRPD\RQJRLRL, C1:SF, 1
reason, cause; cf. LQJ¶DQ\D cl.9/-,
PDLND I
OL\RQMRPD\RQMRLH:L, E:S2, 1
broken thing, potsherd
OL\XYD-HRL, 9UHIOchange skin, peel
OL\XZXPD\XZXLH:L, E:S2, 1
skin of snake
ORG\D-FL, 9FDXVbe directed towards,
face the opposite; caus. < OROD -H:L
look at
ORKD-FL, 9FDXVcause to dream, talk
while dreaming
ORNRWDQ\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVmake s.o.
look a fool (by witchcraft); cf.
SHOHND, ORZD; see harvest pumpkins
ORNRWDQ\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVharvest
pumpkins, water lemons, cucumbers;
see befool
OROD-H:L, 9look at; cf.OROHKD -HFL
look for, ORG\D -FL be directed
towards, ORODQD -HH:L move fro and
to (eyes); cf. FKLORORYLOROR HRL/LL:L
cl.7/8 mirror
ORODQD-HH:L, 9move to and fro (of
eyes); ass. < OROD -H:L look at
OROHKD-HFL, 9FDXVlook for, search;
caus. < OROD -H:L look at; also WDKD;
cf.OROHKLG\D -HHL:L observe, notice;
cf. OHPEHOD, OHPEHOHOD
371
OROHKLG\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVobserve,
notice; appl. < OROHKD -HFL look for,
search; cf. WXPED
ORORPD-HH:L, 9grumble, speak in
oneself; also WRQJRGLND
ORPED-H:L, 9marry (of man); cf.
ORPEZD -FL marry of woman;
QNXORPEDYDNXORPED LHFL cl.1/2
bridegroom
ORPEROHOD-HHH:L, 9applaud,
recommend sth.
ORPEZD-FL, 9SDVmarry (of woman);
pas. < ORPED -H:L marry of man;
QNXORPEZDYDNXORPEZD LHFL
cl.1/2 bride
ORQGD-H:L, 9be true, be effective
(medicine)
ORQGROD-HH:L, 9follow; reap; also
ODQGROD -HH:L; cf. SDSDWD
ORQJD-H:L, 9sue; cf. ass. ORQJDQD
-HH:L reclaim
ORQJDQD-HH:L, 9reclaim; ass. <
ORQJD -H:L sue; see accompany
ORQJDQD-HH:L, 9accompany; see
reclaim
ORQJROHG\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVsend on in
advance, put forward; caus. <
ORQJROHOD -HHH:L guide
ORQJROHOD-HHH:L, 9guide, go ahead;
cf. caus. ORQJROHG\D -HHL:L put
forward
ORQMHOD-HH:L, 9talk, converse; cf.
Sw. -ongea; cf.nom. > OLORQMHGL
PDORQMHGL LLRL cl.5/6 saying; see
NXQJXOXND
ORSROD-HH:L, 9grope about; also
ODSROD -HH:L
ORWD-H:L, 9dream
ORYD-H:L, 9get wet, be soaked
ORYHOD-HH:L, 9wither
ORZD-H:L, 9practice witchcraft,
bewitch; cf. SHOHND, ORNRWDQ\D
OXED-H:L, 9rave
OXEDGLOLGLEDGLOLLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
Famulet (Sw. talasimu)
OXFKHFKHGLQ\HFKHLFL, B:S1, 1
stalk (of the smaller kind of grains)
OXFKL\DGLQ\L\DLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
372
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
root
OXGRGRPDGRGRLH:L, E:S2, 1leg
OXJXVD-HFL, 9FDXVbe loose; also
OHJH\D, ODJH\D, \HJH\D; cf.
JXOXJXVD -HHL:L fail (after
promise)
OXKDOHORGLKDOHORLLRL, C1:SF, 1
valley; cf. OXKXQGHGLKXQGH
cl.11/10
OXKHQJRGLKHQJRLRL, C1:SF, 1
passage (e.g. through a forest)
OXKLFKLGLKLFKLLRL, C1:SF, 1
house post
OXKLPRGLKLPRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
song; also OXKLPXGLKLPX
LH:L cl.11/10
OXKLPXGLKLPXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
song; also OXKLPRGLKLPR
LH:L cl.11/10
OXKROHGLKROHLRL, C1:SF, 1
uncleared space in field
OXKXQGHGLKXQGHLRL, C1:SF, 1
valley, river; cf. OXKDOHORGLKDOHOR
cl.11/10
OXND-H:L, 9twist, plait; cf. SRWD,
SRSRWD
OXNDORQJRGLQJ¶DORQJRLLRL, C1:SF,
1throat
OXNDVXGLQJ¶DVXLFL, B:S1, 1
calabash (for eating)
OXNRGLQMXNRRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1
ladle, spoon
OXNRPEHGLQJ¶RPEHLFL, B:S1, 1
fingernail
OXNRSHGLQJ¶RSHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
eyelash
OXNRWRHFL, B:S1, 1afterwards,
later
OXNRXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1lust,
desire; cf. LKLNLGLGLKLNLGL cl.9/10,
WDPD cl.9c/OXNXNXWXGLQJ¶XNXWXLHH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1snake sp. (long,
brown)
OXNXPELGLQJ¶XPELLL:L, D1:no H, 1
assembly, court; NXSHOHNHG\D
PDORYHNXOXNXPEL LHHLL HHL
LLL:L to accuse, lit. to send words to
the assembly, court
OXNXQGXGLQJ¶XQGXLFL, B:S1, 1
private part
OXNXQLGLQJ¶XQLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
firewood; cf.
OXZDODKDQMLGLPEZDODKDQML cl.11/10
OXNZHGRLH:L, E:S2, 1pain while
urinating; cf. PDNZHGR LFL cl. -/6
urine
OXNZHNZHGLQJ¶ZHNZHLH:L, E:S2, 1
weed
OXOHPERGLQHPERLFL, B:S1, 1
notch in face (as decoration)
OXOLPLGLQGLPLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
tongue
OXORPRGLQGRPRLRL, C1:SF, 1
sting, beak
OXOXWD-HH:L, 9scream (shrill scream)
OXPD-H:L, 9bite; cf. OXPLOD -HH:L
eat fryed fish or roasted meat...
OXPDGLQGXPDRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1
crack
OXPED-H:L, 9mention name of the
clan when hitting the animal (while
hunting); also app. OXPELOD -HH:L;
cf. OXPEDWD -HH:L hunt, aim
OXPEDWD-HH:L, 9hunt (with a sling),
aim (with shooting, throwing); cf.
OXPED -H:L, OXPELOD -HH:L
OXPLOD-HH:L, 9eat fryed fish or
roasted meat without steaming
(ugali/soup); cf. OXPD -H:L bite
OXPXND-HH:L, 9break (tr., small
things, e.g. utensils); cf. OXPXOD
-HH:L, WXPEXND
OXPXOD-HH:L, 9break (tr., small
things, e.g. utensils); cf. OXPXND
-HH:L, WXPEXOD
OXQGDRL, C1:SF, 1right, justice
OXQGDQ\D-HFL, 9FDXVpile up; cf.
EXOLND
OXQJDGLQMXQJDRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1
infant (between 2 and 6 months
old)
OXQJXGXOD-HHH:L, 9show a
disapproving sign with mouth
OXSDPEDKLGLPDPEDKLLHFL, B:S1, 1
millet stalk
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
OXSDSDGLPDSDLRL, C1:SF, 1
wing
OXSHKXGLPHKXLH:L, E:S2, 1
straw (for drinking beer, unfermented
drink)
OXSHPEHGLPHPEHLFL, B:S1, 1
horn
OXSHQXGLPHQXLRL, C1:SF, 1
verandah, place before a house
OXSLL:L, D1:no H, 1darkness
OXSLDGLPLDLFL, B:S1, 1money
(formerly rupee)
OXSLSLGLPLSLLFL, B:S1, 1spike
(used with hoes to fix the blade to the
handle)
OXSRORSRQGRGLPRORSRQGRLLLRL,
C1:SF, 1ditch
OXSXSXVRGLPXSXVRLLL:L, D1:no H,
1type of trap (rope, to trap e.g.
klipspringers)
OXSZDZDGLPZDZDLFL, B:S1, 1
ladle (for gravy)
OXWDPERGLQDPERLRL, C1:SF, 1
trap
OXWDQRGLQDQRLRL, C1:SF, 1
story; also QWDQRPLWDQR LRL cl.3/4;
also OXWDQXGLQDQX LRL cl.11/10;
NXWDQDOXWDQR LHH HH:L to tell a
story
OXWDYLGLQDYLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
branch
OXWLNLWLGLQLNLWLLHFL, B:S1, 1
calabash plant; cf. OLWLNLWLPDWLNLWL
LHFL cl.5/6 calabash bottle
OXWRQGRORGLQRQGRORLLRL, C1:SF, 1
rope (to tighten animals)
OXXPDLFL, B:S1, 1"Ruvuma
OXXQGXHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
tomorrow; also QXXQGX HRL I
OXXQMLGLPXQMLLH:L, E:S2, 1
cleared thicket (before being
cultivated)
OXYDOD-HH:L, 9forget; app. >
OXYDOLOD -HHH:L forget sth. or s.o.
OXYDODYDODGLPEDODYDODLHHL:L,
B:S1, 1kind of sticks (long
and thin)
OXYDOHGLPEDOHLRL, C1:SF, 1
373
sweet sp. potato (tall)
OXYDOLOD-HHH:L, 9forget sth. or s.o.;
cf. OXYDOD -HH:L forget; XQDQJX
OXYDOLOH LL-H-HLL:L you should not
forget me; also OLYDOLOD -HHH:L
OXYDWD-HH:L, 9tread on, put foot on;
also OLYDWD -HH:L
OXYDXGLPEDXLRL, C1:SF, 1rib
OXYRRGLPERR"LH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
bee poison
OXZDODKDQMLGLPEZDODKDQMLLHHL:L,
B:S1, 1small piece of
firewood; cf. OXNXQLGLQJ¶XQL
cl.11/10
OXZDOLPDOXZDOLLFL/LLFL, E:S2, 1
judge
OXZDQLGLPEZDQLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
type of fence
OXZDZDLL:L, D1:no H, 1
remaining plot field
OXZRLGLPERLLRL, C1:SF, 1
twisted rope
OXZRQRLRL, C1:SF, 1sleep; cf.
RQD V sleep
OXZXQJRGLPEXQJRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
quarter (of town or village)
OX\H\HGLQMH\HLFL, B:S1, 1lip
OZDGLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1blood
disease (visible by rash on skin); cf.
P\DGL H:L blood cl. -/4
OZDXGLQMDXH:L/LH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
net
OZD\RGLQMD\RRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1
track
OZLGLGLQMZLGLRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1
door (traditional, made from
millet stalks); cf. QQDQJRPLODQJR
cl.3/4
O\DH:L, 9eat; tones with Infinitive
marker; cf. QDPXO\D LFL N.1a
glutton; OLVD -FL V caus. feed, make
eat
O\DPELPDO\DPELRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1
mat (made of plants); also
OLNDQGHPDNDQGH cl.5/6
O\HQ\HPDO\HQ\HRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1
forehead
O\RKLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1smoke
374
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
O\XORPDO\XORH:L/LH:L, A:S1/SF?, 1
evening
0
PDEDWLLFL, B:S1, 1type of hair
dressing (with pigtail)
PDFKHGRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1last
year; PDFKHGRSDOD LHH L:H year
before last year, some time past
PDFKHQJDLH:L, E:S2, 1type of
dance (women’ s)
PDFKLOLLFL, B:S1, 1soot
PDGXGLLFL, B:S1, 1day before
yesterday; PDGXGLGXGL LHHL:L cl.
-/6 some days ago
PDGXGLGXGLLHHL:L, B:S1, 1
some days ago; cf. PDGXGL LFL cl.
-/6 day before yesterday
PDGXGXLRL, C1:SF, 1type of
dance (any celebration)
PDJRPERLFL, B:S1, 1banana sp.
(big)
PDKLNDQD-HHH:L, 9be known
PDLNDLRL, C1:SF, ,since, because; cf.
LQJ¶DQ\D cl.9/-, OL\RQJRPD\RQJR
cl.5/6 reason, cause
PDLOD-HH:L, 9please, make beautiful,
suit; cf. WDNDWD
PDMRMROLLHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1saliva;
also PDWD cl.6
PDNDNDLFL, B:S1, 1dried pieces
of cassava
PDNDQDLFL, B:S1, 1chaff
PDNROREHNRLLLRL, C1:SF, 1
savannah
PDNZHGRLFL, B:S1, 1urine; cf.
OXNZHGR LH:L cl.11/- pain while
urinating
PDOD-H:L, 9know; cf. NDPHND;
XPDOH LRL (presentative) it is..., lit.
you should know (2 SG Optative)
PDODOHLFL, B:S1, 1type of dance
(esp. weddings)
PDODQJZHLL:L, D1:no H, 1
initiation rites
PDOLOD-HH:L, 9finish (tr. and itr.),
accomplish
PDOLQJDLH:L, A:S1/SF?, ,as, like;
also PXFKL I
PDORPERLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
bridewealth; cf. QNDND cl.3?/-;
NXKXP\DPDORPER LHH HH:L to
pay bridewealth (lit. to make come
out bridewealth)
PDORQGDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
dialogue between the elders
PDQGDOHLH:L, E:S2, 1potato sp.
(round shape)
PDQJXQGXODLHL:L, B:S1, 1
leprosy; cf. PPDQJXQGXOD
YDPDQJXQGXOD LLHL:L cl.1/2 leper
PDSHWHLRL, C1:SF, 1earrings
(three in each ear, filled with coloured
pieces of paper)
PDVLNRLRL, C1:SF, 1funeral; cf.
Sw. maziko; nom. < VLND V bury
PDWD-H:L, 9plaster a wall
PDWDPDLRL, C1:SF, 1jaw
PDWLND-HH:L, 9put medicine (on
wound)
PDWL\DODLHFL, B:S1, 1police
(local, during colonial time)
PDYHOHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1milk; see
breast (female)
PDYLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1excrement;
cf. XWRKL cl.14
PEDOHQJDPLEDOHQJDLLL:L, D1:no H,
1hole (in lobe of ear);
DPEDOHQJD -LLL:L P con. pierced
(ear)
PEHQLFL, B:S1, 1Etype of dance
(every celebration)
PHGLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1water
PHOD-H:L, 9sprout, shoot up; also
KLSXND
PHWD-H:L, 9sparkle, be bright
(lightning, colours of flowers)
PH\D-H:L, 9break off a piece
PLDGLPLDH:L/LH:L, ?, 1FF
hundred; < Sw. mia; sg. also LPLD
LH:L cl.9c; also PDNXPLOLNXPL
LHH LRL N 6 + N 5
PLOD-H:L, 9swallow
PLQ\D-H:L, 9squeeze, milk; cf.
NDPLOD, NDGD, FKXNXGXOD
PLVD-FL, 9FDXVshake off
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
PPDKHYDPDKHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
woman; < Chimaraba; see QNRQJZH
YDNRQJZH cl.1/2
PPDNRQGHYDPDNRQGHLHFL,
D2:H.no H, 1Makonde person;
cf. PDNRQGH LRL cl.6 desert areas
(without water), FKLPDNRQGH LHFL
cl.7 Makonde language, nature
PPDODEDYDPDODEDLHFL, D2:H.no
H, 1Maraba person; cf.
FKLPDODED LHFL cl.7 Maraba
dialect, nature
PPDODODPLYDODODLHFL, B:S1, 1
tree sp.; PZDPPDODOD H-HHFL not
good not bad (as an answer to “ how
are you?” ), lit. like a Mmalala tree;
this tree is half dry, half wet
PPDQJXQGXODYDPDQJXQGXOD
LLHL:L, B:S1, 1leper; cf.
PDQJXQGXOD LHL:L cl. -/6 leprosy
PPDWDPEZHYDPDWDPEZHLHFL,
D2:H.no H, 1Matambwe person;
cf. FKLPDWDPEZH LHFL cl.7
Matambwe dialect, nature
PPELOZDPLPELOZDLL:L, D1:no H, 1
tree sp.; OLPELOZDPDPELOZD
LL:L cl.5/6 its fruit
(LPELOZDGLPELOZD LL:L cl.9/10
kernel or stone)
PPEZHKDPLPEZHKDHRL, C2:H.SF,
1shadow (of things)
PPLGLYDPLGLHFL, D2:H.no H, 1
people outside the family
PPLODQGLYDPLODQGLLHFL, D2:H.no
H, 1traditional doctor; cf.
PLODQGL LFL cl.4 trees; also
PPLWHODYDPLWHOD cl.1+/2+
PPLOLPLPLOLLRL, C1:SF, 1body
PPLOLPLYLOLLFL, B:S1, 1plaited
piece in mat where two lengths come
together
PPLWHODYDPLWHODLHFL, D2:H.no H, 1
traditional doctor; cf. PLWHOD
LH:L cl.4 medicines; also PPLODQGL
YDPLODQGL cl.1+/2+
PPRJRP\RJRLFL/FL, B:S1, 1
cassava
PPRQJRDYRQJRHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
375
$enemy; PPRQJR
PZDQJXDYRQJRPZDQJX HHH RL
my enemy/enemies
PPXODPLZXODLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
tree sp.; OLZXODPDZXOD LH:L cl.5/6
its fruit (LPEXODGLPEXOD LH:L
cl.9/10 kernel or stone)
PPXWXNDPLXWXNDLHFL, B:S1, 1
car; PPXWXNDQG\RNR LHLL LH:L
car, lit. small car; PPXWXND
QNXOXQJZD LHLL LHFL lorry, lit.
big car
PPXWXNDVLNHQLPLXWXNDVLNHQL
LLLLHFL, 1motorcycle; also
FKLWXWXWXYLWXWXWX cl.7/8
PPXYDPLYXYDLRL, C1:SF, 1
tong
PPZHODYDPZHODHFL, D2:H.no H, 1
Mwera person; cf. FKLPZHOD HFL
cl.7 Mwera language, nature
PPZLQGLPLKZLQGLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
tree sp.
PRRL, C1:SF, 3one; a(n), some;
tones including PPx; \XPR RL cl.1,
XPR RL cl.3, LPR RL cl.9; cf. SDPR
QD RL (L) together (with);
predicative: same tones
PRQJRP\RQJRRL, C1:SF, 1back
(of body)
PRRWRP\RRWRLFL, E:S2, 1fire
PRWRKD-HFL, 9FDXVfell, knock
down; also PDWRKD -HFL; cf.
PRWRND -HH:L fall
PRWRND-HH:L, 9fall; also PDWRND
-HH:L, XZD, \DQJXND; cf. PRWRKD
-HFL fell; cf. SDNDWLND, SDODWXND
PRZD-H:L, 9shave, cut all hair of
head; NXPRZDLPXQGX LHH HH:L
to get a clear head; cf. FKHQJXOD
PSDQHNDPLSDQHNDLLL:L, D1:no H,
1type of hair dressing; cf.
SHQHND V put sideways
PSDSDPLSDSDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
wind; also OLSXQJR cl.5/PSDWLODPLSDWLODLHFL, B:S1, 1
big bag
PSHNHKRPLSHNHKRLHH:L, A:S1/SF,
1sticks for making fire; nom. <
376
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
SHNHKD V make fire (by friction)
PSLQJRPLSLQJRLRL, C1:SF, 1
taboo
PSLQJRPLSLQJR?, 1ebony tree;
cf. Sw. mpingo/mipingo
PSLQLPLSLQLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
handle
PSXQJDPLSXQJDLRL, C1:SF, 1
rice (the plant)
PSXWDLH:L, E:S2, 1children’ s
game (skip with a rope)
PXFKLL:L, D1:no H, ,as, like; also
PDOLQJD I; cf. FKL V say
PXKDRL, C1:SF, 1top, above, sky;
PXKDPZDQJX L:H RL above me;
PXKDQQLS\DLOLND RL LLHLRL clear
sky, lit. above has been swept; cf.
SDQQLPD cl.16 height, high, above
PXKLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1daytime
PXKLQDLH:L, E:S2, 1below; cf.
QQLXQJX cl.16
PXKLXLH:L, A:S1/SF?, ,real, right,
ready; cf. PZDKD I
PXNZHDFKDPXNZHRL/LHRL, C1:SF,
1$wife of mother’ s brother; pl.
also DQJDDPXNZH LH: RL
PXPEDP\XPEDH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
arrow (with iron)
PXQGDL:L, D1:no H, 1belly; fig.
inside my heart, head
PXQGDP\XQGDRL, C1:SF, 1field
which has been cultivated once only
PXQQLPDYDQQLPDHHFL, D2:H.no H,
1Nnima person; cf. FKLQQLPD
HHFL cl.7/- Nnima dialect, SDQQLPD
LLRL cl.16 height, high, above
PXQXYDQXRL, C1:SF, 1person,
pl. people
PXQ\D-H:L, 9mould, mix; cf.
NDPDWD, XPED
PXQ\XH:L, A:S1/SF, 1salt
PXWRP\XWRRL, C1:SF, 1well;
cl.17: NXPXWR LRL well, place where
there is water; cf. FKLKLPDYLKLPD
cl.7/8
PXWZHP\XWZHRL, C1:SF, 1head
PXXQGXP\XXQGXLFL, E:S2, 1
chopper
PXZDPLZDRL, C1:SF, 1sugar
cane
PX\RL:L, D1:no H, 1front, before;
PX\RPZDDQJX L:H RL in front of
me; cf. NXPHKR cl.17+6
PZDGDFKLLRL, C1:SF, ,why; also
LQJ¶DQ\DQWZDQL LLH HFL; cf.
GDFKL L:L I; question phrase-finally:
final FH: PZDGDFKL LFH
PZDGLOD-HH:L, 9pour out, spill; cf.
\DNDQ\D; cf. PZDGLODQ\D -HHL:L
scatter
PZDGLODQ\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVscatter;
cf. PZDGLOD -HH:L pour out, spill
PZDKDH:L, A:S1/SF?, ,right, correct;
cf. PXKLX I
PZDNDP\DNDH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
year; cf. Sw. mwaka; see
FKDNDY\DND H:L cl.7/8;
cf.QDPZDND HFL cl.3a this year
PZDOHKXLFL, B:S1, ,directly; cf.
OHKX -H:L A long, tall, high, NXOHKX
LH:L A far
PZDOLYDOLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1girl
(after initiation); cf. QDPZDOL
QNDQDPZDOL LH:L/LLLH:L cl.1a/?
person(s) taking care of girl
PZDQDYDQDFL, C2:H.SF, 1child;
PZDQDQJX LH:L my child; PZDQDOR
LH:L your (sg.) child; PZDQDZH
LH:L his/her child; PZDQDZHWX LH
RL our child, etc.; ZDQD FL cl.14
childhood
PZDQGDP\DQGDH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
time, period, journey; PZDQGDXPR
HL RL once, P\DQGDPLYLOL HL LRL
twice; KZHHWXPPZDQGD FHL
LH:L good-bye, lit. we in (on)
journey; go on a journey: see SLWD V
PZDQHWXYDQHWXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
younger sibling of the opposite sex;
PZDQHWXZDQJX LHH RL my
younger s., etc.
PZDRP\DRRL, C1:SF, 1calabash
(for taking up liquids, esp. water)
PZDYRP\DYRRL, C1:SF, 1trial
(by ordeal)
PZHGLP\HGLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
moon, month; PZHGLZRQHND HL
LFL next month, lit. month which
appears
PZHHQXHRL, C2:H.SF, 3VXEVWyou
(pl.); XPZHPZH LFH (emphatic)
PZHQHGLYHQHGLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
fellow person; also PZDQHGLYDQHGL
LH:L cl.1/2
PZLKLPLKLRL, C1:SF, 1pestle
PZLNXPEDDQDPLNXPED
HFL/LHHFL, B:S1, 1$turkey sp.
PZLSZDQJXYLSZDQJXHRL, C2:H.SF,
1"my nephew, niece
PZLWHSDLFL, E:S2?, 1corner; cf.
WHSD V stoop, bend down
PZLYDPLYDH:L, A:S1/SF, 1thorn
P\DGLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1blood; also
GDPX cl.9c/1
QDL, ,and, with; followed by a word
or word form; QDYLQR L-RL and
now; SDPRQDYDQDYDNR RL L-L:H
RL together with your children
QDDQJXHRL, C2:H.SF, 3VXEVWI;
XQHQH LFH (emphatic)
QDFKLKHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1Driddle;
said by s.o. who begins to ask riddles;
answer: QDFKLODZD cl.9a/QDFKLKXQJRDFKDQDYLKXQJR
LLRL/LHHLRL, C1:SF, 1D$
snake sp. (big, very poisonous, black,
rising)
QDFKLODZDLHFL, B:S1, 1Danswer
to riddle; answer to the call QDFKLKH
of s.o. who begins to ask riddles
QDFKLVXYHOHLHHRL, C2:H.SF, 1D
grass sp.
QDFKLWDQLLHFL, D2:H.no H, 1D
weed sp.
QDFKLWXNDQDLHHL:L, D2:H.no H, 1
Dgrass sp.
QDKDNXDQDPDKDNXHFL/LHHFL,
D2:H.no H, 1D$girl (before
initiation)
QDKHPEHLL:L, D1:no H, 1Dtype of
food (meal of mixed potatoes); eaten
on the return of the elders who have
377
brought the boys to the bush for
initiation; also name for the dance
performed during this feast
QDKRWLLH:L, A:S1/SF?, ,now
(immediate future); LGDQDKRWL L:L
LH:L come first; QDKRWLNDGLNL LHL
LRL presently
QDKXKZHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1Dweed
sp.
QDKXQGXHRL, C2:H.SF, 1Dgrass
sp.
QDNDGLPXDFKDQDNDGLPX
LHRL/LHLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1D$
goblin, orgre
QDNDQGXQGDLLRL, C1:SF, 1Dtype
of drum (small)
QDPDGLLRL, C1:SF, ,on purpose
QDPDKDPEDDFKDQDPDKDPED
LHFL/LHHHFL, B:S1, 1D$
snake sp. (big, green); cf. PDKDPED
LRL cl.6 leaves
QDPDKLKLDQDPDKLKLLLRL/LHHRL,
C1:SF, 1D$owl
QDPDORYHLHRL, 1Decho; cf.
PDORYH LH:L cl.6 words
QDPDOXWXDFKDQDPDOXWX
LHRL/LHHHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
D$snake sp. (small, black)
QDPDWD-HH:L, 9cohere; cf.
QDPDWLG\D -HHL:L compel
QDPDWLG\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVcompel;
cf. QDPDWD -HH:L cohere
QDPEHGDDQDPEHGDHFL/LHFL,
D2:H.no H, 1D$insect sp. (living
in maize plants and damaging them)
QDPEROHHRL, C2:H.SF, 1Dgrass
sp.
QDPHQHHRL, C2:H.SF, ,very; tones
also LH:L, meaning also ‘especially’ ;
also VDQD I
QDPPDWDHHL:L, D2:H.no H, 1D
rash; cf. FKLSHOH cl.7/QDPSDODQJXODLLLLRL, C1:SF, 1D"
locust; cf. SDODQJXOD V hop; also
OLSDODQJXODPDSDODQJXOD LLLRL
cl.5/6, OLKL\HPDKL\H cl.5/6
QDPXO\DLFL, D2:H.no H, 1D
glutton; cf. O\D V eat
378
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
QDPZDNDHFL, D2:H.no H, 1Dthis
year; cf. PZDND H:L cl.3 year
QDPZDOLQNDQDPZDOLLH:L/LLLH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1D"person(s) taking care
of girl; cf. PZDOL H:L cl.1 girl (after
initiation)
QDPZDQDLFL, C2:H.SF, 1D"
mother; cf. PZDQD FL cl.1
QDPZHYHDFKDQDPZHYH
HL:L/LHHL:L, D2:H.no H, 1
D$hawk (Sw. mwewe)
QDQFKHWDDQDPLFKHWDLLRL/LHHRL,
C1:SF, 1D$jackal; millet sp.
QWDPDZDQDQFKHWD LHL H-LRL
QDQFKRFKLLLRL, C1:SF, 1Dweed
sp.
QDQJDL:L, D1:no H, ,no!, there is no,
Negative Particle; QDQJDFKLQX LL
RL it doesn’ t matter
QDQJDKZDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1Dweed
sp.
QDQJ¶HH:L, E:S2, 3VXEVWhe, she;
XQDQJ¶H LFH (emphatic)
QDQJ¶R-H:L, E:S2, 3same, the very
one; no cl.1 form, XQDQJ¶R LH:L cl.3,
LQDQJ¶R LH:L cl.9; attributive tones:
HFL; cf. YDQDQJ¶R LH:L P subst.
they; SDQDQJ¶RSDOD LHH L:H right
there
QDQJZDRLL:L, D1:no H, 1Dlate
rains; also QDQJZDX LL:L
QDQL-RL, C1:SF, $who;
1SG/2SG/cl.1: QQDQL LRL, cl.2:
YDQDQL LRL; D13[QDQL P con.
whom/whose; question phrase-finally:
FH
QDQNDGLQGXPED
DFKDQDQNDGLQGXPED
LLLLFL/LHHHLLFL, E:S2, 1
D$lizard sp. (big, living in
water)
QDQNDNDWDPEZHDQDPLNDNDWDPEZH
LLLLL:L/LHHLLL:L, D1:no H, 1
D$spider
QDQNDODYDQ\DDFKDQDQNDODYDQ\D
LLLLFL/LHLLLLFL, E:S2, 1
D$liar; cf. ODYDQ\D V lie
QDQNRQGDDQDPLNRQGD
HHRL/LHHRL, C2:H.SF, 1D$
crow
QDQNRSHDQDPLNRSHHHFL/LHHFL,
D2:H.no H, 1D$cucumber
QDQQLGLHHL:L, D2:H.no H, 1D"
bereaved person
QDQQXPHHHFL, D2:H.no H, 1D"
full-grown man; cf. QQXPH LH:L cl.1
man
QDQRH:L, A:S1/SF?, ,and so,
accordingly, well, enough!, stop it!,
be it so!; also EDKL I
QDQWLNZLDFKDQDQWLNZL
LLL:L/LHHLL:L, D1:no H, 1
D$chrysalis (stage between
caterpillar and butterfly)
QDQWLWLOLDFKDQDPLWLWLOLLLHFL/
LHHHHFL, B:S1, 1D$flea
QDQXKD-HFL, 9FDXVfry; also
NDODQJD
QDSDQDQJ¶RLLH:L, E:S2?, ,also,
likewise, therefore; also QDNXQDQJ¶R,
QDPXQDQJ¶R LLH:L; cf. QDQJ¶R -FL
P the same, the very one
QDVLGLQDVLH:L/LH:L, ?, 1FF
coconut; cf. Sw. QD]L; cf.
OLQDGLPDQDGL cl.5/6
QFKDNHWDPLFKDNHWDLLL:L, D1:no H,
1bead; cf. FKXPDY\XPD cl.7/8
QFKHFKHLL:L, D1:no H, 1four;
PLODQGLQFKHFKH LFL LL:L four
trees, YLQXQFKHFKH RL LL:L four
things
QFKHKHPLFKHKHLFL, B:S1, 1
hyena
QFKHODPLFKHODLFL, B:S1, 1
harvest time; also OLFKHODPDFKHOD
LFL cl.5/6
QFKHQJDPLFKHQJDLH:L, E:S2, 1
tree sp.
QFKHQMHLL:L, D1:no H, 1"source of
heat and light (sun, fire, torch)
QFKLODPLFKLODLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
tail
QFKLQGDPLFKLQGDLFL, B:S1, 1
left; NXQFKLQGDNZDNH LLHH RL to
his/her/its left; QNRQRQFKLQGD
PLNRQRPLFKLQGD LHH HFL left
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
hand(s)
QFKLQMLPLFKLQMLLFL, B:S1, 1tree
sp.; cf. QFKLQ\LPDODPLFKLQ\LPDOD
LLLRL cl.3/4 rope made from this
tree
QFKLQ\LPDODPLFKLQ\LPDODLLLRL,
C1:SF, 1type of rope; from the
tree sp. QFKLQMLPLFKLQML LFL cl.3/4
QFKLYDYDFKLYDLFL, D2:H.no H, 1
orphan; also PZDQDQFKLYD HH
HFL; cf. XFKLYD LFL cl.14
solitariness, loneliness
QFKRQ\RPLFKRQ\RLFL, B:S1, 1
anus
QGHQJDQLLLRL, C1:SF, 1
neighbour
QGLGLPLGLGLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
rope
QGLPXPLGLPXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
type of dance (esp. initiation); type:
QGLPXZDPXKD LHL H-RL, lit.
dance of top
QGLWLPLGLWLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
turkey sp.
QGRQGD-H:L, 9torment, cause to feel
pain
QGXNXOXYDGXNXOXLHFL, D2:H.no H,
1grandchild; sg. also XGXNXOX
LHFL cl.1A
QGXOHPLGXOHLRL, C1:SF, 1hut
(round); full name: LQJ¶DQGH
\DQGXOH LHL H-LRL
QGXOXL:L, D1:no H, ,not yet, still
QGXQGRPLGXQGRLRL, C1:SF, 1
type of drum
QGXYDQLLHRL, C2:H.SF, ,when; <
Chimaraba; see FKDNDQL
QG\RNRYDG\RNRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
youth; cf. G\RNR -H:L A small
QHORRL, C1:SF, ,today
QHPD-H:L, 9walk with swagger; also
GHND
QHQJ¶HQD-HH:L, 9cut (with hands);
harvest (esp. millet); also QDQJ¶HQD
-HH:L
QJ¶DQD-H:L, 9play
QJDSL-FL, B:S1, $how many; cf. Sw.
-ngapi; PLQJDSL LFL cl.4, GLQJDSL
379
LFL cl.10; question phrase-finally:
FH; see QLQJD A; predicative: same
tones
QJ¶ROD-H:L, 9show fight, strike
QJRQJRPDQD-HHH:L, 9be curved
QJRQJZHPLJRQJZHLL:L, D1:no H, 1
shed
QJRRFL, B:S1, ,oh! (exclamation when
sth. bad has happened)
QJZDDLH:, C1:SF?, ,sound of
stubbing, e.g. one’ s toe
QLQJD?, $how many; tones unknown;
PLQLQJD cl.4, GLQLQJD cl.10; also
QJDSL A
QMDJDVLLHFL, B:S1, 1banana sp.
(small)
QMLFL, C2:H.SF, 3other; tones
including PPx; \XQML FL cl.1, XQML FL
cl.3, LQML FL cl.9; predicative: same
tones
QMRPEDYDMRPEDLFL, D2:H.no H, 1
uncle (mother’ s brother); cf. Sw.
mjomba/wajomba; see DQDQJ¶DOD
cl.2A/QMRRQLHRL, C2:H.SF, ,so and so, such
a one
QMXPEHPDMXPEHLFL, D2:H.no H, 1
headman; < Sw. jumbe; cf.
DPZHQ\HDFKDPZHQ\H cl.2A/2A+
QNDNDLFL, B:S1, 1"bridewealth;
belt; cf. PDORPER cl. -/6; NXKXP\D
QNDND LHH HFL to pay bridewealth,
lit. to make come out bridewealth
QNDNDKLPEDPLNDNDKLPEDLHHFL,
D2:H.no H, 1calabash seed
(edible); cf. LPXNXVDGLPXNXVD
cl.9/10
QNDODQJ¶RPEHPLNDODQJ¶RPEH
LHHRL, C2:H.SF, 1tree sp.
QNDPEHPLNDPEHLH:L, E:S2, 1
sweet potato
QNDQJDYDNDQJDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
foolish man; cf. XNDQJD LH:L cl.14
QNDQJ¶DPLNDQJ¶DLFL, B:S1, 1
huge, fat person or thing
QNDQJRKXPLNDQJRKXLLH:L, E:S2, 1
gruel; also OLWDWROLPDWDWROL cl.5/6
QNDQJRMRPLNDQJRMRLLRL, C1:SF, 1
380
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
stick (to walk with); also EDNROD
GLEDNROD cl.9c/10c
QNDQXQXYDNDQXQXLLRL, C1:SF, 1
infant (younger than 2 months
old)
QNDWLLRL, C1:SF, 1in the middle,
within; QNDWLPR LLL-H (+DEM,
ref., short form) right in the middle;
cf. FKLQJ¶DWL LH:L cl.7 middle, in the
middle, NXNDWL LRL cl.17 room
QNRMRPLNRMRLL:L, D1:no H, 1
drink, not fermented (from millet,
grain; Sw. togwa)
QNRNRPLNRNRLRL, C1:SF, 1tree
sp. (growing near the coast)
QNRNRYDNRNRLFL/LH:L, B:S1/E:S2,
1animal
QNRQJZHYDNRQJZHLFL/LH:L,
B:S1/E:S2, 1woman; also
PPDKHYDPDKH cl.1/2 (<
Chimaraba); cf. DFKLNRQJZH P con.
female
QNRQRPLNRQRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
hand, arm; also pl. PDNRQR LH:L cl.6
QNRYDPLNRYDLFL, B:S1, 1amulet
(Sw. hirizi)
QNXFKLPLNXFKLLFL, B:S1, 1spear
QNXNDPLNXNDLFL, B:S1, 1
boundary (e.g. between two fields)
QNXOHPDNXOHLFL, B:S1, 1rat; sg.
also OLNXOH LFL cl.5
QNXOLPDYDNXOLPDLHFL, D2:H.no H,
1farmer; nom. < OLPD V
cultivate
QNXORPLNXORLRL, C1:SF, 1type
of ointment (perfumed)
QNXOXYDNXOXLFL, D2:H.no H, 1
elder sibling of same sex; the eldest
sibling irrespective of sex;
QNXOZDQJX LHH:L my elder s.;
QNXOXOR LHH:L your (sg.) elder s.;
QNXOXZH LHH:L his/her elder s.
QNXOXQJZDYDNXOXQJZDLHFL,
D2:H.no H, 1elder; cf.
NXOXQJZD -HFL A big
QNXPLPLNXPLLFL, B:S1, 1group
of people working together
QNXQJXPLNXQJXLFL, B:S1, 1
bowl, deep dish
QNXQJXVLWLOLYDNXQJXVLWLOLLHHHL:L,
D2:H.no H, 1patron
QNZDMXPLNZDMXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
tree sp.; the same name for a stick
made out of this tree; OLNZDMX
PDNZDMX LH:L its fruit (LQJ¶ZDMX
GLQJ¶ZDMX LH:L kernel or stone)
QNZDODPLNZDODLRL, C1:SF, 1
arrow (small, not being sharp pointed,
for hitting birds)
QNZHGXPLNZHGXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
tamarind tree
QQDOXDFKDQQDOXLFL/LHHFL, B:S1,
1$snake sp. (of medium size,
brown, yellow)
QQDPXYDODPXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
brother-in-law, sister-in-law
QQDQGLPLODQGLLFL, B:S1, 1tree;
also medicine, PPLODQGLYDPLODQGL
LHFL cl.1/2 local doctor; cf.
QWHODPLWHOD cl.3/4
QQDQJDPLQDQJDLH:L, E:S2, 1
vein
QQDQJHORPLODQJHORLHFL, B:S1, 1
water pot (small); also
QQHQJHORPLOHQJHOR LHFL cl.3/4
QQDQJRPLODQJRLRL, C1:SF, 1
door; cf. Sw. mlango/milango; see
OZLGLGLQMZLGL cl.11/10
QQGDQMHPLQGDQMHLFL, B:S1, 1
type of dance (esp. weddings)
QQGRQGHYDQGRQGHHFL, D2:H.no H,
1Ndonde person; cf. FKLQGRQGH
HFL cl.7 Ndonde dialect, nature,
NXQGRQGH LH:Llower parts of the
Plateau; western direction
QQHPEDYDQHPEDLRL, C1:SF, 1
boy (before initiation)
QQHXOHPLOHXOHLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
bean plant sp. (Sw. mfiwi)
QQJDOLEDYDQJDOLEDLLRL, C1:SF, 1
s.o. who circumcises; cf. GREROD
V, \DOXND V circumcise
QQJ¶DQGDYDQJ¶DQGDHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
master, husband; QQJ¶DQGD
PZDQJX HHH H:L my master;
QQJ¶DQGDPZDOR HHH H:L your
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
master; QQJ¶DQGDPZDZH HHH H:L
her master
QQJDQJDPLQJDQJDLH:L, E:S2, 1
musical instrument (tin can with stick)
QQJ¶ROHDQJ¶ROHHL:L, D2:H.no H, 1
$musician
QQJRQLYDQJRQLLRL, C1:SF, 1
Ngoni person; cf. FKLQJRQL LRL cl.7
Ngoni language, nature
QQJZDQJZDODWLYDQJZDQJZDODWL
LHHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1killer,
savage person; cf. XQJZDQJZDODWL
DQJZDQJZDODWL LHHH:L cl.1A/2A,
LQJZDQJZDODWLGLQJZDQJZDODWL
LHHH:L cl.9/10 dog sp.; cf. ZDODOD
HH:L V kill
QQJZHHLHR, C2:H.SF, ,ideophone
expressing the sunrise; QJZHH
XO\DPED LFH HRL; cf. SLL FH, SLX
FH
QQLORPLOLORLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
right; NXQQLORNZDNH LLHH RL to
his/her/its right; QNRQRQQLORPLNRQR
PLOLOR LHH HH:L right hand(s)
QQLXQJXLLRL, C1:SF, 1under,
below; cf. PXKLQD cl.18
QQRQMLPLORQMLLH:L, E:S2, 1
baobab tree; OLORQMLPDORQML LH:L
cl.5/6 its fruit (LQGRQMLGLQGRQML
LH:L cl.9/10 kernel or stone)
QQXKXNRYDOXKXNRLHFL, D2:H.no H,
1mother (lying-in woman, i.e.
s.o. who has just given birth)
QQXPEXYDOXPEXLRL, C1:SF, 1
elder sibling of opposite sex;
QQXPEZDQJX LHRL my elder s.;
QQXPEXXOR LHRL your (sg.) elder s.;
QQXPEXZH LHRL his/her elder s.
QQXPHYDOXPHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
man; DFKLOXPH P con. male; cf.
QDQQXPH HHFL cl.1a full grown man
QQXPLODQJDYDOXPLODQJDLHHL:L,
D2:H.no H, 1widow
QQXQJXDPLOXQJXLRL/LHH:L, C1:SF,
1$God, god
QQXQJ¶XQHYDQXQJ¶XQHLHH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1younger sibling of
same sex; QQXQJ¶XQZDQJX LHHH:L
381
my younger s.; QQXQJ¶XQR LHH:L
your (sg.) younger s.; QQXQJ¶XQZH
LHH:L his/her younger s.
QQXVXPLOXVXLRL, C1:SF, 1
calabash (for storing beer)
QQXYDYXLLRL, C1:SF, 1without
QQZHOHYDOZHOHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
sick person
QQ\DGLPLKDGLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
tree sp.
QQ\DKDPXOLORPLKDKDPXOLOR
LHHHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1branch to
protect against becoming wet
QQ\DOXNHYD\DOXNHLHFL, D2:H.no H,
1boy (after initiation)
QQ\DQJLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1sand;
also QVDQJL HRL cl.3/QQ\DQJXDYDQJXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
my companion; QQ\DNRDYDNR your
(sg.) c.; QQ\DNHDYDNH his/her c.;
QQ\HWXDYHWX our c.; QQ\HQXDYHQX
your (pl.) c.; QQ\DRDYDR their c.
QQ\DQRLL:L, D1:no H, 1five;
PLODQGLQQ\DQR LFL LL:L five trees,
YLQXQQ\DQR RL LL:L five things
QQ\DQRQDPRLLL L RL, 13
six; YLQXQQ\DQRQDFKLPR RL LLL
L RL six things
QQ\DXYDKDXHFL, D2:H.no H, 1
Yao person; cf. FKLKDX HFL cl.7 Yao
language, nature
QQ\DYLYDKDYLLFL, D2:H.no H, 1
sorcerer; cf. XKDYL LFL cl.14
witchcraft
QQ\HOHPL\HOHLFL, B:S1, 1rice
(the husked grain)
QQ\HQLYD\HQLLRL, C1:SF, 1
guest, stranger; cf. X\HQL LRL cl.14
state of being a guest/stranger
QQ\HQMHLH:L, E:S2, 1along; cf.
SDQ\HQMH LH:L cl.16 beside, aside,
apart
QQ\HQMHYD\HQMHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
age-mate, friend; cf. VRPR
cl.9b/10b
QQ\LWXPLKLWXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
dense thicket
QQ\LYDQLYDKLYDQLLHFL, D2:H.no H,
382
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
1cousin; QQ\LYDQLPZDQJX
LHHH H:L my c.; QQ\LYDQLPZDOR
your (sg.) c.; QQ\LYDQLPZDZH
his/her c.; QQ\LYDQLPZHWX our c.,
etc.
QQ\RGLPLKRGLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
tear
QQ\RQJRPLKRQJRLRL, C1:SF, 1
snake
QQ\XPDLRL, C1:SF, 1behind,
after; DPXQRQQ\XPD LHH LRL
meanwhile; also SDPRQJR cl.16+3,
SDFKLNRKL cl.16; cf. SDQ\XPD LRL
cl.16 backwards
QRQRKD-HFL, 9FDXVexceed, excel;
also QDQRKD -HFL; cf. SXQGD
QRQRSD-HH:L, 9be hard; also
QDQRSD HH:L, NRPRG\D HFL
QRZD-H:L, 9be pleasant, be sweet,
enjoy; cf. refl. OLQRZD -HRL be
proud of oneself, boast
QSLQGRPLSLQGRLL:L, D1:no H, 1
piece of cloth (private parts); also
QSLQGXPLSLQGX LL:L cl.3/4
QVDQJLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1sand; also
QQ\DQJL HRL cl.3
QVDSDWDPLVDSDWDLLL:L, D1:no H, 1
type of dance (and celebration)
QVXIL/PLVXIL ?, 1 kapok tree; cf. Sw.
msufi/misufi
QVXQJXYDVXQJXLRL, C1:SF, 1
foolish woman; cf. XVXQJX LRL cl.14
QVXQJXYDVXQJXLFL, D2:H.no H, 1
European
QVZDKLOLYDVZDKLOLLLRL, C1:SF, 1
Swahili person; cf. FKLVZDKLOL
LLRL cl.7 Swahili language, nature
QWDPDPLWDPDLFL, B:S1, 1millet
QWDQGDVDQFKLQGXOLLLLL LHRL, 1
type of food (porridge with vegetable
of cassava leaves); cf. QWDQGDVD
LLL:L cl.3 stiff cassava porridge,
FKLQGXOL HR cl.7 cassava vegetable
QWDQGDVDPDWDQGDVDLLL:L, D1:no H,
1stiff cassava porridge; cf.
QWDQGDVDQFKLQGXOL LLLL LHRL
type of food
QWDQRPLWDQRLRL, C1:SF, 1story;
also OXWDQRGLQDQR LRL cl.11/10;
NXWDQDQWDQR LHH HH:L to tell a
story
QWDYDODPDWDYDODLHFL, B:S1, 1
marsh mangoose (Sw. nguchiro)
QWHODPLWHODLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
medicine; also used QQDQGLPLODQGL
cl. 3/4 tree; cf. PPLWHODYDPLWHOD
LHFL cl.1+/2+ local doctor; cf.
OLSHOHNRPDSHOHNR cl.5/6
QWHPDPLWHPDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
field which has been cultivated three
times in succession
QWHQJDPLWHQJDLRL, C1:SF, 1
pole for two loads
QWHQJRPLWHQJRLRL, C1:SF, 1tree
sp.; OLWHQJRPDWHQJR LRL cl.5/6 its
fruit (LQHQJRGLQHQJR LRL cl.9/10
kernel or stone)
QWHQJXPLWHQJXLRL, C1:SF, 1hut
for boys during initiation rites
QWHVDPLWHVDLL:L, D1:no H, 1
peanut
QWLNXORPLWLNXORLHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
padlock
QWLPDPLWLPDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
heart; cf. SDQWLPD LLH:L cl.16
abdomen
QWLQMLPLWLQMLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
pumpkin plant
QWROLORPLWROLORLLRL, C1:SF, 1
leaves of sweet potato
QWRQGRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1third day
after tomorrow
QWRQJDPLWRQJDLH:L, E:S2, 1
barren woman; also DNDYHOHND
YDNDYHOHND, DNDYDOHNDYDNDYDOHND
LHHL:L lit. s.o. who does not give
birth (Neg.Pres.)
QWRSZDLH:L, E:S2, 1banana sp.
(rather big)
QWRWDPLWRWDLFL, B:S1, 1needle;
nom. < WRWD V sew; also QWRWHOR
PLWRWHOR LHH:L cl.3/4
QWRWHORPLWRWHORLHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
needle; also QWRWDPLWRWD LFL
cl.3/4; cf. WRWD V sew
QWXKLPLWXKLLRL, C1:SF, 1corpse
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
QWXOLPLWXOLLFL, B:S1, 1mortar
QWXPEZLPLWXPEZLLH:L, E:S2, 1
canoe
QWXPZDYDWXPZDLFL, D2:H.no H, 1
slave
QWXQJXOXPLWXQJXOXLHRL, C2:H.SF,
1tree sp.
QWXSDPLWXSDLL:L, D1:no H, 1
hole, hollow (small); PLWXSD
\DLPXOD LLL H-LRL nostrils
QWXWXPLWXWXLFL, B:S1, 1barrel
(of gun)
QWZDQJXDFKDWZDYDQJXLFL/LHH
RL, B:S1, 1$my husband;
QWZDOR LFL your husband; QWZDZH
LFL her husband; also used: see wife:
my
QWZDQLHFL, D2:H.no H, ,what kind
of; LQJ¶DQ\DQWZDQL LLH HFL why,
lit. what kind of reason; question
phrase-finally: final FH QWZDQL HFH
QXQJ¶D-H:L, 9stink
QXQJ¶XQXOD-HHH:L, 9twist with
body during dance
QXVDFL, 9FDXVtake a snuff
(tobacco); also WRQD
QXXQGXHRL, C2:H.SF, ,tomorrow;
also OXXQGX HRL cl.11
Q\DH:L, 9defecate; tones with
Infinitive marker
Q\DNXOD-HH:L, 9give birth; also
\DNXOD -HH:L, YHOHND; see carry
Q\DNXOD-HH:L, 9carry; also \DNXOD
-HH:L; see birth: give
Q\DOD-H:L, 9dry up; cf. \XPD,
\DQLND
Q\DODOD-HH:L, 9be quiet, keep quiet
Q\DQ\XOD-HH:L, 9lift
Q\DWD-H:L, 9be bad, be dirty; also
KDNDODQJD
Q\HOD-H:L, 9eat too much
Q\HOHPEXND-HHH:L, 9melt; also
WXQJXQ\XND
Q\HPD-H:L, 9avoid
Q\HWD-HH:L, 9be fat (esp. human
beings); cf. WXPEXOD, WXPEXODQJD
Q\RND-H:L, 9be straight; cf. XGXOD,
NDQGD
383
Q\RNRQ\D-HFL, 9FDXVscream, make
noise; also Q\DNRQ\D -HFL; cf.
OLGLOD
Q\RPD-H:L, 9be fertile
Q\RQ\RPDOD-HHH:L, 9squat; also
Q\DQ\DPDOD -HHH:L
2
RGD-H:L, 9take care of
RKHH:L, ?, 3much, many; tones
including PPx; ZRKH H:L cl.3, \RKH
H:L cl.9; no form for cl.1; P\DQGD
\RKH HL H:L often; predicative: same
tones
RKHRKHLLH:L, ?, 3every, all; tones
including PPx; ZRKHZRKH LLH:L
cl.1, ZRKHZRKH LLH:L cl.3,
\RKH\RKH LLH:L cl.9; also DKLRKH
LLH:L; predicative: same tones
RORWD-HH:L, 9point (with finger); also
DORWD -HH:L
RPED-H:L, 9beat a drum, fire a gun,
blow a horn, flute; also ZRPED -H:L
RPLH:L, ?, 3$healthy, strong, whole;
tones including prefix; also XPL H:L;
NPx in cl.1: PZRPL H:L, PPx in
other classes: ZRPL H:L cl.3, \RPL
H:L cl.4; how are you/they?:
XPZRPLYRPL LFH/FH (question
intonation); predicative: same tones
RQD-H:L, 9sleep; infinitive: NRQD
H:L; cf. OXZRQR LRL cl.11/- sleep
RQD-H:L, 9see, feel; infinitive: NZRQD
H:L; preferred with OC; cf. neut.
RQHND -HH:L appear, be visible
RQGD-H:L, 9check a trap (whether an
animal is caught)
RQGRQJD-HH:L, 9destroy; also
DQGRQJD -HH:L, WLPEDQJLOD
RQHND-HH:L, 9appear, be visible;
neut. < RQD -H:L see; PZHGL
ZRQHND HL LFL next month; cf.
KRORND
RQJD-H:L, 9take a walk, stroll; cf.
KZHQDKZHQD
RQJROHOD-HHH:L, 9set right, tend; cf.
FKXQJD
384
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
3
SDH:L, 9bear fruit, spring up; tones
with Infinitive marker
SDFKLNRKLLLH:L, E:S2, 1behind,
after; also NXFKLNRKLQFKLNRKL
LLH:L cl.17/18, SDPRQJR cl.16,
QQ\XPD cl.18
SDFKLQXLRL, C1:SF, 1place;
also SDKDOL cl.18; cf. FKLQX RL cl.7
thing
SDKDOLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1place; also
SDFKLQX cl.16
SDKLRL, C1:SF, 1on the ground,
down to the ground
SDNDWLND-HHH:L, 9fall bit by bit; cf.
PRWRND, XZD, \DQJXND, SDODWXND
SDNXOD-HH:L, 9collect honey
SDOD-H:L, 9scratch, peck; harvest
groundnuts; cf. nom. FKLSDODYLSDOD
LRL cl.7/8 smithy
SDODQJD-HH:L, 9go up; cf. sep.
SDODQJXOD -HHH:L hop
SDODQJXOD-HHH:L, 9hop; sep. <
SDODQJD -HH:L go up; cf. nom.
OLSDODQJXODPDSDODQJXOD LLLRL
cl.5/6 locust, QDPSDODQJXOD
LLLLRL cl.1a locust
SDODVD-HFL, 9FDXVgrind (rice)
SDODWD-HH:L, 9clear, scrape away; cf.
NZDQJD, SXNXVXOD
SDODWXND-HHH:L, 9fall down; cf.
SDNDWLND, PRWRND, XZD, \DQJXND
SDOL-H:L, 9LUUbe; DNDSDOL LHFL
(s)he is not here, LNDSDOL LHFL there
is/are not; only Present Negative verb
forms in use; cf. YD, SDZD
SDOLOD-HH:L, 9put above; e.g. put fire
above a cooking pot in preparing
OLNXODPELOD LLLH:L
SDOLSDQGDLLL:L, D1:no H, 1
playing ground (celebrations)
SDOLWXQJXOXLLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
fireplace used during celebrations
SDOXOD-HH:L, 9harvest maize
SDO\DPEDLH:L, E:S2, 1day after
tomorrow; cf. SDO\DPEDSR LHF-H
(+dem., ref., short form) second day
after tomorrow; cf. NXO\DPED LH:L
cl.17 dawn, XO\DPED HRL morning
cl.14
SDO\DPEDSRLHFH, 1second day
after tomorrow; < SDO\DPED LH:L
cl.16; cf. NXO\DPED LH:L cl.17
dawn, XO\DPED HRL morning cl.14
SDPED-H:L, 9dip; also \RPROD; app.
> SDPELOD -HH:L dip into
SDPEDQ\D-HFL, 9FDXVfasten
together
SDPELOLOD-HHH:L, 9fasten (with
rope); cf. KXQJD
SDPEXWRLFL, B:S1, 1instead of
SDPHKRLH:L, E:S2, 1publicly;
cf. NXPHKR LH:L cl.17+6 face, front,
before
SDPRRL, C1:SF, 3together; SDPRQD
RL L together with; cf. PR P one,
a(n), some; also FKDOXPR LRL
SDPRQJRLRL, C1:SF, 1behind,
after; also NXPRQJR LRL cl.17+3,
QQ\XPD cl.18, SDFKLNRKL cl.16; cf.
PRQJR RL cl.3 back of body
SDQGD-H:L, 9plant
SDQGDOD-HH:L, 9kill insect with tip
of finger, toe
SDQMLFL, C2:H.SF, 3perhaps; cf. QML P
other; also SDQMLND LH:L I, FKLSDQML
HFL I; cf. NZDOL I
SDQMLNDLH:L, A:S1/SF, ,perhaps; also
SDQML FL, FKLSDQML HFL;cf. NZDOL I
SDQQLPDLLRL, C1:SF, 1height,
high, above; cf. PXQQLPDYDQQLPD
HHFL cl.1/2 Nnima person,
FKLQQLPD HHFL cl.7/- Nnima dialect;
cf. PXKD cl.18 top, above, sky
SDQWLPDLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
abdomen; also OLWXPERPDWXPER
cl.5/6; cf. QWLPDPLWLPD LH:L cl.3/4
heart
SDQ\D-H:L, 9beat, hit, slap; app.+
ass.> SDQ\LODQD -HHH:L beat each
other with sth.; cf. ass. SDQ\DQD
-HH:L fight
SDQ\DQD-HH:L, 9fight; ass. < SDQ\D
-H:L beat
SDQ\HQMHLH:L, E:S2, 1beside,
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
aside, apart; cf. QQ\HQMH LH:L cl.18
along
SDQ\XPDLRL, C1:SF, 1
backwards, after; also NXQ\XPD LRL
cl.17, NXQ\XPDNZDNH LLH RL
hereafter; cf. QQ\XPD LRL cl.18
behind, after
SDSD-H:L, 9tap, knock, beat (of
heart); cf. Sw. -papa; see GXNXOD
SDSDWD-HH:L, 9follow; also ORQGROD
-HH:L
SDSDWXOD-HHH:L, 9knock off, break
off by hitting; also KDSXND, \DPLOD
SDSXOD-HH:L, 9tear (tr., cloths, etc.);
cf. SZDSXOD -HH:L, YDOXOD
SDVXOD-HH:L, 9split, cleave, burst; cf.
Sw. -pasua; see YDQJD; also in use
SDVXND -HH:L be split (< Sw.
-pasuka)
SDWD-H:L, 9get
SDWDQD-HH:L, 9come to terms, be
reconciled, harmonize
SDWDQLVD-HH:L, 9FDXVcommand
SDWLGLSDWLH:L/LH:L, E:S2, 1FF
type of clothing
SDZD-FL, 9SDVbe somewhere; cf.
YD, SDOL
SDZHOXLH:L, E:S2, 1outside;
cf. ZHOX H:L cl.14 field
SHNHKD-HFL, 9FDXVmake fire (by
friction); cf. nom. PSHNHKR
PLSHNHKR LHH:L cl.3/4 firestick
SHOD-H:L, 9come to an end; rape (a
woman)
SHOHND-HH:L, 9practice witchcraft;
cf. nom. OLSHOHNRPDSHOHNR LLH:L
cl.5/6 medicine; cf. ORZD,
ORNRWDQ\D
SHOHNHG\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVsend,
cause to go; cf. WXPD send (person)
SHPED-H:L, 9spit out (small thing);
app. > SHPEHOD -HH:L spit upon; cf.
VXQD
SHPEHG\D-HFL, 9FDXVentice;
comfort
SHQGD-H:L, 9scorn, despise
SHQHND-HH:L, 9put sideways; cf.
PSDQHNDPLSDQHND LLL:L cl.3/4
385
type of hair dressing
SHQJ¶D-H:L, 9blow the nose
SHSHND-HH:L, 9be light, be thin, be
transparent; see narrow: be
SHSHND-HH:L, 9be narrow; cf. ? app.
> SHSHNHOD -HHH:L be near,
approach; see light:be, be thin,
transparent
SHSHNHOD-HHH:L, 9be near,
approach; cf. SHSL H:L I near; ? app.
< SHSHND -HH:L be narrow, be thin;
cf. KHQJHOHOD, YDQGLNLOD
SHSLH:L, A:S1/SF?, ,near; SHSL
QDFKLWHQJ¶X HL L-LFL lit. near
with-chair; cf. LSLND V be short; cf.
SHSHNHOD V be near, approach
SHWD-H:L, 9sift; cf. nom.
FKLSHWRYLSHWR LH:L cl.7/8 sifting
basket
SH\D-H:L, 9walk quickly; cf. red.
SH\DSH\D -HHH:L; SH\DWXKZHQH
L:L LRL let’ s go quickly; cf. XSHKL
LFL I quickly
SH\DSH\D-HHH:L, 9UHGbe light
(weight); red. < SH\D -H:L walk
quickly
SLKD-H:L, 9hide sth.; cf. refl.
OLWZDOLKD hide oneself
SLLHR, C2:H.SF, ,sunset (ideophone
expressing that the sun has
disappeared); OLGXYDSLL LHL FH; cf.
SLX FH, QQJZHH LFH
SLNLWD-HH:L, 9try to tear loose
SLOLNDQD-HHH:L, 9hear; attend; cf.
SLOLNDQLOD -HHHH:L listen;
OLSLOLNDQLORPDSLOLNDQLOR LHHHH:L
cl.5/6 ear, lit. thing to hear with
SLOLNDQLOD-HHHH:L, 9listen; cf.
SLOLNDQD -HHH:L hear
SLOLOD-HH:L, 9endure
SLPD-H:L, 9measure
SLQGD-H:L, 9bend; cf. refl. OLSLQGD
-HRL crouch; cf. WHSD
SLQGLNXOD-HHH:L, 9overturn,
revenge; cf. SLQGLNXODQ\D -HHLL:L
alter, turn round, stir
SLQGLNXODQ\D-HHLL:L, 9FDXValter,
turn around, stir (e.g. in making
386
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
cassava porridge); cf. NRORZDQ\D,
NRORYD
SLQJD-H:L, 9be obstinate, refuse to
obey
SLVLGLSLVLRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1FF
measure (for grains)
SLWD-H:L, 9pass, go on; NXSLWD
PZDQGD LHH H:L to go on a
journey; app. SLWLOD -HH:L pass by
(away, from, to)
SLXHR, C2:H.SF, ,sunset (ideoph.
expressing that the sun is about to
disappear); OLGXYDOLWHQGDSLX LHL
LHH FH the sun was sinking; cf. SLL
FH, QQJZHH LFH
SL\DQLG\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVcause
haste; cf. \DQJXKDQD
SRKD-FL, 9FDXVsave, be saved
SRND-H:L, 9prosper, rejoice; cf.
KDQJDODOD, WDPED
SROD-H:L, 9cool down (itr.); cf. Sw.
-poa; cf. GLGLPD, LWXOD, WXOLOD
SRQGD-H:L, 9smash, pound leaves;
cf. WZD, WZDQJD, WLSXOD pound
grains
SRSRWD-HH:L, 9twist, twine; also
SRWD -H:L; cf.SRSRWROD -HHH:L
wring out; cf. OXND
SRSRWROD-HHH:L, 9wring out; also
SDSDWROD -HHH:L; cf. SRWD -H:L,
SRSRWD -HH:L twist, twine
SRVD-FL, 9FDXVpropose marriage;
QSRVLYDSRVL LRL cl.1/2 person who
proposes a marriage (an elder of the
youngster who wants to marry)
SRWD-H:L, 9twist, twine; also SRSRWD
-HH:L; cf.SRSRWROD -HHH:L wring
out; cf. OXND
SXNXVXOD-HHH:L, 9peel off; cf.
NZDQJD, SDODWD
SXNXWD-HH:L, 9wipe off
SXOD-H:L, 9sift grain by shaking
SXOXOD-HH:L, 9strip off; harvest rice
SXOXQJ¶DQ\D-HHL:L, 9FDXV
increase, become more and more
SXPXOD-HH:L, 9breath
SXPXQD-HH:L, 9gnaw
SXQGD-H:L, 9surpass, exceed; cf.
QRQRKD
SXQJD-H:L, 9blow (of wind); cf.
OLSXQJR LRL cl.5/- wind
SXQJXOD-HH:L, 9decrease, diminish
SXSD-H:L, 9crackle; turn restlessly
(as in pain)
SXWD-H:L, 9skip (with rope); PSXWD
LH:L cl.3/- traditional game
SZDKLND-HH:L, 9shout, talk much
and lively
SZDSXOD-HH:L, 9tear (tr., twigs,
etc.); cf. SDSXOD -HH:L, YDOXOD
SZDWD-H:L, 9quarrel; ass. >
SZDWDQD -HH:L
SZDWDQD-HH:L, 9quarrel with each
other; ass. < SZDWD -H:L quarrel
SZHFKHOD-HH:L, 9receive; also
SZDFKHOD -HH:L
SZHWHND-HH:L, 9wound, get hurt, be
ill; also SZDWHND -HH:L; cf. SZLWD
-H:L hurt
SZLWD-H:L, 9hurt; cf. SZHWHND
-HH:L
S\DH:L, 9be scorched, be burnt;
tones with Infinitive marker
S\DLOD-HH:L, 9sweep; cf.
FKLS\DLYLS\DL LRL broom
6
VDPXOLOD-HHH:L, 9comb; also
KDPXOLOD -HHH:L; cf.
FKLKDPXORYLKDPXOR LLL:L cl.7/8
comb
VDQDRL, C1:SF, ,very; cf. Sw. sana;
see QDPHQH I
VLND-H:L, 9bury; cf. Sw. -zika; see
\DKD; PDVLNR LRL cl. -/6 funeral
VLNLWLND-HHH:L, 9be sorry; cf. Sw.
-sikitika; see KLQJLQLND
VRPD-H:L, 9read
VRPR RL, C1:SF, 1EEfriend; cf.
QQ\HQMHYD\HQMH cl.1/2
VXOXOD-HH:L, 9drip, leak; frequently
used with Pre-Final DQJ: VXOXODQJD
-HHH:L
VXOXSXND-HHH:L, 9come down
VXPD-H:L, 9buy; cf. caus. VXPLVD
-HFL sell
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
VXPLVD-HFL, 9FDXVsell; caus. <
VXPD -H:L buy
VXQD-H:L, 9spit; cf. SHPED
VXQDOD-HH:L, 9be vexed, be angry;
cf. YLVD, YLKD, FKLPZD
VZDH:L, 9set (of sun); tones with
Infinitive marker; OLGXYDNXVZD LHL
H:L all day long
VZHOHOD-HH:L, 9be white (rash); also
VZDOHOD -HH:L; cf. DQDSH P con.
white; see clean: be
VZHOHOD-HH:L, 9be clean; cf.
KDKXOD, NDWDSDG\D; see white: be
(rash)
7
WDKD-FL, 9FDXVlook for, search; also
OROHKD; cf. OHPEHOD, OHPEHOHOD
WDKXND-HH:L, 9disagree, rebel, be
perverse; cf. ass. WDKXNDQD -HHH:L
argue
WDKXNDQD-HHH:L, 9argue; ass. <
WDKXND -HH:L disagree
WDLOD-HH:L, 9lay an egg
WDNDWD-HH:L, 9be pleased, be
attractive; cf. PDLOD
WDNDWXND-HHH:L, 9stand up, arise,
start; cf. XND
WDPD-H:L, 9agree on marriage
between man and parents
WDPDRL, C1:SF, 1Edesire; < Sw.
tamaa; see LKLNLGLGLKLNLGL cl.9/10; cf.
OXNRX cl.11/WDPED-H:L, 9rejoice; cf. KDQJDODOD,
SRND
WDPEDOD-HH:L, 9creep
WDPEXOD-HH:L, 9mention, name
WDPZD-FL, 9SDVlove, like, desire,
want, accept; cf. OHPEHOD; cf. ass.
WDPZDQD -HFL accept
WDPZDQD-HFL, 9agree; ass. <
WDPZD -FL love, etc, accept; also
\DPEXNLOD, LWLNLOD
WDQD-H:L, 9tell a story; NXWDQD
QWDQROXWDQR LHH HH:L/HH:L
(QWDQROXWDQR LRL, LRL cl.3,11
story)
WDQGD-H:L, 9hang
387
WDQGL-FL, B:S1, $first; PDWDQGL LFL
cl.4, GLQDQGL LFL cl.10; tone also
HL, i.e. no lengthening of
penult.vowel; substractively derived
from WDQGLOLND V begin; predicative:
same tones
WDQGLOLND-HHH:L, 9begin; also
WDQGDOLND -HHH:L; cf. WDQGL -FL A
first; OLQGLPXND
WDQJXL:L, D1:no H, ,formerly, the
past; LQJ¶DQGH\DWDQJX LHL H-FL
an old house; also NDOD I; cf. DWDQJX
P con. old
WDQJ¶XQD-HH:L, 9chew; cf. nom.
OLWDQJ¶XQLORPDWDQJ¶XQLOR LHHH:L
cl.5/6
WDQMLOD-HH:L, 9be noticeable, be
available; cf. LQMLSLND
WDQXND-HH:L, 9be expanded, be
widened; cf. Sw. -tanuka
WDSD-H:L, 9boast; also refl. OLWDSD
-HRL
WDSLND-HH:L, 9vomit; cf. Sw. -tapika;
see NRG\RND
WDSXND-HH:L, 9stick to, adhere
WDWLH:L, ?, 1Ffather (informal,
ironic); cf. DWDWD LFL cl.2A
WDWX-RL, C1:SF, $three; PLWDWX LRL
cl.4, GLQDWX LRL cl.10; DWDWX P con.
third; predicative: same tones
WDYD-H:L, 9bind sth. with a rope, tie
rope around sth.
WD\D-H:L, 9put into; NXWD\DPLVD
LHH L:L sneeze, or in short
NXWDPLVD LH-FL; NXWD\DFKLKRQGH
LHH HH:L participate in a discussion
WHND-H:L, 9draw water; NXWHNDPHGL
LHH H:L
WHOHND-HH:L, 9cook; also WDOHND
-HH:L
WHPD-H:L, 9sharpen; cf.
NZLFKDNZLFKD; see cut firewood
WHPD-H:L, 9cut firewood; see sharpen
WHQGD-H:L, 9do; cf. NROD; NXWHQGD
PDGHQJR LHH HH:L to work;
XQLWHQGD LHRL thanks, lit. you have
done it (Pres.Perf.)
WHSD-H:L, 9stoop, bend down; cf.
388
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
PZLWHSD LFL cl.18 corner
WHVRGLWHVRRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1FF
adze; sg. also LWHVR LRL cl.9c
WHWHOD-HH:L, 9cackle (of chicken
producing an egg)
WHWHPD-HH:L, 9shiver, tremble; also
WHWHPHOD -HHH:L; cf. FKLWHWH LFL
cl.7, FKLWHWHPHGL LLLRL cl.7 the
shivers
WHXOD-HH:L, 9take off fire, serve
food; cf. app. WHXOLOD -HHH:L dish
WHXOLOD-HHH:L, 9dish; app. < WHXOD
-HH:L take off fire, serve food
WHYHG\D-HFL, 9FDXVendanger; also
WDYHG\D -HFL
WH\D-H:L, 9trap; NXWH\DGLKRPED
LHH HFL fish, lit. trap fish; cf.
LQLNLOD
WLND-H:L, 9cause to shake, move fro
and to; put load on head with s.o.’ s
help; cf. WLNLQ\D -HFL shake
WLNLQ\D-HFL, 9FDXVshake (tr. and
itr.); cf.WLND -H:L cause to shake,
move fro and to
WLOD-H:L, 9run away; NXQWLOD
H-H-RL (with OC of cl.1) to isolate
s.o. socially; also WXNXWD
WLPD-H:L, 9delay, linger
WLPED-H:L, 9loiter, hang about;
frequently used with Pre-Final DQJ:
WLPEDQJD -HH:L
WLPEDQJLOD-HHH:L, 9destroy; also
RQGRQJD
WLQGLQJD-HH:L, 9bring to ruin
WLQGLYDOD-HHH:L, 9kneel, worship;
also \DPD
WLQLKD-HFL, 9FDXVbring to the boil
(QNRMR, first stage in the preparation
of beer); cf. \DXOD, \DXNLOD,
\DXNLG\D, NRG\D, FKHPXVD,
WRNRWD
WLSXOD-HH:L, 9pound (grains); also
WZD, WZDQJD; cf. SRQGD
WLWLPLOD-HHH:L, 9sink; disappear,
vanish
WLYD-H:L, 9plait; NXWLYDXOLQGR LHH
HFL plait hair
WRKD-FL, 9FDXVtouch, press; cf.
NDED, EDQD
WRKRPD-HH:L, 9go up and down (e.g.
fontanel on head of baby)
WRNRWD-HH:L, 9become cooked, be
boiled; also WDNRWD -HH:L;
WRNRWHODQD -HHHH:L become
cooked for each other; have flavour;
cf. \DXOD, NRG\D, FKHPXVD, WLQLKD
WROHOD-HH:L, 9get satisfied
WROROD-HH:L, 9bore a hole; also
WDOROD -HH:L; cf. GRYROD
WRQD-H:L, 9take a snuff (tobacco);
also QXVD; cf. OLSRVDPDSRVD LL:L
cl.5/6 snuff of tobacco
WRQGROD-HH:L, 9choose; also
WDQGROD -HH:L, KDSD; XWRQGRGL
LLRL cl.14 elections, QWRQGRGL
YDWRQGRGL LLRL cl.1/2 voter
WRQJRGLND-HHH:L, 9grumble, speak
to oneself; caus., neut. < WRQJROD
-HH:L speak; also ORORPD
WRQJROD-HH:L, 9speak, say; also
WDQJROD -HH:L; cf. WRQJRGLND
-HHH:L grumble; cf. NXWRQJR
YL\RKD LHH-HFL abuse, insult, lit. to
speak terms of abuse; cf. FKL say
WRQJRVD-HFL, 9FDXVseduce
WRQ\D-FL, 9FDXVrain
WRVD-FL, 9FDXVfine; cf. pas. WRVZD
-FL be fined
WRWD-H:L, 9sew; cf. nom. QWRWD
PLWRWD LFL cl.3/4, QWRWHORPLWRWHOR
LHH:L cl.3/4 needle
WXELVD-HFL, 9FDXVpunish
WXG\D-FL, 9FDXVoffer present for a
special occasion, esp. initiation; caus.
< WXOD -H:L set down; cf.
LQXG\RGLQXG\R LL:L cl.9/10 present
for a special occasion
WXNXNXOD-HHH:L, 9enlarge, make
greater
WXNXOD-HH:L, 9be very full (of food),
belch; cf. GLKXPL LRL cl. -/10 belch
WXNXWD-HH:L, 9run away; also WLOD
WXOD-H:L, 9set down (e.g. take load
from head and put it on the ground);
cf. WXG\D -FL give present for a
special occasion
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
WXOLOD-H:L, 9get cool; cf. SROD,
GLGLPD, LWXOD
WXPD-H:L, 9send (person); cf.
SHOHNHG\D
WXPED-H:L, 9look up, observe; cf.
OROHKLG\D
WXPEDNXLFL, E:S2, 1Etobacco
WXPEXND-HH:L, 9break (itr., big
things, e.g. tree); cf. WXPEXOD -HH:L,
OXPXND
WXPEXOD-HH:L, 9be fat (esp.
animals); be big; also used with
Pre-Final DQJ: WXPEXODQJD
-HHH:L; cf. Q\HWD; see break (tr.,
big things)
WXPEXOD-HH:L, 9break (tr., big
things); frequently used with
Pre-Final DQJ: WXPEXODQJD
-HHH:L; cf. WXPEXND -HH:L,
OXPXOD; see fat: be, be big
WXPLOD-HH:L, 9use; QJXWXPLGLOH
XYHOX L-LLLL HH:L I was stupid, lit.
I have used stupidity
WXPXOD-HH:L, 9chase away; also
YLQJD, YLQJDQJD
WXQGD-H:L, 9lack enough fire, get
underdone (food); be unclear (words)
WXQGXOD-HH:L, 9take off sth. (off
body)
WXQGXQ\D-HFL, 9FDXVthrow down
WXQGXZLOD-HHH:L, 9bring problems;
cf. KXYD have problems, EDQLND get
problems
WXQJXQ\XND-HHH:L, 9melt; also
Q\HOHPEXND
WXSD-H:L, 9bulge, swell out
WXSLOD-HH:L, 9have sexual
intercourse; also \HODQD
WXYD-H:L, 9scratch skin forcefully;
remove weeds; cf. YDYD
WZDH:L, 9pound (grains); tones with
Infinitive marker; also WZDQJD -H:L,
WLSXOD; cf. SRQGD
WZDOD-H:L, 9take; WZDOLG\D -HFL
make a woman pregnant, OLWZDOD
LH:L abduction of a woman;
nowadays: name of the bride in first
week, OLWZDOLKD -HHL:L hide oneself
389
WZDOLG\D-HFL, 9FDXVmake ( a
woman) pregnant; cf. WZDOD -H:L
take
WZDQJD-H:L, 9pound (grains); < WZD
(+ Pre-Final DQJ); also WLSXOD; cf.
SRQGD
WZHVD-FL, 9FDXVpretend (to be good,
nice, etc., in order to get sth.); cf.
OLODPELOD
WZLJD RL, C1:SF, 1EEgiraffe
8
XRLFH, 3GHPright this/that one;
X\R\X LFH cl.1, XZRZX LFH cl.3,
X\R\L LFH cl.9; attributive tones:
(H)FH, the initial X is optional
XRRLFH, 3GHPthis, that
(referential emphatic); X\R\R LFH
cl.1, XZRZR LFH cl.3, X\R\R LFH
cl.9; attributive tones: (H)FH, the
initial X is optional; PZDQGD
XZRZR HH HFH right at that time,
moment
XODLFH, 3GHPthat (emphatic);
X\XOD LFH cl.1, XXOD LFH cl.3, XLOD
LFH cl.9; attributive tones: HFH
XQRLFH, 3GHPthis (emphatic);
X\XQR LFH cl.1, XXQR LFH cl.3,
XLQR LFH cl.9; attributive tones:
HFH; cf. XYLQR LFL and now,
therefore
XELODLFL, B:S1, 1semen
XFKHFKHLRL, C1:SF, 1termite(s)
XFKLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1honey
XFKLYDLFL, B:S1, 1solitariness,
loneliness; cf. QFKLYDYDFKLYD LFL
cl.1/2 orphan
XGXOD-HH:L, 9straighten; cf. Q\RND,
NDQGD
XG\D-FL, 9FDXVask (question); red.
> XG\DXG\D -HHL:L question
XJRQLLRL, C1:SF, 1adultery
XKDNZDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1dirt
(often: dirty food)
XKDPEDFKLLLRL, C1:SF, 1trade
XKDWRDKDWRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1$$
python; pl. also YDKDWR LH:L cl.2;
also XKDWXDKDWX LH:L; species
390
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
oriented: LKDWXGLKDWXLKDWRGLKDWR
LH:L cl.9/10
XKDYLLFL, B:S1, 1witchcraft; cf.
QQ\DYLYDKDYL LFL cl.1/2 sorcerer
XKLNXLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1night; cf.
Sw. usiku; see FKLOR cl.7/-; XKLNX
XNDFKD LHL LH:L until dawn, lit. if
the night dawns
XKLPEDDKLPEDLFL, B:S1, 1$$
lion; pl. also YDKLPED LFL cl.2;
species oriented: LKLPEDGLKLPED
LFL cl.9/10
XKLQLQLLHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1gum
(near teeth)
XKRPEDDKRPEDLFL, B:S1, 1$$
fish; pl. also YDKRPED LFL cl.2;
species oriented: LKRPEDGLKRPED
LFL cl.9/10
XKRQJ¶RDKRQJ¶RLRL, C1:SF, 1
$$maggot; pl. also YDKRQJ¶R
LRL cl.2; species oriented:
LKRQJ¶RGLKRQJ¶R LRL cl.9/10
XKXH:L, A:S1/SF, 1flour
XKXKLDKXKLLRL, C1:SF, 1$$
snake sp. (related to python); pl. also
YDKXKL LRL cl.2; species oriented:
LKXKLGLKXKL LRL cl.9/10
XKXPEZHLL:L, D1:no H, 1milky
juice got from grated coconut (Sw.
tui)
XKXQJRDKXQJRLH:L, E:S2, 1$$
genet; pl. also YDKXQJR LHL cl.2;
species oriented: LKXQJRGLKXQJR
LH:L cl.9/10
XKZHKZHLFH, 3VXEVWwe (emphatic);
KZHHWX HRL (non-emphatic)
XLOD-HH:L, 9repeat; also LOD -H:L
XND-H:L, 9rise, come forward; cf.
WDNDWXND; see go away
XND-H:L, 9go away, come from; cf.
KRORND; see rise, come forward; cf.
NRND H:L I then, finally, at the end; if
XNDQJDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
foolishness, ignorance (of man); cf.
QNDQJDYDNDQJD LH:L cl.1/2, XYHOX
cl.14
XNRWLPLNRWLLRL, C1:SF, 1neck
XNRWRLRL, C1:SF, 1speech,
utterance
XNXOXKDLHFL, B:S1, 1
miscarriage; nom. < NXOXKD; cf.
GLQMDKDQJR cl. -/10 miscarriage
XOD-H:L, 9ripen (itr.); cf. ODSDWD,
KXQD; see undress
XOD-H:L, 9undress; also NXGREROD
GLQJXR LHHH HH:L; see ripen (itr.)
XODPDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1life; nom.
< ODPD V recover; live/exist long;
also XPL cl.14
XODPHLRL, C1:SF, 1health,
happiness, prosperity; nom. < ODPD
V be aged; heal
XOHPZDLFL, B:S1, 1idleness,
laziness; nom. < OHPZD -FL A idle
XOHQGHLFL, B:S1, 1sesame
XOLQGRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1hair (of
head)
XORPELPDORPELLRL, C1:SF, 1
marriage; cf. ORPED V marry (of
man); also LQGRZDGLQGRZD cl.9/10
XORRQJRLLFL, E:S2, 1soil (clay);
cf. XWRSH cl.14
XOXND-HH:L, 9jump (high); fly; cf.
Sw. -ruka; cf. FKLQMLOD, FKLWLND,
GDQJ¶D
XOXOXKD-HHL:L, 9FDXVsift grain by
trossing
XOXPXND-HHH:L, 9get to puberty
(boys)
XOZHOHPDOZHOHLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
sickness
XO\DPEDHRL, C2:H.SF, 1morning;
cf. NXO\DPED LH:L dawn, SDO\DPED
LH:L day after tomorrow
XPDNDDPDNDLRL, C1:SF, 1$$
cat; pl. also YDPDND LRL cl.2;
species oriented: LPDNDGLPDND LRL
cl.9/10
XPDPDQDDPDPDQDLHFL, B:S1, 1
$$ant sp. (small, red); pl. also
YDPDPDQD LHFL cl.2; species
oriented: LPDPDQDGLPDPDQD LHFL
cl.9/10
XPDPEDDPDPEDLFL, B:S1, 1$$
crocodile; cf. Sw. mamba; pl. also
YDPDPED LFL cl.2; species oriented:
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
LPDPEDGLPDPED LFL cl.9/10; see
XPEXOXDPEXOX
XPDPEXPEXLHFL, B:S1, 1early
in the morning; also PDPEXPEX
HFL cl. -/6; cf. FKD V, NXO\DPED
cl.17
XPDQGHDPDQGHLH:L, E:S2, 1$$
grasshopper; pl. also YDPDQGH LH:L
cl.2; species oriented: LPDQGH
GLPDQGH LH:L cl.9/10
XPED-H:L, 9shape, create; cf. Sw.
-umba; cf. PXQ\D, NDPDWD
XPEDG\D-HFL, 9FDXVfill; caus. <
XPEDOD -HH:L be full
XPEDLDPEDLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1$$
bee sp.; pl. also YDPEDL LH:L cl.2;
species oriented: LPEDLGLPEDL LH:L
cl.9/10
XPEDOD-HH:L, 9be full; caus. >
XPEDG\D -HFL fill
XPEDQJRDPEDQJRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
$$wild pig; pl. also YDPEDQJR
LH:L cl.2; species oriented:
LPEDQJRGLPEDQJR LH:L cl.9/10
XPERNRDPERNRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
$$louse; pl. also YDPERNR LH:L
cl.2; species oriented: LPERNR
GLPERNR LH:L cl.9/10
XPEXGLDPEXGLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
$$goat; pl. also YDPEXGL LH:L
cl.2; species oriented: LPEXGL
GLPEXGL LH:L cl.9/10
XPEXOXDPEXOX?, 1$$crocodile;
tones unknown; pl. also YDPEXOX
cl.2; species oriented: LPEXOX
GLPEXOX cl.9/10; also XPDPED
DPDPED
XPEXOXNXWDDPEXOXNXWDLLHRL,
C2;H.SF, 1$$butterfly; pl. also
YDPEXOXNXWD LLHRL cl.2; species
oriented: LPEXOXNXWDGLPEXOXNXWD
LLHRL cl.9/10
XPEXWXNDDPEXWXNDLLRL, C1:SF, 1
$$antelope sp. (klipspringer); pl.
also YDPEXWXND LLRL cl.2; species
oriented: LPEXWXNDGLPEXWXND
LLRL cl.9/10
XPEZLOLPEZLQGLDPEZLOLPEZLQGL
391
LLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1$$termite
sp. (small winged, not edible); pl. also
YDPEZLOLPEZLQGL LLHRL cl.2;
species oriented: LPEZLOLPEZLQGL
GLPEZLOLPEZLQGL LLHRL cl.9/10
XPHPEHDPHPEHLH:L, E:S2, 1$$
fly; pl. also YDPHPEH LH:L cl.2;
species oriented: LPHPEHGLPHPEH
LH:L cl.9/10
XPLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1life; also
XODPD cl.14
XPXQGDDPXQGDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
$$dove; pl. also YDPXQGD LH:L
cl.2; species oriented LPXQGD
GLPXQGD LH:L cl.9/10
XPZHPZHLFH, 3VXEVWyou (pl.)
(emphatic); PZHHQX HRL
(non-emphatic)
XPZHQ\HLRL, C1:SF, 1chieftaincy
(traditional); cf.
DPZHQ\HDFKDPZHQ\H HRL/LHRL
cl.2A/2A+ headman of village
XQDPELOLDQDPELOLLHFL, B:S1, 1
$$partridge; pl.also YDQDPELOL
LHFL; species oriented: LQDPELOL
GLQDPELOL LHFL cl.9/10
XQDQJ¶HLFH, 3VXEVWhe, she
(emphatic); QDQJ¶H H:L
(non-emphatic)
XQHPEHDQHPEHLRL, C1:SF, 1$$
calf; pl. also YDQHPEH LRL cl.2;
species oriented: LQHPEHGLQHPEH
LRL cl.9/10
XQHPERDQHPERLFL, B:S1, 1$$
elephant; pl. also YDQHPER LFL cl.2;
species oriented: LQHPERGLQHPER
LFL cl.9/10
XQHQHLFH, 3VXEVWI (emphatic);
QDDQJX HRL (non-emphatic)
XQJ¶DPEHDQJ¶DPEHLFL, B:S1, 1
$$tortoise; pl. also YDQJ¶DPEH
LFL cl.2; species oriented: LQJ¶DPEH
GLQJ¶DPEH LFL cl.9/10
XQJ¶DQJDDQJ¶DQJDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
$$guinea-fowl; pl. also
YDQJ¶DQJD LH:L cl.2; species
oriented: LQJ¶DQJDGLQJ¶DQJD LH:L
cl.9/10
392
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
XQJ¶DYDQJDDQJ¶DYDQJDLHFL, B:S1,
1$$dog; pl. also YDQJ¶DYDQJD
LHFL cl.2; species oriented:
LQJ¶DYDQJDGLQJ¶DYDQJD LHFL
cl.9/10
XQJ¶RPEHDQJ¶RPEHLRL, C1:SF, 1
$$cow; pl. also YDQJ¶RPEH LRL
cl.2; species oriented: LQJ¶RPEH
GLQJ¶RPEH LRL cl.9/10
XQJ¶RQGRDQJ¶RQGRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
$$lizard sp. (big, living on land);
pl. also YDQJ¶RQGR LH:L cl.2; species
oriented: LQJ¶RQGRGLQJ¶RQGR LH:L
cl.9/10
XQJRQGRORDQJRQGRORLLRL, C1:SF, 1
$$sheep; pl. also YDQJRQGROR
LLRL cl.2; species oriented:
LQJRQGRORGLQJRQGROR LLRL cl.9/10
XQJ¶XNXDQJ¶XNXLFL, B:S1, 1$$
chicken; pl. also YDQJ¶XNX LFL cl.2;
species oriented: LQJ¶XNXGLQJ¶XNX
LFL cl.9/10
XQJXOXYHDQJXOXYHLLRL, C1:SF, 1
$$pig; pl. also YDQJXOXYH LLRL
cl.2; species oriented: LQJXOXYH
GLQJXOXYH LLRL cl.9/10
XQJXPELDQJXPELLFL, B:S1, 1$$
termite sp. (winged); pl. also
YDQJXPEL LFL cl.2; species oriented:
LQJXPELGLQJXPEL LFL cl.9/10
XQJ¶XQJ¶XQLDQJ¶XQJ¶XQLLHH:L,
A:S1/SF, 1$$bedbug; pl. also
YDQJ¶XQJ¶XQL LHH:L cl.2; species
oriented: LQJ¶XQJ¶XQLGLQJ¶XQJ¶XQL
LHH:L cl.9/10
XQJZDQJZDODWLDQJZDQJZDODWL
LHHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1$$dog sp.
(digging up corpses); pl. also
YDQJZDQJZDODWL LHHH:L cl.2;
species oriented: LQJZDQJZDODWL
GLQJZDQJZDODWL LHHH:L;
QQJZDQJZDODWLYDQJZDQJZDODWL
LHHH:L cl.1/2 killer
XQMDODKXDQMDODKXLHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
$$ant sp. (big, red); pl. also
YDQMDODKX LHH:L cl.2; species
oriented: LQMDODKXGLQMDODKX LHH:L
cl.9/10
XQMHQMHPDDQMHQMHPDLHRL,
C2:H.SF, 1$$mosquito; pl. also
YDQMHQMHPD LHRL cl.2; species
oriented: LQMHQMHPDGLQMHQMHPD
LHRL cl.9/10
XQXWDDQXWDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1$$
ant sp. (red); pl. also YDQXWD LH:L
cl.2; species oriented: LQXWDGLQXWD
LH:L cl.9/10
XQ\DQJDDQ\DQJDLFL, B:S1, 1$$
hawk sp. (big, striking colours); pl.
also YDQ\DQJD LFL cl.2; species
oriented: LQ\DQJDGLQ\DQJD LFL
cl.9/10
XQ\DWLDQ\DWLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1$$
buffalo; pl. also YDQ\DWL LH:L cl.2;
species oriented: LQ\DWLGLQ\DWL LH:L
cl.9/10
XQ\HGLDQ\HGLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
$$snail; pl. also YDQ\HGL LH:L
cl.2; species oriented: LQ\HGLGLQ\HGL
LH:L cl.9/10
XQ\LPDDQ\LPDLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
$$monkey (Sw. kima); pl. also
YDQ\LPD LH:L cl.2; species oriented:
LQ\LPDGLQ\LPD LH:L cl.9/10
XQ\RORGLQ\RORLRL, C1:SF, 1
sacrifice
XQ\XFKLDQ\XFKLLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
$$honey-bee; pl. also YDQ\XFKL
LH:L cl.2; species oriented:
LQ\XFKLGLQ\XFKL LH:L cl.9/10
XQ\XNXGXPEDDQ\XNXGXPED
LLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1$$soldier
ant; pl. also YDQ\XNXGXPED LLHRL
cl.2; species oriented: LQ\XNXGXPED
GLQ\XNXGXPED LLHRL cl.9/10
XSHKLLFL, B:S1, 1quickly; cf. Sw.
upesi; see SH\D V; adjunct
XSLQGHPDSLQGHLH:L, E:S2, 1
bow; cf. Sw. upinde; see OLQJXQJZH
PDQJXQJZH cl.5/6
XS\D-H:L, 9burn up; scoop water
XVD-FL, 9FDXVgive, display, show,
take (out); cf. LQJ¶D give to,
ODQJXG\D show
XVLPLXVLRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1
spider web
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
XVXQJXLRL, C1:SF, 1foolishness,
ignorance (of woman); cf. QVXQJX
YDVXQJX LRL cl.1/2, XYHOX cl.14
XVXQJXODDVXQJXODLHRL, C2:H.SF, 1
$$hare; pl. also YDVXQJXOD LHRL
cl.2; species oriented:
LVXQJXODGLVXQJXOD LHRL cl.9/10
XVXYLDVXYLLFL, B:S1, 1$$
leopard; pl. also YDVXYL LFL cl.2;
species oriented: LVXYLGLVXYL LFL
cl.9/10
XWD-H:L, 9pull (firmly); cf. KROROD
XWDQLLH:L, E:S2, 1millet sp. (Sw.
ulezi)
XWLQJRLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1type of
basket (small)
XWRKLLRL, C1:SF, 1excrement of
chicken; cf. PDYL cl. -/6
XWRSHLRL, C1:SF, 1soil (clay); cf.
XORQJR cl.14
XWRWROLLHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1brain;
also XWXWXOL LHH:L
XWXPERLRL, C1:SF, 1intestine
XWXWXOLLHH:L, A:S1/SF, 1brain;
also XWRWROL LHH:L
XXG\D-HFL, 9FDXVtreat a sick
person; caus. < XXOD -HH:L fall ill
XXOD-HH:L, 9fall ill; caus. > XXG\D
-HFL treat a sick person
XYDKHGLPEDKHLRL, C1:SF, 1
mushroom; also XYDKL LRL
XYDQDQJ¶RLHFH, 3VXEVWthey
(emphatic); YDQDQJ¶R LH:L
(non-emphatic)
XYHOXLRL, C1:SF, 1stupidity,
foolishness; cf. XNDQJD cl.14;
NXWXPLODXYHOX LHHH HH:L to be
stupid, lit. to use stupidity
XYLODLFL, B:S1, ,thus, so, as follows;
cf. NDYLOD, NXYLOD LH:L again
XYLORLH:L, A:S1/SF, 1joking
relationship (Sw. utani)
XZD-H:L, 9fall; also PRWRND,
\DQJXND; cf. SDNDWLND, SDODWXND
XZHZHLFH, 3VXEVWyou (sg.)
(emphatic); ZDDNR HRL
(non-emphatic)
XZRZDLRL, C1:SF, 1mushroom
393
sp. (in the bush)
X\D-H:L, 9return; app. > X\LOD
-HH:L return to
X\HQLLRL, C1:SF, 1state of being a
guest/stranger; cf. QQ\HQLYD\HQL
LRL cl.1/2 guest, stranger
9
YDH:L, 9be; tones with Infinitive
marker; cf. SDZD, SDOL be
somewhere
YDOD-H:L, 9shine; cf. \DND
YDODQJD-HH:L, 9count
YDOXOD-HH:L, 9thunder; have a bad
headache; cf. OLQGLPD; see tear
YDOXOD-HH:L, 9tear; cf. SDSXOD,
SZDSXOD; see thunder
YDQDQJ¶RLH:L, E:S2, 3VXEVWthey;
XYDQDQJ¶R LHFH (emphatic); cf.
QDQJ¶R -H:L P the same, the very
one
YDQGLND-HH:L, 9concern
YDQGLNLOD-HHH:L, 9approach, draw
near; also KHQJHOHOD; cf. SHSHNHOD
YDQJD-H:L, 9split, cleave; cf. SDVXOD
YDYD-H:L, 9scratch skin; also with
Pre-Final DQJ: YDYDQJD -HH:L; cf.
WXYD
YD\XND-HH:L, 9get to puberty (girls)
YHGD-H:L, 9carve
YHKD-FL, 9FDXVblow up; cf. sep.
YHKXND -HH:L become swollen
YHKXND-HH:L, 9become swollen; sep.
< YHKD -FL blow up
YHOHND-HH:L, 9give birth; also
YDOHND -HH:L, Q\DNXOD, \DNXOD;
NXYHOHNZDNR LHFLH (Infinitive +
dem., ref., short) that’ s life!
YHOHNZD-HFL, 9SDVbe born; pas. <
YHOHND -HH:L bear children; also
YDOHNZD -HFL
YHQJD-H:L, 9damage, harm
YLKD-FL, 9FDXVbe angry; also YLVD
-FL; FKLPZD; cf. VXQDOD
YLKL-H:L, A:S1/SF, $unripe; PPLKL
PLYLKL LH:L cl.3/4, LPELKLGLPELKL
LH:L cl.9/10; predicative: same tones
YLND-H:L, 9lay down, put, place; cf.
394
APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
ODG\D
YLOL-RL, C1:SF, $two; PLYLOL LRL
cl.4, GLPELOL LRL cl.10; DYLOL P con.
second; cf. NDYLOD LH:L I again;
predicative: same tones
YLO\RRL, C1:SF, 1food; cf. O\D V
eat; also FKDNXO\DY\DNXO\D HL:L
cl.7/8
YLPED-H:L, 9thatch; swell; cf. refl.
OLYLPED -HRL wrap around; cf. sep.
YLPEXOD -HH:L unthatch
YLPEXOD-HH:L, 9unthatch; sep. <
YLPED -H:L thatch, swell
YLQD-H:L, 9dance
YLQJD-H:L, 9chase away; also
YLQJDQJD -HH:L, WXPXOD
YLQJDQJD-HH:L, 9chase away; <
YLQJD -H:L (+ Pre-Final DQJ); also
WXPXOD
YLQRRL, C1:SF, 3GHPnow; cf. QR P
dem.; QDYLQR L-RL and now, still;
KHNDYLQR L:H RL/L:L but, and now;
XYLQR LFL and now, therefore
YLVD-FL, 9FDXVbe angry; also YLKD
-FL, FKLPZD; cf. VXQDOD
:
ZDDNRHRL, C2:H.SF, 3VXEVWyou
(sg.); XZHZH LFH (emphatic)
ZDG\D-FL, 9FDXVdress (s.o.); caus.
< ZDOD -H:L wear; cf. \DOXOD
ZDKLFL, C2:H.SF, 1grass
ZDOD-H:L, 9wear; cf. ZDG\D -FL
dress
ZDODL:H, C1:SF, ,nor; cf. Sw. wala;
see leave
ZDODPDZDODH:L/LH:L, A:S1/SF, 1
beer
ZDODOD-HH:L, 9kill; refl. > OLZDODOD
-HLRL kill oneself, hurt; cf. KL\D
ZDODZDOD-HHH:L, 9UHGbecome
invisible (witchcraft), get lost; cf.
\DKLND
ZDQDFL, C2:H.SF, 1childhood; cf.
PZDQDYDQD FL cl.1/2 child
ZDSLZDSLLLFL, ?, 1business
ZDXND-HH:L, 9bruise; cf. ZDXOD
-HH:L skin
ZDXOD-HH:L, 9skin; cf. ZDXND
-HH:L bruise
ZD\D-H:L, 9rustle (sheets of paper);
cf. NDFKDNDFKD
ZHNDRL, C1:SF, ,alone, on one’ s own;
attributive tones: FL
ZHOXPDZHOXH:L/LH:L, B:S1, 1
field
ZLGXKD-HFL, 9FDXVsweat; refl. >
OLZLGXKD -HHL:L be very busy till
sweat comes out; cf. nom. FKLZLGXKX
LHFL cl.7/- sweat
ZLOD-H:L, 9chew (e.g.tobacco)
ZRPED-H:L, 9beat a drum, fire a gun,
blow a horn, flute; also RPED -H:L
ZRQGRORLRL, C1:SF, 1clay ground
ZXQXH:L, A:S1/SF, 1plaster (for
making pots)
<
\DGLND-HH:L, 9borrow
\DKD-H:L, 9bury; also VLND; see
throw away
\DKD-H:L, 9throw away; lose; also
caus. \DKLVD HFL; cf. neut. \DKLND
be lost; see bury
\DKLND-HH:L, 9be lost; neut. < \DKD
-H:L bury, throw away; cf. ZDODZDOD
\DKXOD-HH:L, 9yawn
\DND-H:L, 9shine, burn (of fire), feel
hot; cf. YDOD
\DNDQ\D-HFL, 9FDXVpour; cf.
PZDGLOD
\DNXOD-HH:L, 9carry; give birth; see
Q\DNXOD -HH:L
\DOXND-HH:L, 9initiate, circumcise
(in former days)
\DOXOD-HH:L, 9clothe (buy clothes for
s.o.); cf. ZDG\D
\DPD-H:L, 9kneel, worship; also
WLQGLYDOD; see lie down
\DPD-H:L, 9lie down, go to bed; also
ODOD; see kneel
\DPEXNLOD-HHH:L, 9reply, respond;
cf. \DQJ¶XOD; see agree
\DPEXNLOD-HHH:L, 9agree; also
WDPZDQD, LWLNLOD; see reply
\DPEXOLOD-HHH:L, 9smell a scent of
CHINNIMA – ENGLISH
s.o. or sth.
\DPLOD-HH:L, 9slap off (e.g., flies);
also KDSXND, SDSDWXOD; cf.
OL\DPLOLOD -HHLRL defend oneself
\DQGD-H:L, 9be thin; cf. \DQGDXND
-HHH:L be wide
\DQGDXND-HHH:L, 9be wide; cf.
\DQGD -H:L be thin
\DQJDOD-HH:L, 9dance and jump of
joy
\DQJDWD-HH:L, 9help, assist, support
\DQJXKDQD-HHH:L, 9hasten, do
quickly (with negative result); also
app. \DQJXKDQLOD -HHHH:L; cf.
SL\DQLG\D
\DQJXND-HH:L, 9fall; cf. Sw.
-anguka; see PRWRND, XZD; cf.
SDNDWLND, SDODWXND
\DQJ¶XOD-HH:L, 9answer; cf.
\DPEXNLOD
\DQLND-HH:L, 9dry in the sun; cf.
Q\DOD, \XPD
\DXNLG\D-HHL:L, 9FDXVboil; also
NRG\D, FKHPXVD; cf. \DXOD -HH:L,
\DXNLOD -HHH:L, WRNRWD, WLQLKD
\DXNLOD-HHH:L, 9boil (itr.); also
\DXOD -HH:L; cf. \DXNLG\D
-HHL:L, NRG\D, FKHPXVD, WRNRWD,
WLQLKD
\DXOD-HH:L, 9boil (itr.); also
\DXNLOD -HHL:L; cf. \DXNLG\D
-HHL:L, NRG\D, FKHPXVD, WRNRWD,
WLQLKD
\DYD-H:L, 9divide; also \DYDQ\D
-HFL
\DYDQ\D-HFL, 9FDXVdivide; also
\DYD -H:L
\DZHOD-HH:L, 9alter plan, cancel
\HG\D-FL, 9FDXVtaste (food);
imitate, mimic; refresh; cf. refl.
OL\HG\D -HFL learn
\HOD-H:L, 9throw at; cf. ass. \HODQD
-HH:L have sexual intercourse
\HODQD-HH:L, 9have sexual
intercourse; ass. < \HOD -H:L throw
at; also WXSLOD
\HPEHGL\HPEHRL/LRL, C1:SF, 1
FFmango
395
\RFKD-FL, 9FDXVroast
\RKD-FL, 9FDXVabuse, insult;
frighten; also NXWRQJRYL\RKD
LHH-HFL lit. speak terms of abuse
\ROD-H:L, 9gather up; cf. KHYD,
KHSD
\RPERND-HH:L, 9cross over; also
\DPERND -HH:L
\RPROD-HH:L, 9dip; also \DPROD
-HH:L, SDPED
\RQJ¶D-H:L, 9suck the breast
\RSD-H:L, 9fear, be afraid
\RWD-H:L, 9bask in the sun, sit close
to a fire
\RZHOD-HH:L, 9rest; also \RZHOHOD
-HHH:L, \RZROHOD -HHH:L,
SXPXOLOD
\RZHOHOD-HHH:L, 9rest; also
\RZROHOD -HHH:L, \RZHOD -HH:L,
SXPXOLOD
\XPD-H:L, 9be dry, be thirsty; cf.
Q\DOD, \DQLND; cf. LQ\RWD LRL cl.9/thirst
\XSXOD-HH:L, 9dig out; also GREROD
\XYDOD-HH:L, 9feel humiliated,
uncomfortable
\XZD-H:L, 9ask for, pray