Robotics in the
Bakery
I would like to start by thanking ASB and Pat in particular
for including us. This is my first conference and it has
been a great learning experience already so I definitely
appreciate the opportunity.
(Slide 2) I am going to jump right in and start with a little
audience participation activity. Just by a show of hands,
who knows what that tool in the picture is for? That is
the answer I expected. Now, who thinks they have an
idea of what that tool might do? (Slide 3) Any do-ityourselfer who works on and has tried to do his own
plumbing job knows if you are going to work on faucets
you had better have a faucet puller. But you do not
know what that tool does until you see it in context and
you see what it is used for. That is what this presentation
is about. (Slide 4) If you have only heard about robotics,
not really sure what they can do, we are going to go
through a bunch of application videos of customers in
your industry who have successfully applied robotics to
their operations to improve productivity, reduce cost, in
some cases improve quality. We will show some of those
successful examples and hopefully as we go through
there would be something that you can relate to that
looks like a process you have in your facility. It will make
sense and maybe give you some ideas on how to take
advantage of the technology.
Everything you are going to see in this presentation is
really downstream of everything that Ravi and Jim talked
about. We are going to be down at the end, where now
you have a discrete something, a discrete product that
can be handled, a primary product or the product in
the primary packaging, the secondary packaging and
so on all the way through end-of-the-line palletizing.
Historically that has been where a lot of customers start.
(Slide 5) So here is a typical robotic palletizing system.
This one is actually relatively high speed. If there is a
perception you have that conventional palletizers can
outrun a robot, it depends on a system configuration.
(Slide 6) Here is a palletizing system where the cases
are marshaled into a picking station, they are collated
together in a group and then the robot picks and places
the cases using vacuum. What you will see, that as the
By Dick Motley
Dick Motley is going to talk to us a little bit about
robotics in the bakery.. He is currently Account
Manager for FANUC Robotics’ National Distribution
Sales group. In this role Dick provides sales, marketing
and technical support to FANUC Robotics’ system
integrator partners who focus on non-automotive
industries, including food and consumer products. Prior
to his sales role, Dick served for 18 years in a variety
of engineering capacities within FANUC Robotics,
including leading the specification, development and
introduction of several of FANUC’s robot, software,
and controls products. Before joining FANUC Robotics,
Dick spent 5 years with General Electric in an advanced
manufacturing automation systems group. Dick
holds a B.S.M.E. With Distinction from Pennsylvania
State University and jointly holds several patents for
innovations in automation and robotics technology.
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Robotics in the Bakery
robot builds the stacking pattern, there is an actuation
also built into the tool to create that spread that you
see that is required by this particular stacking pattern.
When the robot picks this group of boxes, it really has
the ability to create through a servo actuation, very
different product spacing depending on the product
size and the desired packing stacking pattern.
machine and that is a theme you will see consistently
as we go through some of the rest of the videos is some
of the best robot applications are the ones where the
end customer or the integrator had the creativity to
imagine a lot of things that they could do with the robot.
That is where robotics will really stretch its legs versus
conventional automation.
Another thing about robotics and I guess automation
in general, but particularly as compared to a manual
operation is the strength of the case to protect your
product inside is in the edges and the corners. You want
edges stacked on edges, you want corners stacked on
corners and that is one of those areas where a robotic
system that you are doing manually today can definitely
help with your quality and reduced product damage
in shipping.
(Slide 8) I have heard a lot about ingredients while I have
been here and I know a lot of ingredients are shipped in
bulk, but I have also heard that a lot of ingredients are
shipped in pallet loads similar to what you see here. This
happens to not be a bakery product, but the principle
still applies. You can see that we have a very different
looking tool now out on the end of the robot. It is kind
of a claw thing that supports and then captures the
bag and builds a very tidy load that ships very well. In
this particular system you see that it is a relatively highspeed system capable of over 40 bags a minute. One of
the ways that is achieved is the elevation, one robot is a
little higher than the other, so they work collaboratively
where one robot finishes kind of the lower layers of the
load and the load is indexed, the other robot finishes
the top layers. That is another strategy for getting high
throughput if it is needed.
You will also notice the robot is running two different
products simultaneously. You will see in a little bit how
that can be stretched to even including and more
products in the system.
(Slide 7) That robot is using a vacuum tooling system.
You might say...well, Dick my product does not lend
itself to vacuum or there might be some unique
characteristics where you do not think that that is going
to be applicable. This happens to be a hooded tray and
so instead of vacuuming it, where we would just pull
the hood off, this particular application uses a clamping
style gripper. You will notice that the robot is able to
pick from one of two conveyors where the products
are delivered either lengthwise or widthwise. The robot
can selectively grab whatever number of cases it needs
again to create the desired stacking pattern. Then you
see all the other same attributes of corners on corners,
edges on edges and really protecting the product
integrity during shipping.
What you have seen so far is just a couple of SKUs
running in a system. You might say...hey, Dick, I have
a lot of SKUs I want to run in lower volume. Here is an
exercise in making the absolute most of the available
reach of the robot. Here you have a single infeed with
a variety of SKUs, eight different ones, flowing into the
cell and the bar code is read at the entry point into the
cell and the robots are sorting selectively to one of the
eight different pallets. In addition the robot handles
the bottom slip-sheet that is put under each load. So
really bringing a lot of functionality out of this one
(Slide 9) Nasty place for a person is a freezer. I am
imagining some of the kinds of products that Jim just
talked about coming out of the sheeting system that
then get frozen and you want to keep them that way
and maybe through the palletizing process. You get in
a deep freeze, -20 or so, and all of a sudden you have a
real ergonomics issue. Typically it will take three people
to staff a single operation just because you have to
spell them to kind of give them some relief from the
extreme cold, so that is a great job for a robot. In our
industry we talk a little bit about the 3D’s: anything that
is dirty, dangerous or difficult is a good job for a robot.
This probably has at least two of the D’s, it might not
be dirty, but it is definitely difficult and cold definitely
presents some challenges in terms of protecting the
personnel.
(Slide 10) Obviously these are flour bags. These are
retail packages at this point. This particular product
gets shifted into what is kind of a notoriously bad
ergonomics problem in a lot of industries and that
is a high-walled container that requires whoever is
loading it, almost by definition, they have to do a lot of
bending, reaching, stooping that is really tough from a
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repetitive strain perspective. So here, not unlike what
you saw earlier with the cases, the bags of flour come
in, they kind of get marshaled into position, there is that
reciprocating crowder that puts them in an array, robot
grabs then and then stacks them in the gaylord, again
using vacuum in this case.
(Slide 11) Here is a lot larger robot handling lids for
baking. Cannot say I have seen it, but I am told there are
conventional types of equipment that will do this similar
function. Except this particular customer had two types
of lids that they needed to run. Being able to buffer
between the processes, switch out between the lids, all
of a sudden the cost of that conventional solution and
the floor space impact started to creep up and up and
up to where a robotic solution was a better alternative.
You can see that the robots selectively, depending on
what is coming in from the back end of the ovens, then
before it goes to where the dough is put into the pans,
depending on the demands and the ebb and flow it is
buffering between those two processes. In some cases
doing an intelligent thing where you go back and forth
from the storage location or if there is some unexpected
demand downstream, it will immediately transfer pans
to go right back into the process. It can load to and from
dedicated racks or it can use the in-process carts that
are typically used for the lid transportation.
Here is one of those videos that I think really is almost
a poster child for that creativity that I was talking about
a few minutes ago. (Slide 12) Here is someone that is
packaging a variety of different cookies and crackers.
If you watch the video and notice how many different
product types go through this system, there are some
carton products, sleeve products, and some products
that are in tubes. All of those are accommodated by
the same system configuration with virtually zero
changeover. That center robot is kind of a traffic cop
handling empty cases from the case erector and then
pulling full cases out from the packaging stations,
also for the open top tray product that you see here.
You are going to see it goes to grab the lid, there are a
couple of adhesive nozzles here, and you can see that
the robot peels the lid, passes it over the adhesive,
places the lid and then that is glued in place. There is a
lot of functionality out of that center robot. It is doing
a lot of different functions in a compact space, again
with really easy changeover among all those different
product styles.
(Slide 13) Here is an application using a robot to pack
buns and rolls. You will see another video very similar to
this and a few slides also handling bread. It was really
a compelling case for a robot in this sort of application
due to the different packing patterns that you can create
with a flexible robot. All different product configurations:
2x4, 4x, whatever the different configurations are. The
robot can create the desired pattern on the fly and can
load either the trays or the baskets or, you will see in
a minute, can switch over and also pack corrugated
shippers. There is also one other function that you will
see in just a second here. After it creates the layer of rolls
and then places them into the box, you will see that it
also grabs the U-board that separates the layers. You
are looking at a bunch of different interface points, you
have in-feed conveyors, an output location for baskets,
an output location for boxes, and you have the U-board
storage. That would take multiple devices if you were
going to go with a conventional approach. Really in
this case for this customer, made it possible to justify
financially pursuing this automation.
(Slide 14) This one is a grain-based product. One of the
packaging options is a single serving bowl. The bowls
have a taper to them, so from a shipping efficiency
perspective it is advantageous to alternate the taper
to nest the bowls. You can see in this case, the robot
grabs half of the pattern. There is a supplementary
device that picks every other bowl and inverts it and
then the robot grabs the second half of the pattern in
the inverted configuration and then case packs four
cases at once to achieve the throughput which in this
case was over 300 bowls a minute.
(Slide 15) Here is a grain-based bar product. One of the
things you will see here is that the robot is working
with what I will call a racetrack or there are a couple of
different styles of collating these kinds of products at
high speeds. You will see kind of like that palletizing
gripper you saw a little while ago, this has an expanding
and collapsing function to go from the spacing in the
collator to the spacing that goes into the carton. The
robot also acts as the transfer device from the cartoner
out-feed and then to the closing in-feed downstream.
In the case where the product speed was too fast for
a robot to handle, there really was not a reasonable
automation solution for the product. (Slide 16) This
customer said...okay, I have this high-speed operation;
I will have the robot handle my packaging materials.
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Robotics in the Bakery
They had a cartoner that was mission critical and they
said we do not ever want that magazine to run out, we
do not want to have to staff that part of the process.
We burned through enough of these cartons that we
want to invest in automating that because we recognize,
that overall, we will get higher performance out of
the system if we do not have interruptions due to the
cartoner running out of material.
(Slide 17) Here is a muffin depanning application. The
robot is extracting the muffins with, it almost sounds
like an oxymoron, but a gentle piercing function to
grab the muffins out of the pans. With all the different
toppings that can go on these products, there really was
not any other viable handling solution, so this works
like a champ. The kind of needles that go in and grasp
the muffin, go in a particular direction to almost cradle
it during the transfer. The robot transfers add up to 22
pans a minute into the retail clamshell package and
then through an automatic tool change can also pack
into a bulk tray format. That is another attribute of this
system. Now we have gone from handling packaged
product to handling raw product. The sanitation of the
end-of-arm tooling on the robot becomes a key item
and so the tool change also facilitates doing the clean
up.
(Slide 18) This probably looks a little bit familiar. This
is very similar to the system that does the buns and
rolls except now it is doing bread. With bread there
is really a compelling case from a shipping efficiency
perspective. The shrinkage that occurs from when the
bread is warm to after it ships and gets on the shelf.
There is a tremendous efficiency to be gained in terms
of making the most out of the space available in that
basket. Applying just the right amount of compression
to fit the maximum, not the maximum, but the best
amount of bread into the basket helps both with all
the logistics associated with the basket handling. If you
think about it, if you have more baskets in process, more
people handling them maybe elsewhere in the system,
more trucks that are trucking the baskets around, there
is a huge gain maybe as much as 30% from a logistics
efficiency perspective. Also, here is where you get at the
quality aspect of what robotics can do. Now you have
less product damage because it is kind of snugly fit and
it does not rattle around as it shrinks in shipment.
I just learned from Jim’s presentation, I think these
products come out of a sheeter. (Slide 19, 20) What
you will see in this system is these are a variety of
frozen dough products. This first one is kind of an
individual serving size pizza. You will notice that the
robot is grabbing a complete layer at a time and then
also handles a separator sheet that is introduced into
the case.
What we have introduced now is vision as the eyes of the
robot. As all those products flow down a conveyor, the
robot is actually able to find where they are and then the
control mimics hand/eye coordination and lets the robot
kind of pick the products gently off a moving conveyor.
You can see as you watch this video, tremendous
product flexibility. All those neat, different shapes
that Jim just showed us his sheeters can make. We just
went from the small single serving round to a much
larger multi-serving round. Now in that same system,
with just limited changeover to the grippers on the end
of the robot, we are doing a breadstick configuration.
Introducing vision which is really rocketing in terms of
acceptance because of the way that the performance
has increased, the user friendliness has increased and
the cost has come down, it is kind of hit that tipping
point where we see a lot of adoption of vision in the
industry for applications like this.
Similarly here is product in bags or pouches. It seems
like my wife is always bringing home the 100-calorie
packs or small servings of small muffins or cookies.
As you watch this system run, again this is enabled
by vision. You can see the kind of signature red LED
lighting upstream. There is a camera in that area
identifying where all the products are and there is
some pretty sophisticated software that is acting as the
foreman for these three robots. Instructing, you get this
one, you get this one, and you get this one.
Then another benefit of vision you will see in just
a second here. There are a couple of bags that are
coming through that didn’t get slit for some reason in
that one bin and the vision system just screens that out
and ignores it. There is an advantage versus maybe a
conventional technology where that might cause a jam,
cause you downtime. You have to take the line down
and go and correct that and here you have a system that
provides all the changeover flexibility you want and also
kind of protects itself from nuisance downtime.
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(Slide 21) Here is a waffle product. Now we are squarely
into the domain where vision is really a key enabler for
being able to do these kinds of projects. This is a pretty
high rate, over 600 waffles a minute coming at us. You
will see in this video as well, not only is the vision system
directing the robot to these waffles, but also you will
see that it is similar to the situation with the bags that
did not get separated. You will see that there is some
product on the conveyor that has pretty serious defects
that you do not want to ship to a customer, like that one.
The robot is basically screening for defective product, do
not send that to your customers, and also eliminating
that as a potential cause of downtime because of the
irregularity of the product.
Here is that supervisor software, that foreman software
that I told you about, that is under the hood here making
that sort of application possible.
(Slide 22) Here is maybe one of the most extensive uses
of the technology. This is a frozen specialty product that
comes out of the freezer and then has to get transferred
to the in-feed of flow wrappers. A key issue here is
dealing with the exception: it is easy to define what
the system is supposed to do under normal operation,
but now how do we deal with the fact that the supply
of film to the flow wrapper is not infinite and sooner or
later we have to resupply that? You have two product
infeed conveyors going to each of three in-feeds to flow
wrappers and you have to plan that you are going to
have to resupply the film. On a normal operation, of the
18 robots that are in the system, six apiece feed the three
out-feeds. 18 divided by 3, right? But now if you have
to take one of those flow wrappers down, this system
automatically switches over. The speed of the remaining
two flow wrapper in-feeds is increased and the robots
rebalance and instead of six per 3 lanes, they go nine
per two lanes, all automatically. You have tremendous
production flexibility, tremendous efficiency of that line.
I read a lot in trade publications about how important
OEE is becoming from a plant performance and even a
sustainability aspect that we have the plant turned on,
we want to be making product. That is really an area
where robots can shine. They can reduce downtime as
you have seen with some of the vision applications,
also changeover flexibility where you eliminate lots of
change parts, think of the frozen dough application.
Here you are seeing where the robots automatically
compensate for something that is given is going to
happen in production. That one is last for a reason. That
is a pretty graphic illustration of some of the principles
that we are talking about.
(Slide 23) Pat wanted me to comment on what is next in
robotics. Simulation technology is not necessarily new,
but the features that we keep packing into simulation
software to make it very intuitive, very user friendly
for integrators to develop system proposals, test drive
the virtual factory, the robot system, really tax it from,
again, not just what is supposed to happen under
normal operation, but how does the system respond to
exceptions or special conditions. If you do things like
vary the randomness and spacing, you can create surges
and blockages and see how the system responds and
just watch on the screen how that system will behave
when it is subjected to those kinds of variations in
production.
Simulation is just growing by leaps and bounds and
really gives you the confidence when certainly there
are other details to be worked out in terms of getting a
functional gripper that handles the product reliably and
so forth. In terms of overall system performance, you
can really gain a lot of insight how the systems behave
under both normal and exception conditions.
Another huge area of advance is in the area of safety
software. The robots now are almost self-aware. They
know where these imaginary volumes around the
arm are -- actually representations of what the safety
software is calculating in real time. The whole time the
robot is moving, it is aware of where those volumes are
and those can be tested against virtual boundaries. If
there are two problems in a robot system, one of which
is “keeping the lion in the cage” and the other is “keeping
people from going in the cage with the lion”, this one
helps with that former challenge of keeping the robot in
a compact cage that fits your floor space efficiently and
is very intuitive to the operators that they understand.
Those are the limits of where that robot can go because
you typically will put up a guarding system, a perimeter
guarding system that makes that virtual limitation very
real and tangible for the operator.
(Slide 24) Another thing that is pretty exciting is we’re
moving from the manufacturing domain, which is
a lot of what you have seen so far, and moving into
warehousing domain. Building store-specific, truck
route specific, even aisle-specific loads. You think about
that challenge, that is really creating a three-dimensional
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Robotics in the Bakery
puzzle, right? If you think about a person doing that,
you would say this fits better over here, this fits better
over there. There is a lot of brainpower going on to
address that challenge. There are some really exciting
software and hardware tools that allow us to handle a
wide variety of products and then emulate those mental
gymnastics of creating the three-dimensional puzzle in
a warehouse setting.
I commented on vision already. Vision is just exploding
both as a guidance technology to give you a sighted
robot, again to emulate hand-eye coordination, but
also to do in-process product inspection as you saw
on some of these. In some of the early applications
when customers were looking at labor substitution with
robotics, it always got to that point where it dawned on
the customer, that guy is not just moving the product
around. He is also giving me some in-process inspection
that I do not want to lose and vision can help retain
that.
Because of the adoption in the food industry, there is
also significant growth in the number of food robots, the
actual mechanical arm that goes out in the environment
and is in proximity to the food and there are a lot of
different varieties. Some of them are adaptations
of existing industrial robots. Some are ground-up,
purpose-built designs with a very sanitary design that
resists some of the sanitation chemicals and in some
cases, as at least a starting indicator for cleanliness, have
achieved USDA acceptance.
(Slide 25) So let us say that you saw something among
those videos that makes you think...you know what,
maybe I could do that in my plant. What would I
recommend that you think about if you were to undertake
a project? Well, first is identify the right opportunity, and
the key here is do not look just at labor savings. There
are so many examples that we have of customers who
undertook a robotic automation program where they
fixated on the labor savings initially. Then they got into
the program and they realized that was the tip of the
iceberg. The real benefit was schedule consistency,
production consistency, some of the things that Ravi
talked about in terms of thermal sensitivity to the kinds
of products you folks make and how difficult that must
be for you folks to maybe deal with shift change or
operator going to the bathroom or whatever the case
might be. Those are the kind of things that customers
are looking at to really bake in (no pun intended).
Really consider all the benefits that might come out of
robotic automation from productivity to OEE benefits,
reductions in change over time, reductions in change
parts, reductions in maintenance. Industrial robots have
a really stellar reliability record that was really driven
by some of our roots in the automotive industry where
downtime was just so incredibly expensive to those
types of customers.
Another key to success is really making sure that all
the stakeholders understand what you are trying to
do and why. That means different things to different
people. To your senior management they probably
want to understand the financial impact. To your
maintenance folks, they probably want to understand
how the equipment is going to be maintained, and in a
lot of cases that will be a positive. Our typical industrial
robot might need to be greased twice a year, so very
low maintenance burden in terms of the basic motion
platform in the robot. What you get back is, we have
meantime between failure statistics that are up in the
90,000+ hour range. Just bulletproof for reliability with
low maintenance burden for the basic robot platform.
The key is to make sure that everybody understands
what is in it for them. Because we have seen lots of times
where if that message is not clear, and the equipment
lands on the plant floor and it is not embraced by the
folks that have to make that run production every day, it
just will not be successful. We have a technical offering,
a pretty high-tech product, but to me this is more key
than any technology we offer in terms of an indicator
of success.
Another key factor for success is finding the right
integrator. The videos you saw are by a lot of folks
who speak “bakery” first or “food” first and then their
second language is robotics. They really understand
your process and they studied how to complement
their process knowledge with robotic technology to
give you the best possible solution. The right integrator
is another key factor.
If you have a relationship with an integrator, I think the
key is to get all the expectations of the system on the
table. It can be a formal specification process or just a
lot of heart-to-heart talks. Defining what the system is
supposed to do under normal conditions is the easy
part. The part that tends to take a lot more time and is
often subject of a lot more discussion is how will this
system deal with exceptions? What happens when a
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bad product comes in the system? What happens when
the upstream operation goes down? What happens
when the downstream operation goes down? What
happens when I have to take one robot off line for
maintenance or something to do in the interim? Those
are really good discussions to have earlier rather than
later because when the system is on the floor and there
is not agreement on how those exceptions are going to
be treated, that is generally a point of contention.
Invest in training. This is closely associated with
the “involving your stakeholders”. Part of involving
your stakeholders is engaging those folks who are
responsible for making that system run on the factory
floor day in, day out. They have to have adequate
training so that they understand the technology. They
can make it successful and training is again another
key indicator that folks understand what is coming,
they know what to do with it when it gets there, they
understand the benefits and they know how to run it
successfully.
The last one, this might seem trivial, but when you
have a successful system, do not sweep it under the
rug. With some companies we have seen kind of an
infectious enthusiasm that hey, that was not too hard.
We had maybe a good relationship with an integrator
we trust and let us broadcast that and find additional
opportunities for some of those benefits that I have
talked about along the way.
I do want to thank the different folks in our integrator
network that provided the videos that you have seen
so far today. You will find that most of the robot
manufacturers do not speak bakery. That is not our
first language. Our first language is robots and our
second language is probably automotive if you trace
our histories back. These folks are the guys that speak
bakery and food first, their second language is robots.
These are great folks to work with if you want to move
forward. (Slide 26)
So at that point I will field any questions you might
have.
PAT WILKENS: Before we do, I wanted to say one thing
that I neglected to do. Obviously, Dick is extremely
knowledgeable on this subject and presents himself
very well and there is a good reason for it. Dick is a
National Account Manager for Fanuc Robotics. Dick
graduated from Penn State University with his BSME
with a Distinction. He has 25 years’ experience, which
obviously shows, in industrial automation and robotics.
He also jointly holds several patents for innovations in
automation and robotics technology. I did not want to
exclude that information which my nerves got the best
of me in the beginning and I kind of rushed out. But
are there any questions for Dick?
UNIDENTIFIED SPEAKER: The level of operator
education...I think one of the things that scare people
about robots is who is going to take care of it? Who is
working in my bakery right now that is going to support
this?
DICK MOTLEY: Good question. The question was and
I will just repeat it for the cameras. What skill level do
we have to assume for running a robotic system? And
honestly, the answer is another discussion I probably
should have touched on which is what is your longterm support strategy? As far as your operators and
what they need to know, it can be reduced by an
experienced integrator. Their interface can just be a
bunch of buttons or touch screens just like they do on
every other packaging machine. You have sophisticated
machinery, baking and packing, already in your facilities,
so that part of it does not have to be rocket science.
When you drill down, you want to deal with the robots
specifically. There you have a couple of options. You
can train up to be completely self-sufficient. You can
train up to the point where you can take care of nuisance
stuff like a fuse blown because something went wrong
on a maintenance procedure or whatever. You can also
train up to be completely self-sufficient and tear down
about every nut and bolt if that is what you want to do.
What a lot of customers decide to do is, train up to the
point where the guys can do the basics and then they
rely either on the integrator or the robot manufacturer
to provide the rest if they get into a deep problem. There
you just have to go in knowing that if I hit the really
rough terrain, I am going to have to have a contingency
for that 12-36 hour window where the response team is
able to get onsite and take care of the issue.
UNIDENTIFIED SPEAKER: As far as your robot
suppliers, are they stacked and have enough people
to service your customers?
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Robotics in the Bakery
DICK MOTLEY: I cannot speak for other robot
manufacturers, but, yes, I would say Fanuc Robotics is.
We have a pretty significant commitment to after-sale
support. We have a toll free hotline. By the way, the
question was: Are the robot manufacturers staffed
to support a lot of customers? To give you a little
appreciation for our customer base, in the Americas
we are supporting an installed base of over 100,000
machines. We are able to do that partially because the
reliability is so good, but also because we have staffed
up appropriately to provide the service.
UNIDENTIFIED SPEAKER: So how many guys does it
take to support 100,000 machines?
DICK MOTLEY: Well, we have, and I am not supposed
to get into this commercial discussion but we actually
have a significant presence at our headquarters in
Michigan, where I am located, and then also a number
of regional locations.
UNIDENTIFIED SPEAKER: I was hoping you would say
it would take like two people.
DICK MOTLEY: Think of the Verizon commercials where
the network is behind you. You can just see the guy in
the front saying you are good, or we have that strength
behind us if you need it.
PAT WILKENS: Any other questions? Well, Dick, I would
like to thank you. On behalf of myself and ASB for a
terrific paper.
DICK MOTLEY: Thank you.
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