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abolitionism. See Lincoln, Abraham: and
abolitionism
and black colonization, 185–86
and Haitian Revolution memory, 156
Liberty Party, 36–37
origins of U.S. movement, 17
and Union war aims, 246–47
Accessory Transit Company, 134
Adams, Charles Francis
in House of Representatives, 209
and New Mexico compromise
scheme, 220
Adams, Henry, 209
Adams, John Quincy, 7, 29, 30, 209
Adams-Onís Treaty, 29
African Americans
consider tropical colonization projects,
82, 187, 250, 252, 256–58, 266–67
join tropical colonization projects,
81–82, 187
reject colonization, 258–59, 270
as tropical emigrant prospects, 79, 81,
255, 256–58
African Civilization Society, 267
African slave trade, 17, 111,
See also Lincoln, Abraham:
presidency of: slave trade treaty
with Britain; slave trade
Cuba and, 61
“Africanization,” 113
Alaska, 2, 43
Albany (New York) Evening Journal, 209
“all-Mexico” movement, 6, 56
American Anti-Slavery Society, 17
American Colonization Society, 79
American Party. See Know Nothing Party
“American System,” 11
American West India Company, 268
“Americanization”
of tropics, 140, 182
defined, 165
Anglo-American relations
over Central America, 90–99, 117, 120,
121, 123
over Cuba, 73–77, 113
over Texas, 27
antiabolitionism, 18–19
antiCatholicism
and annexation of Oregon, 30
and Cuban annexation, 178, 223
and Know Nothing Party, 108
Antietam, 260
Argentina
reactions to Lincoln’s death, 277
Arizona, 113, 224
Ashmun, George, 47
Austria, 69, 78
Avery, William W., 191, 191n.46
Bahamas, 30, 97
Bailey v. Cromwell, 24, 25
Baja California, 103, 112, 218
Baker, Edward D., 36, 65
Bates, Edward, 274
early colonization promoter, 184
and Lincoln’s colonization program,
261, 274
and slavery expansion southward, 199
281
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Index
Bay Islands, 92, 94, 96, 99, 134, 135, 202
British interests in, 91, 93
Beach, Moses, 60
Belize, 92, 93, 96, 254, 267
British interests in, 91
Bell, John, 179, 201
Belmont, August
and 1860 Douglas campaign, 201
and Crittenden Compromise, 219
and U.S. Cuban policy, 115
Bennett, Lerone, 85
Bermuda, 30, 97
Bibb, Henry, 82
Biddle, Charles, 89
Bidlack, Benjamin, 90
Birney, James G., 37
Black Hawk War, 44
Black Warrior affair, 115
Blair, Francis Preston Sr.
career of, 182–83
chairs 1856 Republican convention, 183
and colonization
initial interest in, 182
pressures Lincoln administration,
242–43, 244, 246
promotes congressional action, 183
promotes Guatemala and
Chiriqui, 244
as free-soiler, 63
as racist, 272
and slavery expansion southward,
63–64, 204, 218
Blair, Frank Jr.
and colonization, 183–84, 250, 252
and Holly’s Haitian project, 186–87
as racist, 272
Blair, Montgomery
and colonization, 183, 243, 261
described, 242
legal career, 183
and Lincoln’s colonization program, 274
and Lincoln’s compensated emancipation
program, 248
as racist, 272
Booth, John Wilkes, 277
Boston Daily Atlas, 36
Botts, John Minor, 110
Bowman, Shearer Davis, 221n.25
Brazil, 13, 111, 181, 254
reactions to Lincoln’s death, 278
Breckinridge, John, 189, 198, 201, 208,
212, 213
1860 southern Democrats’ presidential
candidate, 154, 179
Breese, Sidney, 118, 144
British Columbia, 43
British Honduras. See Belize
British Honduras Company, 269
Brown, Albert Gallatin, 159, 190
Brown, John, 185, 187
raid on Harpers Ferry
Caribbean implications of, 156–58
Brown, Milton, 33, 34
Brown, William Wells, 111
Browning, Orville, 136, 243, 248
Buchanan, James, 71, 128, 131, 140,
200, 279
1856 nomination, 125
1858–59 Cuba purchase initiative, 165
administration’s Mexican policies,
169, 171
elected president, 132
and Central America, 141
on Douglas’s political prospects, 144
and Pierce’s Cuba policy, 115–16
and Polk’s Cuba purchase scheme,
62, 63
Polk’s secretary of state, 39
and secession crisis, 207
on Walker-Paulding affair, 140–41
Buena Vista, 46
Bull Run (First), 247
Bulwer, William Henry, 91, 92
Burchard, William C., 254
Burlingame, Michael, 84
Burr, Aaron Columbus, 254
Butler, Andrew, 97
Butler, Benjamin F., 244, 271
Calhoun, John C., 75
and annexation of Texas, 27
becomes secretary of state, 27
and Cuba filibuster, 65
defends slavery, 27
California, 50, 89
acquisition of, 50
in U.S.-Mexican War, 42, 46
Canada, 2, 13, 14, 43, 49, 67, 74, 149,
177, 216, 237
Carpenter, Francis B., 242
Carrera, Rafael, 243
Carroll, Anna, 254
Cartwright, Peter, 44
Cass, Lewis, 56, 71, 125
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and 1844 Democratic nomination, 29
and Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 94–96
and Dallas-Clarendon Convention, 135
and Ostend Manifesto, 116
and popular sovereignty, 57
Central America, 28, 130, 132, 136, 140,
168, 175, 177, 190, 191, 201, 211,
217, 218, 223, 224, 237, 254, 258,
265, 279
canal routes across, 89–90, 124,
170, 271
as colonization site, 184, 185, 186, 187
“National War” against Walker, 128–29
Central American Land Company, 187
Chase, Salmon P., 197, 240, 261
and Kansas Territory, 138
and Lincoln’s colonization program,
245, 259, 261, 265
wants less restrained Mexican
policy, 241
Chicago Tribune, 111, 119, 152, 167, 176,
178, 203, 205, 210, 218, 221, 227
Chihuahua, 42, 168, 170, 277
Chile
reactions to Lincoln’s death, 277, 278
China, 29
Chiriqui Improvement Company,
244–45, 252
Clay, Henry, 44, 47, 250, See also Lincoln,
Abraham: and Henry Clay
and 1844 election, 28
and African colonization, 79
“American System” of, 26, 36–37
and Compromise of 1850, 58
and independence movements, 12–13
and territorial expansion, 14, 36–37
and Texas annextion, 36–37
and Tyler presidency, 26–27
Clayton, John M., 89
negotiates treaty, 91–93
and Senate debate on Central
America, 96
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 89, 140, 266
ambiguous provisions, 93
Cleveland Plain Dealer, 189
Club de la Habana (Havana
Club), 60
Colfax, Schuyer, 139
Colombia, 277, See also New Granada
colonization, 28, See also Douglas,
Stephen A.: and colonization;
Lincoln, Abraham: and
283
colonization; Lincoln, Abraham:
colonization program; Republican
Party: and black colonization in
tropics
and 1860 presidential election, 188
as alternative to empire, 181, 182, 184
as boon to U.S. trade, 183
climate rationalizations, 181, 186,
188, 249
as means to end slavery, 184
as means to U.S. empire, 184, 186, 234
and racial equality, 181
racist underpinnings, 183, 185, 186,
188, 242–43
Colorado, 50
Committee of Thirteen (U.S. Senate).
See Crittenden Compromise
constituted, 208
internal rules, 210–11
Committee of Thirty-three (U.S.
House), 207
and New Mexico compromise proposal,
221–22
Compromise of 1850, 59, 71, 83,
106, 212
provisions of, 57
Concha, José de la, 163
Confederate States of America
origins, 205
propagandize Lincoln’s colonization
failure, 233–34
Constitution (U.S.)
and annexing new territory, 29
and slavery, 29, 133, 137
and treaties, 29
Constitutional Convention (U.S.), 16
Constitutional Union Party, 179, 208
“contrabands,” 244
Cooper, William J., 224
“Cortina War,” 171–72
Corwin, Thomas, 241
Costa Rica, 96, 120, 121, 124, 128, 133,
245, 254
reactions to Lincoln’s death, 278
Cox, Samuel Sullivan, 226
Cozumel Island, 202, 252
Crampton, John F., 73, 123
Crittenden Compromise, 217
and congressional balance of power,
212–13
“hereafter” clause, 211–12, 212n.14
provisions of, 211–12
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Crittenden, John J., 66, See also Crittenden
Compromise
and Bell presidential campaign, 179
compromise proposal of, 212
broad appeal, 226
positions on Texas and Kansas, 208
and Senate Committee of Thirteen, 208
and territorial expansion, 212n.14
Crittenden, William, 66, 83, 155
Crosby, Elisha, 244, 249, 255
and Lincoln’s colonization program,
242–43, 265
Cuba, 30, 64, 100, 102, 103, 110, 111,
112, 113n.13, 130, 131, 132, 133,
145, 155, 165, 168, 175, 177,
178–79, 189, 190, 218, 219, 222,
223, 224, 237
“Africanization” rumors, 113–14, 128
annexation sentiment in, 61–62
discontent with Spanish rule, 61–62, 64
free-soilers oppose its annexation,
74–75, 104
and Quitman filibuster plot, 114–15
slave revolts and plots, 61
Spain’s defenses in, 164
Spanish rule over, 14
tariffs, 73, 165–66, 178
trade with the United States, 60, 165–66
tripartite convention, 73–74
“tripartite” guarantee about, 14
and U.S. riots over executions in, 66,
72, 73
Cushing, Caleb, 101
Cutts, Adele, 133, 143
Dallas, George M., 124, 134
Dallas-Clarendon Convention.
See Douglas, Stephen A.: and
Central America
Davis, Charles H., 134
Davis, Henry Winter, 220
Davis, Jefferson, 190
and Crittenden Compromise, 224, 226
Pierce’s secretary of war, 101
and Senate Committee of Thirteen, 208,
216, 223, 224, 225–26
hard-line position, 210–11
and slave codes, 223
and Slidell’s Cuba bill, 166
and treaty cession from Mexico, 56
visions of tropical secession empire, 198
Davis, John, 75
De Bow, James D. B., 198–99
De Long, James, 232
Declaration of Independence, 17
Defrees, John D., 215
Democratic Party
1852 convention, 71
1856 convention, 124–25
1856 platform, 124–25, 132, 143
1860 Cuba planks, 191–92
and Civil War emancipation
question, 247
and Cuban annexation, 63, 253
state platforms endorse, 178–79
expansionism of, 7, 28–29, 124–25
ideology of, 7–8
and Lincoln’s colonization program, 259
National Convention (Charleston) of
1860, 179, 189
platform of 1844, 28–29
and slavery in Nicaragua, 191n.45
Democratic Review, 31, 70
Denmark, 254, 261
Dickinson, Daniel, 57
Dirck, Brian, 84
District of Columbia, 254
emancipation in, 250
and Lincoln’s colonization
program, 250, 252, 256–58,
268, 275–76
slavery in, 17, 211
Dominican Republic, 111, 112, 238
location, 105
Donnohue, D. C., 232
Doolittle, James R., 243, 244
attacks South’s tropical ambitions, 175
and black colonization in tropics, 181
compares Brown to Walker, 155
and compensated emancipation
legislation, 250
wants Paulding secretary of navy, 218
Douglas, Frederick
and black expatriation, 247
pressures Lincoln towards
emancipation, 247
and Slave Power conspiracy, 102
Douglas, Martha. See Martin, Martha
Douglas, Robert M., 54
Douglas, Stephen A., 279
1853 trip abroad, 101–02
and abolitionism, 19, 22, 24, 96–97
and African slave trade, 197–98
and Andrew Jackson, 5, 41, 47
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Anglophobia of, 5, 33, 69, 74, 95–97,
99, 120, 176
and annexation of Oregon, 5, 30, 33,
34–36, 43
and annexation of Texas, 5, 29–32, 34
and Canada, 149, 228
and Central America, 88–89, 96,
122–23, 134–36, 163, 165, 228
and Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 93–94,
122, 142, 164, 165, 168, 195
and Dallas-Clarendon Convention,
134–35
declension of, 122, 136, 242–76
favors U.S. penetration of, 58
and colonization, 88, 217
and Compromise of 1850, 57–58
and popular sovereignty, 57–58
and Crittenden Compromise, 213, 226
and Cuba, 33, 69, 74, 95, 104, 148–49,
154, 161, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168,
178, 189, 195, 196, 197–98, 228
favors U.S. dominance of, 58
and Fillmore’s Cuba policy, 73–74
and López filibuster, 64–65, 66, 72–73
mutes policies in France, 102
and Pierce’s Cuba policy, 116–17
and plans for 1860 presidential
run, 139
and Polk’s purchase scheme, 59–63
in regards to Texas issue, 30, 76
and Slidell’s Cuba bill, 177
visit to, 163–64
death of, 229
denied 1852 nomination, 71
and Dominican Republic, 105, 112
early life of, 5, 6–7, 15
and filibustering, 68n.14, 72–74, 76,
77, 100, 121, 123, 142, 163, 177,
180–81, 190, 195, 196, 228
final months of, 226–29
and foreign trade, 29, 30, 228
and Haiti, 197
in Illinois militia, 5
and John L. O’Sullivan, 62, 67–68
and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 104
motives for, 106
and slavery in West, 106
and Kossuth, 69–70
and Lecompton Constitution, 138–39
wins Republican respect, 139
legal career of, 15, 22–23
and Lewis Cass, 163
285
as candidate in 1844, 29
and Central American policy, 94–96,
161–62
supports 1848 presidential campaign
of, 55
“Little Giant” nickname, 15
and Manifest Destiny, 6, 30, 32–33, 53,
88–89, 97, 147–48, 149, 150, 161–
65, 166, 177, 194, 199, 201, 217
second thoughts about, 228–29
and Mexico, 88, 104, 149, 161, 162,
163, 168, 195, 228
and declension of, 136, 147, 227
favors U.S. penetration, 58
supports Buchanan’s protectorate
scheme, 176
and Missouri Compromise line, 34, 55,
57, 109, 220
and Monroe Doctrine, 94–97, 195, 237
personal affairs of
1855 health crisis, 121
first marriage, 53
second marriage, 133
throws grand party, 143
Washington residence, 143
personal traits of, 5, 15, 69, 146
physical appearance, 15, 69, 133
and Pierce administration, 100–01
political career of, 154
and 1840 presidential campaign, 5
in 1840 campaign, 5
and 1844 election, 30, 32
and 1852 Democratic nomination, 65
1858 renomination for Senate, 143
and 1856 Democratic nomination,
120, 121
and 1860 Democratic
nomination, 189
appointment to Senate Committee of
Thirteen, 208
campaigns for Pierce, 72–74
as chair House Committee on
Territories, 5–6
as chair Senate Committee on
Territories, 106
as lifelong Democrat, 6–7
Cuba and presidential aspirations, 65,
71–72, 139, 159–69, 179–81
Democratic Party organizer, 15
early inattention to Latin
America, 14–15
elected to legislature, 15
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Douglas, Stephen A. (cont.)
elected to U.S. Senate, 6
election to Congress, 25
enters politics, 5
hopes for 1860, 152
and Kansas statehood, 138
Lecompton policies alienate southern
support, 139, 154
loses 1860 election, 201
as orator, 15, 146
plantation interests jeopardize,
54, 167
post-Senate campaign political tour,
161–65
racial attitudes, 217
reendorses 1856 Democratic
platform, 152
Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs,
136n.38
Senate Committee on Foreign
Relations, 58, 103
in state legislature, 19
stumps for Buchanan, 126
and Texas legislation, 5, 32–33
and tropical expansion issue, 59,
66–71, 96, 99, 103, 120, 126, 133,
139–44, 152–53, 154, 168, 180–81,
194–99
Unionism of, 196, 217, 219, 226, 227
wins 1858 Senate race, 152
and popular sovereignty, 57–58, 106
climate theory, 106, 161, 169n.19,
197–98, 220
and expansion southward, 104,
148n.54, 149–50, 161, 189–91
in Kansas Territory, 136–39, 143,
190–91
in Kansas-Nebraska Act, 106
willing to sacrifice, 213, 219–20
racial attitudes of, 87–88, 136
reelection prospects, 144
reelection to Senate, 100
reputation abroad, 100, 102
and secession crisis, 206–29
compromise proposal of, 217–18
meets with Lincoln, 226
Senate Committee on Territories, 57
and slavery, 22, 30, 88, 97
and annexation of Texas, 30–34
and escaped slaves, 24
plantation interests of, 9, 106, 167
tolerates in South, 150
and slavery expansion southward, 55–
56, 71, 103, 104–05, 197, 219–20
racial underpinnings, 88, 148–49
and Slidell’s Cuba bill, 177–78
and South America, 150, 217
declension of, 147
and tariffs, 228
and U.S.-Mexican War, 5–6,
41–44, 55–56
and “all-Mexico” movement, 6,
56, 161
considers service in, 5, 41–44
hopes of conquest, 41
relations with Polk, 43
Unionism of, 22, 213
and Walker’s Nicaraguan filibusters, 118,
119–24, 129, 134, 139–42, 168,
180, 196
and Wilmot Proviso, 55
and Young America, 68–70, 70n.17,
96–97, 99, 100, 148, 196
Douglas, Stephen Jr., 54
Douglass, Frederick
and colonization, 247
and Lincoln’s colonization program, 258
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 137, 147, 153,
154, 183
East Indies, 29
Edwards, Ninian W., 245
Egerton, Douglas, 2
El Salvador, 129
El Tiempo, 277
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 68, 100
England, 76, See also Great Britain
“English bill,” 138
Everett, Edward, 74
Federalist Party, 46
Ferrer, Fermin, 135
filibustering, 266
as military expedition, 65
Fillmore, Millard, 94, 96
1856 American Party presidential
nominee, 128
administration’s Cuba policies,
14, 73–74
First Confiscation Act (U.S. Congress), 249
Fleurville, William D., 85
Florida, 13
claimed by Jefferson, 8
Jackson’s invasions of, 9
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Foner, Eric, 187, 270, 272
Foot, Solomon, 111–12
Forbes, John Murray, 132
Forbes, Paul S., 231
Fort Sumter, 223, 235, 246
Fortress Monroe, 250
France, 111, 163, 236, 237,
See also Mexico: French
intervention
Cuba policies of, 14
emancipates colonial slaves, 61
and intervention in Mexico, 169–70
trade with Cuba, 60
Free Soil Party, 51
and District of Columbia slavery, 52
Freehling, William, 189, 225n.31
Freeport Doctrine, 147, 154
Frémont, John C., 109, 127, 130, 131,
132, 248
French, Parker, 117, 120, 123, 124
Fugitive Slave Act (of 1850), 57, 72, 211, 244
and black colonization, 82
fugitive slaves
Illinois litigation about, 24–25
Gadsden Treaty, 107, 113, 217
Garnet, Henry Highland, 267
and colonization, 82
Garnett, Muscoe R. H., 225
Garrison, William Lloyd, 17, 18
Geffrard, Fabre Nicholas, 186
Germany, 69, 102
Giddings, Joshua, 47, 52, 59, 197
Gilmer, John A., 215
Goicouría, Domingo de, 68
gold rush (California)
and Central America, 89, 118
Gonzales, Ambrosio José, 65
Gordon, Nathaniel, 273
Graham, William, 53
Grant, Ulysses S., 230
Great Britain, 14, 30, 43, 111, 163, 168,
180, 237
abolishes colonial slavery, 61
and African colonization, 81
and African slave trade, 81
and Central America, 90–93, 113, 117,
134–35, 246
and Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 89, 266
Cuba policies of, 30, 61
and intervention in Mexico, 170,
176, 240
287
and last Walker expedition, 203
and Lincoln’s colonization program,
255, 261, 266, 268–70
and Republic of Texas, 27
trade with Cuba, 60
tripartite conventions, 73, 237
Greece, 13
Greeley, Horace, 130, 139, 158, 219
Greenland, 64
Greytown, 113, 136
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 50, 56
Guadeloupe, 61, 255
Guatemala, 96, 129, 244, 246
reactions to Lincoln’s death, 278
Guelzo, Allen C., 2
Guido, Tomás, 278
Gurowsky, Adam, 259
Haiti, 105, 111, 113n.13, 116, 225,
269, 270
black colonization in, 81–82, 186–87,
230–34, 247, 250
location, 156–57
post-revolution economy, 156
revolution in, 156
as threat to Dominican Republic, 237
Hamilton, Alexander, 131
Hanks, Nancy, 10
Hardin, John J., 5, 36, 42, 46
Harpers Ferry. See Brown, John
Harper’s Weekly, 195, 275
Harris, Istham G., 222
Harris, Thomas L., 140
Harris, William C., 248
Harrison, William Henry, 5, 23, 24, 26
Hawaii. See Sandwich Islands
Hay, John, 241, 270
Hayti. See Haiti
spelling of, 82n.38
Heintzelman, Samuel P., 172
Heiss, John P., 120, 129, 146
Helm, Charles J., 163–64
Henningsen, Charles F., 180–81
Henry, Robert, 250
Herndon, William H., 49, 78
and escaped slaves, 24
and Lincoln in Springfield, 19
on Lincoln’s physique, 11
racial attitudes, 87
and U.S.-Mexican War, 46, 47
Hessee, Julius, 140
Hise, Elijah, 91, 93, 95, 96
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Hispaniola, 105, 273
Hitler, Adolf, 88
Hodge, John, 269–70
Holly, James T.
and black emigration to Haiti, 186–87
Holzer, Harold, 216
Honduran Inter-Oceanic Railway
Company, 182
Honduras, 93, 96, 99, 129, 134, 135,
203, 254
and Tigre Island crisis, 91
Houston, Sam, 158
Mexican and Central American
protectorate scheme, 172
and Texan independence, 25
threatens Mexican invasion,
172, 180
Hungary, 78
Hunter, Robert M. T., 216
Huston, James, 189n.43
Iglesias, Francisco M., 239
Île-à-Vache, 230, 231–33, 268
Illinois, 18
racial attitudes in, 86–87
slavery in, 86
Illinois State Register, 213
immigration
as U.S. political issue, 108
Indians. See Native Americans
Ireland, 69
Italy, 69
Jackson, Andrew, 5, 7, 12
1828 election of, 9
and annexation of Texas, 9, 25, 27
and Central American canal, 89
and Native Americans, 9–10
recognizes Texan independence, 9
as slaveholding expansionist, 8–10
Jacobs, Harriet, 233
Jaffa, Harry, 88, 148n.54
Jamaica, 74, 95, 97, 225
and black colonization, 82, 187
Japan, 100
Jecker, Jean-Baptiste, 169
Jefferson, Thomas, 7, 246
and black colonization, 81, 188
and Central American canal, 89
as slaveholding expansionist, 8
Johnson, Herschel V., 206
Johnson, Richard M., 24
Index
Johnston, Sarah Bush, 10
Jones, Howard, 273
Jones, James, 102
Juárez, Benito, 237, 277, 278
and French intervention, 241
in late 1850s Mexican civil strife, 169
and Lincoln administration, 235
and McLane treaties, 170
Judd, Norman, 185
and colonization
as means to U.S. empire, 185
Kansas Territory
free-soilers prevail, 190
Lecompton Constitution, 137
slavery controversy in, 130, 131
and slavery expansion southward,
6, 139–40, 142, 145, 158, 161,
175, 177
statehood decision, 212
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 2, 32, 57, 104, 105,
125, 213
northern reactions to, 104, 106–08
provisions, 105–06
and slavery expansion southward, 111
and U.S. political party system, 108
Kasson, Cara, 1, 251
Keitt, Laurence M., 167
Keitt, Susanna, 167
Kellogg, William, 209
King, William R., 72
Kirkwood, Samuel J., 155, 184
Knights of the Golden Circle, 175
and 1860 U.S. presidential election, 158,
201–02
Mexican invasion plans, 172–73
and slavery expansion southward, 173
Know Nothing Party, 108
and territorial expansion southward, 128
Knox College, 149
Kock, Bernard, 232
Kossuth, Louis (Lajos), 69
La Verdad, 60
Lanphier, Charles H., 54, 141, 213
Law, George, 70
League of United Southerners, 205
Lee, Robert E., 172, 233
Letcher, Robert Perkins, 166
Liberator, The (Boston), 17, 18, 59, 130
Liberia, 79, 80, 81, 242, 250, 251, 258,
See also Lincoln, Abraham:
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Index
presidency of: and recognition of
Liberia
Liberty Party, 36–37
Lincoln, Abraham
and abolitionism, 18–19, 20–22, 36–37,
144–45, 246–47
and African slave trade, 194,
See also Lincoln, Abraham:
presidency of: slave trade treaty
with Britain
Central America as haven, 245
and annexation of Texas, 6, 36
in Black Hawk War, 44
and black suffrage, 24
and Central America, 147
and colonization
in Africa, 79–81, 188, 258
in Latin America, 81–82, 185,
187–88, See also Lincoln, Abraham:
colonization program
Second Annual Message, 267
colonization program
appoints Pomeroy unpaid agent, 256
assigned to Department of the Interior,
250, 268
Belize, 254, 269–70
Brazil, 254, 255
British Guiana, 270
cabinet considers, 253, 261
Chiriqui (Panama), 245, 250, 252,
255–59, 261–63, 266–67, 274
Colombia, 267
commissions Mitchell as agent,
252–53
congressional funding, 250, 253
Costa Rica, 254, 265
differences with Seward, 242
Dominican Republic, 268
El Salvador, 266
and Emancipation Proclamation, 260
Guadeloupe and Martinique, 255
Guatemala, 242–43, 266
Haiti, 230–34, 250, 268
Honduras, 254, 255, 265
Latin American suspicions of, 265–66
level of commitment, 256, 260, 261,
267, 270
Mexico, 243, 252, 263
motives for, 234, 249, 260, 263–66,
270, 271, 272–76
New Granada, 252, 266
Nicaragua, 265
289
post-Emancipation Proclamation
projects, 268–71
practicality of, 275–76
in Preliminary Emancipation
Proclamation, 260
pressures from Blairs, 242–44
proposes legislation to Congress,
249, 267
recruits emigrants, 256–58
signs congressional legislation,
250, 253
St. Croix, 254
Surinam, 255, 270
voluntary nature of, 261, 267, 274–75
Cooper Union speech, 157, 188
and Crittenden Compromise’s
“hereafter” clause, 214–15
and Cuba, 83–84, 147, 215
death of
and mourning in Latin America,
277–79
and domestic slave trade, 215
early life of, 10–25, 36–38
and filibustering, 83–84, 147, 150,
215, 239
attacks Douglas’s position, 83–84
and free-soil ideology, 50–51, 276
and Fugitive Slave Act, 215
and Haiti, 157, See also Lincoln,
Abraham: and Haitian recognition
question; Lincoln, Abraham:
colonization program
on Haitian Revolution, 157–58
and Haitian recognition question, 251
and Henry Clay, 9, 11–14, 36, 45, 79–80
“House Divided” speech
tropical implications, 144–45
and Hungarian revolt, 78
and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 105–06,
108–10
and Latin America
image and legacy, 278–80
leaves House seat, 77
legal career of, 19, 78
and Manifest Destiny, 147, 193,
234, See also Lincoln, Abraham:
presidency of: anti expansion agenda
marriage of, 12, See also Todd, Mary
and Mexico, 147, 150, See also Lincoln,
Abraham: presidency of: Mexican
affairs
on instability in, 227
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Lincoln, Abraham (cont.)
and Missouri Compromise line,
108–09, 215
Peoria speech, 2, 109–10
personal traits of, 146
physical appearance, 11
grows beard, 208
political career of
and 1840 presidential
campaign, 23–24
and 1844 campaign, 36
and 1856 Republican vice presidential
nomination, 127
aspirations for Congress, 23
campaigns for Taylor, 51
charges Slave Power conspiracy, 154
defeated for state legislature, 11
early inattention to Latin
America, 14–15
elected to Congress, 44
eulogy to Taylor, 78–79
expectations for anti-imperial
presidency, 199–200
favors “American System,” 11
and Henry Clay, 14
joins Republican Party, 109
Kansas-Nebraska Act reenergizes,
108–09
leaves House seat, 59
loses 1858 Senate race, 150
nominated for U.S. Senate, 144
in state legislature, 15–16, 23
supports Henry Clay, 11–13
and Whig politics 1849–53, 78–79
and popular sovereignty, 194
and slavery expansion southward, 215
presidency of. See Lincoln, Abraham:
colonization program
anti expansion agenda, 235–38
and border slave states, 247–49
and Chile, 238
compensated emancipation program,
249, 250
and Costa Rica, 238, 239
Emancipation Proclamation, 267, 268
First Annual Message, 249
and Guatemala, 243
and Honduras, 238
image in Latin America, 239
Latin America as priority, 235
Mexican affairs, 235, 238, 240–41
and Monroe Doctrine, 237, 239–42
and Nicaragua, 238
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and Pan-American movements,
241–42
and Peru, 238
Preliminary Emancipation
Proclamation, 260
slave trade treaty with Britain, 273
and Spain’s reannexation of
Dominican Republic, 239–40
and race. See Lincoln, Abraham:
colonization program: motives for
caters to voters’ prejudices, 24
formative and adult attitudes, 84–88
and secession crisis, 208–10,
213–16, 221
maintains public silence, 209–10
opposes territorial compromise,
208–09
stays in Springfield, 208
Second Annual Message, 201, 238
Second Inaugural Address, 36–38
Second Lecture on Discoveries and
Inventions, 193
and slavery
and abolitionism, 36–38, 270–71
criticizes Mexican peonage, 235
in District of Columbia, 18–19,
19n.23, 52, 215
and escaped slaves, 24–25
morality of, 19, 215
personal encounters with, 21–22
position as state legislator, 36–38
and slavery expansion, 6
during U.S.-Mexican War, 50–52
and Free Soil Party, 52
southward, 59, 108–10, 112,
149–50, 194
to Texas, 36–38
“spot” resolution, 47
Springfield Young Men’s Lyceum
Speech, 36–38
and temperance movement, 36–38
and territorial expansion, 14, 36–38,
44, 79
during U.S.-Mexican War, 49–50
and Wilmot Proviso, 51
as U.S. congressman
arrives in Washington, 6, 36–38
and U.S.-Mexican War. See Lincoln–
Douglas debates
antiwar stand and political standing,
59, 77–78, 194–95
attacks Polk, 48–49
on causes, 6
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and Polk’s treaty terms, 49–50
supports army, 12–13
and Wilmot Proviso, 51
wins presidential election, 201
and Young America, 193
“Lincoln Colony,” 254
Lincoln, Edward, 44
Lincoln, Mary Todd. See Todd, Mary
Lincoln, Thomas, 10
Lincoln–Douglas debates
Freeport, 147–48, 149
Galesburg, 149–50
Jonesboro, 149
Lincoln’s Mexican War record
rehashed, 148
Lincoln’s U.S.-Mexican War record
rehashed, 148
number, attendance, and publicity,
145–46
Ottawa, 146–47
Quincy, 150
and slavery’s tropical expansion, 145–50
Lincoln–Douglas rivalry, 2–3, 2n.3,
15–16, 23
Little Rock Democrat, 67
“Log Cabin” campaign, 23
London Daily News, 100
López, Narciso, 70, 74, 75, 164, 279
and annexation of Cuba, 65
filibusters to Cuba, 64–66, 69
meets with U.S. senators, 65
popularity in U.S. cities, 66
Louisiana Purchase, 8, 16, 106, 109
boundaries of, 8
Louverture, Toussaint, 156
Lovejoy, Elijah P., 18
Lovejoy, Owen, 127
Lyons, Richard B., 195, 268–69
Madagascar, 273
Madan, Cristóbal, 60
Magness, Phillip, 271
Manifest Destiny, 30, 68, 101, 177
ideology of, 6
meaning of phrase, 31
and Texas annexation, 6
Mann, Horace, 72
Marcy, William L., 115, 117, 118, 129, 134
Pierce’s secretary of state, 100
Polk’s secretary of war, 42
Marti, José, 279
Martin, Martha, 53, 54
Martin, Robert M., 53, 54
291
Martinique, 61, 255
Mason, James Murray, 103, 141, 181
Matson, Robert, 25
Maximilian, Archduke Ferdinand, 240,
241, 278
McClernand, John A., 178
McHatton, James A., 54
McLane, Robert M.
treaties with Mexico, 170–71
Medill, Joseph, 178
Mexican War. See U.S.-Mexican War
Mexico, 28, 64, 103, 110, 111, 112, 132,
136, 158, 168, 175, 176, 177, 179,
184, 189, 190, 191, 211, 216, 217,
218, 219, 223, 224, 225, 237
civil strife ends, 235
as colonization site, 185, 186
European threats to sovereignty of,
169–70, 237
French intervention, 237–240
and harboring of escaped Texan
slaves, 171
instability in, 169–70
reactions to Lincoln’s death, 277
and Texas question, 25
war against United States, 38–40
Mexico City, 46, 56
Miller, Nicola, 279
Miller, William Lee, 85
Miramón, Miguel, 169
Missouri Compromise, 16, 27, 34, 106,
109, 127, 209, 213, 215, 225
Mitchell, James, 269, 270
and African colonization movement, 80
and Douglas, 88
and Lincoln’s colonization program,
252, 256–57, 272, 274, 275
meets Lincoln, 80
Molina, Luis, 265
Monroe Doctrine, 3, 96, 125, 203,
239, 240
1856 Democratic platform
endorses, 124
origins, 94
Montijo, Eugénie de, 102
Mora, Juan Rafael, 128
Morgan, Edwin D., 209
Mormons, 5, 127
Morrill bill, 228
Morrill, Justin S., 218
Mosquito Kingdom, 117, 134
British interests in, 91, 113
Murray, Henry, 97
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Index
NAFTA (North American Free Trade
Agreement), 228
Napoleon III, 169
becomes French emperor, 102
and intervention in Mexico, 240
meets with Douglas, 102
National Era, 105, 111, 112, 186
Native Americans
land titles extinguished, 8, 9–10
Neely, Mark E., 78, 272
Netherlands, The, 255
Neutrality Act of 1818, 65, 114, 117, 120
New England Anti-Slavery Society, 17
New Granada, 89, 267
canal route across, 90
New Mexico, 39, 46, 50, 57, 106, 113,
212, 218
New Orleans Delta, 75, 121, 132
New York City
Cuban exiles in, 60
trade with Cuba, 60, 70
New York Commercial Advertiser,
152, 199
New York Evening Post, 112
New York Herald, 63, 74, 84, 139,
250, 266
New York Sun, 60
New York Times, 84, 103, 104, 118, 130,
135, 155, 249
New York Tribune, 61, 103, 130, 131, 158,
176, 187, 190, 219, 233
Newell, Robert, 259
New-York Christian Observer, 142
Nicaragua, 130, 155, 190
potential canal route, 90
Northwest Ordinance, 51, 86
Nova Zembla, 64
Oaksmith, Appleton, 129
O’Donnell, Leopoldo, 164
“Old Fogies,” 68, 71, 100, 160, 177, 193
Opposition Party, 108
Oregon, 10, 28, 30, 43, 67, 78, 89, 104
“Orpheus C. Kerr,” 259
Ostend Manifesto, 116, 125, 127, 128,
130, 131, 190, 200
O’Sullivan, John L., 67
appointed minister to Portugal, 101
arrest for Cuba filibustering, 65
and coining of Manifest Destiny, 31
and Polk’s Cuba purchase scheme, 59–63
and slavery, 75
and Young America, 68
Palmer, Benjamin M., 157
Palmer, John M., 177
Paludan, Phillip Shaw, 85
Panama, 65, 90, 132
potential canal route, 90
reactions to Lincoln’s death, 277
Panama Canal, 245
Parker, Theodore, 111
Paulding, Hiram, 136, 139, 141, 218
Perry, John J., 175
Peru, 238, 240n.15, 241, 280
Pezet, Federico A., 279
Phillips, Wendell, 246
Pierce, Franklin, 73, 77, 96, 99, 106, 111,
125, 127, 129
and 1852 Democratic candidate, 71
and Central America, 113, 117–18,
119–24
Cuba policies, 115–16
Dominican Republic initiative, 112
expansionist inaugural, 101
Mexico policies, 112–13
Poinsett, Joel, 9
Poland, 69
Polk, James K., 6, 67, 77, 95
Cuba purchase scheme, 59–63
elected president, 28, 29
inaugural address, 43
Oregon policy, 43
and U.S.-Mexican War
messages during, 47
policies help start, 41
territorial ambitions during, 49–50
Pomeroy, Samuel C., 266
and Lincoln’s colonization program,
256, 261–63, 266–67, 274
popular sovereignty
1856 Democratic platform endorses, 124
ambiguities of, 58
in Compromise of 1850, 57–58
origins of theory, 57–58
Presidential (U.S.) election of 1860,
tropical issues influence, 189–204
Prosser, Gabriel, 81
Prussia, 116
Puerto Rico, 168, 273
Pugh, George, 226
Queen Isabel II (Spain), 237
“Queen of the Antilles,” 61
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Quitman, John A.
and Cuba filibuster plots, 75, 114–15
and Douglas, 102, 117, 120, 176, 190
“Raleigh letter,” 14
Raymond, Henry J., 211, 217
and filibustering implications of John
Brown, 155
Redpath, James, 187
Reforma, war of the (Mexico), 169
Reid, David S., 53
Republican Party, 214
1856 convention, 235–38
1856 Pittsburgh meeting, 127–28
and African slave trade, 192–93
and black colonization in tropics,
181–88, 192
and compromise with South, 209–10
and Crittenden Compromise, 216,
217–18
and “hereafter” clause, 213–14,
218–19
distrusts Douglas’s tropical designs,
143–44, 152–53, 166, 176–78,
199–200
free-soil expansionism southward, 177,
265–66
in Illinois, 151–52
and Kansas-Nebraska Act
and party origins, 105, 108
and Latin American declension, 227
and New Mexico compromise scheme,
220–21
and popular sovereignty, 154–55,
159–60
rapproachement with Douglas, 139,
148n.54
and secession crisis, 207–26
and compromise with South, 207
and Slave Power conspiracy, 154
and slavery expansion southward,
105, 127–28, 130–32, 141, 148,
149, 158, 175–77, 192–93,
199–200, 204, 211, 221–22,
See also Republican Party: and
Crittenden Compromise: and
“hereafter” clause
and 1860 presidential campaign, 178,
199–201
Republicans (Jeffersonian), 12n.11
Reynolds, John, 67, 120
Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 204
293
Richardson, William A., 194
Richmond Enquirer, 224
Riotte, C. N., 278
Rivas, Patricio, 117, 128
Roatán, 93, 202
Romero, Matías, 240, 241, 251, 278
and Lincoln’s colonization program, 265
meets with Lincoln, 235
and Mexican colonization, 243
represents Mexican Liberals in
Washington, 235
Roumain, Ernest, 251
Rudler, A. Francis, 203
Russell, William Howard, 242, 272
Russia, 69, 101, 237
Saint Domingo. See Haiti
Salmon, Norvell, 203
San Domingo. See Haiti
San Juan River, 96, 99
Sanders, George N., 201
and Democratic Review, 70
and Douglas’s Cuba stand, 77
and Douglas’s presidential candidacies,
70, 71
and Young America, 70
Sandusky (Ohio) Daily Commercial
Register, 200
Sandwich Islands, 103, 111
Sangamo Journal, 36
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 25, 39
Santana, Pedro, 237
Sarmiento, Domingo, 278–79
Saunders, Romulus, 62, 63
Schurz, Carl, 227
and slavery expansion southward,
199–200
Scott, Winfield, 46, 56, 73
in Mexican War, 42
Semmes, Thomas J., 190
Seward, William H., 197, 273, 278
and Central American instability, 227
and Crittenden Compromise, 216
and free-soil expansionism
southward, 216
and Lincoln’s colonization program,
231, 255, 261, 265, 270
as Lincoln’s secretary of state
April 1 memorandum, 235–38
and French in Mexico, 240, 241
and Spain’s reannexation of
Dominican Republic, 240
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Seward, William H. (cont.)
threat to resign, 238
negotiates slave trade treaty with
Britain, 273
and Paulding-Walker affair, 141
on sectional competition for tropics, 190
and Senate Committee of Thirteen,
208, 216
and slavery expansion southward, 105
as territorial expansionist, 13
and Walker’s Nicaraguan filibusters, 121
Shufeldt, Robert W., 263
Sickles, Daniel, 116
Sierra Leone, 81
Sigur, Laurent J., 75
slave code
territorial, 154, 192, 212, 223
Slave Power, 26, 74, 103, 105, 106, 110,
127, 128, 130, 131, 176, 200
slave trade
African, 17, 130, 180
to Cuba, 192
relation to tropical colonization, 184
domestic, 17
slavery
in early U.S. republic, 149
Slidell, John, 190
and Buchanan’s nomination, 125
Cuba purchase bill, 165–66, 175, 176
mission to Mexico, 38–39
relations with Douglas, 166–67
Smith, Caleb
and Lincoln’s colonization program,
245, 250, 252, 254, 255, 256,
263–65, 274, 275
Smith, Gerrit, 185
Smith, Truman, 209
“social imperialism,” 263
Sonora, 56, 168, 170, 218
Sons of Malta, 203
Soulé, Pierre
and Douglas’s presidential candidacies,
70, 163, 196
and filibustering, 101
and Ostend Manifesto, 115–16
as U.S. minister to Spain, 101
and Walker’s Nicaraguan filibusters, 118
and Young America, 101
Soulouque I, Faustin, 82
South (U.S.)
and congressional balance of power, 64,
74, 75, 132, 158, 212–13
and Crittenden Compromise, 216,
222–26
and Cuba “Africanization” rumors, 61,
113–15
and Cuban annexation, 63, 66, 113–16
and antiCatholicism, 223
demographic constraints on, 223
and Douglas’s presidential ambitions, 71,
191, 196–99, 201
exile population from Haitian
Revolution, 157
fears British attacks from tropics,
113n.13
and Haitian implications of John
Brown’s raid, 156–58
honor code, 210
hopes of tropical secession empire,
198–99
and New Mexico compromise scheme,
221–22
secession from Union, 206
and tropical expansion issue, 206, 212
and slavery expansion southward, 64,
74–76, 132–33, 134, 142, 158–59,
190–92, 221–22
slavery in, 16–17
support for Walker’s filibusters, 140–41
South America, 8, 13, 28, 100, 254,
270, 279
as colonization site, 186
Spain, 13, 47, 73, 76, 105, 111, 130, 163,
168, 180, 236, 237
administration of Cuba, 61–62, 115–16
committed to ruling Cuba, 164
and intervention in Mexico, 240
Latin American revolutions against, 8
North American colonies, 9
reannexation of Dominican Republic,
236–37, 239–40
Speed, Joshua F.
and Lincoln’s views on slavery, 21
knows Lincoln in Springfield, 19
and Lincoln’s wartime slavery policies,
247–48
Springfield Daily Register, 77, 99
Springfield Young Men’s Lyceum.
See Lincoln, Abraham: Springfield
Young Men’s Lyceum speech
Squier, Ephraim George, 93
and colonization, 182
influence on Douglas, 94
and treaty with Nicaragua, 91
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295
Stampp, Kenneth M., 213
Stanton, Edwin M.
and Lincoln’s colonization program,
268, 270
Lincoln’s secretary of war
and Haitain emigration
experiment, 232
Stanton, Henry B., 167
Stephens, Alexander H., 113, 196, 215
Stoddard, William O., 252, 254
Stone, Lewis M., 224
Strickland, James, 54
Strother, David Hunter, 72
Stuart, John Todd, 19, 23
Sumner, Charles, 111, 197, 246, 251
Surinam, 255
Toombs, Robert, 140, 141, 141n.46,
190, 211
and Crittenden Compromise, 226
and Senate Committee of Thirteen, 208,
216, 224
Tories, 48
transcontinental railroad, 106, 121
Transcontinental Treaty (of 1819), 9, 47
Trumbull, Lyman, 132, 175, 208
Tucker, Nathaniel Beverley, 198
Tuckerman, Charles K., 231, 242
Turner, Nat
rebellion, 18
Turner, Thomas, 170
Tyler, John, 222
and annexation of Texas, 26–29
Tallmadge, James, 16
Taney, Roger B., 137
tariffs, 7, 60, 125, 178n.29, 228
Tassara, Gabriel García, 139
Taylor, Miles, 196
Taylor, Zachary, 47, 51, 79, 93
and Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 92
and outbreak of U.S.-Mexican
War, 39–40
Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, 88, 113, 170,
243, 263
Texas, 9, 30, 44, 57, 67, 217, 266
annexed, 29
border incidents with Mexico, 172
as independent republic, 25–26
and Mexico as escaped slave
haven, 171
Republic of, 5–6, 47
slavery in, 5–6
revolution, 5–6, 25
slavery in, 26
Texas Rangers, 172
Thasher, John S., 66
Thayer, Eli, 182
Thomas, Edward M., 257, 258
Thompson, Ambrose, 244–46, 250,
252, 266
Thoreau, Henry David, 155
Tigre Island, 91
Times of London, 242
Todd, Mary, 12, 47
and black colonization, 80–81
during U.S.-Mexican War, 78
and Henry Clay, 12
Todd, Robert Smith, 80
U.S.-Mexican War, 95, 217, 279
campaigns of, 46
causes of, 38–41
congressmen seek commissions, 5
outbreak of, 5
U.S. Neutrality Act of 1818, 142, 180
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 97
Union Bethel African Methodist Church
(District of Columbia), 256
United States Magazine and Democratic
Review. See Democratic Review
Upshur, Abel P., 27, 28
Uruguay
reactions to Lincoln’s death, 278
Usher, John P., 270
and Lincoln’s colonization program,
246, 255, 266, 268
Lincoln’s secretary of the interior, 232
Utah, 50, 57, 106, 127, 212
Van Buren, Martin, 29, 36, 63
1840 presidential candidacy, 24
and annexation of Texas, 25, 26, 29, 36
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 91, 134
Vijil, Augustin, 123, 129
Villard, Henry, 84
Wade, Ben, 186, 216
Walker, Robert J., 182
and Central America, 93
Texas letter, 28
Walker, William, 175, 184, 190, 279
and 1860 U.S. presidential
election, 158
compared to John Brown, 155–56
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Walker, William (cont.)
first Nicaraguan filibuster, 117, 118,
128–30, 133–34
impact on 1860 U.S. presidential
campaign, 204
invasion of Baja California, 112
and Manifest Destiny, 128–29
last Nicaraguan invasion and death,
202–03
publishes autobiographical account, 174
second Nicaraguan filibuster, 136
and slavery in Central America, 130,
136, 174
and southern secession, 205–06
as southern surrogate, 136
third Nicaraguan expedition, 152
and U.S. public opinion, 118–19
Walsh, Mike, 117
War in Nicaragua, The, 174
War of 1812, 8, 10, 13, 14, 46
Washburne, Elihu B., 215
Washington, D.C. See District of Columbia
Washington Globe, 28, 32, 33
Washington Peace Conference, 216,
217, 222
Washington States, 146
Washington Union, 110
Webb, James Watson, 254, 255, 278
Webster, Daniel, 73, 74, 180
Weed, Thurlow, 209, 210, 215, 216
Weller, John B., 121, 123
Welles, Gideon, 255, 274
and Lincoln’s colonization program,
245, 261, 274
West (U.S.)
slavery expansion to, 2
West Indies, 61, 82, 100, 168, 217, 254
Wheeler, John H., 117
Whig Party
anti-Catholic strains in, 14
death of, 108
dislike for Douglas, 99–100
domestic programs of, 11
hatred for Jackson, 11
and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 108
meaning of name, 12
origins of, 12
and territorial expansion, 13–14, 41, 52,
74, 93, 178
and U.S.-Mexican War, 78
attacks on, 47–48
vote on U.S.-Mexican War, 41
Wilmot, David, 51
Wilmot Proviso, 50–51, 55, 64,
177, 210
Wilson, Douglas L., 19n.23
Wilson, Henry, 176
Wright, Augustus R., 142, 159
Wyoming, 50
Yancey, William L., 205–06, 211, 216
Young America, 89
“Young America” movement, 68–69
and Cuba, 69
Yucatán, 91, 202, 243, 252
Zollverein, 228
Zuloaga, Félix, 169
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