Seismic Waves from
Earthquakes
Dana Desonie, Ph.D.
Say Thanks to the Authors
Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks
(No sign in required)
To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other
interactive content, visit www.ck12.org
CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to
reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in
the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-source, collaborative, and
web-based compilation model, CK-12 pioneers and promotes the
creation and distribution of high-quality, adaptive online textbooks
that can be mixed, modified and printed (i.e., the FlexBook®
textbooks).
Copyright © 2016 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org
The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the
terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively
“CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12
Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international
laws.
Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium,
in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link
http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in
addition to the following terms.
Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12
Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance
with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0
Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated
herein by this reference.
Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/about/
terms-of-use.
Printed: August 8, 2016
AUTHOR
Dana Desonie, Ph.D.
www.ck12.org
C HAPTER
Chapter 1. Seismic Waves from Earthquakes
1
Seismic Waves from
Earthquakes
• Describe the different types of seismic waves.
• Explain how scientists attempt to predict earthquakes.
Are seismic waves like ocean waves?
Yes, in some ways. Ocean waves travel at the interface between the sea surface and the atmosphere. They have all
the features that all waves have. Some seismic waves also travel at an interface. Which ones?
Seismic Waves
Seismic waves are the energy from earthquakes. Seismic waves move outward in all directions away from their
source. Each type of seismic wave travels at different speeds in different materials. All seismic waves travel through
rock, but not all travel through liquid or gas. Geologists study seismic waves to learn about earthquakes and the
Earth’s interior.
Wave Structure
Seismic waves are just one type of wave. Sound and light also travel in waves. Every wave has a high point called
a crest and a low point called a trough. The height of a wave from the center line to its crest is its amplitude. The
horizontal distance between waves from crest to crest (or trough to trough) is its wavelength (Figure 1.1).
1
www.ck12.org
FIGURE 1.1
The energy from earthquakes travels in
waves, such as the one shown in this
diagram.
Types of Seismic Waves
There are two major types of seismic waves. Body waves travel through the Earth’s interior. Surface waves travel
along the ground surface. In an earthquake, body waves are responsible for the sharp jolts. Surface waves are
responsible for the rolling motions that do most of the damage in an earthquake.
Body Waves
Primary waves (P-waves) and secondary waves (S-waves) are the two types of body waves (Figure 1.2). Body
waves move at different speeds through different materials.
P-waves are faster. They travel at about 6 to 7 kilometers (about 4 miles) per second. Primary waves are so named
because they are the first waves to reach a seismometer. P-waves squeeze and release rocks as they travel. The
material returns to its original size and shape after the P-wave goes by. For this reason, P-waves are not the most
damaging earthquake waves. P-waves travel through solids, liquids, and gases.
S-waves are slower than P-waves. They are the second waves to reach a seismometer. S-waves move up and down.
They change the rock’s shape as they travel. S-waves are about half as fast as P-waves, at about 3.5 km (2 miles) per
second. S-waves can only move through solids. This is because liquids and gases don’t resist changing shape.
FIGURE 1.2
P-waves and S-waves are the two types
of body waves.
2
www.ck12.org
Chapter 1. Seismic Waves from Earthquakes
Surface Waves
FIGURE 1.3
Love waves and Rayleigh waves are the
two types of surface waves.
Surface waves travel along the ground outward from an earthquake’s epicenter. Surface waves are the slowest of all
seismic waves. They travel at 2.5 km (1.5 miles) per second. There are two types of surface waves. Love waves
move side-to-side, much like a snake. Rayleigh waves produce a rolling motion as they move up and backward
(Figure 1.3). Surface waves cause objects to fall and rise. They also cause objects to sway back and forth. These
motions cause damage to rigid structures during an earthquake.
Summary
• Body waves travel through the body of a planet. Surface waves travel along the surface.
• There are two types of body waves: P-waves travel fastest and through solids, liquids, and gases; S-waves
only travel through solids.
• Surface waves are the slowest, but they do the most damage in an earthquake.
Review
1. Draw a set of waves and label the parts: crest, trough, amplitude, wavelength.
2. Compare and contrast P-waves and S-waves.
3. Describe the motions of surface waves.
Explore More
Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
3
www.ck12.org
MEDIA
Click image to the left or use the URL below.
URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/58914
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What are body waves?
Which waves move the fastest?
What are the S-waves? Describe them.
What happens to body waves as they move through the Earth?
What are the two types of surface waves?
Describe how surface waves travel.
References
1. Raymond Chou. Diagram of a wave . CC BY-NC 3.0
2. Courtesy of the US Geological Survey. P-waves and S-waves are the two types of body waves . Public
Domain
3. Courtesy of the US Geological Survey. Love waves and Rayleigh waves are the two types of surface waves .
Public Domain
4