CHAPTER- 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Nearly three- fourth population of India lives in rural areas. More than 66 percent
of India‟s labour force is engaged in agriculture and allied activities. Unchecked
population growth, shortage of land, fragmentation of land, inequitable distribution of
income in the country and growing casual or unemployed labour force have all combined
to increase rural poverty. The present work is an attempt to understand the socioeconomic conditions of the MGNREGA workers, their conditions of work, the system of
hiring, their age, sex, caste, education level, earning, expenditure and savings.
It has been seen from the history that today the developed countries (Western
Europe and USA) have also faced the problem of unemployment and poverty in their
early phase of development. All these countries have tried to eliminate poverty and
unemployment in their own approach and methods. Even today USA and other European
countries are facing unemployment problem. But the basic nature of unemployment they
face is different from the one what India is facing today.
In order to fill in the gaps between the various issues raised by scholars, the
present study was undertaken. The present study is by and large, an exploratory one,
whereby an attempt has been made to understand and raise certain issues regarding the
MGNREGA workers, which may help in investigation in depth, the socio- economic
conditions of the respondents in the developing rural economy in Haryana. The study
employed interpretive methodology for this study. This method helps us to understanding
the phenomena with its underlying values and meanings. The study realized on both
qualitative as well as quantitative techniques for data collection.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is an
unprecedented opportunity to build the foundations of a social security system in rural
India, revive village economies, promote social equity and empower rural labourers.
Although based on the evidence from four villages in two districts of Haryana, the
analysis in this study suggests that the targeting accuracy of the MGNREGA programme
was achieved. Large segment of highly disadvantaged group such as sc, landless and
labour households participated in this programme. This study focuses on explaining the
basic concept of MGNREGA, its uniqueness, diverse perspectives, and operational
dimensions, availability of finance and attitude of bureaucracy. The topic of the present
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study is “Impact of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA) on Empowerment of Rural People : A Sociological Study of Haryana.” In
the present study an attempt has been made to examine and investigate the following
objectives:
1. To examine the extent and pattern of participation across caste, class and gender
lines under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA).
2. To what extent MGNREGA has been able to improve the socio-economic
conditions of the households employed under MGNREGA.
3. To find out the problems faced in the execution of the MGNREGA.
4. To examine the Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and other government
functionaries in the implementation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).
The present study employed exploratory research design; this helped us in
exploring and understanding certain issues in the field situation. Further it enabled us to
gather the information which was not pre- confined in the interview schedule. For the
present study multi-stage sampling was employed. The present study is relied on field
work method of study in the sample villages. Accordingly we have selected four villages
from two districts of Haryana. The selected four villages under this assessment were:
Dehkora and Chhudani from District Jhajjar, Rajawas and Digrota from District
Mahendergarh. Numbers of respondents were taken from Dehkora 102 respondents (43
males, 59 females), Chhudani 135 respondents (71 males, 64 females), Rajawas 83
respondents (40 males, 43 females) and Digrota 90 respondents (50 males, 40 females).
The respondents were taken from different castes and all the four villages (Two villages
from each block). Out of the Total sample, 13 percent respondents were belonging to
Higher castes, 32 percent respondents were from Backward Class and rest a very big
segment (55 Percent respondents) were Scheduled Caste. So the majority of the workers
engaged under MGNREGA were Scheduled Caste.
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Findings
The study required information from both primary and secondary sources. The
study revealed that the work under Mahatma Gandhi NREGA requires hard labour and an
individual has to be physically strong. It was observed during the field work that a good
number of young labour offer for Mahatma Gandhi NREGA work as they realize that in
young age they can perform all kind of work at worksite. A district- wise analysis
revealed that among the respondents in the age group of 18-30 years were 09.81 percent
in village Dehkora and 22.22 percent in village chhudani of Jhajjar district. In this age
group, Mahendergarh district respondents were 14.46 percent in village Rajawas and
37.78 percent in village Digrota respectively. Jhajjar district village- 1 respondents were
43.13 percent and 34.07 percent in village-2 of the age- group 31-40 and in
Mahendergarh district village -1, 42.17 percent and village- 2 were 44.44 percent
respectively of the Mahatma Gandhi NREGA labour. In the age- group of 41-50 the
respondents from district Jhajjar were 39.22 percent in village- 1(Dehkora) and 29.63
percent in village- 2 (Chhudani) respectively and in Mahendergarh district village -1,
26.51 percent and 12.22 percent in village -2. And the respondents who were from the
age-group of above 50 in the jhajjar district, 07.84 percent respondents were falling in this
age-group in village- 1 and 14.08 percent in village-2. In the same age- group of
Mahendergarh district village -1, 16.86 percent and 05.56 percent in village -2. So the
majority of the MGNREGA workers were from 31-40 years age-group. It was observed
that those respondents who were in the age-group of 31-40 were performing the hard
work.
It was observed that out of 73 respondents, who were doing agricultural work
other than MGNREGA, 45.21 percent were from higher castes, 35.61 percent were from
other backward castes and 19.18 percent were scheduled caste. 136 respondents who were
doing construction work other than MGNREGA, among them 06.62 percent were from
higher castes, 48.53 percent were from other backward class and 44.85 percent were
scheduled caste. Out of the 95 respondents who were street hawker, among them 04.21
percent were from higher castes, 37.90 percent were from other backward castes and
57.89 percent were scheduled caste. The respondents who were doing other work other
than MGNREGA were 106 respondents, among them 06.60 percent were from higher
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castes, 01.89 percent respondents were from other backward castes and 91.51 percent
were scheduled caste.
The study revealed that out of the total sample 49.76 percent respondents were
male and 50.24 percent were females. So both male and females were participating
equally under MGNREGA.A district- wise analysis reveals that 50.98 percent
respondents were from village Dehkora and 48.15 percent respondents were from village
Chhudani, while from village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh, 50.60 percent and from
village Digrota 50 percent respondents were male respectively. While 49.02 percent
respondents were from village Dehkora and 51.85 percent respondents were from village
Chhudani, and from district Mahendergarh, village Rajawas 49.40 percent and from
village Digrota 50 percent respondents were female.
It was observed that out of the Total 410 respondents, 12.92 percent respondents
were belonging to Higher castes, 31.72 percent respondents were from Backward Class
and rest a very big segment (55.36 Percent respondents) were Scheduled Caste. So the
majority of the workers engaged under MGNREGA were Scheduled Caste. The castecomposition of the MGNREGA workers revealed that out of the total sample, 5.37
percent respondents were Jats and 4.63 Brahmin respectively as well 2.93 percent were
Rajpoot, 4.63 percent Yadav, 2.93 percent Sunar and 3.42 percent were Khati
respectively.
And 2.44 percent respondents were Bairagi, 4.88 percent Luhar, 5.85
percent respondents were Nai, 5.62 percent were Kumhar and 1.95 percent were Teli
respectively. Majority of the respondents were from Dhanak 20.24 percent followed by
Chamar 19.51 percent and Balmiki 15.61 percent. So the majority of the sample workers
were from the scheduled castes (55.36 percent).
A district- wise analysis revealed that 12.74 percent respondents in village
Dehkora and 18.52 percent in village chhudani of Jhajjar district, Mahendergarh district
respondents were 06.05 percent in village Rajawas and 11.11 percent in village Digrota
respectively were from Higher castes. In the Backward castes, Jhajjar district village- 1
respondents were 19.61 percent and 42.96 percent in village-2 and in Mahendergarh
district village -1, 26.50 percent and village- 2 were 33.33 percent respectively.
67.65 percent respondents were from district Jhajjar in village- 1(Dehkora) and
38.52 percent in village- 2 (Chhudani) respectively and in Mahendergarh district village 1, 41.48 percent and 55.56 percent in village -2 belonged to Scheduled castes. It may be
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concluded that in both of the districts scheduled castes were in majority. The study
revealed the distribution of the respondents according to their education level. Out of the
total respondents, 20.24 percent respondents we studied up to primary level, 23.42
percent studied up to Middle Class and 05.36 percent respondents were Matriculation
Pass. And a few only 02.93 percent respondents were 12th pass where the majority of
them (48.05 percent) were illiterate. So it can be said that the majority of our sample was
illiterate. District- wise analysis showed that 49.02 percent respondents from village
Dehkora and 38.52 percent in village chhudani of Jhajjar district were illiterate while
Mahendergarh district respondents were 65.06 percent in village Rajawas and 45.56
percent in village Digrota respectively were illiterate. Jhajjar district village- 1, 19.61
percent respondents and 26.67 percent in village-2 were studied upto primary level and in
Mahendergarh district village -1, 08.43 percent and village- 2 were 22.22 percent
respectively were studied upto primary level. 22.55 percent from Dehkora, 19.26 percent
from Chhudani, 24.10 percent from village Rajawas and 30 percent Digrota were middle
pass. In the Mahatma Gandhi NREGA labour from district Jhajjar 06.86 percent in
village- 1(Dehkora) and 08.15 percent in village- 2 (Chhudani) respectively and in
Mahendergarh district village -1, 02.41 percent and 02.22 percent in village -2 were
studied upto matric level And the respondents who were 10+2 pass, 01.96 percent in
village Dehkora of jhajjar district, 07.40 percent respondents were from village Chhudani
and none of the respondents were from Mahendergarh district village -1 and village -2. So
the majority of the MGNREGA workers were illiterate.
The study revealed that out of total sample, 95.12 percent respondents were
married where only 04.88 percent respondents were unmarried. So the majority of the
sample workers of NERGA were married. District- wise analysis suggests that 93.14
percent respondents were from village Dehkora and 94.81 percent respondents were from
village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, while from village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh,
96.39 percent and from village Digrota 96.67 percent respondents were married
respectively. And 06.86 percent respondents were from village Dehkora and 5.19 percent
respondents were from village Chhudani, and from district Mahendergarh, village
Rajawas 03.61 percent and from village Digrota 03.33 percent respondents were
unmarried.
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It was observed that out of total sample, 45.37 percent respondents were living in
joint families while 54.63 percent respondents were having nuclear families. Districtwise analysis indicates that 41.18 percent respondents were from village Dehkora and
43.70 percent respondents were from village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, while from
village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh 53.01 percent and from village Digrota 45.56
percent respondents were living in joint families respectively. And 58.82 percent
respondents from village Dehkora and 56.30 percent respondents from village Chhudani,
and from village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh 46.99 percent and from village
Digrota 54.44 percent respondents were living in nuclear families.
The study revealed that out of the total sample, 77.56 percent respondents were
having pucka house and 21.95 percent respondents were having semi pucka houses,
where only 2 respondents out of the total sample had kutcha houses. So in the sample
villages‟ majority of the people were living in pucka or semi pucka houses. District- wise
analysis revealed that 88.24 percent respondents from village Dehkora and 55.56 percent
respondents from village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, while from village Rajawas of
district Mahendergarh 86.75 percent and from village Digrota of district Mahendergarh
90 percent respondents were living in Pucka houses respectively. And 11.76 percent
respondents from village Dehkora and 44.44 percent respondents from village Chhudani,
and from village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh 12.05 percent and from village
Digrota 08.89 percent respondents were having Semi-Pucka houses respectively. And
none of the respondents from district Jhajjar were having kutcha houses where only 1.20
percent respondents from village Rajawas and 11.11 percent from village Digrota were
living in Kutcha houses.
It was revealed that 25.61 percent respondents out of the total workers had a family
income was below Rs. 5000 per month by all means. 41.95 percent respondent‟s total
family income by all sources was Rs. 5001 – 10,000 per month and rest 32.44 percent
respondents reported that their monthly family income by all means was above Rs
10,000. So it could be concluded that MGNREGA workers and their family member were
earning a low income. They were only hand to month. District- wise analysis indicates
that 19.66 percent respondents from village Dehkora and 22.22 percent respondents from
village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, 31.33 percent from village Rajawas of district
Mahendergarh and 32.22 percent from village Digrota of district Mahendergarh had a
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family income was below Rs. 5000 per month by all means. 63.73 percent respondents
from village Dehkora and 25.93 percent respondents from village Chhudani, and from
village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh 34.94 percent and from village Digrota 47.78
percent respondents were having a family income of Rs. 5001- 10000 per month. 16.67
percent respondents from village Dehkora and 51.85 percent respondents from village
Chhudani, and from village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh 33.73 percent and 20
percent respondents from village Digrota were having a family income of Rs. Above
10000 per month.
The study revealed the distribution of the respondents according to their other
source of income except Mahatma Gandhi NREGA. Out of the total sample, 17.81
percent respondents engaged as agricultural labour, percent 33.17 percent respondents out
of total sample were working construction work except MGNREGA, 23.17 percent
respondents were Street Hawker and rest 25.85 percent respondents were working their
own small business. So the very big segment (33 percent) of the total sample was earning
their livelihood from construction work when they were not working under MGNREGA.
District- wise analysis data indicated that 19.61 percent respondents from village Dehkora
and 19.26 percent respondents from village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, 18.07 percent
from village Rajawas and 13.33 percent from village Digrota of district Mahendergarh
had engaged as agricultural labour when they were not working under MGNREGA. 39.22
percent respondents from village Dehkora and 36.56 percent respondents from village
Chhudani, and from village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh 28.92 percent and from
village Digrota 26.67 percent respondents were doing construction work except
MGNREGA. 32.35 percent respondents from village Dehkora and 30.37 percent
respondents from village Chhudani, and from village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh
25.30 percent respondents were Street Hawker and 8.82 percent respondents from village
Dehkora and 14.81 percent respondents from village Chhudani, and from village Rajawas
of district Mahendergarh 27.71 percent and from village Digrota 60 percent respondents
were doing other works except MGNREGA.
It was observed that out of total sample (410 respondents), 54.88 percent
respondents were from below the poverty line where 45.12 percent respondents were
falling under above poverty line category. So we can conclude that the majority of the
respondents who were engaged under MGNREGA were poor and falls below the poverty
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line. District- wise analysis indicated that 58.82 percent respondents were from village
Dehkora and 59.26 percent respondents were from village Chhudani of district Jhajjar,
while from village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh 50.60 percent and from village
Digrota 47.78 percent respondents were from BPL families respectively. And 41.18
percent respondents from village Dehkora and 40.74 percent respondents from village
Chhudani and from village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh 49.40 percent and from
village Digrota 52.22 percent respondents were from APL families.
The study indicated that out of the total respondents 87.80 percent respondents
were sending their children to school, where 12.20 percent respondents were not sending
their children to School.
And children who were going to School were going to
government Schools. So the majority of the respondents working under MGNREGA
were sending their children to school. District- wise analysis of data indicated that 95.10
percent respondents were from village Dehkora and 94.07 percent respondents were from
village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, while from village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh
79.52 percent and 77.78 percent respondents from village Digrota were sending their
children to School respectively. And 4.90 percent respondents from village Dehkora and
05.93 percent respondents from village Chhudani, and from village Rajawas 20.48
percent and from village Digrota 22.22 percent respondents were sending their children to
school.
The study revealed that out of the total sample, 28.29 percent respondents started
labour work at the age of below 20 years, 41.71 percent respondents started labour work
in the age between 21-25 years, 27.07 percent respondents started labour work in the age
between 26- 30 years and rest 02.93 percent respondents started labour work in the age
between 31- 35 years. A district- wise analysis revealed that among the respondents who
were started labour work below 20 years were 39.22 percent in village Dehkora and 45.93
percent in village chhudani of Jhajjar district. In the same category, the respondents from
Mahendergarh district were 04.82 percent in village Rajawas and 11.11 percent in village
Digrota respectively. From district Jhajjar village- 1 (Dehkora) respondents were 30.39
percent and 48.89 percent in village-2 (Chhudani) started labour work in the age between
21-25 years and in Mahendergarh district village -1 (Rajawas), 48.19 percent and village2 (Digrota) were 37.78 percent respectively started labour work in the age between 21-25
years.
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It was observed that he respondents who started labour work in the age between 2630 years were from the village Dehkora 24.51 percent, from village Chhudani 03.70
percent in district Jhajjar respectively and from village- Rajawas 46.99 and from village
Digrota 46.67 percent in Mahendergarh district respectively. The respondents who started
labour work in the age between 31-35 years were from the village Dehkora 05.88 percent,
from village Chhudani 01.48 percent in district Jhajjar respectively and from village
Digrota 04.44 percent in Mahendergarh district and none of the respondents were from
village- Rajawas. So the majority of the MGNREGA workers started labour work in the
age between 21-30 years.
The study revealed that the workers engaged under Mahatma Gandhi NREGA had a
very little monthly savings. Among the respondents who had monthly savings upto Rs.
250 were 18.63 percent from village Dehkora and 08.89 percent from village Chhudani of
Jhajjar district. In the same category, 27.71 percent from village Rajawas and 57.78
percent from village Digrota of district Mahendergarh respectively. The respondents who
were from village Dehkora 70.59 percent and from village Chhudani 68.89 percent had
monthly savings of Rs. 251- 500. And from village Rajawas 49.40 percent and from
village Digrota 24.44 percent respectively had monthly savings of Rs. 251- 500. From the
village Dehkora 07.84 percent, from the village Chhudani of district Jhajjar 09.63 percent
had a monthly saving of Rs 501- 750. In the same category, 20.48 percent from village
Rajawas and 17.78 percent from village Digrota of district Mahendergarh respectively.
The respondents who had monthly savings of Rs. 751- 1000 were 02.94 percent
from village Dehkora, 12.59 percent from village Chhudani of Jhajjar district. From
village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh, 02.41 percent had monthly savings of Rs. 7501000 and none of the respondents had monthly savings of Rs. 751- 1000 from district
Mahendergarh.
It was revealed that out of the total, 74.88 percent respondents said that the Gram
Panchayat play their role well in implementation of MGNREGA works, 21.46 percent
respondents refused to answer about Gram Panchayat‟s role, they said that they did not
know about it and rest 3.66 percent replied that the Gram Panchayat did not play their
role well in implementation of MGNREGA. District-wise analysis of data revealed that
78.43 percent respondents were from village Dehkora and 59.26 percent respondents
were from village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, while from village Rajawas of district
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Mahendergarh 91.57 percent and 78.89 percent respondents from village Digrota said that
the Gram Panchayat play their role well in implementation of MGNREGA works, where
21.57 percent respondents from village Dehkora and 35.55 percent respondents from
village Chhudani and from village Rajawas 04.82 percent and from village Digrota 15.56
percent respondents refused to answer about Gram Panchayat‟s role, they said that they
did not know about it. And 05.19 percent were from village Chhudani of district Jhajjar,
while from village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh 03.61 percent and 05.55 percent
respondents from village Digrota said that the Gram Panchayat did not play their role well
in implementation of MGNREGA works.
The study revealed that out of the total sample 02.20 percent respondents worked
under Mahatma Gandhi NREGA upto 20 days, 12.93 percent respondents were employed
under MGNREGA 21-40 days, 17.80 percent respondents got employment under
MGNREGA for 41-60 days, 42.68 percent respondents were earning their livelihood
from MGNREGA for 61-80 days and 22.44 percent respondents got employment for 81100 days in a year under MGNREGA. And out of the total sample, 01.95 percent
respondent not only completed their 100 days work under MGNREGA in a financial year
but also they worked a few days more than 100 days about 104 days in a year. Districtwise analysis indicates that 01.96 percent respondents were from village Dehkora and
04.44 percent respondents were from village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, while from
village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh 01.20 percent were earning their livelihood
from Mahatma Gandhi NREGA upto 20 days respectively. And 12.75 percent
respondents from village Dehkora and 17.04 percent respondents from village Chhudani,
and from village Rajawas 04.82 percent and from village Digrota 14.45 percent
respondents were engaged under MGNREGA for 21-40 days. And 11.76 percent
respondents from village Dehkora and 17.78 percent respondents from village Chhudani,
30.13 percent from village Rajawas and 13.33 percent respondents from village Digrota
were engaged under MGNREGA for 41-60 days. District- wise data of the respondents,
who were engaged under Mahatma Gandhi NREGA for 61- 80 days, from village
Dehkora 49.02 percent, from village Chhudani 35.56 percent, from village Rajawas 33.73
percent and fron village Digrota 54.44 percent respectively. Further 21.57 percent
respondents from village Dehkora, 23.70 percent respondents from village Chhudani,
28.92 percent from village Rajawas and 15.56 percent respondents from village Digrota
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were engaged under MGNREGA for 81-100 days. And the respondents who worked
under MGNREGA beyond 100 days were 8 respondents from all the four villages.
Among them 02.94 percent were from village Dehkora, 01.48 percent from village
Chhudani, 01.20 percent from village Rajawas and 02.20 percent from village Digrota
respectively were employed under MGNREGA.
The study revealed that out of the total respondents 80.25 percent respondents
were satisfied with this scheme, 19.02 percent were partially satisfied where only 0.73
percent of the total sample were not satisfied with MGNREGA. So we can conclude that
the majority of the respondents (80.25 percent) were completely satisfied with
MGNREGA. A district- wise analysis reveals that 96.08 percent respondents from village
Dehkora and 78.52 percent respondents from village Chhudani, while from village
Rajawas 55.42 percent and from village Digrota 87.78 percent respondents were satisfied
with this scheme.While 03.92 percent respondents were from village Dehkora and 19.26
percent respondents from village Chhudani, and from village Rajawas 44.58 percent and
from village Digrota 12.22 percent respondents were not satisfied with MGNREGA. And
out of the total 410 respondents, only 3 respondents were not satisfied with this scheme
and all those respondents were from village Chhudani district jhajjar.
The study revealed the fact that out of the total sample, 14.63 percent respondents were in
favour of working hours under MGNREGA, 10.24 percent were in fovour of wage-rates
where 20.49 percent respondents were in favour of the location for MGNREGA works,
32.68 percent favored both (working hours + work location), 11.71 percent MGNREGA
workers were in favour of both (work location + wage rates) and rest only 10.25 percent
respondent among the total sample favoured the MGNREGA as a complete programme.
So the majority of the MGNREGA workers favoured its working hours freedom and
work location. District- wise analysis reveals that 21.57 percent respondents from village
Dehkora, 13.33 percent from village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, 12.05 percent from
village Rajawas, 11.11 percent from village Digrota of district Mahendergarh were in
favour of working hours under MGNREGA, while 10.79 percent respondents from
village Dehkora, 05.93 percent from village Chhudani, 14.46 percent from village
Rajawas and 12.22 percent from village Digrota were in fovour of wage-rates where
21.57 percent respondents from village Dehkora, 26.66 percent from village Chhudani of
district Jhajjar, 04.83 percent from village Rajawas, 24.45 percent from village Digrota of
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district Mahendergarh were in favour of the location for MGNREGA works. 31.57
percent respondents from village Dehkora, 35.56 percent from village Chhudani of
district Jhajjar, 36.14 percent from village Rajawas and 26.67 percent from village
Digrota of district Mahendergarh favoured both (working hours + work location) under
Mahatma Gandhi NREGA. 07.84 percent from village Dehkora, 09.63 percent from
village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, 28.91 percent from village Rajawas and 03.33 percent
from village Digrota of district Mahendergarh were in favour of both (work location +
wage rates) and rest 06.86 percent from village Dehkora, 08.89 percent from village
Chhudani of district Jhajjar, 03.61 percent from village Rajawas and 22.22 percent from
village Digrota of district Mahendergarh were favoured the Mahatma Gandhi NREGA.as
a complete programme.
It was observed that out of total respondents 17.81 percent respondents were
aware about drinking water facility at worksite, 10.24 percent were aware about the
creche facility at worksite, 08.29 percent respondents among them were aware about first
aid box facility at worksite. Among them a very huge segment, 63.66 percent of the
respondents were not aware about any worksite facilities such as, rest shed, crèche, first
aid box, insurance and not even drinking water. District- wise analysis indicates that
39.22 percent respondents from village Dehkora, 17.04 percent from village Chhudani of
district Jhajjar, 11.11 percent from village Digrota of district Mahendergarh were aware
about drinking water facility at worksite under MGNREGA, while 15.69 percent
respondents from village Dehkora, 09.63 percent from village Chhudani, 14.46 percent
from village Rajawas and 01.11 percent from village Digrota were aware about the creche
facility at worksite where 08.82 percent respondents from village Dehkora, 14.81 percent
from village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, 03.61 percent from village Rajawas and 02.22
percent from village Digrota of district Mahendergarh were aware about first aid box
facility at worksite. And out of the total sample a very big segment, 36.27 percent
respondents from village Dehkora, 58.52 percent from village Chhudani, 81.91 percent
from village Rajawas and 85.56 percent from village Digrota were not aware about any
worksite facilities such as, rest shed, crèche, first aid box, insurance and not even drinking
water.
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The study revealed that out of the total sample, 50.73 percent respondents reported
that they got their wages on time where 24.88 percent said that they did not get their
wages on time and remain 24.39 percent argued that sometime they got their wages on
time and sometimes they did not get their wages on time.
So the majority of the
respondents said yes. District- wise analysis reveals that 50.98 percent respondents from
village Dehkora, 70.37 percent from village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, 32.53 percent
from village Rajawas and 37.78 percent from village Digrota of district Mahendergarh
said that they got their wages on time and 25.49 percent respondents from village
Dehkora, 21.48 percent from village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, 18.07 percent from
village Rajawas and 35.55 percent from village Digrota of district Mahendergarh said that
they did not get their wages on time where 23.53 percent respondents from village
Dehkora, 08.15 percent from village Chhudani of district Jhajjar, 49.40 percent from
village Rajawas and 26.67 percent from village Digrota of district Mahendergarh argued
that sometime they got their wages on time and sometimes they did not get their wages on
time. Majority of the sample respondents said yes.
The study revealed that out of total respondents, 90.73 percent respondents
reported that there was no biasness at any level at the worksite, 07.56 percent respondents
said that sometimes they feel there was sex biasness at worksite and 01.71 percent
respondents reported that there were caste biasness in some extent at the worksite.
District- wise analysis suggests that 03.70 percent respondents from village Chhudani of
district Jhajjar, while from village Rajawas of district Mahendergarh, 02.41 percent said
that sometimes they feel there was a caste bias at worksite. And 09.80 percent
respondents were from village Dehkora and 09.63 percent respondents were from village
Chhudani of district Jhajjar, and from district Mahendergarh, village Digrota 08.89
percent respondents said that sometimes they feel there was a sex bias at worksite. But the
majority of the sample workers of Mahatma Gandhi NERGA (90.20 percent from village
Dehkora, 86.67 percent from village Chhudani, 97.59 percent from village Rajawas and
91.11 percent from village Digrota) were reported that there was no biasness at any level
at the worksites under MGNREGA.
It was observed that out of total 86 respondents who were in the age group of 1830 years, 88.37 percent were satisfied with this scheme, and 09.30 percent were partially
satisfied where 02.33 percent were not satisfied. The respondents who belonged to the
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age – group of 31-40, (165 respondents), a very big segment, and 96.97 percent
respondents were satisfied with this scheme and remaining 03.03 percent were partially
satisfied with MGNREGA. And 113 respondents who were in the age-group of 41-50,
94.70 percent among them were completely satisfied with MGNREGA, 04.42 percent
respondents were partially satisfied and less than 1 percent (0.88 percent) was not
satisfied with the programme. And rest 46 respondents who were from the age group of
above 50 years, all of the respondents satisfied with this scheme. So it is concluded that
young people and mature crowd were completely or partially satisfied with this scheme.
The study revealed that out of 390 respondents, who were married, 81.28 percent
out of them were completely satisfied with MGNREGA, 18.21 percent were partially
satisfied and remaining but less than 1 percent (0.51 percent) was not satisfied with
MGNREGA. And 20 respondents who were unmarried, out of them 60 percent were
satisfied, 35 percent were partially satisfied and 5 percent were not satisfied with this
scheme. So the majority of our sample was completely or partially satisfied with this
programme.
It was revealed that out of 389 respondents who were completely satisfied with
this scheme, 49.87 percent were male, 50.13 percent respondents were female. Out of the
total respondents (18 respondents) who were partially satisfied with this scheme, among
them 44.44 percent were male and 55.56 percent respondents were female and the
respondents who were not satisfied with this scheme, only 3 respondents, among them 2
were male and 1 respondent was female.
The study revealed that out of 53 respondents, who belonged to higher castes,
94.34 percent were satisfied with the present programme, 01.89 percent was partially
satisfied and 03.77 percent out of total higher castes respondents were not satisfied with
MGNREGA. 130 respondents who belonged to backward class, among them 93.08
percent were satisfied, 6.15 percent were partially satisfied and less than 1 percent (0.76
percent) respondents were not satisfied with this scheme.
And majority of the
respondents belonged to scheduled caste (227 respondents), among them 96.03 percent
respondents were completely satisfied with MGNREGA and rest 03.97 percent were
partially satisfied with this scheme. None of the respondents, who belonged to scheduled
caste, were unsatisfied with MGNREGA.
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The study revealed that all the 197 illiterate respondents were completely satisfied
with MGNREGA; none of the respondents who were illiterate were partially satisfied or
unsatisfied with this programme. 83 respondents who were studied upto primary level,
among them all the respondent were completely satisfied with this scheme.
The
respondents, who were studied upto middle level, among them 97.92 percent, were
completely satisfied with Mahatma Gandhi NREGA and rest 02.08 percent were partially
satisfied with this scheme. The matric pass respondents were 22, among them 50 percent
respondents were satisfied with this programme, 45.45 percent were partially satisfied
and 04.55 percent respondents were not satisfied with MGNREGA. The respondents who
were 10+2 pass, 33.33 percent among them were satisfied, 50 percent were partially
satisfied and rest 16.67 percent respondents were not satisfied with the present
programme.It was observed that out of the 53 respondents, who belonged to higher castes,
60.38 percent were male and rest 39.62 percent was female. The respondents who
belonged to other backward class was 130 respondents, among them 54.62 percent were
male and 45.38 percent were female. 227 respondents belonged to scheduled caste.
Among them 44.49 percent were male and 55.51 percent were female.
The study revealed that 60 respondents were in favour of the working hours under
MGNREGA, among them 51.67 percent belonged to higher castes, 21.66 percent
belonged to backward class and rest 26.67 percent belonged to scheduled castes. 42
respondents were in favour of wage rates under MGNREGA, among them 21.43 percent
belonged to higher castes, 50 percent belonged to backward class where 28.57 percent
respondents were Scheduled castes. 84 respondents favoured the location of MGNREGA
works among them 07.15 percent respondents were belonging to higher castes, 69.04
percent belonged to backward class and 23.81 percent respondents were from scheduled
castes. The majority of the respondents (134 respondents) were in favour of both,
working hours and work location of MGNREGA, out of total 134 respondents, only
04.48 percent respondents were from higher castes where majority of the respondents
belonged to scheduled caste (73.13 percent) followed by other backward class (22.39
percent). The respondents who favoured the both benefits of MGNREGA like work
location + wage rates was 48 respondents, among them 02.08 percent respondents
belonged to higher castes, 12.50 percent backward class and remaining, a very big
segment, 85.42 percent were from scheduled caste. The respondents who liked every
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aspect of MGNREGA were 42, out of them 04.76 percent respondents‟ belonged to
backward class and rest 95.24 percent belonged to scheduled caste.
None of the
respondents were from higher castes.
The study revealed that 60 respondents were in favour of working hours under
MGNREGA, among them 55 percent respondents were male and rest 45 percent
respondents were female.
The respondents who favoured the wage rates under
MGNREGA were 42, among them 45.23 percent were males where 54.76 percent were
females. 84 percent respondents liked the location of works under MGNREGA. Out of
84 respondents, 35.71 percent respondents were males and 64.29 percent were females.
And 134 respondents who favoured both (working hours and work location), among them
58.21 percent were males and 41.79 percent were females. 48 respondents who liked
work location and wage rates, out of them, 47.92 percent respondents were males and
52.08 percent were females. 42 respondents who were in favour of every aspect of
MGNREGA benefits, among them 50 percent were males and rest 50 percent were
females respectively. So we can say that the majority of our sample favoured the working
hours and location of MGNREGA works.
It was observed that out of the total married respondents (390 respondents), 14.36
percent favoured the working hours of this scheme, 10.26 percent favoured wage rates,
21.02 percent liked the location of MGNREGA works, and a large segment (32.31
percent) favoured both (working hours and work locaton), 11.28 percent favoured work
location + wage rates, and remaining 10.77 percent favoured every aspects of
MGNREGA benefits. The unmarried respondents, who were only 20 people, among
them 20 percent favoured working hours under MGNREGA, 10 percent liked wage rates
and work location for MGNREGA works respectively, a big portion (40 percent
respondents) were in favour of both working hours and location of MGNREGA works
and rest 20 percent liked the location of works under MGNREGA and wage rates of
MGNREGA works.
The study revealedthat out of the total 22 respondents, who were from Jat caste,
among them 55 percent were male and 45 percent were females. 19 respondents were
Brahmin among them 68 percent were male and 32 percent were females. Out of the 12
Rajpoot caste respondents, 58 percent were male and 42 percent were females. 19
respondents were from Yadav caste, among them 74 percent were male and 26 percent
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were females. The respondents who belonged to Sunar caste were 12, out of them 58
percent were male and 42 percent were females. 12 respondents were from Khati caste,
among them 57 percent were male and 43 percent were females. 10 respondents belonged
to Bairagi caste, 50 percent were male and 50 percent respondents were females
respectively 20 respondents were from Luhar caste, among them 55 percent respondents
were male and 45 percent were females. The 24 respondents who belonged to Nai Caste,
among them 50 percent respondents were male and 50 percent were females. 23
respondents were from Kumhar caste, among them 39 percent were male and 61 percent
were females. The Teli caste respondents were 8, among them 62 percent were male and
38 percent were females. Majority of the respondents belonged to Dhanak caste, among
them 39 percent were male and 61 percent were females. 80 respondents were from
Chamar caste and out of the total Chamar caste respondents, 49 percent were male and 51
percent were females. And rest 64 respondents belonged to Balmiki caste, among them 47
percent respondents were male and 53 percent were female.
The study revealed that out of the total 307 respondents, who said that gram
panchayat play his role well in implementation of MGNREGA, 53.09 percent were male
and 46.91 percent were female. 15 respondents, who said that gram panchayat did not
play his role well in implementation of MGNREGA, among them 13.33 percent, were
male and the major part (86.67 percent) was females. And rest 88 respondents said that
they don‟t know about the role of gram panchayat in implementation of MGNREGA
works, among them 44.32 percent were male and 55.68 percent were females.
Table 4.18 indicates the caste-wise distribution of the respondents and employment
available in a year under MGNREGA. Out of 09 respondents who employed under
MGNREGA for below 20 days, 33.33 percent were from higher castes, 22.22 percent
were from other backward class and 44.45 percent were scheduled caste. 53 respondents
who employed under MGNREGA for 21-40 days, among them 18.87 percent were from
higher castes, 28.30 percent were from other backward class and 52.83 percent were
scheduled caste. The respondents who were employed under MGNREGA for 41-60 days,
among them 12.33 percent were from higher castes, 49.31 percent were from other
backward class and 38.36 percent were scheduled caste. The respondents who were
employed under MGNREGA for 61-80 days, among them 09.14 percent were from
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higher castes, 21.721 percent were from other backward class and 69.14 percent were
scheduled caste.
The study revealed that out of the total, 13.04 percent respondents who were
employed under MGNREGA for 81-100 days were from higher castes, 40.22 percent
were from other backward class and 46.74 percent were scheduled caste. And out of the
total sample, 01.95 percent respondent not only completed their 100 days work under
MGNREGA in a financial year but also they worked a few days more than 100 days
about 104 days in a year among them 37.50 percent were from higher castes, 25.00
percent were from other backward class and 37.50 percent were scheduled caste.
It was observed that out of 73 respondents, who were doing agricultural work
other than MGNREGA, 45.21 percent were from higher castes, 35.61 percent were from
other backward castes and 19.18 percent were scheduled caste. 136 respondents who were
doing construction work other than MGNREGA, among them 06.62 percent were from
higher castes, 48.53 percent were from other backward class and 44.85 percent were
scheduled caste. Out of the 95 respondents who were street hawker, among them 04.21
percent were from higher castes, 37.90 percent were from other backward castes and
57.89 percent were scheduled caste. The respondents who were doing other work other
than MGNREGA were 106 respondents, among them 06.60 percent were from higher
castes, 01.89 percent respondents were from other backward castes and 91.51 percent
were scheduled caste.
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