A
redefinition of
Gastonia and
related genera (Araliaceae)
W.R.
of
Department
Botany,
Philipson
of
University
New
Canterbury,
Zealand
Summary
The
a
six
natural
which
genera
have
Gastonia
been
and
distributed
on
monotypic
comprises
all
from East Africa
thought useful
Tetraplasandra
fruit rather than
The
Gastonia, Tetraplasandra, Reynoldsia,
complex
of the
stamens.
of the
Munroidendron, Peekeliopanax,
Marquesas
these
genera
On this basis
and
Indokingia
complex west
of Samoa.
Peekeliopanax
genera
species
distinguishing
the
and the Hawaiian
are
redefined, emphasis being placed
is
pleiomery
in
to
radiating stigmatic
Tetraplasandrais
reduced
are
the
to
Indokingia
The distinction
re-examined.
on
and
confined
to
under
synonymy
form
Islands. The characters
between
arms
in the
the Hawaiian group.
Gastonia,
which thus
Introduction
Araliads with
Samoa,
the Society
within this natural
in the Malesian
clearly defined
a
group
The reason
Comm.
in
ex
Here,
no
articulation between the pedicel
nearly
continuous distribution from
Ocean and
Malesia,
the Hawaiian
to
group.
the Solomons,
Generic
centre
of the
range,
the Indian Ocean
or
species have been referred
according
underlying much of this confusion
Lamk is
is
some
A. Gray is also
other species these
fruiting material being described
as
were
two
solomonensis Philipson,
same
species
another
a
Harms.
as
species
as
that the fruit of Gastonia
Gastonia.
numerous
as
In the present
complex
genera,
study
of
and
Peekeliopanax
a
from
same
(T. paucidens
koordersii
Indeed, Miquel
fruiting specimen of the
this
T.
and
G.
Miq.,
papuana
G. winkleri
Harms)
Gastonia
on
species
as
a
used
present
in the
following
has been
account.
regarded
as
consecutive
delimit the
monotypic.
genera.
For purposes of
confined
to
new
monotypic
genus
pages
and- Harms described
years
later described
Gastonia.
have been re-examined. The
to
Binn.)
and fruiting material of the
flowering material, and several
remarks included in the last column of Table I
at
the
as
described flowering
diree of moderate size and three
acters
or
&
philippinensis Merr.,
T.
Miq.,
the characters which have been used
species
stamens.
together. This has resulted
occur
all described from specimens lacking floral parts. On
Tetraplasandra
Tetraplasandra
a
true
genera
and that the flower found
distinctive, having
features
species of
arms,
the other hand, flowering material (with the exception of G. eupteronoides Teysm.
has been described either
T.
to
the characters available in
to
undoubtedly
distinctive, having radiating stigmatic
Harms, and G. boridiana Harms
Peekeliopanax
limits
studied.
In the Malesian and
in
the
at
species of Tetraplasandra
many
a
of species have always been confused, and this is especially
characteristic of the Pacific
the material being
with
the Marquesas, and
Islands,
area.
with
pedicels
group
the islands of the Indian
Africa, through
East
leaves and
imparipinnate
and the flower form
are
to
species
These
intended
diagnose the
are
are
to
genera
currently placed
set out
indicate
in Table
some
within
in
I.
six
The
of the char-
These and other characters will be discussed
presentation of data,
the
genus
Tetraplasandra
the Hawaiian Islands. This practice is justifiable because
BLUMEA
498
all the Malesian
in
no
way
Tetraplasandra
can
any decisions
prejudices
VOL.
be referred
on
No.
XVIII,
to
2,
1970
existing species of
generic limits that
may
Gastonia. This
course
be drawn after the data have
been presented.
TABLE
CURRENTLY
CURRENTLY
GENERA
1.
RECOGNIZED
Number
Remarks
Distribution
Genus
of spp.
Gastonia
East
7
Africa,
Seychelles,
Malesia,
Madagascar,
Mascarenes,
Solomons.
At
defined
present
radiating
the
and
fruit,
(supposedly)
to
Tetraplasandra
Hawaiian
19
and
ded
see
—
(Malesian
group
Solomons
exclu-
spp.
text).
the
Stigmatic
fruit,
mery
of
and
17
Reynoldsia
Hawaiian
Marque-
group,
Society
sas,
Islands,
Samoa.
to
aims
petals,
in
pleioovary
(10—)5—2,
not
radiate
equal
ovaiy
in
without
some
in
number
rather
cells
(6—)10—24,
numerous
rarely
radiate
entire.
stamens
fruit,
number
with
few
leaflets
Stigmatic
in
stamens,
rather
cells
stamens
not
spp.
the
in
aims
segments.
arms
some
the
equal
corolla
the
by
stigmatic
leaves
denticula-
tions.
Munroidendron
Hawaiian
1
group.
Stigmas
not
stamens
not
ribs,
radiate
more
cells
ovaiy
inflorescence
in
than
fruit,
corolla
about
branches
13,
long-
-racemose.
1
Peekeliopanax
New
Britain,
New
Guinea,
Radiating
known
Solomons.
stigmatic
stamens
calyptrate,
Seychelles.
1
Indokingia
Radiating
cleft
trate,
DESCRIPTION
Vegetative
OF
THE
are trees
with
thick branches. The majority
stamens
numerous.
with
arms
calyp-
numerous.
CHARACTERS
imparipinnate exstipulate leaves
are
kauaiensis (H. Mann)
Tetraplasandra
A.
Gray,
from entire
range.
Sherff,
to
In
and T.
as
turbans Sherff. The
crenate,
Peekeliopanax
leaflets of the Hawaiian species
at
the ends of
of
margin
the
leaflets
A.
are
most
crenate,
Gray
are
T.
of the leaflets is entire in
Gastonias. G.
both conditions occurring
Reynoldsia
Harms
do Tetraplasandra hawaiiensis A. Gray,
Munroidendron Sherff, and also in
strongly
clustered
glabrous but the single species of Peekeliopanax
and Munroidendron Sherffhave indumentum
of its wide
corolla
corolla
morphology
All the species
varies
stigmatic
tips,
(un-
arms
described),
when
at
usually
the
two
strongly
papuana
extremes
so.
The
distinctive, being borne
on
R.
W.
A
shape, and with
an
Gastonia
redefinition of
with the lamina
petioles
long
Philipson:
in
papery
undulate and dentate
ing those found in
the other
when
texture
499
(e.g.
of Reynoldsia
species
the Hawaiian type
to
of the complex
genera
(Araliaceae)
dry, somewhat rhomboidal
The southern
margin.
varied leaflets, ranging from those similar
more
and related genera
to
leaflets approach-
pleiosperma
R.
in
have
Gray).
A.
The inflorescence
The inflorescences terminate the
principal branches
be
may
leafy shoots. They
strictly umbellate,
thrice
umbellate inflorescences (fig. i) and this
Seem.
(Society Islands). 2)
(rhachids)
branches
borne along them in
also
nodes bearing
Gastonia
or
racemose
the
less
distinctly
manner
Hemsl. 3)
may
between
develop
clusters,
so
that these
(fig. 4). This character
racemose
In Munroidendron the
appears in
inflorescence (e.g.
least
at
or
the
outer
umbellules but
not
a
be
develop between
may
all,
are
to
inflorescences
are
few species of Tetra-
long pendulous rhachids bear
striking
very
arranged flowers.
pedicel
The
One
important character that distinguishes this
the lack of
its allies is
Polyscias
there is
an
of genera from Polyscias Forst. and
articulation below the flower which is
and fruits.
flowers
yoimg
group
constriction between the flower and the top
a
fresh material of the
In
at
occurs
of the
the top of the
hypanthium.
longer develops
In
pedicel. This
on
genera
identifications
due
being
a
considered
few species
a
In
no
such
constriction
the drying of the fleshy tissue
to
pedicel.
in fresh material
at
the base
these tissues become
and the constriction
stronger
This artifact
drying.
[e.g. Tetraplasandra waialealea Rock,
incorrect
is
fruiting material
of the
clearly visible
articulation is visible. However, in dried material of flowers of
no
Such
paniculate
a
or
verrucosa
is for the main
genera
(fig. 2).
Internodes
(fig. 3), giving
internodes
of the ultimate flower
plasandra and Reynoldsia.
racemosely
of
branches
Reynoldsia
in
recurs
i) The
with twice
but for the ultimate umbellules
subverticillate
or
Tetraplasandra
arrangement in these
common
and Indokingia
main
papuana). 4) Finally,
(lower) pedicels
more
a
more
character
umbellately arranged,
Peekeliopanax
in
occur
the
A
be
to
take four main forms:
may
in species of
as
can
T. meiandra
become
(Hillebr.)
so
noticeable in
Harms and T.
some
species
kauaiensis]
that
occur.
may
calyx
The
The
calyx
undulate. In
lobes,
usually
Reynoldsia
any
irregular.
In
irregular.
I
consist of
may
most
species
of
rim with
a
the margin entire and straight
Tetraplasandra,
if not
alternating with the petals, and
suggestion
Gastonia and
of lobing
or
each
bearing
of the
toothing
or
the undulations form
all,
calyx
a
minute
rim is
even
apical
more
Peekeliopanax undulations of the calyx rim, when
have been unable
to
this
check
irregularly
more
regular
tooth.
In
obscure and
present,
are
feature in Indokingia.
The corolla
The general
features of the corolla
are
similar
typical of the Schefflereae. Those features which
here,
the number of petals
are
Table
2
indicates the
relate either
to
Complete fusion
trate, but
The
range
the free petals
sutures
occurs
in
which do
and the
are
or
to
the
more
or
Indokingia Hemsl.
reach the
are
group,
being
those
degree of their separation.
of merism observed in the
not
petals of Munroidendron
throughout the
variable, and which will be considered
outer
variously
In
less
genera.
Peekeliopanax
surface of the
free
or
The numbers of petals
united segments of the corolla.
the corolla is also calyp-
cap
united into
are
clearly developed.
groups.
The
petals
of
BLUMEA
500
Fig.
1—4.
spectabilis,
an
sandwicensis,
Inflorescence
umbellate
ultimate
types.
—
1.
arrangement of
branches.
VOL.
XVIII, No.
2,
1970
Tetraplasandra meiandra, compound
racemes
of umbels.
—
umbel.
3. Gastonia papuana,
—
2.
panicle.
Peekeliopanax
—
4.
Reynoldsia
W.
TABLE
Philipson:
R.
A
MERISTIC
2.
VARIATION
Petals
Genus
Castonia
redefinition of
IN
and related
GENERA
(AraHaceae)
genera
ALLIED
GASTONIA
or
Stamens
corolla
TO
501
Ovary
segments
cells
5—13
7—55
7—12
Tetraplasandra
5—9
5 —60
2—10
Reynoldsia
8—12
8—12
6 —24
16—20
5 —20
12—14
6—12
25—66
6—22
6
93
Gastonia
Munroidendron
Peekeliopanax
Indolcingia
frequently
The
fail
to
separate
number of
Reynoldsia
In
and
Tetraplasandra
Gastonia,
(Table 2),
not
appear
equal the petals
do also
Tetraplasandra (e.g.
in
some
and G.
14—19
spp.
count
of the
equal
to,
or
is
papuana
of Gastonia (e.g.
Sherff, 1955).
in
extremely
In other
variable,
equally variable with
is
Peekeliopanax
united
in number and alternate
species
androecium is pleiomerous (e.g. Gastonia seychellarum
stamens
be
to
organically,
but
completely.
stamens
stamens
they
as
do
Reynoldsia
13
25
—66.
the result
G.
regularly
species of
these
Baker has five
with
7
to
55
It has been
The
with
them
cutispongia Lamk)
two
and
the
genera
petals and eighteen
stamens).
possible
to
make
only
one
in Munroidendron
are
fewer than, the number of petal ribs evident in the corolla. Since these
are
stamens
irregularly united
Indokingia,
in
into lobes of
being
varying size, the
93.
stamens
stamens
outnumber the free portions
of
the corolla.
The
hypanthium
As in
the
family generally,
throughout the family,
insertion of the
case
ovary
the
the
is
ovary
inferior, though,
disk and stylopodium
calyx, corolla, and
cells and placentae
stamens
may
be
as
so
in
two
species,
superior
T.
(Eyde
Number of
Tseng,
ovary
The observed
where few
&
gymnocarpa
is well below the summit of the
ovary.
In that
(Hillebr.)
1969),
a
Sherff and
T.
turbans,
as
the
the fruit develops.
ovary
is
completely
feature unknown elsewhere in the family.
cells
range
counts
genera
developed that the
extend well above the level of insertion of the perianth
(e.g. Tetraplasandra kauaiensis) and this feature becomes emphasized
In
several other
well
(Table 2)
were
possible).
is considerable in all the genera
Most
species of Tetraplasandra
(except
have five
for Indokingia
or
fewer
cells,
the higher numbers occurring in T. hawaiiensis and T. waimeae Wawra. The species of
Reynoldsia exhibit
an
interesting
geographical
variation in
the number of
ovary
cells.
BLUMEA
502
Fig.
fruit.
at
5 —10.
—
7.
Stylopodia
Reynoldsia
anthesis.
—
10.
of flowers
venusta,
at
and
anthesis.
VOL.
fruits.
—
8.
Tetraplasandra pupukeensis,
—
5.
XVIII, No.
2,
Peekeliopanax spectabilis,
Reynoldsia pleiosperma,
in
1970
fruit.
in
fruit.
at
—
anthesis.
9.
—
6.
Ditto, in
Tetraplasandra lihuensis,
R.
W.
At
end of their
one
whereas
and
ten
fewer
or
the Marquesas
The
central
cavity above
short
the
at
projections
rays
a more
outwards
anthesis,
or
to
ellipse
an
In
rim of
a
In
the
with
these
two
Only
some
genera
bears
(fig.
arms
pore
(1926)
Harms
having
a
parallel
two
over
a
rows,
there
being
a
separate
double ridge of
shorter,
are
the
by
project
or
may
free
as
be raised
with the
these show
short
very
hollow column (stylopodium)
radiating
as
a
ridge
a
few
usually
very
slight
arms.
or
as
a
The fruit in
slightly crenulate margin (fig. 9).
tipped
resem-
Reynoldsia the disk
surrounded
pore is
a
The
(fig. 6).
arms
a
stylar bulges.
development
of
two
lines,
of
Indokingia
one
of the stigmatic
along each margin
terminal cleft
a
can
be regarded
as
a
arm
or
bulge.
development of
these
stigmatic lines.
Vascular
of the
system
flower
No attempt has been made
the floral
vascular system hi
to
and
Tetraplasandra,
two
of
the
study
these
flowers of the three monotypic
complete
the pattern characteristic of the
to
most
of their
opposite the septa until
the ovule,
been examined of
In
all species of these
the top
near
genera
the reduced ovule,
of the
and
to
examined the dorsals
and several carpellary bundles
course
sometimes
(e.g. Indokingia)
course
family (Philipson, 1970).
the great meristic variation in and between
between these and the ventrals. The ventrals
bundles for
have
and also of three species of Gastonia, six species of
genera
for the greater part of their
pendent
of variability in the pattern of
sections
Reynoldsia.
The vasculature conforms
whorls of floral members.
range
but serial
genera,
Variation in detail is considerable in view of
to
finger-like
roof
the shortly bifid stigma of Indokingia. In all the genera the
comments on
presence in
in
Hawaiian species of
of the disk
conical stylopodium
a
or
to
10).
stigmatic surface forms
two
or
not
centre
Tetraplasandra pupukeensis Skottsb. do
in
radiating
The
These do
stylar bulges.
central slit
a
occur
less prominent double ridge (fig. 5).
similar,
are
of which
centre
and Munroidendron the
Tetraplasandra
cone
cells
more
form radiating free
lobes of the styles (fig. 7). Mature fruits of Reynoldsia bear
capped by
503
consist of free
rather flat disk, but the projections
a
processes.
at
at
in
arranged
are
curve
of
centre
rather than
hemispherical dome
a
They
of the South Pacific
Reynoldsias
bling crenulations
forms
or
twenty
of the usually rather flat disk,
centre
be raised into
or
develops, these
of the
styles
from the
the loculi.
be almost flat
may
As the fruit
(Araliaceae)
genera
character.
this
Indokingia the styles,
and
Peekeliopanax,
radiating inwards
processes
related
found in the Hawaiian species. The species of the Society Islands
intermediate in
are
and
gynoecia with nearly
(Samoa)
range
are
Gastonia
redefinition of
of the styles
nature
In Gastonia,
and
Philipson: A
or
run
more
loculus, when
as
two
usually
a
it divides
or
indeoccur
separate
more
single
to
are
may
ventral
runs
provide branches
the disk.
The peripheral system of bundles supplies the calyx, corolla, and androecium. In addition
at
the summit ofthe
bundles
to
the disk.
ovary
the peripheral system of the
rather
more
it is linked to the
In flowers with few
numerous
ovary
stamens
papuana,
did
not
Tetraplasandra
exceed 18,20, and
there
system
are
peripheral
to
was
and Peekeloipanax
respectively.
separate
system
rings
of Peekeliopanax
of bundles in
the
In flowers with
is distinctive in that the
ovary
wall.
supplies
stamens
approximately equal
the androecium. This
hawaiiensis,
37
bundles is
the bundles of the peripheral system divide as they approach the
The vascular
of bundles and
distinct staminal bundles in
wall (e.g. Gastonia cutispongia). When the
the number of
number of stamens and all contribute
Gastonia
carpellary
stamens
the
case
are
to
the
in flowers of
in which the number of
more numerous
apex
of the
peripheral
stamens,
hypanthium.
system forms
two
BLUMEA
504
VOL.
XVIII, No.
2,
1970
DISCUSSION
limits within this
recognize generic
To
of
assemblage
it is necessary
species
combinations of the characters described above, and also the geographical
by these combinations. Much importance has been given
but this character
been questioned.
never
in number
equal
Tetraplasandra
doubt
on
in
occurs
Similarly species
the
to
the value of
A second character
The
petals.
Gastonia
or
species whose position
on
combined with
number
stamen
same
as
with the
has been
species
a
stamens
placed
in
places further
generic character.
nature
of the style
highly characteristic because of the radiating style
rim without
calyx
in Gastonia has
or
genera
which importance has been attributed is the
to
a
that the
occupied
pleiomery of the androecium,
androecial and fruit characters respectively
in the fruit. The fruit of Gastonia is
arms
to
Tetraplasandra
in both these
occur
recognition
in
consider
to
areas
any
regular
defined lobes. This type
clearly
or
of fruit is found in all members of the complex from the Solomon Islands westwards.
No Pacific Ocean members of the
plasandra and Munroidendron
a
apex
hollow conical
a
similar
to
those of
in the southern species,
the stigmatic
those of Gastonia, but in the fruit they
develop
using the
sidiary
character of the
characters. The
Tetraplasandra and
Pacific, but
as
groups
a
most
be
can
a
or
occasional
too
are
some
only
and could well be regarded
as
a
a
appears
advisable
to
first
comprises
a
define. In
to
cells,
for
status.
general
genus.
majority
tion.
especially
its leaves
are
when,
so
present time. Several species of
T.
paucidens,
T.
philippinensis,
to
be
spread species
in the
regarded
is
in the
group,
by sub-
extent
in
only
western
is
species.
Some other
of these
their
complex
are
to a
( Indo-
group
also confined
one
for
the
to
characters,
geographical
separation.
very
closely related
a
large
difference in fruit character it
The Pacific
genus
as
may
or
nearly
stamens.
group
and
of
species
Reynoldsia. The
have only
appear
have
so,
unsatisfactory
the
ranges
one
can
true
fewer
ovary
as a
on
the
presence
of
a
basis for generic separa-
two
genera
overlap.
genera
as
understood
been described from this
names
cell than
much higher number of
area,
and T. solomonensis. These four
Three other
few ovary
that T. kauaiensis,
hand, species of Reynoldsia
a
of the
also comprises several
koordersii,
relatively
It is
distinctions, based
Tetraplasandra! have
T.
with
species
entire. On the other
here,
as
group
synonymous.
This
species
contains
Such complex
characters,
The Indian Ocean-Malesian
here considered
not
genera.
and often pleiomerous
Tetraplasandra.
of several variable
This is
be
like
distinct inflorescence and corolla that it
a
Tetraplasandra
which have leaflets with entire margin,
any
some
Munroidendron, Tetraplasandra,
genera,
margin,
Reynoldsia species, but
carpels than
can
essentially
However, this would result in rather
subdivision into
a
to
racemes
within the
has isomerous androecium and
example,
some
anthesis
The distinction between Tetraplasandra and Reynoldsia is difficult
terms,
leaflets with entire
at
structures
Indian Ocean-Malesian
additional basis
groups
single species with such
well claim generic
an
of the
ovary, occur
provide
single
recognize
into three
currently divided
processes
into
supported
unit, and since geographical distribution corresponds
is
its
at
indication of regular lobes, however faintly,
minority
superior
to
doubt that all the
no
be
can
species of Reynoldsia, but
there in
even
fruit,
The character of flowers in
calyptrate corolla
but
There
occurs
in the
style
calyx shows
in
kingia possibly excepted).
such
bearing
and Munroidendron.
Tetraplasandra
This division of the complex into a Pacific group and
in
stylopodium
number of stigmatic bosses which only rarely form minute radiating projections.
Reynoldsia, especially
In
of Tetra-
complex have fruits of this kind. The fruits
terminate in
have been
applied
to
at
the
namely
names
are
this wide-
Gastonia, namely G. eupteronoides, G. winkleri, and G. papuana.
a
Gastonia, because its fruit characters
are
typical
of that
genus.
W.
The
R. Philipson:
of
presence
share
from
All the species
singled
possess
out
on
but
was
almost
the Solomons).
aware
high pleiomery
entirely
not
within
genus
not
The latter
genus
them
recognized,
new
that its
so
It is
true
as
a
Gastonia
fruiting material
and named it G.
There
Peekeliopanax
and
which
he distinguished
genus
Tetraplasandra.
it
and of inflorescence branching.
can
be found in
cleft
arms
to
sutures
stigma,
For
these
it
reasons
Since similar
description of the
stamens
petals.
to
up
Such
a
change
Gastonia since G.
and G.
papuana
amended
that
may
have
up
cleft stigmas
may
to
on
similarity
its
to
was
a
and both
from
Peekeliopanax,
and details of the leaflet
stamen
generic
status,
numbers
is the
maintaining Indokingia
Peekeliopanax
and Indokingia
this
representing
genus
in
have
sixty
is
ovary
separate
justification for
leaves, inflorescences, and
basis for
hundred and several times
required
was
seychellarum
corolla is similar
complex
the
requires amending by increasing
one
no
slightly
especially
as
the
Seychelles.
event
any
more
six
allow for indumentum and
to
constituent
genus
approximately
a
of the androecium
seemed ample
scarcely justifying
in the
proposed
is
of pleiomery
similarity between Indokingia
the slightly
Gastonia, which thus becomes the sole
The
the
on
calyptrate
character
a
represented
Gastonia is
genus
Its
on
be
of Peekelio-
the maintenance of
warrant
occurrence
species of Gastonia, the only
of the
can
could exhibit
species
that the corolla
form in Indokingia
remarked
(1926)
Harms
genus.
been
of Gastonia.
range
extreme
Africa,
its flowers with those of Gastonia
compared
sufficient
Gastonia cutispongia. At that time the
not
but
described by
was
New Britain. When
petals and that the peripheral vasculature of the
appear
the geographical
East
species have
area, two
When describing Indokingia from the Seychelles, Hemsley remarked
to
505
Madagascar and
that the androecia of other Gastonia
separate the
distinctive, but these do
Harms
Peekeliopanax.
as
(Araliaceae)
conspecific with Peekeliopanax.
was
superfluous.
that time
not at
as
do
panax
is
it
to
Within this
flowering specimens from
boridiana, without realizing that
genus
genera
namely Indokingia (Seychelles) and Peekeliopanax
genera,
and
arms.
reached Harms from New Guinea he recognized
doubt that this
related
the Solomon Islands westwards
Guinea,
based
was
and
has resulted in its being placed in Tetraplasandra
fruit with radiating style
New
Gastonia
this character.
form monotypic
to
(New Britain,
Harms and
a
redefinition of
stamens
numerous
other Gastonia species
therefore,
A
The
west
as
of Samoa.
possible number
numerous
accommodate species
than three times
stamens.
a
to
more
be united with
many
already
stamens
generic description
of
than the
as
in
petals
should also be
calyptrate corolla imperfectly divided into its
petals.
DEFERENCES
EYDE,
R.
H.,
ancestry.
.
& C. C.
1971. What is the
HARMS,
H. 1926.
PHILIPSON,
SHERPF,
tlber
W. R.
TSENG.
166:
Science
primitive
eine
neue
Flower
floral
Gatting
1970. Constant
E. E. 1955. Revision
49—142.
1969.
of
Tetraplasandra
hypogyny
gymnocarpa:
with
epigynous
506—508.
structure
of Araliaceae?
der Araliaceen
and variable
of the Hawaiian
aus
features
members
J.
Arn.
Arb.,
in press.
Papuasien. Notizbl.
of the Araliaceae.
of the
genus
Bot. Gart. Berl. 9:478
Bot.
Journ.
Linn.
Soc.,
Tetraplasandra A. Gray.
—484.
in press.
Fieldiana
29: