CORBICULA
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1774 - 2005
Clement L. Counts, III
Department of Biological Sciences
Richard A. Henson School of Science
Salisbury University
Salisbury, Maryland 21801
and
Department of Natural Sciences
University of Maryland Eastern Shore
Princess Anne, Maryland 21853
and
Research Associate, Section of Mollusks
Carnegie Museum of Natural History
4400 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-4080
How to cite this document:
Counts, Clement L., III. 2006. Corbicula, an annotated bibliography.
<http://www.carnegiemnh.org/mollusks/corbicula.pdf>. 436 pages.
Corbicula Bibliography
ABSTRACT
A bibliography containing over 2,500 references to the literature concerning fossil and
Recent species of bivalves in the genus Corbicula is presented for the period 1774 - 2005.
Annotations, usually in the form of the published abstract, are provided for most of the works listed.
INTRODUCTION
As the size of this document testifies, there has been considerable interest in bivalves in the
genus Corbicula for many years. This interest in the United States was first manifested in
paleontological works on the Tertiary of North America. Later, interest was concerned with curiosity
about an exotic bivalve that found its way from the Orient to the waters of the North American West
Coast. Still later, this interest became more acute as corbiculid bivalves became a serious fouling
pest in various agricultural and industrial facilities, particularly at electric power generating
facilities. It is this interest that has generated two international symposia and nearly all of the
published accounts of the biology, biochemistry, and physiology of corbiculid bivalves.
Other bibliographies on corbiculid bivalves have appeared in the past. Linstow (1922)
provided a small bibliography concerning the paleontology of Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774).
More recent works have included those of Sinclair (1971), Dundee (1974), Corbin (1977) and
Mattice et al. (1979). Sinclair's bibliography was chiefly concerned with Corbicula in the United
States and was arranged by various subject headings. Dundee's bibliography included all the known
exotic molluscs in the North American fauna and therefore included Corbicula as only one of many
species covered. The most complete bibliography to date was that of Mattice et al. (1979) who
included many papers on fossil and recent species. However, many papers were not included and
there was no arrangement of the citations other than an alphabetical listing and keying papers to
broad subject headings. However, these bibliographies were the most complete works to date and
were extremely useful in providing a logical starting point to develop a comprehensive bibliography
on the literature concerning these bivalves.
METHODS
Titles of publications concerning bivalves in the genus Corbicula were assembled by several
means. These included searches of the literature cited sections of recently published papers, the
published bibliographies of Sinclair (1971), Dundee (1974), and Mattice et al. (1979) as well as the
pages of Corbicula Newsletter. Searches were also made of the computerized data bases assembled
by Biological Abstracts, the Zoological Record, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, and the
National Technical Information Service. For those years not contained in the data base, searches
were made of the printed volumes. Titles included in the bibliography include published books,
papers, abstracts, and reports to various governmental agencies. In a few instances, titles published
in the popular press are included. Additional computerized database searches were made in Aquatic
Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, BioOne, Ecology Abstracts, Environmental Sciences and
Pollution Management Abstracts, and Water Resources Abstracts.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Where possible, copies of all materials were obtained and titles, pagination, and plate and
figure numbers verified. This was accomplished by conducting searches of the book, journal, and
reprint collections of the following institutions: the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
(ANSP); British Museum (Natural History) [BM(NH)]; Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH);
Library of Congress; Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History (LACM); Marshall
University, Huntington, West Virginia; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University
(MCZ); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet,
Stockholm; University of Delaware; University of Maryland, College Park; University of Maryland
Eastern Shore; University of Pennsylvania; University of Rhode Island; United States National
Museum (USNM); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Zoologisk Museum, Universitetets
Copenhagen (ZMUC); Zoologisches Museum von Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, German
Democratic Republic (ZMHU); Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.,
Leningrad (AH-CCCP). The period covered was between 1774 (during which O. F. Müller
published his description of three species of corbiculids) and 1987. Where possible, an abstract is
presented for the work listed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank Drs. George M. Davis, Arthur E. Bogan, and Robert Robertson (ANSP), Drs.
Yaroslav Starobogatov and Z. I. Izzatullaev (AH-CCCP), Solene Morris (BM[NH]), Dr. Alan Solem
(FMNH), Dr. James H. McLean (LACM), Dr. Ruth D. Turner (MCZ), Dr. Simon Tillier, (MNHN,
Paris), Drs. Joseph Rosewater, Arthur H. Clarke, and M. G. Harasewych (USNM), Dr. Rudolf
Killias (ZMHU), and Dr. Jorgen Knudsen (ZMUK) for their help and for permitting me to use the
extensive libraries of their respective institutions.
Special thanks are extended to Mrs. Bertha Ritter, Coastal Ecology Research Laboratory,
University of Maryland Eastern Shore, who so diligently typed the draft manuscript, and to Mrs.
Mildred Weer, Librarian, University of Delaware College of Marine Studies, who assisted me in
locating some of the more rare and or obscure papers cited. Dr. Edward R. Urban, Jr. provided
assistance in locating materials in the Library of Congress, and Dr. Carla Schrier for help with
translations. Last, but certainly not least, thanks are due to Dr. Timothy A. Pearce, Asstant Curator
and Head of Section of Mollusks, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
for bringing this document to wider dissemination through e-publication at the CMNH.
Finally, I wish to thank Dr. Roy Oleröd, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, and his
family for allowing me to share the warmth and friendship of their home during my stay in Sweden.
This volume is dedicated to the memory of Marguerite B. and Ellsworth W. Smith and Joseph
Rosewater.
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Corbicula Bibliography
-- A -Aarab, N., P. Mora, M. Daubèze and J.-F. Narbonne. 2005. In vitro detection and quantification
of testosterone metabolites in aquatic organisms. Analytical Letters 38(4):629-640.
Abbott, R. T. 1975. Beware the Asiatic freshwater clam. Tropical Fish Hobbyist 23:15.
A warning to tropical fish hobbyists not to stock Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) because of the
potential for accidental introduction into local streams or ponds.
Abbott, T. M. 1979. Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) vertical distributions in Dale Hollow
Reservoir, Tennessee. IN: Proceedings of the First International Corbicula Symposium,
J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University Research Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp.
111-118.
Differences between population densities and shell sizes between the epilimnion (8 m) and hypolimnion
(12 m) were examined. Highly significant differences between 8 m and 12 m were shown for shell lengths,
widths, heights, and population density. Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) at 8 m were larger by an
average length of 3.3 mm, height of 2.8 mm, and width of 1.2 mm. Densities at 8 m and 12 m averaged
376.6/m2 and 1215.9/m2, respectively. Temperature differences at 8 m and 12 m were hypothesized as a
major factor producing the highly significant reduction of shell sizes at 12 m. Intraspecific competition
appeared to reduce the larval recruitment to the populations at both depths as evidenced by no shell lengths
less than 12 mm at 12 m and infrequent shell lengths less than 16 mm at 8 m.
Abbott, T. M., J. Cairns, Jr. and K. L. Dickson. 1976. Corbicula manilensis (Asiatic clam)
population zonation within a stratified reservoir. Association of Southeastern Biologists,
Bulletin 23(2):39. [Abstract]
See Abbott, T. M., 1979.
Abbott, T. M. and E. L. Morgan. 1975. Characteristics of Asiatic clam, Corbicula manilensis
populations in deep oligotrophic reservoir. Midwest Benthological Society, 22nd Annual
Meeting, Tennessee Technical University (Cookeville). [Abstract]
See Abbott, T. M., 1979.
Abbott, T. M. and E. L. Morgan. 1974. Asiatic clam Corbicula manilensis densities, size,
distributions and substrate preferences in Dale Hollow Reservoir Tennessee. Journal of
the Tennessee Academy of Science 49:59. [Abstract]
See Abbott, T. M., 1979.
Accordi, B. 1951. Esame geologico-paleontologico della campionatura di un pozzo terebrato a
Cartura (Padova). [Geological and paleontological examination of the core of a well
drilled at Cargura]. Memorie dell'Instituto Geologico della Universita di Padova 16:1-18.
The well was drilled through Quaternary beds. Forty-nine species of Foraminifera and 86 species of
Mollusca (including Corbicula sp.) are listed.
Achard, M., M. Baudrimont, A. Boudou and J. P. Bourdineaud. 2004. Induction of a
multixenobiotic resistance protein (MXR) in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea after
heavy metals exposure. Aquatic Toxicology 67(4):347-357.
Multixenobiotic resistance mechanisms (MXR) related to the mammalian P-glycoprotein multidrug
transporter protein (P-gp) are known to occur in several marine invertebrates. In the present work, we
report on the induction of an MXR protein by various heavy metals in the gills of the freshwater clam
Corbicula fluminea. The evaluation of the MXR protein level was assessed by Western blot using a
specific monoclonal antibody raised against the human P-gp (C219). A field transplantation experiment,
4
Corbicula Bibliography
where clams were caged in a gradient relative to an industrial site, demonstrated a positive relationship
between MXR levels and (a) metal pollution (Cd and Zn) in the environment and (b) metal
bioaccumulation in the gills. To establish this correlative relationship, clams were exposed to different
levels of cadmium (15-60 mu gl super(-1)) for up to 15 days in a controlled laboratory experiment. MXR
protein levels increased in time for all treatments (including the control). However, the highest levels of
MXR protein titer were expressed in clams that had been exposed to the lowest dose of cadmium. The
causes for this observed inverse relationship between the exposure dose and the MXR induction is
discussed. MXR protein titer was also shown to be induced by other heavy metals (zinc, inorganic
mercury, and copper).
Adams, H. and A. Adams. 1858. The Genera of Recent Mollusca. Van Voorst (London). Volume
2. 661 pp.
Corbicula compressa 'Mousson' Deshayes, 1854, Corbicula moussoni Deshayes, 1854, Corbicula pullata
Philippi, 1850, Corbicula pulchella (Mousson, 1848), and Corbicula rivalis ('Busch' Philippi, 1850) are
discussed from the Indonesian Archipelago. Corbicula fluminea, Corbicula fluviatilis, Corbicula grandis,
and Corbicula woodiana are also discussed.
Adams, W. and E. Leloup. 1939. Resultants scientifiques du Voyage aux Indes Orientales
Neerlandaises de Ll. Bk. le Prince el la Princesse Leopold de Belgique. Gastropoda Pulmonata, Scaphopoda et Bivalvia. Memoirs du Muséum Royal d'Histoire Naturelle
Belgique (Hors Serie) 2(20):1-126.
The systematics and distribution of Corbicula gracilis Prime, 1860, and Corbicula javanica Mousson,
1849, in the Dutch East Indies are discussed.
Adegoke, O. S. 1977. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Ewekoro Formation (Paleogene) of
southwestern Nigeria. Bulletins of American Paleontology 71(295):1-379.
Corbicula serrodentata sp. nov. is described (p. 280) and figured (Pl. 44, Figs. 10-14, 21, 22) from three
fragmentary specimens. Other unidentifiable corbiculids are also described. Fossil assemblages,
stratigraphy and paleoecology of the Ewekoro Formation are discussed.
Afanas'eva, G. A. 1978. New chonetaceans from the Devonian of the Nakhichevan A.S.S.R.
Azerbaijan S.S.R. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 3:64-71. [Russian]
Agache, R., F. Bourdier and R. Petit. 1964. Le Quaternaire de la basie Somme: tentative de
synthese. Bulletin de la Société Geologique de France (7)5:422-442.
Fossil Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) is reported from Quaternary beds of the Somme in France.
Agrawal, H. P. 1976. Aquatic and amphibious molluscs of Himachal Pradesh, Pt. I. Records of
the Zoological Survey of India 71:129-142.
Corbicula occidens (Deshayes, 1854) is reported from the Simla Hills of Bilaspur District at Bhakra-Nagal
for the first time. Other species from the Simla Hills, collected by parties from the High Altitude Zoology
Field Station, Solan, are discussed.
Agrawal, H. P. 1977. New records of fresh-water pelecypods from Madhya Pradesh, India.
Newsletter of the Zoological Survey of India 3(4):139-141.
Corbicula occidens (Deshayes, 1854), Corbicula picta Clessin, 1879, and Corbicula inflata Clessin, 1879
are reported for the first time from Madhya Pradesh, central India.
Ahlstedt, S. A. 1981. The molluscan fauna of Copper Creek (Clinch River system) in
southwestern Virginia. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union 1981:4-6.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) is reported from 2 of 36 localities in a 60 mile reach of Copper
Creek surveyed in May 1980. The relationship of other molluscan species to the Cumberlandian fauna is
discussed.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Ahlstedt, S. A. 1983. The molluscan fauna of the Elk River in Tennessee and Alabama.
American Malacological Bulletin 1:43-50.
From June through September 1980, approximately 201 km of the Elk River was surveyed to document the
Cumberlandian mussel fauna from tributary streams located in the Appalachian Mountains and the
Cumberland Plateau region. Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) was found throughout the river in
association with 38 other species of freshwater mussels.
Ahlstedt, S. A. and J. J. Jenkinson. 1987. A mussel die-off in the Powell River, Virginia and
Tennessee, in 1983. IN: Proceedings of the Workshop on Die-Offs of Freshwater
Mussels in the United States, R. J. Neves, Ed. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Upper
Mississippi River Conservation Committee, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University (Blacksburg). pp. 21-28.
The occurrence of a black material on the gills of Corbicula killed with permanganate is noted along with
the formation of manganese dioxide.
Ahmad, T. A. 1990. Pyruvate kinase from the muscle of the bivalve Corbicula fluminalis. Paper
delivered as poter/paper 33, Biochemical Society Meeting No. 635, Aberdeen (UK), 1820 Jul 1990.
Ahmed, M. M. 1975. Systematic Study on Mollusca from Arabian Gulf and Shatt Al-Arab, Iraq.
Center for Arab Gulf Studies, University of Basrah, Iraq. 78 pp.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) and Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) are reported from the marshes
of the Tigris River near Qurna and Shatt Al-Arab on the Euphrates River from collections made during
1970-1971. Water salinity at Shatt Al-Arab was 0.54 - 0.90 ppt.
Aikawa, T., Y. Aikawa and S. Horiuchi. 1982. Distribution of acid proteinase activity in
molluscs. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 10(2):175-180.
Acid proteinases with a pH optimum around 3 were demonstrated in various tissues of 12 molluscan
species (including Corbicula japonica). Enzymes strongly inhibited by pepstatin were predominant and the
molecular weight of those from two species were in the region of 38,000 - 68,000, suggesting that they
were cathepsin D-type proteinases.
Akhtar, S. 1978. On a collection of freshwater molluscs from Lahore. Biologia 24(2):437-447.
Ten species of gastropods and 4 species of bivalves were reported from Lahore, Pakistan. The morphology
and ecology of Corbicula regularis Prime, 1860 and Corbicula striatella Deshayes, 1854 are described.
The potential for exploitation of the molluscs of the region as a poultry and fish food is discussed.
Al Hassan, L. A. J., and K. D. Soud. 1985. Phenotypes of phosphoglucose isomerase,
phosphoglucose mutase and general protein in some freshwater molluscs from Basrah,
Iraq. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 13(3):319-323.
Electrophoretic variants of phosphoglucose isomerase (EC.5.3.1.9) and phosphoglucose mutase
(EC.2.7.5.1) were studied in eight species of freshwater molluscs [including Corbicula fluminalis and
Corbicula fluminea]. Two phenotypes of phosphoglucose isomerase were observed in Melanopsis nodosa
and one phenotype was observed in the remaining species. Onephenotype of phosphoglucose mutase was
observed in all the species. Phosphoglucose isomerase is inferred to be a dimer encoded at a single
polymorphic locus in Melanoides nodosa. There are two alleles at this locus. Phosphoglucose mutase is
inferred to be a monomer encoded at a single monomorphic locus in all species. The electrophoretic
analysis revealed that to differentiate the different numbers of the six families studied but, on the other
hand, it is considered a good taxonomic criterion to differentiate Melanopsis nodosa and Theodoxus
jordani.
Aldrich, F. A. 1961. Seasonal variation in the benthic invertebrate fauna of the San Joaquin
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Corbicula Bibliography
River estuary of California, with emphasis on the amphipod, Corophium spinicorne
Stimpson. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
113(2):21-28.
Surveys of the benthic invertebrate fauna of the San Joaquin River in the vicinity of Antioch, California,
indicated a relatively constant species composition in May and August, 1955. Dominant littoral species
were Corbicula fluminea and the ectoproct Conopeum commensale. The dominant form living in the river
bottom was the tube-dwelling amphipod Corophium spinicorne, with numbers of this species increasing
with an increase in the chloride content of the water. The incidence of C. spinicorne was found to be
associated with brackish water and depths where the subtrata were predominantly sand, gravel, or clay.
Aldridge, D. W. 1976. Growth, reproduction and bioenergetics in a natural population of the
Asiatic freshwater clam Corbicula manilensis Philippi. Master of Arts Thesis, University
of Texas at Arlington. ix + 97 pp.
Aldridge, D. W. and R. F. McMahon. 1976. Population growth and reproduction in the life-cycle
of Corbicula manilensis Philippi. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography,
39th Annual Meeting (Arlington, Texas). [Abstract].
See below.
Aldridge, D. W. and R. F. McMahon. 1978. Growth, fecundity, and bioenergetics in a natural
population of the Asiatic freshwater clam, Corbicula manilensis Philippi, from north
central Texas. Journal of Molluscan Studies 44(1):49-70.
Bi-weekly to monthly samples were collected from September 1974 to January 1976 from a natural
population of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) in Lake Arlington, Texas, to investigate its life cycle,
reproduction and bioenergetics. Two spawning periods occurred during 1975, late April until late July
resulting in a spring generation; and late August through early December leading to a fall generation. The
mean reproductive output was 387 veligers/clam/day (S.D. + 129) for the spring period and 319.8
veligers/clam/day (S.D. + 222.3) for the fall spawning period for a total spring release of 388,495
veligers/m2 and fall release of 752,325 veligers/m2. Spawning was initiated at 19oC and inhibited at
summer temperatures above 32oC. Maximum veliger release occurred at 25.7oC.
Corbicula manilensis reached sexual maturity at a shell length of 10 mm. The life span was approximately
14-17 months, while some individuals survived up to 24 months. Annual average shell length was about 35
mm. A peak density of 94.6 clams/m2 occurred in December 1975, and a low density of 17.7 clams/m2
during June 1975. The annual accumulation of shell calcium carbonate was approximately 317 g
CaCO3/m2/year, the equivalent of 10 g CaCO3/clam/year.
Average standing crop organic carbon biomass values over the life span of the spring and fall generations
were 1.1 g/cm2 and 0.9 g/cm2, respectively, and that of the entire population, 2.6 g/cm2. Total annual
assimilation of the Corbicula manilensis population was 14.6 g C/m2/year of which 29% was utilized in
respiration leaving the remaining 71% as annual net productivity (non-respired assimilation) (10.4 g
C/m2/year). Reproduction accounted for 15.3% of the annual net productivity leaving 84.7% for growth.
Turnover ratios (net productivity to average standing crop in carbon per square meter ratios) were 4.8
(spring generation) and 5.5 (fall generation), equivalent to turnover times of 91 and 95 days, respectively.
Annual turnover ratio for the whole population was 4.1 or a turnover time of 91 days.
Alexander, K. M. 1972. Biochemical investigations on edible molluscs of Kerala. 1. A study on
the nutritional value of some bivalves. Fisheries Technology, Cochin 9(1):42-47.
Data on the biochemical constituents and food values of 5 commercially important edible bivalves of
Kerala, Lamellidens corrianus, Corbicula striatella, Mytilus edulis, Vellorita cochinensis and Ostrea
cucullata have been presented. Physiological significance of the variations have been discussed. Present
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Corbicula Bibliography
study reveals that the bivalve meat compares favourably with the common food fishes with regard to their
caloric value and hence would be an excellent and economic source of nutrition for our people.
Aliev, A. D. 1960. On the molluscan fauna of lower Kura. Izvestiya Akademyii Nauk
Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR 5:115-118.
Corbicula fluminalis is reported from the Kura River of Azerbaijan, U.S.S.R.
Alimov, A. F. 1974. Growth regularities in fresh water bivalve mollusks. Zhurnal Obshchei
Biologii 35(4):576-589. [Russian with English summary]
The linear growth of the species occurring in the largest masses which belong to the Unionidae,
Dreissenidae, and Corbiculidae (Corbicula fluminalis [Müller, 1774], Corbicula purpurea Prime, 1863,
and Corbicula tibetensis Prashad, 1929 can be approximated by the Bertalanffy equation. Changes in the
constants of this equation under the effect of some factors of the environment (oxidability, calcium content,
temperature) were studied. Every species is characterized by a proper range of optimum values of separate
environmental factors. The growth constant of the Bertalanffy equation is functionally dependent upon the
values of these factors. The greatest length of the adult animal rises with an increase of the sum total of the
effective temperatures of the habitat. The results obtained made it possible to introduce the functional
dependencies of the indices of the varying values of the environmental factors into the equation of linear
growth.
Alimov, A. F. 1975. The rate of metabolism in freshwater bivalve mollusks. Ekologiya 1:10-20.
[Russian with English summary. English translation in: Soviet Journal of Ecology 6:6-13.
1975.]
Metabolic rate in freshwater bivalve molluscs was demonstrably exponentially dependent upon their
weight. No statistically reliable differences were found in metabolic rates of molluscs having the same
weight but referred to different taxa. Corbicula sandai Reinhardt, 1878 had the lowest metabolic rate while
Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) had the highest.
Alizade, A. N. 1945. Freshwater molluscan fauna of Azerbaijan. Izvestia Academii Nauk
Azerbaijan SSR 6.
Alizade, A. N. 1946. Hydrobiology of Lake Adzhikabul. Trudy Institute of Zoology Azaerbaijan
SSR 11.
Allan, J. A. and J. O. G. Sanderson. 1945. Geology of Red Deer and Rosebud Sheets, Alberta.
Reports of the Research Council of Alberta 13:1-115.
Corbicula occidentalis ventricosa var. nov. is described (p. 90) and figured (Pl. 5, Figs. 18, 19, 25, 26).
Allen, H. J. 2002. Development, validation, and evaluation of a continuous, real-time, bivalve
biomonitoring system. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, University of North Texas.
Allen, H. J., W. T. Waller, M. F. Acevedo, E. L. Morgan, K. L. Dickson and J. H. Kennedy.
1994. Use of remotely sensed valve movements of Corbicula fluminea to evaluate
episodic toxicity events and ambient toxicity. Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 15th Annual Meeting: Ecological Risk: Science Policy, Law and Policy,
Denver, Colorado, 30 October-3 November 1994. (World Meeting Number 944 5003),
Poster Paper No. WB29
Allen, H. J., W. T. Waller, M. F. Acevedo, E. L. Morgan, K. L. Dickson and J. H. Kennedy.
1996. A minimally invasive technique to monitor valve-movement behavior in bivalves.
Environmental Technology 17(5):501-507.
A real time, minimally invasive method to observe valve movement of bivalves using proximity sensors
and a personal computer has been developed. The method is being evaluated as a tool to assess both
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Corbicula Bibliography
episodic toxicity events and ambient toxicity. The method described minimizes contact with the animal to
the anchoring of one valve and the placement of a small aluminum foil disk on the other valve, and allows
the measurement of the distance that a clam's valves are open. Using proximity sensors and an aluminum
foil target, valve movements of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea were measured and digitally recorded
using a data acquisition board and a personal computer. One advantage of this method is its use of readily
available stock electronics. In its final form, we envision an in situ biological monitoring system using C.
fluminea deployed in aquatic systems in association with automated physical/chemical monitoring systems
like those found at USGS gauging stations. A tool such as this could be used as a warning system to
increase the probability of detecting toxic events as they occur.
Allen, J. 1950. Australian Shells. Charles T. Branford Co. (Boston). xxi + 487 pp.
A discussion of the distribution, ecology, and taxonomy of the Australian species of Corbiculidae appears
on page 402. Species discussed are Corbicula spp., Corbicula australis (Lamarck, 1818), Corbicula
nepeanensis (Lesson, 1830), Corbicula maroubra (Iredale, 1943), Corbicula ovalina Deshayes, 1854,
Corbicula desolata Tate, 1887, and Corbicula prolongata Prime, 1861.
Anazauna, K. 1929. First instance of Echinostoma revolutum in Kan and its infection route.
Taiwan Igakknai Zasshi 288:221-241. [Japanese with English summary]
Many specimens of E. revolutum, a common avian trematode in Formosa, were obtained from fecal
samples of a female patient. Eggs were found in feces and she was treated with Filmaron oil. This is the
first report of this species in man. Examinations of freshwater Mollusca revealed that Corbicula producta,
which Formosans eat raw, pickled over-night, or half-boiled, is the possible source of the parasite.
Immersion in 5% saline solution killed the cysts in 10 min.; in diluted Formosan "samshu", they lived no
longer than 30 min.; and in soy sauce the were killed in 5 min.; in 1% aqueous acetic acid all were killed in
7 hrs.; in 10% aqueous aqueous acetic acid or in 3% HCl, they did not live longer than 10 min.
Experiments on chickens, ducklings, mice and dogs with the encysted larvae from C. producta gave
positive results. In Taichu and Taihoku prefectures the occurrence of this parasite in man is placed at 2.8 6.5%.
Ancey, C. F. 1880. Description des mollusques nouveaux. Le Naturalist 42:334.
Corbicula bavayi sp. nov. is described (p. 334) from the Maroni River, Cayenne, South America.
Ancey, C. F. 1891. Mollusque noveaux de l'Archipel d'Hawaii, de Madagascar, et de l'Afrique
equatoriale. Bulletin de Société Malacologique France 7:339-347.
Corbicula sikorae sp. nov. is described (p. 345) from the River Mangoro, Madagascar.
Anderson, F. M. 1905. A stratigraphic study in the Mount Diablo Range of California.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 3rd Series, Vol. 2, Geology. pp.
105-206.
Corbicula dumbelei sp. nov. is described.
Anderson, F. M. and G. D. Hanna. 1925. Fauna and stratigraphic relations on the Tejon Eocene
at the type locality in Kern County, California. California Academy of Sciences
Occasional Papers No. 11. 249 pp.
Corbicula williamsoni sp. nov. is described (pp. 164-165) and figured (Pl. 1, Fig. 4; Pl. 3, Fig. 2) from the
Tejon Formation, California Eocene, Kern County.
Anderson, K. B., C. M. Thompson, R. E. Sparks and A. A. Paparo. 1976. Effects of potassium on
adult Asiatic clams, Corbicula manilensis. Illinois Natural History Survey, Biological
Notes No. 98. 7 pp.
The threshold concentration of potassium for foot immobilization response in Corbicula manilensis
(Philippi, 1844) was 120 mg/l. The 96 hr. LC50 was 225 mg/l. The possibility that naturally occurring
concentrations of potassium in North American rivers could limit the zoogeographic dispersal of C.
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Corbicula Bibliography
manilensis is discussed.
Anderson, R. V. and D. J. Holm. 1987. Chaetogaster limnaei (Oligochaeta: Naididae) infesting
unionid mollusks (Pelecypoda: Unionidae) and Corbicula fluminea (Pelecypoda:
Corbiculidae) in Pool 19, Mississippi River. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 4(1):61-64.
A population of Corbicula fluminea and eight species of cohabiting unionid molluscs were examined for
the presence of the oligochaete, Chaetogaster limnaei. The molluscs were collected in Navigation Pool 19,
upper Mississippi River. Infestation of C. limnaei in C. fluminea was significantly greater than in the
unionids. A decline in the occurrence and abundance of C. limnaei infesting C. fluminea was found in the
winter when the bivalve's population also declined. Of the unionid molluscs, Leptodea fragilis had the
highest rate of infestation and the highest number of C. limnaei per individual.
Andres, S., M. Baudrimont, Y. Lapaquellerie, F. Ribeyre, N. Maillet, C. Latouche and A.
Boudou. 1999. Field transplantation of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea along a
polymetallic contamination gradient (River Lot, France): I. Geochemical characteristics
of the sampling sites and cadmium and zinc bioaccumulation kinetics. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 18(11):2462-2471.
Specimens of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea were transplanted from a clean lacustrine site to four
stations along a polymetallic gradient in the river Lot (France), downstream from an old Zn ore treatment
facility. The bivalves were held in benthic cages for a 5-month exposure period, April to September 1996;
mollusk growth and metal bioaccumulation kinetics (Cd, Zn) were followed by subsampling the cages at t
= 0, 21, 49, 85, 120, and 150 d. Rates of Cd bioaccumulation in the whole soft bodies and in individual
organs were greater at the upstream stations located close to the pollution source, but there was no direct
proportionality between Cd in the bivalves and in the unfiltered or filtered river water samples. Unlike the
case for Cd, rates of Zn bioaccumulation did not reflect the contamination gradient. Marked growth
differences were measured among the four stations, reflecting both nutritional differences and changes in
the degree of metal contamination; these growth differences produced markedly different trends when
metal bioaccumulation was expressed in terms of burdens rather than concentrations.
Andrusov, D. 1953. Nove paleontologike nalezy v karpatskom paleogene. [Nouvelles
decouvertes de fossiles dans le Paleogene des Karpates]. Geologiya Sbornik (Bratislavia)
4(1-2):431-496.
The bivalves (including Corbicula sp.) and gastropods from the Paleogene of the Carpathian Mountains are
described.
Andrusov, N. I. 1963. Apsheron layers. IN: Choisen (sic) Works, Vol. 2. Akademii Nauk SSSR
(Moscow). pp. 333-568. [Russian]
Corbicula fluminalis apscheronica var. nov. is described (p. 430) and figured (Pl. 2, Figs. 22-25) from the
Aspheron Layers of the Russian (Caucasian) Pleistocene.
Androussov, N. I. 1923. Étage Apcheronien (Aspcheronien). Memoirs Committee Geologique,
St. Petersburg 110:1-294.
Corbicula fluminalis apscheronica is described (p. 117) from the Russian (Caucasian) Pleistocene.
Anistratenko, V. V. and Ya. I. Starobogatov. 1990. Stroenie zamkov rekovin nekotorykh
dvustvorchatykh molluskov (Mollusca, Bivalvia) po novoj sisteme indeksatsyi zubov
[Hinge structure in some bivalves (Mollusca, Bivalvia) under new system of tooth
indexation]. Vestnik Zoologii, 1990(2):75-76. [Russian only]
A previously proposed (Skarlato and Starobogatov, 1986) new system of tooth indexation aimed both at
abbreviated marking of hinge teeth and revealing features of resemblance and difference in the hinge
structure reflecting systematic principal proposition of species is under consideration. The hinge of
10
Corbicula Bibliography
representatives of Cerastoderma genus is the most typical and complete. The hinge of Corbicula genus is
closely akin to it. They differ only in the following point, i.e. Cerastoderma has only two cardinal teeth in
the right shell and Corbicula - three. Parvilucina is the partially inverted Pisidioidea hinge. They both
differ greatly from Cerastoderma hinge in the main point, i.e. cardinal teeth of their right shell are
homologous to one front lateral tooth and not two as in case with Cerastoderma. Gouldia hinge may be
represented as the inverted and partially reduced Corbiculidae hinge. Carditida hinge is alike to
Cerastoderma hinge but without outer lateral teeth in the right shell.
Annandale, N. 1916. Preliminary report on the fauna of the Tale Sap or Inland Sea of Singgora.
Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam 2:90-102.
Three unnamed species of Corbicula are reported to be a component of the benthos of Tale Sap. All of
them are species already reported from the Malay Peninsula and the countries of Indo-China.
Annandale, N. 1916. Zoological results of a tour in the Far East. The Mollusca of Lake Biwa,
Japan. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 6:41-74.
Corbicula sandai and Corbicula viola are reported from Lake Biwa.
Annandale, N. 1918. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 6:317.
Corbicula sandai is discussed.
Annandale, N. 1918. Aquatic molluscs on the Inle Lake and connected waters. Records of the
Indian Museum (Calcutta) 14:103-182.
The genus Corbicula is discussed.
Annandale, N. 1918. A new species of Taia from Chindwin Valley, upper Burma. Records of the
Indian Museum (Calcutta) 14:213-214.
The genus Corbicula is discussed.
Annandale, N. 1918. Freshwater shells from Mesopotamia. Records of the Indian Museum
(Calcutta) 15:159-170.
The genus Corbicula is discussed.
Annandale, N. 1921. The aquatic fauna of Seistan. Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta)
18(5):235-253.
Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) is one of three species of molluscs found in the Seistan Desert springs.
Specimens were collected in the pools, watercourses and desert springs at Hamun and appeared to show
little response to their environment.
Annandale, N. and C. Dover. 1923. Advances in our knowledge of the fauna of the fresh and
brackish waters of India, with a bibliography for the years 1912 - 1922. Journal of the
Proceedings, Asiatic Society of Bengal (New Series) 18(10):527-554.
A review of the literature on Indian Mollusca (including bivalves in the genus Corbicula) with a
bibliography.
Annandale, N. and B. Prashad. 1924. Report on a small collection of molluscs from Chekiang
Province of China. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 16(1):27-49.
Corbicula fluminea was collected in the Grand Canal at Hangchow. Corbicula largillierti was also
collected in the Ch'ienting River, 30 miles west of Hangchow.
Annandale, N., B. Prashad and A.-U.-Din. 1921. The aquatic and amphibious molluscs of
Manipur. Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) 22(4):529-631.
The genus Corbicula is represented in the collections from Manipur by three species. Of these, Corbicula
striatella is common throughout India and Burma. Corbicula occidens has a wide distribution in the
Central Provinces, United Provinces, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, Sikkim, and Assam. Corbicula subradiata
is newly reported in India. Corbicula occidens was found in Manipur in a muddy channel flowing into
11
Corbicula Bibliography
Loktak Lake near Potsengban Bungalow. Corbicula striatella was collected in a small stream near
Waikhong on the Manipur-Burma Road. Corbicula subradiata was taken from a shallow stream near
Potsengbam and from a large, shallow, artificial tank called Ningyang Pukri at Imphal.
Annandale, N., B. Prashad and S. W. Kemp. 1919. The Mollusca of the inland waters of
Baluchistan and of Seistan. Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) 18:17-63.
The ecology, distribution, and morphology of Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) from Baluchistan and
Seistan are discussed and compared with Corbicula cor Prime, 1864 and Corbicula crassula Prime, 1864.
Annis, C. G. 1986. Corbicula manilensis: a potential indicator of copper and lead pollution in
aquatic environments. Master of Science Thesis, Florida Institute of Technology
(Melbourne). xi + 117 pp.
Anonymous. 1963. Little creatures clog big canals. Reclamation Era 49:96-98.
Popular account of the invasion of United States waters by Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844).
Anonymous. 1969. Ordinary general meeting: 18 June 1969. Proceedings of the Geological
Society of London No. 1660:388-390.
Corbicula fluminalis is discussed in relation to the intermitant disappearance of rich shell-bearing
Ipswichian beds exposed due to accumulation of scree in the Stour Valley, England.
Anonymous. 1973. Chinese clams clog United States rivers. Marine Pollution Bulletin 4(4):54.
Popular account of the invasion of United States waters by Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844).
Anonymous. 1973. Biology briefs: Chinese mollusk threatens U.S. waterways. Bioscience
23:411.
Popular account of the invasion of United States waters by Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844).
Anonymous. 1973. Here come the clams. Newsweek 81:66.
Popular account of the invasion of United States waters by Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844).
Anonymous. 1973. Chinese clam invasion. Saturday Review, May:54.
Popular account of the invasion of United States waters by Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844).
Anonymous. 1973. The case of the Chinese clams: what do we do? Science News 103:306.
Popular account of the infestation of the Delta-Mendota Canal, California.
Anonymous. 1974. Chinese clam in American waters. Marine Resources Digest - MarineBiology
Digest 5(9):8-9.
The dispersal rate of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) in nearctic rivers is discussed.
Anonymous. 1976. Keeping track of mussels. TVA Today 6(6):4-5.
Popular account of the invasion of United States waters by Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844).
Appleton, C. C. and P. La Hausse de Lalouviere. 1987. Some population characteristics of the
bivalves of the Pongolo River floodplain. Journal of the Limnological Society of
Southern Africa 13(1):14-19.
Estimates of the density, structure, and standing crop of populations of the freshwater bivalve molluscs
Caelatura framesi, Aspatharia wahlbergi, and Corbicula africana on the Pongolo River floodplain, Natal,
South Africa, were made from the samples of shells stranded in the mud of several lakes during the recent
drought. Where possible, these estimates were compared to data from sampling prior to the drought.
Evidence is presented indicating that recruitment success on the floodplain varies both temporally and from
lake to lake.
Applied Biology, Inc. 1982. Clarks Hill Lake Water Quality Study. U.S. Army Engineer District
(Savannah, Georgia). Report No. A161970.
Clarks Hill Lake is characterized by a large annual temperature variation and development of strong
thermal gradients during summer stratification. Deep hypolimnion waters gradually become depleted of
12
Corbicula Bibliography
dissolved oxygen by late summer. Clarks Hill Lake waters are soft and have low carbonate- bicarbonate
buffering capacity, resulting in fluctuations in pH, conductivity and various other physicochemical
parameters between the epilimnion and hypolimnion during summer stratification.
Total phosphate concentrations are high. The Savannah and Broad rivers and the Georgia and South
Carolina Little rivers are major sources of phosphate input into the lake. Total phosphate levels have
increased at lake and tributary stations since 1973. Although total phosphate levels are high, they are
within the range of those observed in other southeastern lakes and reservoirs.
Determination of various pesticide concentrations in sediments and in tissue samples from Corbicula,
white catfish and largemouth bass showed no apparent contamination or biomagnification of these
parameters within the lake. Heavy metal concentrations in sediments, tissues and whole water samples
were generally higher at tributary stations than in lake stations.
Primary productivity in the lake is generally limited by low orthophosphate and nitrate concentrations.
Present nutrient concentrations are below critical values at which algal blooms commonly occur.
Phytoplankton densities and chlorophyll-a measurements showed a seasonal pattern of increasing
productivity from early spring through the fall. Standing crops were high at tributary stations and lowest
near the dam. A similar pattern of density distribution was also noted for the zooplankton community.
The benthic and drift macroinvertebrate communities of the lake were low in density and diversity as
compared to other southeastern lakes and reservoirs. The benthos was predominated by Corbicula
fluminea, and the drift community was predominated by chironomid insects.
The overall condition of the lake was considered mesotrophic, characteristic of waters with moderate
nutrient concentrations. Data from major tributaries entering the lake suggest that the Georgia and South
Carolina Little rivers, the Broad and upper Savannah rivers are eutrophic.
Araujo, R., J. M. Remon, D. Moreno and M. A. Ramos. 1995. Relaxing techniques for
freshwater molluscs: Trials for evaluation of different methods. Malacologia 36(1-2):2941.
Twelve different methods of relaxing freshwater molluscs were tested to find the most suitable for future
research and conservation in scientific collections. In addition to drowning, different concentrations of the
following agents were tested: phenoxyethanol, MS 222, clove oil, pentobarbital, sodium pentobarbital,
diethylether, chloroform, and urethan. Also menthol, lime tree, and valerian were tried. Tests were made
with species of main groups of freshwater molluscs: Pisidium amnicum, Corbicula fluminea, and Unio sp.
among bivalves; Melanopsis sp., Bithynia tentaculata, Valvata piscinalis, Potamopyrgus jenkinsi,
Pseudamnicola cf. luisi, and Horatia sturmi among prosobranch gastropods; and Lymnaea peregra and
Ancylus fluviatilis among pulmonate gastropods. Relaxation condition of specimens after narcosis,
response to fixative fluids, action time and availability of narcotic agents were considered for evaluation.
There was considerable variation between species in their susceptibility to narcotic agents, suggesting that
many factors may be involved in the response of freshwater molluscs to narcotization. Among tested
agents, sodium pentobarbital and especially, pentobarbital, were the most suitable for relaxing freshwater
molluscs. No overdosing troubles were registered in trials with pentobarbital. Results with menthol were
unpredictable, although it may be used over a wide range of species.
Arias, J. A. 2004. Population dynamics and growth rate of Corbicula fluminea in two lotic
systems of East Texas. Master of Science Thesis, Stephen F. Austin State University. viii
+ 86 pp.
Arita, J., K. Takemura, Y. Nagashima and K. Shiomi. 2001. Purification and properties of a
proteinaceous toxin from the brackishwater clam (Corbicula japonica). Toxicon
39(7):1061-1067.
Water extracts from the brackishwater clam (Corbicula japonica) are lethal to mice upon i.v. injection.
Further mouse assays confirmed that the toxicity exhibits a regional variation but no seasonal or sexual
13
Corbicula Bibliography
variations. The C. japonica toxin was purified from foot muscle, the most toxic tissue, successively by
hydrophobic chromatography on Phenyl Sepharose, gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200, hydrophobic FPLC
on Phenyl Superose and cation-exchange FPLC on Mono S. The purified toxin had an i.v. LD50 of 11
μg/kg against mice. It was a weakly basic protein (pI 7.7) with a mol. wt of 23,000 and was rich in Gly,
Glx and Asx but devoid of Met. Analysis of the purified toxin by a protein sequencer afforded no Nterminal amino acid. In addition to C. japonica, two species of freshwater clams belonging to the genus
Corbicula, C. leana and C. sandai, were newly found to be toxic, although much less potent than C.
japonica. Despite the difference in anatomical distribution of toxins among the three species of Corbicula
clams, both C. leana and C. sandai toxins were closely similar in stability and mol. wt to the C. japonica
toxin.
Arkawa, I., M. Sugita, O. Itasaka and T. Hori. 1968. Occurrence of three phosphosphingolipids
other than ceramide aminoethylphosphonate in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula sandai.
Memoirs, Faculty of Education, Shiga University of Natural Sciences 18:41-46.
Arnold, G. L. 1994. An analysis of phenotypic variation in four North Carolinian populations of
the exotic mussel Corbicula fluminea (Muller, 1774). Honors Essay: Dept. of Biology,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 62 pp.
Arriola, F. J. and D. K. Villaluz. 1939. Snail fishing and duck raising in Laguna de Bay, Luzon,
Philipp. (sic). Journal of Science (Manila) 69(2):173-187.
The use of Corbicula manilensis as a food in the Philippines is discussed.
Arthur, J. F. and N. W. Cederquist. 1976. Sediment Transport Studies in the Delta-Mendota
Canal and the California Aqueduct. Proceedings of the Third Federal Inter-Agency
Sedimentation Conference, Denver, Colorado, March 22-25. Water Resources Counci
(Washington, D.C.), Sedimentation Committee. pp 4-88 - 4-100.
The Delta-Mendota Canal (DMC), completed in 1951, has experienced capacity problems, currently
attributed to a combination of design deficiency and the accumulation of sediment and clam deposits. The
findings of studies conducted in 1973-74 on the sediment-clam deposition problem in the DMC were
summarized and it was concluded that sediment in the water is bound by the excreta of the Asiatic clam
(Corbicula manilensis). This accumulation of sediment-clam deposits causes a reduction in canal capacity,
in addition to the design deficiency loss. Also, sediment transport characteristics of the DMC and the
California Aqueduct were compared. Significant differences between the two intake facilities were
indicated. Approximately 70% of the sediment entering the Aqueduct was deposited in Clifton Court
Forebay and Bethany Reservoir, while only 10% was deposited in the DMC intake channel. The difference
in sediment deposition was attributed to differences in design and operation of the intake facilities. The
concentration of total suspended solids entering the DMC was found to vary directly with total delta export
and vary inversely with the solids concentration of the Sacramento River, the primary source of delta
export water.
Asahina, E. 1941. An ecological study of Corbicula japonica group, the brackish water bivalve,
with special reference to the environmental factors of its habitat in Hokkaido. Bulletin of
the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 10:43-152. [Japanese with English summary]
Asahina, E. 1943. Bottom fauna in the coastal lakes of Tokachi. I. Zoological Magazine (Tokyo)
55(4):137-154. [Japanese]
Limnological studies of the benthos of Yudo-numa, one of four coastal lakes of Tokachi, Hokkaido, were
performed in autumn 1942. The lake is brackish and is divided into lower, middle, and upper basin. The
molluscs, especially Cingula kurilensis and Macoma balthica, dominate the benthos. The pH is low
throughout and where lowest, the molluscs are few in number. The high concentration of dissolved calcium
in the lower basin may be due to the large number of shells present. The high productivity of the sandy
14
Corbicula Bibliography
substrata is due to Corbicula japonica. With respect to productivity, the lake belongs to the first order of
brackish lakes.
Asahina, E. 1943. Bottom fauna in the coastal lakes of Tokachi. II. Zoological Magazine (Tokyo)
55(6):207-115. [Japanese]
Limnological studies of the benthos of Oikamanai-numa, one of four coastal lakes of Takachi, Hokkaido,
were performed in the autumn of 1942. This brackish water lake consists of a narrow channel and a main
basin. The channel, with high salinity and sandy bottom, is 3.6 m deep at its deepest point. The main basin,
with low salinity and muddy substratum, is 0.5 - 0.7 m deep. The bottom fauna of the channel is
represented by Corbicula japonica and Nereis japonica. In the main basin, Chironomus larvae and
Limnodrilus sp. dominate. The weight of production of the channel is large (280 g/m3) owing to the
existence of C. japonica. Notes on the benthos of Chobushinuma and Horokayanto, both belonging to the
four lakes of Tokachi, are also given.
Asaka, A. and M. Sakai. 1981. Acute toxicity of Validamycin A to some fresh-water organisms.
Journal of the Takeda Research Laboratories 40(1-2):83-89. [Japanese with English
summary]
Acute toxicity of Validamycin A to fish, Crustacea, and molluscs (including Corbicula sandai Reinhardt,
1878) was investigated at 23.5oC. The 48 hr. TLm was greater than 40 ppm.
Attaway, M. 1992. The effect of season, reproductive state, and temperature on the uptake and
depuration of lead acetate by the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Master of
Science Thesis, University of Alabama at Birmingham. vi + 65 pp.
Atwill, E. R. 1998. Corbicula fluminea as an environmental assay for Cryptosporidium parvum
oocysts in surface waters. Technical Completion Report, University of California Water
Resources Center (Davis, California). v + 42 pp.
Aucour, A.-M., S. M. F. Sheppard and R. Savoye. 2003. δ13C of fluvial mollusk shells (Rhone
River): A proxy for dissolved inorganic carbon? Limnology and Oceanography
48(6):2186-2193.
The relationship between the delta super(13)C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and modern mollusk
aragonite from rivers was calibrated for the purpose of reconstructing DIC paleochemistry from the shell
record. The δ13C values of aragonitic bivalves (Dreissena polymorpha, Corbicula fluminea), prosobranch
gastropods (Bithynia tentaculata, Theodoxus fluviatilis, Viviparus viviparus), and an air-breathing
pulmonate gastropod (Limnea auricularia) were analyzed from several locations on the Rhone River (-13.7
ppt to -6.0 ppt) and its major tributary, the Saone River (-11.4 ppt to -10.2 ppt). The δ13CDIC varied from 11.5 ppt to -7.5 ppt, and the δ13C of particulate inorganic matter (POM) varied from -31.7 ppt to -25.4 ppt.
At a given site, the δ13C of all species except the pulmonate were within 1 ppt of each other. Whole-shell
δ13C correlated positively with δ13CDIC, with a slope close to unity. Bioaragonite-DIC fractionations were
0-1.5 ppt for bivalves and 0-2.7 ppt for gastropods (excluding the pulmonates). Applying these
fractionations, bivalves that live in open water are a reliable proxy, monitoring the average δ13CDIC value to
within its natural similar to 2ppt temporal variation within the growth period. For the suspension feeders
(bivalves) using POM as a food source, the δ13C of whole shells and bulk POM indicated that the
incorporation of carbon derived from respiratory sources lay in the range 10-30%. Fine-scale analyses of
growth increments of C. fluminea could not be related simply to δ13C DIC because metabolic and seasonal
variations in δ13CDIC produced similar isotopic fluctuations (≤ 2.5ppt).
Audoin, J. V. 1827. Explication des Plaches. IN: Descriptions de l'Egypte ou Recueil des
Observations et des Recherches qui ont ete Faites en Egypte Pendant l'Expedition de
l'Armée Francaise, M. J. C. de Savigny (Paris, 1917).
Cyrena consobrina is discussed from Egypt and figured (Pl. 7, Fig. 7).
15
Corbicula Bibliography
Ax, P. and A. Schmidt-Rhaesa. 1992. The fastening of egg capsules of Multipeniata Nasonov,
1927 (Prolecithophora, Platyhelminthes) on bivalves -- an adaptation to living conditions
in soft bottom. Microfauna Marina 7:167-175.
Multipeniata from Jusan Lake (Japan, Aomori Prefecture) fastens its egg capsules to the shell of living
Corbicula japonica (Bivalvia). The capsules are mainly deposited at the hinge region of the shell. This
phenomenon is interpreted as an evolutionary adaptation to the invasion of a soft bottom habitat.
Abaychi, J. K. and Y. Z. Mustafa. 1988. The Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea: An indicator of
trace metal pollution in the Shatt al-Arab River, Iraq. Environmental Pollution 54(1):109122.
The potential of Corbicula fluminea (Müller) as an indicator for trace metal pollution was investigated.
Laboratory experiments show that Corbicula has the capability to accumulate and eliminate trace metals in
relation to their concentrations in ambient water. However, an effect of individual size was observed.
Seasonal variations in the concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn in Corbicula, water and
particulate matter from the upper section of the Shatt al-Arab River were studied. Sediment samples were
also analysed. Metal concentrations were determined by means of flameless AAS. It was found that
Corbicula is a suitable bio-indicator for monitoring of trace metal pollution. Metal concentrations in
Corbicula tissues correlated better with their corresponding concentrations in particulate matter than with
the dissolved form.
-- B -Baba, A. 1969. Crystalization of ferritin from coelomic fluids of Corbicula sandai with ammonium
sulfate. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 65(6):915-923.
Ferritin was crystallized in a form of hexahedron from coelomic fluid of a shellfish (Corbicula sandai) living
in freshwater. In the purification and crystallization process, ammonium sulfate was used exclusively. The
crystalline preparation contained 4.5% of iron and 0.6% of phosphorus. Absorption spectrum of this
preparation in the ultraviolet and visible regions showed a shoulder around 280 mu and no absorption band at
other wavelengths. The presence of iron core or micells characteristic of ferritin was confirmed by electron
microscopy. Molecular weight of this protein determined by the sedimentation equilibrium method was
approximately 43.5 x 104.
Baba, K. 2000. An area-analytical zoogeographical classification of Palearctic Unionaceae
species. Bollettino Malacologico 36(5-8):133-140.
The zoogeographical classification for 31 Unionaceae species is given by using the area-analytical
zoogeographical approach formerly successfully applied to terrestrial snails (Baba 1982). Studied species
belong to the following genera: Margaritifera, Margaritana, Unio, Potamida, Lanceolaria,
Pseudanodonta, Anodonta, Cristaria and Corbicula.
Baba, A. and M. Ishimichi. 1966. Interaction between bilirubin and polysaccharide - protein
complex prepared from boiled extract of Corbicula sandai. Reports of Shiga University
Prefectural Junior College 7:79-82. [Japanese with English summary]
Baba, A., M. Ishimichi, S. Hida and S. Yoskioka. 1969. Preparation of a crystalline macromolecule
from Corbicula. Reports of Shiga Prefectural Junior College 10:63-64.
Baba, K., T. Kawajiri, Y. Kuwahara and S. Nakao. 2004. An environmentally based growth
model that uses finite difference calculus with maximum likelihood method: its
application to the brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica in Lake Abashiri, Japan.
Fishery Bulletin 102(1):14-24.
16
Corbicula Bibliography
A growth analysis model is presented that combines large amounts of environmental data with limited
amounts of biological data and apply it to Corbicula japonica. The model uses the maximum-likelihood
method with the Akaike information criterion, which provides an objective criterion for model selection.
An adequate distribution for describing a single cohort is selected from available probability density
functions, which are expressed by location and scale parameters. Daily relative increase rates of the
location parameter are expressed by a multivariate logistic function with environmental factors for each
day and categorical variables indicating animal ages as independent variables. Daily relative increase rates
of the scale parameter are expressed by an equation describing the relationship with the daily relative
increase rate of the location parameter. Corbicula japonica grows to a modal shell length of 0.7 mm during
the first year in Lake Abashiri. Compared with the attainable maximum size of about 30 mm, the growth of
juveniles is extremely slow because their growth is less susceptible to environmental factors until the
second winter. The extremely slow growth in Lake Abashiri could be a geographical genetic variation
within C. japonica.
Baba, A., M. E. May and W. W. Fish. 1977. The properties of Corbicula apoferritin. Biochemica et
Biophysica Acta 491(2):491-496.
Corbicula sandai Reinhardt, 1878, apoferritin has physical properties different from apoferritin of other
species. The native molecular weight was estimated from its so 20, w 18.7 S to be about 503,000. Empirical
molecular weight estimation methods in denaturing solvents yielded a molecular weight estimate for
constituent polypeptide chains of 23,000. The circular dichroic spectrum of C. sandai apoferritin was
significantly different from other apoferritins and it was immunologically unreactive with rabbit anti-human
ferritin antisera.
Baba, K., M. Tada, T. Kawajiri and Y. Kuwahara. 1999. Effects of temperature and salinity on
spawning of the brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica in Lake Abashiri, Hokkaido,
Japan. Marine Ecology Progress Series 180:213-221.
The abundance of planktonic larvae (veliger) of Corbicula japonica in Lake Abashiri, which is near the
northern limit of this species' range, was extremely low in 1995 and 1996, compared to other years (1989,
1990, 1994 and 1997). In histological examinations, the female genital tubules were filled with the atretic
oocytes after the spawning season of 1995. Therefore, it was concluded that most C. japonica failed to
spawn in 1995. The effects of temperature and salinity on the spawning of C. japonica were examined in a
spawning induction experiment under laboratory conditions. Probability of spawning by C. japonica in the
experiment was described by the equation: 1/{1+exp[-(-15.57+0.57T-12.64S-0.55Ga m+0.69T x S-0.1T x
S x Gam)]} (T: temperature, S: salinity, Gam: dummy variable of 1 or 2, i.e. 1 denotes each group to which
the gamete suspension was added and 2 each group to which the gamete suspension was not added). The
probability of spawning within the group to which the gamete suspension was added (i.e. Gam = 1)
explained well both annual and seasonal fluctuations of larval occurrence in Lake Abashiri in past years.
The spawning of C. japonica may have been extremely low in 1995 and 1996 because of low temperature
and low salinity. Such unfavorable conditions for spawning are not exceptional and occurred in 10 out of
21 years for which data were available. In C. japonica, reproduction succeeds less frequently in northern
than in southern populations because the probability of spawning depends markedly on the temperature.
Bachmann, V., J. N. Beisel, P. Usseglio-Polatera and J. C. Moreteau. 2001. Decline of Dreissena
polymorpha in the River Moselle: Biotic and abiotic key factors involved in dynamics of
invasive species. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 151(2):263-281.
Macroinvertebrate communities sampled in 1994, 1995 and 1996 showed that three invasive exotic species
(Dreissena polymorpha, Corophium curvispinum and Corbicula fluminalis) were well established and
coexisted in the River Moselle. Results highlighted a decline of the zebra mussel population, the oldest
invader considered, between 1994 and 1996. Benthic densities decreased. The recruitment of juveniles was
unsuccessful and population was clearly ageing over the considered period. These results were confirmed
17
Corbicula Bibliography
by a decline of the veliger density (reproduction capacity) between 1994 and 1998. Biotic and abiotic
factors which have probably influenced the zebra mussel population dynamics are discussed. The recent
establishment of C. curvispinum in the same mesohabitat type and the massive development of
Corbiculidae suggested a possible competition for habitat and/or food between these invasive species. A
first abiotic factor was the hydrological regime of 1994 and 1995, which was particularly high for the
1992-1998 period. It may have removed the substratum and then favoured the settlement of an
opportunistic species like C. curvispinum with a high reproductive output and a reproduction period early
in the year. A second abiotic factor was the physicochemical water quality of the River Moselle. In 1993
and 1994 the high chlorophyll-a concentration probably favored the incubation of C. curvispinum, and in
1994 the pH did not reach an optimal value for the survival of D. polymorpha veligers. The results describe
key factors for understanding the population dynamics of invasive species in regard to environmental
changes and processes involved in future ecosystem invasions.
Bachmann, V., E. Cegielka, P. Wagner, P. Usseglio-Polatera and J. C. Moreteau. 1995.
Installation de l'amphipode Corophium curvispinum et de la palourde asiatique Corbicula
dans la partie francaise de la Moselle [Establishment of the amphipod Corophium
curvispinum and the asiatic clam Corbicula in the French part of Mosel River].
Hydroecologie Appliquee, Paris 7(1-2):185-190. [French with English summary]
The amphipod Corophium curvispinum and the asiatic clam Corbicula sp., two new immigrants from the
Rhine River, have been collected from dredging at a water depth of 1-4 meters in the French part of the
Mosel River. They are already distributed over at least 287 km for C. curvispinum and 337 km for
Corbicula sp. from the mouth of the river. The distributions of those new species appear to be related to the
bottom substrate type. The population dynamics of those new mass invaders in this ecosystem, that are
already two of the prevailing taxa in the Mosel River, and their possible impact on zoobenthic communities
must be carefully observed.
Bachmann, V. and P. Usseglio-Polatera. 1999. Contribution of the macrobenthic compartment to
the oxygen budget of a large regulated river: the Mosel. Hydrobiologia 410:39-46.
The contribution of the benthic compartment to the oxygen budget of three sectors of the river Mosel
(France, Luxembourg, Germany) was evaluated, in terms of benthos respiration, filtration rate and
sediment oxygen demand. Bottom substrates and benthic invertebrate communities were investigated using
benthic dredges during six field campaigns from summer 1994 to summer 1996. Bivalvia (Corbicula
fluminalis, Dreissena polymorpha, Anodonta cygnea, Unio pictorum), Prosobranchia (Viviparus
viviparus), Crustacea (Gammaridae) and Diptera (Chironomidae) were the prevailing taxa of the benthic
community, both in density and biomass. An original method based on multivariate analyses and a
clustering approach was developed to describe the habitat mosaic in terms of substrate-type frequencies.
The biomass of each taxon was recalculated for each substrate-type. The dissolved oxygen uptake and the
filtration rate of the prevailing taxa of the benthic community were modeled using results of laboratory
experiments. Both effects of water temperature and trophic level conditions were taken into account.
Evaluations showed that benthic compartment respiration processes may have reach up to 25% of the total
amount of dissolved oxygen per day, in the river Mosel. Furthermore, the macrobenthic compartment may
have a great impact on phytoplankton communities, and then on primary production, by filtration activity.
Indeed, the water volume daily filtered by filter-feeder macroinvertebrates potentially ranged from 26.9 to
83.8% of the total volume of a sector, in summer conditions. Consequently, respiration and filtration
activities of the benthic compartment appear to be two important biological processes of the dissolved
oxygen budget of a large regulated river.
Bachmann, V., P. Usseglio-Polatera, E. Cegielka, P. Wagner, J. F. Poinsaint, J. C. Moreteau, F.
Bergot and E. Vigneux. 1997. Premieres observations sur la coexistence de Dreissena
polymorpha, Corophium curvispinum et Corbicula spp. dans la riviere Moselle
18
Corbicula Bibliography
[Preliminary observations about the coexistence of Dreissena polymorpha, Corophium
curvispinum and Corbicula spp. in the River Moselle]. Bulletin Français de la Peche et
de la Pisciculture. Seminaire GIP Hydrosystemes, Ministere de l'Environnement, Paris,
13-15 February 1996.
Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled at a water depth of 1-4 metres by means of benthic dredges
along several transects of the River Moselle from July 1994 to September 1995. These samples revealed
the recent establishment of the amphipod Corophium curvispinum and of two forms (or species ?) of the
genus Corbicula (Bivalvia). The sampling program showed that the biogeographical distribution of C.
curvispinum included the French part of the River Moselle at least up to Gondreville (i.e. 137.5 km newly
colonized), and that Corbicula spp. colonized the River Moselle up to Dieulouard (i.e. 337 km from the
confluence of the river with the Rhin.). The distribution of these species, considered as mass invaders that
may cause serious fouling problems for river water users, seems to be correlated with characteristics of the
substratum. Spatial and trophic competition between these new immigrants and previously established
macrobenthic populations are possible. The structure and the dynamics of these populations must now be
carefully obseed, in order to prevent possible economic and ecosystemic damages.
Baethe, J. 1997. Decreasing salinity in Werra and Weser (Germany): Reactions of the
phytoplankton and the macrozoobenthos. Limnologica 27(1):111-119.
Salinity levels in Werra and Weser have reduced by 63 % since 1992. Corresponding to that decrease there
have been changes in the species communities, phytoplankton dynamics and spatial intensity of primary
production. With the changes in primary production, the benthic community has changed. The upstream
region of the Weser is dominated by Hydropsychidae in average abundances of 1,000-4,000/m2. The
dominant species of the Mittelweser are Dreissena polymorpha, Corbicula fluminalis, Corbicula fluminea
and three species of the genus Corophium. Corophium lacustre, Corophium multisetosum and Corophium
curvispinum are spread throughout the Mittelweser according to the salinity-gradients. The benthic
biocoenosis is dominated by filter-feeders. Other functional components of the foodweb are only
rudimentarily developed.
Baker, H. B. 1930. The Mollusca collected by the University of Michigan - Williamson Expedition
in Venezuela. Part VI. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
(Ann Arbor). 210:1-94.
Baker, H. B. 1966. Corbicula manilensis. The Nautilus 79:144.
The correct spelling of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) is presented and discussed.
Baker, J. R. 1978. Extensions of the known range of Corbicula manilensis (Pelecypoda:
Corbiculidae) in Texas. Southwestern Naturalist 23(3):536.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) is reported from the Concho River at Lake Nasworthy where fouling of
a power plant is noted. Populations are also reported from the Colorado River at Lake Brownwood.
Baldwin, B. S., M. Black, O. Sanjur, R. Gustafson, R. A. Lutz and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 1996. A
diagnostic molecular marker for zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and potentially
co-occurring bivalves: Mitochondrial COIMolecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology
5(1):9-14.
Diagnostic differences are reported in the nucleotide sequences of a 710-bp fragment of the mitochondrial
cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) from the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and potentially
co-occurring bivalves: the quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis); the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), the
dark false mussel (Mytilopsis leucophaeata), and the wedge clam (Rangia cuneata). The COI sequence of
the deep-water "profunda" phenotype of the quagga mussel was nearly identical to that of shallow-water
quagga mussels. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in this portion of COI produced
species-specific differences in fragment numbers and sizes that could be used as diagnostic markers to
19
Corbicula Bibliography
distinguish the free-living larvae produced by these bivalves.
Balinski, A. 1979. Brachiopods and conodonts from the Frasnian of the Debnik anticline, southern
Poland. Palaeontologia Polonica 39:3-97.
Banarescu, P. 1973. On Tethys marine remnants in fresh waters. Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Serie
de Zoologie 18(6):15-21.
A Tethyan origin can be assumed with more certitude for freshwater taxa with marine-tropical affinities
occurring in circum-Mediterranean countries and Middle Asia; areas which are now no longer tropical. A
Tethys origin and age is probable for Corbicula. Only hypogeous animals are true Tethys relicts; the
epigenous ones having speciated and dispersed by continental routes since their old adaptation to freshwater
life.
Baraibar, B. C. 1959. Shell structure, biometrics, histology, reproduction ecology and geographic
distribution of Corbicula limosa. Actas Trabajos I Gepgrapjoca Sundamerica, Zoology
1959(2):3-13.
Baraibar, B. C. 1960. Estudio sobre Corbicula limosa (Maton). Actas Primer Congresso
Sudamericano de Zoologia. La Plata (Invertebrados) 2:2-13.
Barattini, L. P. 1951. Malacología Uruguayana. Puglicacíon Cientas SOYP 6:181-293.
Uruguayan species of Corbicula are included.
Barfield, M. L., J. L. Farris and M. C. Black. 2001. Biomarker and bioaccumulation responses of
Asian clams exposed to aqueous cadmium. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental
Health, Part A 63(7):495-510.
Measured responses of biochemical or physiological indicators have been suggested to reflect thresholds
where pollutants exert their initial effect. Responses in cellulolytic enzyme activity and DNA strand
breakage of the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea exposed to cadmium in the laboratory were measured and
metal body burdens were determined concurrently. Clams were exposed to aqueous cadmium
concentrations of 3, 6, 12, or 25 ppb for 23 and 28 d. Cadmium concentrations in clam tissue were highest
in lower cadmium treatments, and body burdens increased with length of exposure in only the 28-d
experiment. Cellulolytic enzyme activity decreased with increasing cadmium concentrations for clams in
the 28-d experiment. Induced enzyme activities were observed in cadmium treatments for both experiments
and are thought to precede declines in activity through the length of exposure. Significant reductions in
DNA strand lengths of cadmium exposed clams were observed by wk 3 in the 23-d exposure and by wk 2
in the 28-d exposure. Reduced DNA strand lengths in these cadmium treatments for the 28-d exposure
precede significant declines in cellulolytic activity at subsequent sampling events. Combining these data
with observations of mortality in higher cadmium treatments suggests that impairment of DNA structural
integrity and reduced digestive enzyme activity may indicate metal-induced stress in clams.
Bargar, T. A. and S. W. Fisher. 1997. Molluscicide acute and sub-chronic toxicity to the three
non-target organisms Hexagenia limbata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Pimephelas
promelas, and neutralization of that toxicity by bentonite clay. Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 58(2):275-282.
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) have caused problems for raw water users along the shores of the
Great Lakes by clogging pipes and decreasing water flow within water systems of raw water users. The
molluscicide H-130 (didecyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride) has been proposed to both remove and prevent
colonization of water systems by zebra mussels. Briefly, the water in the systems would first be treated
with H-130. Then, just prior to releasing it into receiving waters, the water would be treated again with
bentonite clay to neutralize H-130. Other pesticides have been used in a similar manner against related
mussels such as the asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). Three non-target organisms were used in this study
to investigate H-130 toxicity; Hexagenia limbata (larval mayfly nymphs), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and larval
20
Corbicula Bibliography
Pimephelas promelas. Hexagenia limbata was chosen as a representative benthic organism likely to come
into contact with and ingest adsorbed molluscicide. C eriodaphnia dubia and Pimephelas promelas were
chosen as representative pelagic organisms. Both the toxicity of H-130 and the effectiveness of bentonite
clay in neutralizing H-130 toxicity were investigated in acute and sub-chronic toxicity tests.
Bartos, L. F. 1979. Littoral benthic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tarpon, Florida. Florida Scientist 42
(Supplement):31. (Abstract)
A four year study to investigate the effects of lake level fluctuation on the limnology of Lake Tarpon included
an analysis of littoral zone benthic macroinvertebrates. No significant changes were attributable to the
fluctuating water levels. A significant change in the benthos did occur from the introduction of Corbicula
manilensis (Philippi, 1844) in 1975. An estuarine isopod (Munna sp.) was collected sporadically. Distinct
vertical distribution patterns within the littoral zone were exhibited by the major benthic organisms.
Basack, S. B., M. L. Oneto, N. R. Verrengia Guerrero and E. M. Kesten. 1997. Accumulation
and elimination of pentachlorophenol in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58(3):497-503.
Assessment of the toxicological risks posed by the introduction of a chemical into the aquatic environment
requires the integration of biological effects with time and concentration in tissues of the living organisms.
Species of the genus Corbicula have been used as biological monitors in freshwater environments.
However, there are no data available about the time course of organic compounds in bivalves of the species
Corbicula fluminea from the coast of the La Plata River. The accumulation and elimination of organic
compounds depend on the species and the system, and it is very difficult to extrapolate results from other
authors. The main objective of the present work was to investigate the feasibility to use this bivalve species
for bioconcentration experiments. Therefore, we obtained the accumulation and elimination curves at
different concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in C. fluminea. While many classes of toxicants could
have been selected, PCP was chosen because it is a well-studied organic substance whose widespread use mainly as fungicide and wood preservative- has led to environmental contamination (IPCS 1987).
Basack, S. B., M. L. Oneto, J. S. Fuchs, E. J. Wood and E. M. Kesten. 1998. Esterases of
Corbicula fluminea as biomarkers of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. Bulletin
of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61(5):569-576.
Bass, D. 1981. Dispersion patterns of benthic macro-invertebrates in a stream riffle. American
Zoologist 21(4):1035. [Abstract]
Dispersion patterns of a macrobenthic population in a stream riffle were determined by taking 64 systematic
core samples from a quadrat (at an undisclosed locality). Dominant taxa collected included Dugesia
dororocephala, Limnodrilus sp., Cheumatopsyche sp., Stenelmis sp., Chironomidae, and Corbicula fluminea.
Analysis of dispersion patterns to determine the presence and size of aggregations was done using the
mean-square method. The benthic community exhibited a clumped distribution within the quadrat, caused by
the non-homogenous conditions of the stream bottom.
Basseres, A. 2003. La pratique de tests biologiques en canaux artificiels (mesocosmes) au
service des industriels [The practice of the biological tests in pilot rivers in the service of
the industry]. Techniques Sciences Methodes. Genie Urbain-Genie Rural 5:55-59.
[French with English summary]
The regulation changes bring to characterize the impacts of aqueous industrial wastes, on the biological
component of the ecosystem. In addition to standardized ecological indicators (IBGN: based on the benthic
invertebrates; IBD: based on the diatoms; IOBS: based on the oligochaete), new biological tools are under
development today: the biomarkers. Exposure biomarkers or effect biomarkers, they ate measured in
sentinel organisms, which are exposed to pollution. These biomarkers need a validation to use them under
adequate conditions and to facilitate their interpretation. The Pilot Rivers, of dynamic mesocosms,
21
Corbicula Bibliography
constitute an ecosystem perfectly controlled, in which this validation can be considered. Located in the
southwest of France, they consist of 16 channels, 40 m length each one, in parallel, supplied with untreated
and not filtered water river: the colonization of the mesocosms is thus done naturally, by drift. A research
program is currently engaged in partnership with the French Adour Garonne Water Board on the validation
of the biomarker responses in a fresh water bivalve: Corbicula fluminea. This validation is done by
exposing the ecosystems in the mesocosms to several substances, initially, pure, then in mixture. An
integrated approach of the biocoenotic responses and biomarker responses will allow their validation. In
addition to the research carried out in these mesocosms, a later use would be to characterize the ecotoxicity
of substances or effluents in an ecosystem very close to the natural conditions, with an aim of carrying out
studies on risk assessment.
Basseres, A., F. Simonet, M. Lafont, M. Costeand J. F. Narbonne. 2004. Validation of
biomarkers for impact evaluation of aqueous industrial waste in mesocosms. Water
Science And Technology : A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution
Research 49(1):123-130.
The use of exposure biomarkers in measuring the impact of aqueous waste holds promise because such
tools have short response times, are flexible in use and may give an indication about the type of pollution.
However, their ecological significance has not yet been demonstrated. It is necessary to validate these
responses under controlled conditions before using such biomarkers for biomonitoring. The TotalFinaElf
company has developed a pilot scheme incorporating such controlled conditions. This pilot is a dynamic
open mesocosm (16 channels 40 m in length supplied with river water). The research programme currently
carried out in the Pilot Rivers aims at validating biochemical parameters (components of phases I and II
(de)toxication metabolism and propionylcholinesterase activity), measured in a fresh water bivalve
Corbicula fluminea as a biomarker of water quality. The comparison between biomarker responses and
community ones (reference) gives information about the precocity and sensitivity of these biomarker
responses. Pure substances (trichloroethylene (TCE), cadmium (CD) and anthracenic oil (AO)) have been
injected during one month. Biomarker responses are as sensitive as the most sensitive community response
in the presence of CD and AO. With TCE, community responses are more sensitive. Precocity of
biomarker response is observed only in the presence of CD.
Basseres, A. and B. Tramier. 2001. Characterisation of the impact of aqueous industrial waste in
mesocosms: biological indicators and pilot streams. 1st World Water Congress:
Operation and Management, Landfill and Sludge Management. Water Science and
Technology 44(2-3):135-143.
The use of exposure biomarkers in measuring the impact of aqueous waste holds out promise because such
tools have short response times, are of flexible use and give an indication of the type of pollution.
However, their ecological significance has not yet been demonstrated. During field studies focusing on
aqueous industrial waste, the correlations obtained between several biocoenotic indicators and biomarkers
measured in a fresh-water bivalve (Corbicula fluminea), demonstrate the need for work to be carried out
under controlled conditions. Working in partnership with the Adour Garonne Water Board, the ELF
company has developed a pilot scheme incorporating such controlled conditions. This pilot is made up of
16 canals 40 m in length supplied by river water. The pilot scheme, which is currently at the validation
stage, makes it possible to reconstitute an aquatic ecosystem which, once established, will be exposed to
perfectly controlled pollution conditions. The responses provided by all the indicators - biocoenotic and
microbiological indicators, biomarkers - will then be correlated in order to attribute an ecological
significance to the biomarkers.
Bates, J. M. 1962. The impact of impoundment on the mussel fauna of Kentucky Reservoir,
Tennessee River. American Midland Naturalist 68(1):232-236.
The invasion of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Tennessee River is reported. Environmental changes
22
Corbicula Bibliography
resulting from the activities of man may cause the extermination of the native bivalve populations.
Bates, J. M. 1962. Extension of the known range of Corbicula fluminea within the Ohio drainage.
The Nautilus 76(2):35-36.
Large numbers of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) were collected in the Green River from below Central
City, Kentucky, to above Paradise, Kentucky (100 miles above the confluence of the Ohio and Green Rivers),
in September 1961.
Bates, J. M. 1970. Ohio Mussel Fisheries Investigation. Part I: Mussel Studies. Ohio Division of
Wildlife, Columbus; and National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C.,
Completion Report 4-28-R. 14-17-0004-433, November. 108 pp.
The Muskingum River, Ohio today supports what are probably the finest fresh water mussel stocks in the
world. Other streams and rivers in Ohio do not at present support mussel populations of any potential
commercial importance. the location and extent of mussel beds, species composition and density, rate of
harvest, rate of recruitment, sex, age, and size composition of populations, and other basic biological
information were determined. Investigations into the basic phenomena of shell formation, particularly the
composition of the extrapallial fluid, were undertaken. The present high market demand for shells has
developed largely during the past two decades due directly to demand created by the Japanese cultured
pearl industry. Harvesting methods are described. histological studies indicate normal patterns of
gametogenesis in all species. it is completely possible that stocking programs could be instituted to
reconstitute commercially valuable populations in certain streams, as the viable nature of the mussel
populations of the Muskingum River has been established. the introduced Asiatic clam, Corbicula
fluminea, has invaded the lower stretches of the Muskingum river.
Bates, J. M. 1987. Mussel kills: a thirty-year perspective. IN: Proceedings of the Workshop on
Die-Offs of Freshwater Mussels in the United States, R. J. Neves, Ed. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Servive, Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, and Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University (Blacksburg). pp. 19-20.
Die-offs of Corbicula are noted to be relatively instantaneous events, particularly in the northern limit of its
range, when a change in water temperature occurs.
Bates, J. M. and S. D. Dennis. 1977. The mussel fauna of the Clinch River, Tennessee and Virginia.
Sterkiana 69-70:2-23.
Corbicula manilensis is reported from the Clinch River and is believed to have infested that stream since about
1975.
Baudrimont, M. 1998. Field study of metallothionein concentrations in the Asiatic clam
(Corbicula fluminea), along a polymetallic pollution gradient (Lot River, France). 8th
Annual Meeting of SETAC-Europe, Bordeaux (France), 14-18 April
Baudrimont, M., S. Andres, G. Durrieu and A. Boudou. 2003. The key role of metallothioneins
in the bivalve Corbicula fluminea during the depuration phase, after in situ exposure to
Cd and Zn. Aquatic Toxicology 63(2):, pp. 89-102.
An experimental study of the role of metallothioneins (MTs) in Cd and Zn depuration processes in the
freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea was conducted after in situ exposure on the river Lot (France).
Specimens of adult C. fluminea were first transplanted from a lacustrine reference site to a polymetallic
polluted station (Bouillac, B) for a 42-days' exposure period from September to November 1996. They
were then depurated after transfer to the laboratory, and were sub-sampled periodically until May 1997.
During the first phase, MT concentrations measured with the Mercury-Saturation Assay were induced for a
factor of 3.5 compared with time 0, whereas metal uptake showed accumulation factors of 17 and 4 for Cd
and Zn, respectively. During the depuration phase, Cd and Zn concentrations decreased by 18 and 70%,
respectively, giving estimated biological half-lives of 500 and 40 days. During the same period, MT
23
Corbicula Bibliography
concentrations decreased by 37% after transfer under unpolluted conditions, especially between 0 and 3
days, suggesting that MTs play a predominant role in Cd depuration. The quantity of Cd sequestered by the
MT fraction, after size-exclusion liquid chromatography, represents on average 40% of the total Cd
bioaccumulated in the soft body of the molluscs, compared with only 4-9% for total accumulated Zn. This
essential metal was principally bound to low molecular weight proteins, which represented 20% of total
Zn. Furthermore, it was observed that MTs had a key role in Cd remanence in the bivalves, and it was also
reported that other proteins or small peptides were involved in the depuration of Zn.
Baudrimont, M., S. Andres, J. Metivaud, Y. Lapaquellerie, F. Ribeyre, N. Maillet, C. Latouche
and A. Boudou. 1999. Field transplantation of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea
along a polymetallic contamination gradient (River Lot, France): II. Metallothionein
response to metal exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(11):2472-2477.
Specimens of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea were transplanted from a clean lacustrine site to four
stations along a polymetallic pollution gradient in the river Lot, France, downstream from an old Zn ore
treatment facility (see Part I). From April to September 1996, Cd and Zn bioaccumulation and the
metallothionein-like metal-binding protein (MT) concentrations were studied by subsampling the cages at t
= 0, 21, 49, 85, 120, and 150 d. Marked differences were observed among the four stations. At the most
polluted station Riou-Mort, MT concentrations did not increase despite very rapid metal accumulation; all
mollusks died between days 49 and 85, suggesting that the metal detoxification mechanisms were
overwhelmed at this station. At the next station downstream, the final levels of bioaccumulated metal after
150 d were as high as those at the Riou-Mort station (t = 21 d), but in this case the MT concentrations also
increased progressively with positive correlations between MT and metal concentrations; no mortality was
observed, but a significant growth inhibition was revealed in comparison to the reference site, with a lack
of correlation between MT (as a stress response) and reduced growth. Subcellular metal partitioning, as
determined by size-exclusion chromatography, revealed that most of the Cd was sequestered by MT (70%
of cytosolic Cd). In contrast, most of the Zn was bound to low molecular weight proteins (70%, less than
or equal to 6.5 kD), the MT fraction representing only 12% of cytosolic Zn. These data show the marked
role of MT toward Cd bioaccumulation and toxic effects on this freshwater bivalve species.
Baudrimont, M., S. Lemaire-Gony, F. Ribeyre, J. Metivaud and A. Boudou. 1997. Seasonal
variations of metallothionein concentrations in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea).
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 118C(3):361-367.
Natural variations of metallothionein (MT) concentrations in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea were
analyzed over a 1-year period in specimens collected from an unpolluted site (Cazaux-Sanguinet lake,
southwest France). Sampling was carried out from November 1994 to December 1995, one to three times
per month, according to the season. At each sampling time, lake temperature was measured and
concentrations of MTs, Cd, Hg, Zn and Cu were determined in the whole soft body and in four organs or
tissue samples. A histological study was conducted simultaneously to follow the development of the
gonads in relation to the reproductive cycle of this bivalve. Results showed very high fluctuations in MT
concentrations over the whole year, with a maximum value measured in the middle of May and ratios of
around 4 at the whole organism level between extreme MT values. The tissue compartment presenting the
most important variations was the visceral mass, which contains the gonads. Metal accumulation in the
organisms did not seem to be involved among the factors likely to account for these variations in MT
concentrations; metal concentrations remained at low and relatively constant levels throughout the whole
year. The histological study revealed one spawning period from late May to the middle of June, appearing
just after the MT "peak," with maximum incubation of the embryos in the gills in late June. Because MT
biosynthesis can be induced by hormonal secretions implicated during reproductive phenomena, the
variations in MT concentrations appeared to be directly related to the biological cycle of this freshwater
mollusc rather than to the direct or indirect effects of metal bioaccumulation.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Baudrimont, M., J. Metivaud, R. Maury-Brachet, F. Ribeyre and A. Boudou. 1997.
Bioaccumulation and metallothionein response in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea)
after experimental exposure to cadmium and inorganic mercury.
The involvement of metallothioneins (MTs) in cadmium (Cd) and inorganic mercury (Hg[II])
bioaccumulation by the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea was experimentally investigated after 0, 15,
30, and 45 d of exposure from the water column source. Three levers of contamination were studied for
each metal: 0, 5, and 35 mu g Cd/L and 0, 1.45, and 5 mu g Hg/L, with two replicates per condition. Forty
eight experimental units (EUs) were conducted simultaneously. The mollusks were fed twice a week by
additions of phytoplanktonic algae. Quantification of MTs was done by Hg-saturation assay, using cold
Hg(II). A partial purification of these proteins was conducted gel-filtration chromatography, followed by
Cd determinations in the different eluted fractions. Results at the whole organism (soft tissues) and organ
or tissue group (gills, mantle, foot, visceral mass) levels show high metal concentrations, with a fourfold
greater accumulation of inorganic Hg than Cd after 30 d exposure at the same concentration of 5 μg/L.
Gills and visceral mass were the principal storage compartments. A significant increase in MT
concentrations was revealed in these two organs after exposure to Cd: ratios between the MT
concentrations in contaminated and control mollusks were 2.4 and 2.8, respectively, for 5 and 35 μg Cd/L.
Cd burdens in the cytosol and in less than or equal to 18-kDa protein fractions, similar to purified mammal
MTs, correspond to 30 and 14% of the total Cd accumulated in the whole organisms. No significant
increase in MT biosynthesis was observed after exposure to inorganic Hg, despite the high metal
concentrations in the organs.
Baumberger, E. 1938. Bivalves aus dem subalpinen Stampien des Vorarlbergs mit besonderer
Berucksichtigung der Deformations problems. Ecologae Geologicae Helvetiae
30(2):361-401.
The paleontology of the genus Corbicula is discussed.
Bavay, A. 1908. Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Nova Guinea, (Zoologie) 5:269-292.
The systematics, taxonomy, and distribution of Corbicula debilis (Gould, 1850) in New Guinea is presented.
Bavay, A. and P. Dautzenberg. 1901. Description de deux Union et d'un Corbicula nouveaux,
provenant de l'Indo-Chine. Journal de Conchyliologie 49:5-10.
Corbicula messageri sp. nov. is described (p. 4) and figured (pl. 1, figs. 5-7) from Lang-Son and That-Khe,
Vietnam.
Beaver, J. R., T. L. Crisman and R. J. Brock. 1991. Grazing effects of an exotic bivalve
(Corbicula fluminea ) on hypereutrophic lake water. Lake and Reservoir Management
7(1):45-51.
This preliminary study evaluates the ability of the widespread, exotic clam Corbicula fluminea to influence
the characteristics of plankton in eutrophic Florida lakes. Effective clam densities of 1310/m2 and 2621/ m2
reduced chlorophyll a concentrations in hypereutrophic lake water &gt; 60 per cent over 7 days. Clam
filtration rates were estimated to be approximately 500 ml/hr/clam. Zooplankton communities shifted to
dominance by copepods in all treatments, although rotifer populations declined more rapidly in clam
treatments. Although clams stimulated dissolved nitrogen concentrations, phytoplankton populations were
reduced. Potential effects of Corbicula fluminea on plankton characteristics of subtropical lakes are
discussed.
Becker, G., C. Krause and J. Schwarz. 1991. Beiträge zur Biostratigraphie von Hessen.
Geologische Abhandlungen Hessen, Bd. 93. 81 pp. [German]
Begum, F. and S. N. Rizvi. 1987. Biological studies on freshwaters of Pakistan. 13. Some fresh
water bivalves of Sind. Biologia (Pakistan) 33(1):1-14.
25
Corbicula Bibliography
A systematic account is presented of some specimens belonging to six species of three genera of freshwater
bivalves which have been collected from various ponds and lakes of Sind. Among them one species of
genus Corbicula and two species of genus Parreysia are the new records from Pakistan.
Behr, A. G. 1983. The Upper Tertiary and Quaternary deposits on the Ishim and lower Tobal rivers.
Bulletin de la Société Naturelistes Moscou, Section Helologie 46(1):73-96.
Corbicula fluminalis is discussed from the deposits along the Ishim and Tobal Rivers, USSR.
Behrens, D. W. 1975. Use of disposable beverage containers by the freshwater clam Corbicula
manilensis. The Nautilus 89(1):13.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) is reported in large numbers living inside discarded beverage containers
in the Delta-Mendota Canal, California. Specimens were also found in a locked tackle box recovered from the
bottom of the canal.
Belanger, S. E. 1985. Functional and pathological responses of selected aquatic organisms to
chrysotile asbestos. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(Blacksburg). 229 pp.
Functional and pathological responses of larval, juvenile, and adult Corbicula sp., juvenile and adult fathead
minnows (Pimephales promelas), and egg, larval, and juvenile Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) to
chrysotile asbestos were investigated in 96-hr to 91-day tests. Chrysotile significantly reduced siphoning
activity and shell growth of adult clams and siphoning, shell growth, and weight gain of juveniles at 10
fibers/L during 30-day tests. Larval Corbicula suffered significantly greater mortality and lower release by
brooding adults at 102 - 108 fibers/L. Adult and juvenile Corbicula exposed to 108 fibers/L for 30 days
exhibited deteriorated gill tissue and significantly greater tissue water content. Corbicula accumulated up to
1000 fibers/mg in visceral tissue at 108 fibers/L. Clams collected from the California Aqueduct System
exposed to 109 fibers/L accumulated up to 105 fibers/mg in viscera. Corbicula can be used as a monitor for
chrysotile contamination due to its ability to concentrate fibers.
Belanger, S. E. 1991. The effect of dissolved O2, sediment, and sewage treatment plant
discharges upon growth, survival and density of Asiatic clams. Hydrobiologia, 218:113126.
The biology of Corbicula fluminea, the Asiatic clam, in the Vermilion River, Louisiana, as affected by
sediment, dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, and sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents was investigated. A
point source of high DO water in the Vermilion River established a gradient of DO that decreased as the
river moved toward the Gulf of Mexico. Lowering DO levels were exacerbated by municipal sewage
treatment plant discharges in the 20 km reach studied. Low dissolved oxygen was associated with reduced
Corbicula density in the river and 30-day in-stream growth studies (weight and length) demonstrated that
low DO inhibited growth. Generally, if DO was &lt; 1.0 mg/L in sediment pore water and/or &lt; 3.0 mg/L
at the sediment-water interface, growth was significantly impaired (p &lt; 0.05). Corbicula experienced
substantial mortality near the STP discharges (up to 70% in 30 days) and laboratory toxicity tests with
Ceriodaphnia dubia, a sensitive cladoceran, also strongly suggested discharges were chronically toxic at
6.25-25.0% effluent. Respiration experiments along with environmental measurements of DO, temperature,
and STP discharge chemistry support a hypothesis that clam populations are adversely affected by the suite
of environmental conditions present in the Vermilion River. Further, growth studies were consistent with
observed population densities in situ.
Belanger, S. E. 2000. Responses of aquatic communities to 25-6 alcohol ethoxylate in model
stream ecosystems. Aquatic Toxicology 48(2-3):135-150.
A model stream ecosystem evaluation of the non-commercial alcohol ethoxylate 25-6 alcohol ethoxylate
(AE) was performed in 1994. Algal, heterotrophic microbial, protozoan, and invertebrate communities
were assessed over an 8-week exposure period that followed an 8-week colonization period. Streams were
26
Corbicula Bibliography
exposed to nominal concentrations of 0, 12, 37, 111, 333 and 1000 μg AE/l. Confirmed concentrations (8week means) were 7 (at the detection limit), 13, 36, 76, 259, and 760 μg AE/l as measured at the head of
streams on a weekly basis. Microbial communities were initially enhanced by AE exposure (first 2 weeks
of exposure), but by the conclusion of the study autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial communities were
similar across treatments. In contrast, invertebrate populations and communities responded strongly to AE
exposure with adverse effects indicated at 259-760 μg/l by 4 weeks and at 36-760 mu g/l by 8 weeks. Key
affected groups were the sensitive mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly fauna. Species richness and abundance
of selected populations such as Stenonema (mayfly), Chimarra (caddisfly), and Corbicula (Asiatic clam)
were affected. These data indicated a model ecosystem no-observed effect concentration of 13 μg /l for 256 AE. In contrast to other published AE model ecosystem studies, 25-6 appears more toxic. Structureactivity-relationships at the model ecosystem level still demonstrate good relationships across a range of
surfactants with calculated Kows of 3-6. Importantly, the collective information on fate and effects
measured in laboratory and field systems confirms low risk to the environment.
Belanger, S. E., J. W. Bowling, E. M. Leblanc, B. B. Price, R. R. Herzog and E. Bozso. 2005.
Comprehensive assessment of aquatic community responses to a new anionic surfactant,
high-solubility alkyl sulfate. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 62(1):75-92
High-solubility alkyl sulfate (HSAS) is a new anionic surfactant for use in consumer product applications
that provides enhanced water solubility and improved water hardness tolerance. A comprehensive model
stream ecosystem investigation was conducted to assess ecological and toxicological effects of HSAS on
stream invertebrates. Model streams were dosed with HSAS for a period of 56 days following 56 days of
colonization in a single-pass, flow-through system. Exposures were control and 9.1, 24.1, 64.0, 165.8, and
426.5 μg/L based on specific analytical detection methods. Benthic abundance on gravel substrates, drift,
and insect emergence were assessed. Several taxonomically unrelated taxa were found sensitive to HSAS
and formed the basis of toxicological conclusions. Abundance or biomass of a limpet (Ferrissea), a bivalve
(Corbicula), flatworms (Turbellaria), and a mayfly (Stenonema) was reduced at concentrations ranging
from 165.8 to 426.5 μg/L. Principal response curve analysis, a constrained form of principal components
analysis, demonstrated consistency with univariate analyses and identified similar populations as being
sensitive to HSAS. Comparison with historical studies from the same testing site, streams, and
experimental design, but with structurally related alkyl sulfate and alkyl ethoxysulfate anionic surfactants,
revealed several similar trends in response profiles at the population level for both tolerant and sensitive
species. Based on the comprehensive nature of the study, strength of data trends, and demonstrated
sensitivity of the aquatic communities contained in the experimental system, the no-observed-effect
concentration for HSAS was concluded to be 64.μg/L. An application factor of 1 is justified for deriving a
predicted no-effect concentration) for HSAS in aquatic systems.
Belanger, S. E., D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. n.d. Functional responses of Asiatic clams
(Corbicula fluminea) exposed to chrysotile asbestos: Growth, behavior, and fiber uptake.
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 5th Annual Meeting, Arlington,
Virginia, 4-7 November 84.
Belanger, S. E., D. S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1986. Seasonal, behavioral and growth changes of
juvenile Corbicula fluminea exposed to chrysotile asbestos. Water Research
20(10):1243-1250.
Juvenile Corbicula fluminea (5.2 - 8.6 shell length) were collected in winter (8 - 12oC) and summer (17 23oC) conditions and tested for responses to chrysotile asbestos at concentrations of 0 - 108 fibers/L for 30
days. Growth, siphoning activity, fiber uptake and gill tissue ultrastructure were evaluated. Siphoning activity
was significantly reduced by 30 days of exposure at 102 - 108 fibers/L in summer and winter compared to
controls and was paralleled by significant reductions in shell growth at 104 - 108 fibers/L in summer and 105 108 fibers/L in winter. Differences in shell:tissue growth were apparent with lower values in all groups in the
27
Corbicula Bibliography
winter compared to their counterparts in the summer due to energy allocations to tissue growth in the winter.
Therefore, C. fluminea were more susceptible to asbestos in winter conditions due to differences between
robust, summer vs. inherently weakened winter collected clams. Clams exposed to 108 fibers/L accummulated
approximately 150 fibers/mg in gill and 110 fiber/mg in viscera after 30 days in both seasons. The presence of
asbestos in tissue was consistent with significantly greater water content and total gill locule surface area in
108 fibers/L exposed clams relative to controls. Small asbestos fibers were preferentially accumulated in gill
and visceral tissues. C. fluminea may become a useful biomonitor for asbestos contamination in the United
States and abroad due to its ability to accumulate asbestos fibers efficiently.
Belanger, S. E., D. S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1986. Uptake of chrysotile asbestos fibers alters
growth and reproduction of Asiatic clams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences 43(1):43-52.
The effects of chrysotile asbestos on siphoning activity, shell and tissue growth, fiber uptake, and gill
ultrastructure in adult Corbicula sp. and on larval release and mortality patterns from reproductively active
adults were evaluated in 96 hr to 30 day experiments at 0 to 108 fibers/L. Adult siphoning activity was
significantly (á = 0.05) depressed in 96 hr asbestos exposures when no food was offered or after 30 days when
food was available. Shell growth was significantly inhibited in accordance with reduced siphoning. Corbicula
exposed to 108 fibers/L accumulated 69.1 fibers/mg dry weight if food was offered. Fiber uptake was not
observed at lower concentrations in 96 hr or 30 day tests. Adults exposed to 108 fibers/L for 30 days
accumulated 147.3 and 903.7 fibers/mg in gill and viscera, respectively. Gill tissue was significantly altered at
108 fibers/L and fibers were observed in gill locules and in ctenidial tissue. Fiber dimension analysis suggested
that small, thin fibers were preferentially accumulated by both gill and visceral tissues. Significant increases in
mortality of larvae exposed to asbestos and decreases in larvae per milligram of adult dry weight
were
observed in reproductive adults exposed to asbestos at 104 - 108 fibers/L. Corbicula is an efficient accumulator
of chrysotile asbestos and may be considered for use as an indicator of asbestos contamination.
Belanger, S. E., D. S. Cherry, J. Cairns and M. J. McGuire. 1987. Using Asiatic clams as a
biomonitor for chrysotile asbestos in public water supplies. Journal of the American
Water Works Association 79(3):69-74.
Comparisons of Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) exposed to chrysotile asbestos in the laboratory and the field
were undertaken in 1983 and 1984 to evaluate the usefulness of 30-day laboratory exposures for predicting
the accumulation of chrysotile by clams in the field. Clams exposed in the laboratory accumulated fibers
that were shorter and had greater aspect ratios (length to width) than those found in water. In the field,
fibers in clam tissues were approximately the same size as those found environmentally. Bioconcentration
factors (BCFs) for asbestos were low in the laboratory (slightly greater than 1). In the field, however,
viscera BCFs were as high as 100, and whole clam homogenates ranged from 1,400 to 5,000. These data
are consistent with the theory that asbestos fibers are difficult to depurate. It is concluded that Corbicula is
a good candidate for use as a biomonitor for chrysotile asbestos contamination.
Belanger, S. E., J. L. Farris, D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. 1985. Response of Corbicula
fluminea to low levels of zinc in artificial stream systems. Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry Sixth Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri, 10-13 November.
Belanger, S. E., J. L. Farris, D. S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1986. Sediment preference of the
freshwater Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea. The Nautilus 99(2-3):66-73.
Corbicula fluminea occurs in well-oxygenated lotic systems in sediments of various compositions. A
rigorously controlled study is reported on the preferences of C. fluminea for fine sand (predominantly between
0.25 - 0.7 mm particle size), organically enriched fine sand (predominantly between 2.5 - 4.5 mm particle
size), and no substratum in artificial streams in laboratory and field-laboratory settings using paired choice
design. In both the laboratory and field-laboratory, C. fluminea preferred the sediments in decreasing order of
fine sand - organically enriched fine sand - coarse sand - no substratum. The density of C. fluminea at an
28
Corbicula Bibliography
industrially influenced site in the New River, Virginia, was significantly greater in fine sand (452 clams/m2
with 70% of the sediment in the 0.35 - 0.60 mm particle size range) than coarse sand/gravel (177 clams/m2
with 90% of the sediment in the 4.5 - 38.0 mm particle size range). The invasion of C. fluminea into new
habitats has been facilitated by the ability of the clam to use a wide variety of substrata, from fine sand to
gravel. This study suggests that rivers with fine, well oxygenated sand substrata would be optimal for
establishment of C. fluminea populations in newly colonized sites.
Belanger, S. E., J. L. Farris, D. S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1986. Growth of Asiatic clams
(Corbicula sp.) during and after long term zinc exposure in field located and laboratory
artificial streams. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 15(4):427-434.
Juvenile and adult clams were exposed to 0.025 - 1.0 mg Zn/L for 30 days in artificial stream systems in an
outdoor field laboratory and formal laboratory setting. All exposures (≤ 0.050 mg/L), except 0.025 mg/L,
significantly reduced total weight gain between days 20 to 30. Exposures to 10.0 mg/L resulted in 10 - 50%
mortality by day 30 in outdoor artificial streams. Significant increases in tissue water content of Zn exposed
clams indicated tissue degradation or osmoregulatory impairment. Bioaccumulation of Zn occurred at all
levels of exposure and reflected growth inhibition. Clams from the higher Zn exposured (0.50 and 1.0 mg/L)
remained significantly different from controls due to earlier growth inhibition by Zn. Corbicula is a sensitive
indicator of Zn stress.
Belanger, S. E., J. L. Farris, D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns. 1990. Validation of Corbicula fluminea
growth reductions induced by copper in artificial streams and river systems. Canadian
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Journal Canadien des Sciences Halieutiques
et Aquatiques 47(5):904-914.
Studies designed to evaluate impacts of copper (Cu) on Asiatic clams, Corbicula fluminea, in artificial
stream and field environments were conducted. Adult and juvenile responses (survival and growth) to Cu,
relevance to Cu bioaccumulation, site-specific comparisons, and the relation to observed densities of
resident clams at an impacted site were assessed. Juveniles were more sensitive than adults; however, clam
tissue and shell growth were significantly impaired (p<0.001) for both juveniles and adults at 8.4-26.7
micrograms Cu/L in artificial streams. Tissue levels of Cu were 2.5-6 times greater at 8.4-26.7 μg/L
exposure concentrations compared with background body burdens in unexposed clams. In studies
conducted at the Clinch River, Virginia powerplant, clam growth was reduced at 22.5-104.8 micrograms/L
at a water hardness (180 mg/L) that was more than two times the hardness in artificial streams. Clam
population densities in the river were well correlated with outcomes of field growth studies. Asiatic clam
growth patterns are a clear and interpretable indicator of Cu contamination in natural and artificial streams
and represent a viable alternative to contemporary chronic testing protocols.
Belanger, S. E., J. L. Farris, D. S. Cherry, K. G. Sappington and J. Cairns. 1991. Sensitivity of
the Asiatic clam to various biocidal control agents. Journal of the American Water Works
Association 83(10):79-87.
The Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, has become well known for fouling industrial water lines
throughout the United States. The biocidal potential of total residual chlorine (TRC), monochloramine,
monochloramine plus excess ammonia, ammonia, bromine, and copper for controlling the Asiatic clam was
investigated. Monochloramine with excess ammonia was found to be most effective for controlling
Corbicula at 30oC. Although copper appeared to be the most toxic biocide, plant studies indicated that
laboratory tests had overestimated clam sensitivity. Chlorination at 0.25-0.40 mg TRC/L at 20-25oC
controlled clams of all sizes in two to four weeks but had minimal effect at 12-15oC. The toxicity of all the
biocides was highly dependent on temperature and clam size. Thus, it is clear from this study that biocidal
effectiveness is more than the choice of toxicant. The efficiency of the biocide is altered by the size of the
individuals comprising the target population, the acclimation (primarily thermal) history of the clams, the
exposure temperature, the timing of the biocidal application, and, perhaps, the genetic makeup of the
29
Corbicula Bibliography
exposed population. Monochloramine in the presence of a small excess of un-ionized ammonia appears to
be a good candidate for future control practices.
Belanger, T. V., C. G. Annis, Jr. and D. D. VanEpps. 1990. Growth rates of the Asiatic clam,
Corbicula fluminea, in the upper and middle St. Johns River, Florida. The Nautilus
104(1):4-9.
Growth rates and population densities of Corbicula fluminea were studied over a two year period in the
Upper and Middle St. Johns River, Florida. Measured growth rates were compared with published data
from other systems, and factors influencing growth rates were identified. Growth rates of C. fluminea were
affected by flow rate and sediment type, and ranged between 0.0043 and 0.0437 mm/day in this study.
Corbicula were found to dominate the sandy sediment regions, usually characterized by higher flow rates,
while unionid mussels inhabited the more flocculent organic sediments present in slower moving water. Of
the 1,650 bivalves collected from dredge samples, 79.3% were C. fluminea and 20.7% were unionids.
Unionid growth was adversely affected by the presence of Corbicula, as mussel growth rates decreased
when numbers of C. fluminea increased.
Belanger, T. V. and R. Vanepps. 1985. Corbicula manilensis population studies in the St. Johns
River System, Florida. Ecological Society of America and American Society of
Limnology and Oceanography Joint Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN (USA), 17-21
June 1985.
Bellardi, L. 1854. Catologo ragionato dei fossili nummultici d'Egitto della raccolta de regio museo
mineralogico di Torino. Stamperia Reale (Torino).
Corbicula crassula sp. nov. is described (p. 54) and figured (fig. 12) from Syria.
Benke, A. C. 2001. Importance of flood regime to invertebrate habitat in an unregulated riverfloodplain ecosystem. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 20(2):225240.
Unlike most large rivers of the northern hemisphere, several medium-sized rivers in the southeastern USA
Coastal Plain remain unregulated. These smaller rivers possess 2 habitat types (snags and floodplain) that
were historically important for invertebrate assemblages in many rivers and are strongly dependent on
flood regime. Two models of habitat inundation (snags and floodplain) that were developed for the
Ogeechee River (Georgia, USA) were reviewed and compared so as to understand the ecological
significance of these habitats. These models showed that snag habitat surfaces varied from only similar to
20 to 50% of channel bottom surfaces, but floodplain inundation varied from 0 to 37 times the width of the
channel at 100% inundation. Long-term analysis of inundation patterns from a 58-y record of discharge
demonstrated that substantial flooding occurred almost annually for 1 to 2 mo/y. Habitat-specific
invertebrate biomass was highest on snags (mostly aquatic insects), followed by the main channel
(dominated by Corbicula), and then the floodplain (oligochaetes, crustaceans, aquatic insects). After
correction for total amount of habitat surface area, invertebrate biomass contributions were highest in the
floodplain > main channel > snag. However, arthropods and oligochaetes, the most likely prey of higher
trophic levels, were clearly dominant on snags and in the floodplain. In many rivers around the world,
invertebrate productivity from snags and floodplains is likely to have been significantly diminished
because of snag removal, channelization, and floodplain drainage for > 2 centuries. Understanding the
interaction between flood regime and invertebrate habitat in unregulated rivers like the Ogeechee River can
serve as a benchmark in restoration efforts.
Benke, A. C. and D. L. Stites. 1994. Production dynamics of the exotic bivalve, Corbicula
fluminea, in a coastal plain blackwater river. 45th Meeting of the American Institute of
Biological Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee, 7-11 August.
Benson, W. H. 1842. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9:490.
30
Corbicula Bibliography
Corbicula fuscata is deecribed.
Benson, W. H. 1855. Chusan shells, collected by Dr. S. Cantor. Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal 24(1-7):119-140.
Corbicula fuscata is reported from mud canals of Chusan. The bivalves are also sold in the local market. A
description of local shells is provided.
Corbicula quilonica sp. nov. is described (p. 260) from Quilon, Madras, India.
Benson, W. H. 1864. Note on some shells of southern India. Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, Series 3, 13:496-497.
Corbicula quilonica (Benson, 1860) is synonomized with Corbicula cochinensis (Hanley, 1858).
Benthem-Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1929. A list of land and freshwater Mollusca from Java. Treubia
11:76-88.
The distribution and systematics of Corbicula gracilis Prime, 1860, Corbicula javanica Mousson, 1849,
Corbicula ovaline Deshayes, 1854, Corbicula pulchella (Mousson, 1848), Corbicula rivalis (`Busch' Philippi,
1850), Corbicula subrostrata Bullen, 1904, and Corbicula sulcate Deshayes, 1854, from Java are presented.
Benthem-Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1933. Non-marine Mollusca from Dutch North New Guinea. Nova
Guinea (Zoology) 17:71-150.
Corbicula debilis (Gould, 1850) is reported from New Guinea.
Benthem-Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1937. Non-marine Mollusca from fossil horizons in Java with special
reference to the Trinil fauna. Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 20:83-180.
Corbicula ducalis Prime, 1862, and Corbicula rivalis (`Busch' Philippi, 1850) are reported as fossils from
Java. Corbicula gerthi Oostingh and Corbicula exporrecta Martin are also discussed.
Benthem-Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1941. Non-marine Mollusca from the satellite islands surrounding
Java. Archives Neerlandiases de Zoologie 5:251-348.
Corbicula ducalis Prime, 1862, and Corbicula pullata (Philippi, 1850) are discussed. Corbicula ducalis is
reported from Lang Island (Poeloe Rakata Ketjil), Middleburg Island (Poeloe Ramboet), Amsterdam Island
(Poeloe Oentoeng Djawa), Amsterdam Island (Poeloe Oebi Ketjil or Poleloe Gosong), Purmerend Island
(Poeloe Sakit), Haarlem Island (Poeloe Noesi or Poeloe Ajer Ketjil), Hoorn Island (Poeloe Noesi or Poeloe
Ajer Ketjil), Hoorn Island (Poeloe Noesi or Poeloe Ajer Ketjil), Edam Island (Poeloe Damar Besar), Alkmaar
Island (Poeloe Damar Ketjil), and Enkhuizen Island (Poeloe Tala). Corbicula pullata is reported only from
Lang Island.
Benthem-Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1953. Systematic studies on the non-marine Mollusca of the
Indo-Australian Archipelago. 4. Critical revision of the freshwater bivalves of Java. Treubia
22:19-73.
The systematics and distribution of Corbicula javanica Mousson, 1849, Corbicula pulchellea (Mousson,
1848), and Corbicula rivalis (`Busch' Philippi, 1850) in Java are presented and discussed.
Benthem-Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1959. Catalogue of the non-marine Mollusca of Sumatra and its
satellite islands. Beaufortia 7:41-191.
The systematics and zoogeographic distribution of Corbicula gustaviana von Martens, 1900, Corbicula
lacustris von Martens, 1897, Corbicula moltkiana Prime, 1878, Corbicula pullata Philippi, 1850, Corbicula
rivalis (`Busch' Philippi, 1850, Corbicula rivalis (`Busch' Philippi, 1850), Corbicula sumatrana Clessin, 1887,
Corbicula tobae von Martens, 1900, and Corbicula tumida Deshayes, 1854, in Sumatra are discussed.
Benthem-Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1963. Non-marine Mollusca of west New Guinea. Part I. Mollusca
from fresh and brackish waters. Nova Guinea (Zoology) 20:409-512.
Corbicula debilis (Gould, 1850) is discussed with reference to its taxonomy and ecology in New Guinea.
Bequaert, J. C. and W. B. Miller. 1973. The Mollusca of the Arid Southwest with an Arizona Check
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Corbicula Bibliography
List. University of Arizona Press (Tucson). xvi + 271 pp.
The zoogeography and ecology of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) in Arizona is discussed. C.
manilensis is reported as common in the Colorado, Gila, and Verde river drainages of the state. Other records
for California, New Mexico, and northern Mexico, and northern Mexico are presented.
Beran, L. 2000. First record of Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the Czech Republic.
Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 64(1):1-2.
A non-native species of aquatic molluscus, bivalve Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774), was found in
the Czech Republic in 1999. The species is native to eastern and south-eastern Asia. Altogether 8
specimens were found at 4 localities of the Elbe River in north Bohemia.
Berg, H., M. Kiibus and N. Kautsky. 1992. DDT and other insecticides in the Lake Kariba
ecosystem, Zimbabwe. Ambio (Stockholm) 21(7):444-450.
Although DDT and other persistent pesticides are now banned in most industrialized countries, they are
still used or have only recently been discontinued in many developing countries. Organochlorine
pesticides, mainly DDT and metabolites were analyzed in fish, mussels, prawns and birds from different
localities and trophic levels and are compared to two other Zimbabwean man-made lakes. sDDT seemed to
be both bioaccumulating and biomagnifying and levels were generally relatively high, but did not differ
much from temperate lakes. The algae feeder, Redbreast Tilapia (Tilapia rendalli ), had 1900 ng sDDT/g
fat, while the levels in the predatory tigerfish (Hydrocynus forskahlii) were 5000 ng sDDT/g fat. The
highest levels were found in bottom living species, i.e. the mussel (Corbicula africana) (10 100 ng sDDT/g
fat) and benthos feeding fish, e.g. Labeo altivelis (5700 ng sDDT/g fat).
Berge, F. 1855. Conchylienbuch oder Allegemeine und Besondere Naturgeschichte der Muscheln
und Schnecken nebst der Anweigsung sie zu Sammeln, Zuzubereiten und Aufzubewahren.
Krais and Hoffman (Stuttgart). 263 pp.
Cyrena fuscata is discussed.
Berry, A. J. 1974. Freshwater bivalves of Peninsular Malaysia with special reference to sex and
breeding. Malayan Nature Journal 27(3-4):99-110.
In the Unionidae, Contradens ascia is common in mining pools and ponds. The smaller Pseudodon
vondembuschianus is found in clean, sandy-bottomed streams and small rivers. Rectidens perakensis lives in
the muddier bottoms of ponds, lakes, and slow-moving rivers. Two species of Corbiculidae, Corbicula
javanica Mousson, 1849, and Corbicula malaccensis Deshayes, 1854, are common.
Betz Laboratories, Inc. 1991. Asiatic clam workshop: life cycle, monitoring, control strategies,
environmental considerations. Betz Industrial, the Water Management Division of Betz
Laboratories, Inc. (Granger, Indiana). Loose-leaf Notebook.
Bickel, D. 1966. Ecology of Corbicula manilensis Philippi in the Ohio River at Louisville,
Kentucky. Sterkiana 23:19-24.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) populations in the Ohio River at Louisville, Kentucky, were studied
from July 1963 - July 1964. Spawning activity in late summer and fall increased the population to its yearly
maximum in winter, but the population density was diminished by high mortality in March 1964. Mortality
affected all age classes and seemed to be the result of increased suspended sediment loads accompanying
spring floods. Spawning increased the number of clams in late summer. Qualitative observations in 1965 and
1966 showed spring mortalities occur annually in the Ohio River.
Bickel, D. 1967. Preliminary checklist of Recent and Pleistocene Mollusca of Kentucky. Sterkiana
28:7-20.
Bibliographic references to Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) in Kentucky are given.
Bidwell, J. R. 1993. Control strategies for the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, and the
32
Corbicula Bibliography
Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea: comparative stress responses and nontarget impact.
Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(Blacksburg). xi + 184 pp.
Bidwell, J. R., J. L. Farris and D. S. Cherry. 1995. Comparative response of the zebra mussel,
Dreissena polymorpha, and the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, to DGH/QUAT, a
nonoxidizing molluscicide. Aquatic Toxicology 33(3-4):183-200.
In a series of laboratory and field experiments, zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, and Asian clams,
Corbicula fluminea, were exposed to the cationic surfactant-based molluscicide DGH/QUAT under both
static and flow-through conditions. Cumulative mortality of the two bivalves was comparable after 24-h
treatments, but zebra mussels experienced significantly higher mortality in 6-h exposures conducted at 2025oC. The rate at which mortality occurred was greater for the zebra mussel in all experiments. The
molluscicide induced an increase in tissue water and a decrease in whole body glycogen levels of both
organisms, although these changes occurred at a faster rate in the zebra mussel. While greater sensitivity of
zebra mussels to DGH/QUAT may have been due to a longer time spent siphoning during the exposure
periods, it may also indicate an enhanced ability of the Asian clam to tolerate the biochemical stress
associated with exposure.
Bij de Vaate, A. 1991. Colonization of the German part of the River Rhine by the Asiatic clam,
Corbicula fluminea Müller, 1774 (Pelecypoda, Corbiculidae). Bulletin of the Zoological
Museum, Amsterdam 13:13-16.
The freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea, new to the aquatic fauna of the Federal Republic of Germany,
is recorded for the first time on four localities in the German part of the River Rhine.
Bij de Vaate, A. and M. Greijdanus-Klaas. 1990. The Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller,
1774) (Pelecypoda, Corbiculidae), a new immigrant in The Netherlands. Bulletin of the
Zoological Museum, Amsterdam 12:173-178.
Corbicula fluminea (Mueller, 1774), a freshwater bivalve new to the Netherlands, has been recorded
recently in two localities in the downstream area of the river Rhine and the river Meuse.
Bills, T. D., L. L. Marking and J. H. Chandler, Jr. 1977. Formalin, its toxicity to non-target aquatic
organisms, persistence and counteraction. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Investigations in
Fish Control No. 73:1-7.
The acute toxicity of formalin to selected fishes and aquatic invertebrates was determined in standardized
laboratory tests. Lethal concentrations are reported for Corbicula leana. The toxicity of formalin was
unchanged in solutions aged as long as 3 weeks; the biological half-life could not be determined. Formalin
was not detoxified by oxidation or reduction, and filtration through activated carbon did not significantly
reduce toxicity.
Bills, T. D., L. L. Marking and J. H. Chandler, Jr. 1977. Malachite green: Its toxicity to Aquatic
organisms, persistence and removal with activated carbon. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Investigations in Fish Control No. 75:1-6.
The acute toxicity of malachite green was determined in standardized laboratory tests for chinook salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (O. kisutch), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (S.
trutta), rainbow trout (S. gairdneri), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus),
largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), smallmouth bass (M. dolomieui), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus),
snails (Pleurocera sp.), Asiatic clams (Corbicula leana), ostracods (Cypridopsis sp.), freshwater prawns
(Palaemonetes kadiakensis), larval midges (Tanytarsus dissimilis), naiads of mayflies (Callibaetis sp.), adult
newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), larval leopard frogs (Rana pipiens), and larval toads (Bufo sp.). Bluegills
were the most sensitive (96-h LC50, 0.0305 mg/L), and coho salmon the most resistant (0.383 mg/L). The
33
Corbicula Bibliography
TILC50 (lethal concentration producing 50% mortality independent of time) for rainbow trout was 0.0998
mg/L. The responses of frog and toad larvae (96-h LC50, 0.173 and 0.0680 mg/L) were similar to those of fish,
whereas adult newts were more resistant (1.03 mg/L). The invertebrates exposed were generally more resistant
than the fish and amphibians; the 96-h LC50's ranged from 0.510 to 3.45 mg/L, except for Corbicula leana
which was extremely resistant (122 mg/L), and the mayfly naiad, which was very sensitive (0.0790 mg/L).
Malachite green was very persistent in aqueous solutions; it did not detoxify after 3 weeks of aging in glass
containers. The chemical is readily adsorbed from aqueous solutions (pH 7.5, total hardness 44 mg/L,
temperature 12oC) by filtration through activated carbon; the capacity was 23.4 mg of malachite green per
gram of carbon.
Bilos, C., J. C. Colombo and M. J. R. Presa. 1998. Trace metals in suspended particles,
sediments and Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) of the Rio de la Plata Estuary,
Argentina. Environmental Pollution 99(1):1-11.
Suspended particulate matter (SPM), sandy sediments and Asiatic clams were collected at seven sites along
150 km of the Rio de la Plata coast to assess the magnitude of trace metal pollution in the area. Metal
concentrations in SPM (Cu: 7.4-109; Cr: 75-408; Mn: 525-1341 μg-1), sediments (Cr: 16-27; Zn: 26-99;
Mn: 221-489 μg-1 and bivalves (Cd: 0.5-1.9; Ni: 1.3-6.4; Cr: 1.3-11; Mn: 15-81; Cu: 28-89; Zn: 118-316
μg-1) are comparable to those reported for other moderately polluted world rivers. Cu levels in Asiatic
clams are among the highest, similar to those reported for heavily polluted sites. SPM Cu and Cr
concentrations displayed a clear geographical trend with values increasing with proximity to major urban
centers. Sediments showed a less clear pattern possibly due to their coarse nature (98% sand) and higher
proportion of mineral-associated residual metals. The clams showed a complex pattern due to the
variability introduced by size-related factors and the natural dynamics of SPM in the estuary. Cr and Mn
showed an apparent reverse industrial trend with higher concentrations in clams collected at distant stations
near the turbidity maximum zone, possibly reflecting enhanced particle retention. Cu, Cd and Ni showed
no clear geographical pattern, whereas Zn increased in the clams collected in the most industrialized area.
A significant relationship with clam size was observed for Cu (positive) and Zn (negative) suggesting
different physiological requirements for both metals with age. A principal component analysis confirmed
these geographical and size-related trends.
Bin-yun, Z. 2003. A primary study on artificial breeding experiment of Corbicula sp in Lianhu
Lake. Modern Fisheries Information 18(3):23-25.
Bingham, R. D., C. S. Duke and J. Geisey. 1978. Changes in adenylate energy charge of Corbicula
manilensis (Pelecypoda) foot muscle tissue due to cadmium exposure. Association of
Southeastern Biologists, Bulletin 25(2):39. [Abstract]
Adenylate charge in Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) foot muscle tissue was dependent on animal size
and acclimation to laboratory conditions and exposure to cadmium chloride. Larger clams (3.1 - 4.0 g shell
weight; in second year of growth) extracted in the field, immediately after collection have lower energy
charges than smaller (1.6 - 2.1 g shell weight, in first year of growth). The mean energy charges and 95%
confidence intervals (n = 4) of these two groups were 0.700 ± 0.61 and 0.844 ± 0.38 respectively. The energy
charge of larger animals, acclimated and fed in the laboratory, increased to 0.91 - 0.94. Exposure to cadmium
chloride significantly decreases energy charge.
Black, M. C. 1997. Biomarker assessment of environmental contamination with freshwater
mussels. Journal of Shellfish Research 16(1):323.
Bivalves are effective pollution biomonitors in marine and freshwater environments because of their ability
to bioconcentrate many environmental pollutants to levels that greatly exceed those contained in water and
sediments. However, most research efforts have focused on monitoring chemical accumulation by mussels,
and have not examined the toxic effects of accumulation or exposure to toxic chemicals. In addition,
different phases of the mussel life cycle have been sparingly employed for toxicity evaluation. A recent
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Corbicula Bibliography
focus in environmental toxicology has been the development of biomarkers - rapid, toxicological assays
that detect sublethal biochemical, physiological and organismal changes following exposure to chemical
contaminants. Biomarkers can be screening tools to detect exposure to environmental contaminants and
can also quantify specific toxicological responses in exposed organisms. Our research has focused on
developing biomarker assays for adult and larval freshwater mussels. We have conducted laboratory and
in-situ studies with Anodonta grandis, Quadrula quadrula, Utterbackia imbecillis and Corbicula fluminea
(the Asiatic clam), primarily using DNA strand breakage (an indicator of genotoxicity) and the nonspecific
biomarkers, growth and condition index to detect exposure and effects of environmental pollution. Current
projects include the development of these biomarkers in newly transformed larval U. imbecillis and testing
additional biomarker assays on adult and larval mussels exposed to heavy metals, agricultural and urban
runoff. Ultimately, biomarker data with mussels will be used to develop exposure and effects assessment
protocols for use in risk assessments.
Black, M. C. and J. I. Belin. 1998. Evaluating sublethal indicators of stress in Asiatic clams
(Corbicula fluminea) caged in an urban stream. 7th Symposium on Toxicology and Risk
Assessment: Ultraviolet Radiation and the Environment, St. Louis, Missouri, 7-9 March
1997.
Freshwater bivalves have been used extensively to monitor chemical accumulation in field exposures,
although little information is available on the use of biomarker measurements in field exposures with
bivalves. DNA strand breakage, growth rate, condition index and percentage tissue water were measured in
freshwater Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) exposed in-situ in a stream that receives urban and
industrial stormwater runoff and in a non-impacted reference stream. After 4 weeks exposure, DNA strand
lengths in foot tissue from Trail Creek-exposed clams were significantly shorter than DNA from reference
clams. These results suggest a reduction in DNA integrity in Trail Creek-exposed clams, possibly
indicating exposure to genotoxic chemicals. No significant differences were observed in the growth rates
of clams. However, a significant inverse relationship was detected between condition index and % tissue
water for all clams. Furthermore, site-specific differences in percentage tissue water and condition indices
were observed after 2 and 10 weeks exposure. For this study DNA strand breakage, condition indices, and
tissue hydration appear to be more sensitive indicators of sublethal toxicity than growth.
Blainville, H. M. 1816-1830. Vers et Zoophytes. IN: Dictionaire des Sciences Naturelles, Part II.
Regne Organise (Paris). 60 vols.
Blanc, T. J. and F. J. Margraf. 2002. Effects of nutrient enrichment on channel catfish growth
and consumption in Mount Storm Lake, West Virginia. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research
and Management 7(2):109-123.
With the objective of augmenting fish production in Mount Storm Lake, Virginia Electric and Power
Company initiated a program of phosphorus addition to increase primary production, and ultimately,
channel catfish (Ictaturus punctatus ) growth in the 486 ha cooling reservoir. Channel catfish growth
dynamics were simulated using two bioenergetics modeling scenarios: (i) effects of average reservoir
temperature on growth, conversion efficiency and consumption; and (ii) effects of reservoir enrichment on
growth, which is simulated by increasing feeding rates. During 1991-1993, fish were sampled monthly, but
sampling was increased to every 2 weeks during the peak growing season (June-September). Most of the
channel catfish collected were aged 0 year and aged 1 year with rapid annual growth rates ranging from 9.0
to 13.7 J/g. Many age 1 250-300 mm catfish were found, but few beyond this size. Conversion efficiency
(joules gained/joules consumed) was low at approximately 18-19%. High algae consumption (40%) was
evident, but consumption of zooplankton and Asiatic clam (Corbicula sp.) increased over the study.
Simulated increased feeding rates showed that channel catfish were food limited in summer and fall (JulyDecember). Weight gains with 5 and 10% feeding increases were 6-13% and 18-38%, respectively, from
the baseline. Catfish of all sizes should benefit from phosphorus additions.
35
Corbicula Bibliography
Blanford, W. T. 1880. Contributions to Indian Malacology. No. 12. Descriptions of new land and
freshwater shells from southern and western India, Burmah, the Andaman Islands, etc.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 49(2):181-222.
"Specific differences are not well marked in the genus Corbicula and the genus appears to have been designed
by a beneficient Providence for the amusement of species makers." Corbicula iravadica is discussed from
Mandalay.
Blankenhorn, M. 1901. Neues zur Geologie und Palaeontologie Aegyptens. IV. Das Pliozän- und
Quartärzeitalter in Aegypten, ausschliesslich des Roten Meer-Gebietes. Zeitschrift der
Duetschen Geologischen Gesellschraft 53. 431 pp.
Blankenship, S. and D. R. Crockett. 1972. Changes in the freshwater mussel fauna of the Rockcastle
River at Livingston, Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 33:37-39.
The collection of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) at Livingston, Kentucky, in 1968 is reported.
Blondeau, A. C. Cavelier, C. Megnein and C. Pomerol. 1968. Interpretation generale et conclusions
relatives aux sondages executes dans le bassin de Paris a Chaignes (Eure), Monjavoult,
Ludes (Marne). Colloque sur l'Eocene 2:175-187.
Blye, R. W., W. S. Ettinger, and W. N. Nebane. 1985. Status of Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea in
southeastern Pennsylvania 1984. Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science
59(1):74.
Bochenek, E. A. 1994. Assessing regional risk of invasion by zebra mussels. Zebra Mussel
Conference, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1-3 June.
Many aquatic non-indigenous species have entered waterways throughout North America as a result of
intentional and accidental introductions. Some of these organisms have had a beneficial effect, such as
many sport fishes and aquaculture species, while others have had a detrimental effect, such as the Asiatic
clam (Corbicula fluminea) and zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), and caused significant economic
and environmental damage. Many more potentially harmful species will be intentionally or accidentally
released into North American waterways. Scientists believe that nearly every waterway in North America
could be infested by the zebra mussel (D. polymorpha) within the next 20 years. The zebra mussel has
rapidly expanded it's range in North America, but has not yet been discovered in the coastal states of New
Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina. Many of the waterbodies in these coastal states
could be at risk of invasion by the zebra mussel.
Bodenheimer, F. S. 1935. Animal Life in Palestine. (Jerusalem). pp. 416, 419, 449.
Corbicula crassula and Corbicula fluminalis are figured.
Boettger, O. 1881. Sechstes Verzeichniss transkausischer, armenischer und nordperischen
Mollusken aus Sendungen der Herren Hans Leder, r. z. in Kutais und Dr. G. Sievers in
Saint-Petersburg. Jahrbuchen der Deutschen Malakologishe Gesellschaft 8:167-261.
Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) var. crassula (Mousson) and Corbicula fluminalis var. compressa
(Mouson) are reported from Agzhikabul, Transcaucasia.
Boettger, O. 1888. Fauna und Flora des Caspi-Gebietes.
Corbicula fluminalis crassula is discussed.
Boettger, O. 1890. A. Strubell's Kanchylien aus Java, 1. Berichte der Senckenberg Naturforschenden
Gesellschaft 1890:137-173.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is reported from Java.
Boettger, O. 1907. Neue Stenogyriden (aus v. Erlangers Reiseausbeute). Frankfurt a. M. Nachr.
Blätter Deutsch Malakozoologishce Gesellschrift 39:137-140.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Corbicula fluminalis and Corbicula fluminalis var. crassula are characterized.
Boettger, O. 1910. Die Binnenkonchylien von Deutsch-Sudwestafrika ind ihre Beziehungen zur
Molluskenfauna des Kaplandes. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Gesellschaft
32:429-456.
Boettger, O. and F. Haas. 1915. Beitrage zur Molluskenfauna des Sudans. Zoologischen
Jahrbuchern 38(6):371-384.
Specimens of Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) were collected at Djebel Auel, El Duem, Khor Athar, and
Aradeba. Specimens of Corbicula consorbrina Cailliaud are reported taken from El Duem and as subfossil
from Asswan.
Bollinger, 1914. Süsswasser-Mollusken von Celebes, ausbente der zweiten Celebes-Reise der
Herren Dr. P. un Dr. F. Sarasin. Revue Suisse Zoologie 22:557-579.
Corbicula linduensis sp. nov. is described (p. 575) and figured (pl. 18, fig. 12) from Lake Lindu, central
Celebes.
Boltovskoy, D., M. Borges, D. Cataldo, C. Damborenea, G. Darrigran, S. Obenat, G. Pastorino,
E. Schwindt, E. Spivakand F. Sylvester. 2005. Invasores Invertebrados Exoticos en el
Rio de La Plata y Region Marina Aledana [Exotic Invertebrate Invasions in the Rio de la
Plata and Nearby Marine Water Region], P. E. Penchaszadeh, Editor. Eudeba (Buenos
Aires, Argentina). 384 pp. [Spanish with English summary].
The problem of invasive alien or non-indigenous species is not only occurring in the Rio de la Plata system
(Argentina-Uruguay), several other aquatic American ecosystems experienced this phenomenon, whether
from unvoluntary transportation or from intentional introduction, the effects of incorporating foreign
species to natural coastal systems have been identified as threatening. Aquatic organisms are introduced in
different ways, usually associated to human activities. Ships are the main transport vehicle of alien species,
but intentional aquaculture translocations, human or animal feeds, and sport activities are also important.
Among these alien species established in the SW Atlantic, only the Japanese oyster was intentionally
introduced, and this same oyster and the halophylic plant Spartina angelicana were the only two artificially
propagated after introduction. The species or group of species included in the book are those recognized as
invaders in the La Plata system or those considered potentially invaders after introduction. For freshwater
environments, the golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei and the clam Corbicula fluminea are mentioned, for
brackishwater the reef building Polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus (introduced not long ago) and the
whelk Rapana venosa (recently incorporated), and for marine waters the littoral barnacle Cirripedia,
Balanomorpha and the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas. Each chapter contributes to give a broader
knowledge of these aquatic organisms in the Rio de la Plata and coastal waters of the Buenos Aires
Province (Anegada Bay and Mar Chiquita Lagoon, Argentine Sea).
Boltovskoy, D., N. Correa, D. Cataldo, J. Stripeikis and M. Tudino. 1997. Environmental stress
on Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) in the Parana River delta (Argentina): Complex
pollution-related disruption of population structures. Archiv für Hydrobiologie
138(4):483-507.
Corbicula fluminea was collected at monthly intervals in November 1991-June 1993, and in March, April
1995 at a site located in the vicinity of strong sources of industrial and sewage effluents (confluence of the
rivers San Antonio and Vinculacion, SaV): and in November 1994 and March, April 1995 at a presumably
less polluted one (Parana de las Palmas River, PP), in the lower delta of the Parana River (Argentina).
Abundances at SaV ranged between 430 and 10,300/m2, being noticeably higher than those at PP, as well
as those at 19 stations between and around these two locales. Shell lengths at SaV were monotonous
throughout the 19-months period, over 90% of the clams varying between 16 and 22.5 mm in length; no
discernible cohorts were recorded. At PP, on the other hand, juveniles below 5 mm were largely dominant,
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Corbicula Bibliography
and shells above 25-30 mm in length were very common. Larvae retrieved from the gills of gravid clams
showed much greater mortality rates in waters from SaV (up to 75% after 120 hr), than in those from PP
and in the control (approximately 10% after 192 hr). The first internal growth-related mark in clams from
SaV was closer to the umbo (mean: 14.2 mm), than that in clams from PP (mean: 24 mm). It is concluded
that inadequate water quality at SaV is responsible for 100% mortalities of newborns, for dwarfed adult
clams, and for the lack of discernible cohorts.
Boltovskoy, D., I. Izaguirre and N. Correa. 1995. Feeding selectivity of Corbicula fluminea
(Bivalvia) on natural phytoplankton. Hydrobiologia 312(3):171-182.
Phytoplankton in water samples from the lower delta of the Parana River (Argentina) and in the gut
contents of a local population of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea was identified and counted monthly
between April 1992 and March 1993. Relative abundances of algal species were generally similar in the
medium and in the stomachs of clams, suggesting the absence of feeding selectivity on the basis of
taxonomic group or size-class. Diatoms made up a slightly but consistently larger (yet not significantly
different) proportion of the diet of C. fluminea than of the plankton; this pattern is attributed to enhanced
preservation of algal siliceous frustules, rather than to feeding selectivity. t is suggested that non-selective
feeding by the bivalve is a response to the overall scarcity of food and, probably, to food collection by a
combination of deposit and filter feeding.
Bone, D. A. 1976. The Tertiary deposits at Newhaven, Sussex. Tertiary Research 1(2):47-49.
The succession of London Clay and Woolwich Beds exposed at Newhaven and the present condition of the
section is described. Most of the shell beds are comprised of fragmented Corbicula cuneiformis (Sowerby,
1817), but occasional complete specimens can be found.
Bonne, C. 1941. Zoetwatermosselen en echinostomiasis. Natuurewetenschappelijk Tijdschrift voor
Nederlandish-Indie 101(6):176-179.
Parasitism of Corbicula rivalis ('Busch' Philippi, 1850) by echinostomes is reported.
Bonne, C. 1941. Echizestomiasis aan het Lindomeer in Centraxl-Celebes (Echinostomiasis at Lake
Lindo in central Celebes). Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandish-Indie 81(21):
1139-1167. [Dutch with English summary]
Echinostome metacercariae are abundant in mussels, Corbicula lindoensis Bollinger, 1914, on Lake Lindoe,
associated with infected snails Anisus sarasinorum. Mussel infections are rarely found on Celebes coast.
Cercariae from A. sarasinorum show preference for C. lindoensis over Corbicula celebensis von Martens,
1897. Experimental feeding of C. lindoensis to animals leads to infection with two echinostomes:
Echinostoma lindoensis (with 37 spines, developing in pigeons and ducks as well as mice); and a species
resembling Echinostoma murinum, with 45 spines, infective for rats and mice. Man is more easily infected
with E. lindoensis than any laboratory animal investigated and no reservoir host has been found. The 45 spined species must have some animal host as it does not occur in man.
Bonne, C., G. Bras and L. K. Joe. 1948. Five human echinostomes in the Malayan Archipelago.
Medisch Maandblat (Batavia). 23:456-465.
Bonne, C. and J. H. Sandground. 1939. Echinosomiasis in Glebes veroorzaakt door het eten van
Zoelwater-mosselen. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandisch-Indie 34:3016-3034.
[Dutch]
Inhabitants of the Lake Lindu area eat large numbers of Corbicula lindoensis Bollinger, 1914, which are not
completely cooked. As a result, approximately 70% of the population is infected by Echinostoma lindoensis.
Booth, G. M., C.-C. Yu and D. J. Hansen. 1973. Fate, metabolism, and toxicity of 3-isopropyl1H-2,1,3 - benzothiadiazin 4 - (3H) - 1,2,2 - dioxide in a model ecosystem. Journal of
Environmental Quality 2:408-411.
Boozer, A. C. 1978. Some observations on the fingernail clam, Musculium partumeium
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Corbicula Bibliography
(Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae), and its association with the introduced Asiatic clam, Corbicula
fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). Master of Science in Public Health, University of
South Carolina (Columbia). iv + 34 pp.
Boozer, A. C. and P. E. Mirkes. 1979. Observations on the fingernail clam, Musculum partumeium
(Pisiidae), and its association with the introduced Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea. The
Nautilus 93(2-3):73-83.
In the cooling water system at the U. S. Energy Research and Development Administration's Savannah River
Plant, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), is inhabiting the floor of the sedimentation basin and is contributing
to fouling problems. A second species of bivalve, the fingernail clam, Musculum partumeium, permanently
inhabits the wall of the basin by means of a byssal- like attachment. The possibility of spatial competition
between these two bivalves is discussed with emphasis on observations of reproduction. It is concluded that,
because physiological adaptability, M. partumeium can coexist with C. fluminea.
Borcherding, J. 1992. Another early warning system for the detection of toxic discharges in the
aquatic environment based on valve movements of the freshwater mussel Dreissena
polymorpha. IN: Limnologie Aktuell. Vol. 4. The Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha,
D. Neumann and H.A. Jenner, Eds. Springer-Verlag, Gustav Fischer Verlag GmbH &
Co. KG, (Stuttgart). pp. 127-146.
Bose, K. C., M. C. Mahata and A. Dey. 1975. Freshwater molluscs of Chotanagpur: (Bihar). Indian
Journal of Animal Research 9(2):107-109.
Boss, K. J. 1971. Critical estimate of the number of Recent Mollusca. Occasional Papers on
Mollusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (Cambridge,
Massachusetts) 3(40):81-135.
It is estimated that there are 100 living species in the family Corbiculidae.
Boss, K. J. 1974. Oblomovism in the Mollusca. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
93(4):460-481.
The ability of some species of Corbicula to burrow into the substratum to avoid extreme winter or summer
temperatures is reported.
Boudou, A. 1998. Field and experimental studies of cadmium bioaccumulation by the Asiatic
clam (Corbicula fluminea). 8th Annual Meeting of Society of Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry -Europe, Bordeaux (France), 14-18 April.
Bourguignat, J. R. 1853. Catalogue raisonné des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis par F.
Saulcy, pendant son voyage en Oritent. IN: Voyage Autour de la Mer Morte par Fr. de
Saulcy. (Paris). 96 pp.
Cyrena fluminalis is discussed.
Bourguignat, J. R. 1856. Aménités malacologiques. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, Série 2., 8:152.
Cyrena crassula and Cyrena fluminalis are discussed.
Bourguignat, J. R. 1868. Mollusques nouveaux, litigieux ou peu connus. Revue et Magasin de
Zoologie, Série 2, 20:269-384.
Corbicula saulcyi sp. nov. is described (pp. 2, 20) and figured (pl. 16, figs. 6-9) from Palestine (=Jordan).
Bourguignat, J. R. 1883. Histoire malacologique Abyssinie. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, (Sixth
Series) 18:47-162.
Corbicula consobrina is discussed.
Bourguignat, J. R. 1885. Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles Receuillis par M. Paul Soleillet dan
39
Corbicula Bibliography
son Voyage au Choa (Ethiope Meridionale). (Paris). 48 pp.
Corbicula soleitteti sp. nov. (p. 36, pl. 1, figs. 12, 12') and Corbicula graveieriana sp. nov. (p. 38, pl. 1, figs.
14, 14') are described from the lakes and shores of the lower Huash River, Africa (= Ethiopia). Corbicula
callipyga sp. nov. is described (p. 37) and figured (pl. 1, figs. 13), 13') from the Huash River.
Bourguignat, J. R. 1885. Notice Prodromique sur les Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles Recueillis
par M. Victor Giraud dans la Region Meridionale du lac Tanganyika. (Paris). 110 pp.
Corbicula tanganikana sp. nov. is described (p. 104 from Kapampa near Lake Tanganyika.
Bourguignat, J. E. 1888. Melanidees du lac Nyassa suivies d'un apercu comparatif sur la fauna
malacologique de la lac avec celle du grand lac Tanganyika. Bulletin de la Société
Malacologique de la France 6:1-66.
Corbicula astartinella and Corbicula giraudi are given as nomina nuda from Lake Nyassa at Karonga,
Tanganyika. Corbicula nyassana sp. nov. is described (p. 37) from the same locality.
Bourguignat, J. R. 1889. Mollusques de l'Afrique Equatoriale de Moguedouchu á Bagamoyo et de
Bagamoyo au Tanganyika. Dumolin (Paris). 229 pp.
Corbicula degousei is given as a nomen nudum for specimens collected in the Kingani River at Bagamoyo
(Tanzania). Corbicula tanganicensis Crosse, 1881, is emended to Corbicula tanganikana.
Bowen, C. F. 1915. The stratigraphy of the Montana group, with special reference to the position
and age of the Judith River formation in north-central Montana. U. S. Geological Survey,
Professional Paper 90-I:95-153.
Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported from the Belly River, Fox Hills, and Judith
River formations of Montana and Canada. Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is reported from
the same formations and from the Lance (including Hell Creek) formation of Montana, Wyoming, and
Canada. Corbicula subelliptica (Meek and Hayden, 1856) and Corbicula subelliptica moreauensis (Meek and
Hayden, 1856) are reported from the Fox Hills Cretaceous.
Bowers, R., J. Sudomir, M. Kershner and F. Szalay. 2005. The effects of predation and unionid
burrowing on bivalve communities in a Laurentian Great Lake coastal wetland.
Hydrobiologia 545(1):93-102.
Bowles, M. W. 2003. Biomonitoring of mercury in the South River using the Asiatic clam,
Corbicula fluminea. Master of Science Thesis, James Madison University (Harrisonburg,
Virginia). ix+54 pp.
Boyle, C. B. 1893. A catalogue and bibliography of North American Mesozoic Invertebrata. Bulletin
of the U. S. Geological Survey 102. 1-315 pp.
Twenty-three species of fossil bivalves in the genus Corbicula are reported. These are: Corbicula? nucalis
(Meek, 1860), Cretaceous, southwest of Salina, Kansas; Corbicula? subtrigonalis (Meek, 1870), Dakota
Cretaceous, 12 miles southwest of Salina, Kansas; Corbicula annosa (Conrad, 1868), Cretaceous of South
River, New Jersey; Corbicula? emacerata Whitfield, 1885, Cretaceous of New Jersey; Cyrena (Corbicula)
durkeei (Meek, 1869), Cretaceous of Wyoming, Bear River Valley; Corbicula augheyi White, 1882, and
Corbicula berthoudi White, 1882, Cretaceous of South Platte Valley, Colorado; Corbicula cardiniaeformis
White 1878, and Corbicula cleburni White, 1878, Cretaceous of Crow Creek, Colorado; Corbicula
cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) and Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856), Cretaceous of
Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, and Canada; Corbicula (Leptesthes) fracta (Meek, 1870), Cretaceous of
Colorado and Wyoming; Cyrena intermedia Meek and Hayden, 1856, Corbicula (Leptesthes) fracta (Meek,
1870), Cretaceous of Colorado and Wyoming; Cyrena intermedia Meek and Hayden, 1856, Corbicula
(Leptesthes) subelliptica moreauensis (Meek, 1856), and Corbicula moreauensis (Meek and Hayden, 1856),
Cretaceous of South Dakota; Corbicula obesa White, 1878 and Corbicula? (Leptesthes) planumbona Meek,
40
Corbicula Bibliography
1875 and Corbicula umbonella `Meek' White, 1883, Cretaceous of Northeastern Colorado; Corbicula obliqua
Whiteaves, 1885, Cretaceous of Canada; Corbicula (Valoritina) bannisteri Meek, 1872, Cretaceous of Black
Buttes, Wyoming; Corbicula subelliptica (Meek and Hayden, 1856, Cretaceous, upper Missouri River region;
Corbicula pugetensis White, 1889, Cretaceous, Carbonado, Washington; Corbicula willisi White, 1889,
Cretaceous of Washington.
Brancotte, V. and T. Vincent. 2002. L'invasion du reseau hydrographique francais par les
mollusques Corbicula spp. Modalites de colonisation et role preponderant des canaux de
navigation [The invasion of French hydrographic system by the molluscs Corbicula spp.
Details of settlement and main role of ship canals]. Bulletin Français de la Peche et de la
Pisciculture 365-366:325-337. [French with English summary]
Coming from Asia and Africa, Corbicula colonized most of European hydrographic areas since 1980.
Thanks to the discovery of new stations, authors bring out the main role of the ship canals in the mollusc
spreading, making the connection between the sloping fields and the presence of an environment which is
particularly favorable to the species biology. Corbicula entered France using at least seven different main
ways among which the Rhine has a dominating role. [Originaire d'Asie et d'Afrique, Corbicula a colonise
la plupart des bassins hydrographiques europeens depuis 1980. A la faveur de la decouverte de nouvelles
stations, les auteurs mettent en evidence l'importance du role des canaux de navigation dans la propagation
du mollusque, par la mise en connexion des bassins versants et l'existence d'un milieu particulierement
favorable a la biologie de l'espece. Corbicula a penetre en France par au moins sept axes differents, parmi
lesquels le Rhin joue un role preponderant].
Brandt, R. A. M. 1971. General Studies on Trematodes in Thailand: Classification of Cercariae in
Thailand. Annual Report No. 2, February 1970 - January 1971. NTIS AD-726035.
Brandt, R. A. M. 1974. The non-marine aquatic Mollusca of Thailand. Archiv für Molluskenkunde
105:1-423.
Corbicula heardi sp. nov. (p. 328, pl. 29, fig. 104) and Corbicula vokesi sp. nov. (p. 327, pl. 29, fig. 103) are
described and figured from specimens taken in the Mekong River at Nakon Panom, Thailand. Corbicula
occidentiformis sp. nov. is described (p. 325) and figured (pl. 28), fig. 94) from specimens taken at Maenam
Loei at Loei, Thailand. Corbicula pingensis sp. nov. is described (p. 344) and figured (pl. 28, fig. 93) from
specimens taken at Maenam Ping at Chieng Mai, North Thailand. Corbicula virescens sp. nov. is described (p.
324) and figured (pl. 29, fig. 101) from specimens taken at Maenam Chao, Praya Ord Nakon Sowan,
Thailand.
Branson, B. A. 1944. Corbicula notes. Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California
38:13.
Branson, B. A. 198l. The Sphaeriacean pelecypods of Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Oklahoma
Academy of Science 61(1):1-6.
Keys, distributional data, and ecological information are presented for three genera and 11 species of sphaeriid
and corbiculid clams (including Corbicula fluminea) known from Oklahoma.
Branson, B. A. and D. L. Batch. 1969. Notes on exotic molluscs in Kentucky. The Nautilus
82(3):102-106.
Ecological and zoogeographic distribution of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) in the Kentucky, Red, and
Ohio Rivers are presented.
Branson, B. A. and D. L. Batch. 1971. Annotated distribution records for Kentucky Mollusca.
Sterkiana 43:1-9.
Zoogeographic records for Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) are reported for the Cumberland and Tennessee
Rivers.
41
Corbicula Bibliography
Branson, B. A. and D. L. Batch. 1982. Molluscan distributional records from the Cumberland River,
Kentucky. The Veliger 24(4):351-354.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) is reported from the Rockcastle River at Livingston.
Branson, B. A. and D. L. Batch. 1982. The Gastropoda and Sphaeriacean clams of Red River,
Kentucky. The Veliger 24(3):200-204.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is reported from the Red River at its mouth on the Kentucky River. Other
records are noted for the North and Middle Forks of the Red River.
Britton, J. C. 1982. Biogeography and ecology of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula, in Texas. IN:
Proceedings of the Symposium of Recent Benthological Investigations in Texas and Adjacent
States, J. R. Davis, Ed. Aquatic Sciences Section, Texas Academy of Science. pp. 21-31.
The spread and distribution of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in Texas is described and discussed. The
clam appears to be primarily adapted for life in flowing water, but occurs in both lotic and lentic habitats. The
possibility of a second Corbicula species in Texas is discussed.
Britton, J. C., W. J. Barcellona, J. Hagan and M. L. LaGrone. 1981. Ctenidial autotomy in Corbicula
fluminea in response to massive granulomas. Science 212:551-553.
Large granulomas (>2 mm in diameter), stimulated by the presence of and formed around necrotic larval
tissue of the inner demibranchs of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), are eliminated by autotomy.
Granulocytes invade and destroy ctenidial epithelium adjacent to the granuloma, causing it and the granuloma
to slough away into the mantle cavity, where they are removed as pseudofeces.
Britton, J. C., D. R. Coldiron, L. P. Evans, Jr., C. Golightly, K. D. O'Kane and J. R. TenEyck. 1979.
Reevaluation of the growth pattern in Corbicula fluminea (Müller). IN: Proceedings of the
First International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University
Research Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 177-192.
The growth potential of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) has been underestimated by many investigators for
two reasons: 1. failing to recognize that the species usually produces two spatfalls per year (spring and fall), 2.
assuming peaks of size-frequency distributions to be "year classes". The growth of C. fluminea as expressed
by increase in shell length can be predicted by an exponential function, which, when plotted, shows the shell
length increasing rapidly at first, but the rate of increase in shell length diminishing as the size of the shell
increases. This is in direct contrast to growth characteristics which may be inferred for C. fluminea from a
large body of literature. Growth in this species is shown to be influenced by season (slower growth in winter)
and by physical environment (a "container effect", described in the paper). The rapid growth of C. fluminea
suggests that the organism is capable of completing a life cycle within two years or less.
Britton, J. C. and S. L. H. Fuller. 1979. The Freshwater Bivalve Mollusca (Unionidae, Sphaeriidae,
Corbiculidae) of the Savannah River Plant. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory U. S.
Department of Energy, SRO-NERP-3. iii + 37 pp.
The systematics, distribution, ecology, and life history of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is detailed for
populations in the Savannah River and tributaries at the Savannah River Plant, South Carolina.
Britton, J. C. and B. Morton. 1979. Corbicula in North America: the evidence reviewed and
evaluated. IN: Proceedings of the First International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton,
Ed. Texas Christian University Research Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 250-287.
Several species of Corbicula occur throughout Asia and the Pacific Islands, although there are probably fewer
species than have been described taxonomically. One of these, a small, rounded, essentially freshwater (lotic),
hermaphroditic, incubatory corbiculid, is widely distributed and can be assigned the name Corbicula fluminea
(Müller, 1774). Sometime prior to 1938, a species of Corbicula was introduced into North America, though a
confused taxonomy has subsequently indicated that more than one species has been introduced. A critical
42
Corbicula Bibliography
review of the evidence suggests that but one species has been introduced but which under different conditions
assumes a variety of forms and exhibits a wide-range of maximum size. Comparison of information on
Corbicula in the United States with available data on the Asian corbiculids indicates that the introduced
species is Corbicula fluminea. In its new range, growth and reproductive strategy are modified to suit changed
conditions; these have been the principal causes of confusion.
Britton, J. C. and B. Morton. 1982. A dissection guide, field and laboratory manual for the
introduced bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Malacological Review, Supplement 3, vi + 82 pp.
This manual is written as a teaching aid for the malacology portion of courses on Invertebrate Zoology where
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) may be substituted for other native freshwater bivalves. The world-wide
taxonomy of bivalves in the genus Corbicula is presented and discussed. The distribution of Corbicula in
North America is presented with comments on its environmental impact, ecology, and population dynamics.
Laboratory exercises that include observations on the living animal (burrowing mechanism, juvenile
locomotion and byssal attachment, and siphons) are presented. Exercises on the functional morphology of C.
fluminea are given for the shell, soft tissues, and ciliary currents. Experiments are provided for both field
(population growth, population condition using biomass without recapture, growth or biomass using the same
individuals, growth or biomass at different sites, and spatial distribution) and laboratory studies (reproductive
cycle, potassium toxicity, biomass determination during potassium stress, amylase activity at varying pH, rate
of particle filtration, respiration versus sediment particle size). A glossary of malacological terms and
appendix of formulae for various stock solutions are also presented.
Britton, J. C. and B. Morton. 1986. Polymorphism in Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculoidea)
from North America. Malacological Review 19(1/2):1-44.
Evidence has recently appeared suggesting more than one species of Corbicula occurs in North America. In
addition to the typical C. fluminea characterized herin (Form A), there is a second Corbicula morphotype
(Form B) characterized by dark periostracum and a darkly pigmented shell interior, more closely speaced
concentric sulcations in young specimens, and a narrower body. In North America, Form B is usually
restricted to permanently flowing, oligotrophic, calcium and carbonate-rich, often spring-fed and travertine
depositing streams in arid, warm temperature environments. A similar morphology also is known to occur in
C. fluminea from flooded furrows of Hong Kong vegetable gardens. Comparative population, morphometrics
and reproductive studies of Forms A and B were conducted. Sulcation spacing on the shell exterior serves to
differentiate Form A and B morphotypes less than 15 mm in length, but becomes unreliable for morphotype
discrimination on larger specimens. Arcsin transformed shell dimension ratios (calculated from length, height,
and width measurements) demonstrate low intrapopulation variability, but moderate to considerable difference
between populations, spearated by space or time. Differences are most apparent between Form A and B
morphotypes, but are also commonly significant (p < 0.05) among Form A or B comparisons. Large samples
of sympatrically distributed Form A and B considerable overlap with respect to these ratios. These data
support the concept of self-fertilization as an important reproductive mechanism (producing low variability
within populations). Because of some outbreeding, however, differences between populations with low
internal variability are more apparent that would be if each population displayed somewhat greater variability.
It is concluded that shell dimension comparisons are unreliable for taxonomic discrimination in Corbicula.
The restricted, habitat-correlated distributions of Form B Corbicula, the presence of intermediate
morphologies when some, but not all, environmental conditions normally associated with Form B are present,
and the virtual absence of Form B in localities where conditions associated with this morphotype are absent
are strong indications that the Form B morphology is a habitat-specific response derived from the predominant
(Form A) North American phenotype. In addition to differences in shell morphology, Forms A and B also
display differences in sexual expression which may be an effect of habitat. The tendency for C. fluminea to
develop different reproductive strategies in different environments may reinforce phenotypic differences
between morphotypes. It is concluded that there is still insufficient evidence to justify a two-species model for
North American Corbicula. The preponderance of evidence supports the view that a single highly variable
43
Corbicula Bibliography
species, C. fluminea, is the only introduced corbiculid in North America.
Britton, J. C. and C. E. Murphy. 1977. New records and ecological notes for Corbicula manilensis in
Texas. The Nautilus 91(1):20-22.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) is distributed through seven major drainage systems in Texas
(Colorado, Guadalupe, Neches, Nueces, Red, Rio Grande, and Trinity Rivers). Potential mechanisms of
dispersal discussed are larval transport in live minnow shipments to bait dealers and migratory birds.
Specimens have also been removed from the stomachs of three species of fish (Lepomis microlophys,
Minytrema melanops, and Aplodinotus grunniens). C. fluminea seems to prefer sandy substrata in Texas
reservoirs but has also been found in a variety of other bottom types.
Britton, J. C., C. E. Murphy and L. W. Newland. 1978. Investigations on the Asiatic clam Corbicula
a fouling pest in American waters. Office of Naval Research, Progress Report Abstracts,
ONR Report ACR-228. pp. 41-42.
Field studies of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California, reveals
the species occur in low numbers (less than l/m2) in salinities as high as 17 ppt near Benicia, California;
occurring in moderate numbers (300 - 400/m2) in salinities of about 10 ppt; and occurring in markedly
increasing numbers (up to 1000/m2) as the waters become more saline. The study of a granuloma cyst
formation on the inner demibranchs of specimens brooding larvae in gill marsupia reveals: 1) the frequency of
cyst formation is positively correlated with age of the clam, 2) cysts occur primarily as a result of the inability
of the clam to fully evacuate brood chambers of larvae, 3) cyst formation can be induced by other factors such
as sand grains in the demibranch water tubes, and 4) large cysts cannot be assimilated by phagocytic
amoebocytes but rather the amoebocytes will attack normal gill tissue causing excision of the cyst.
Brock, Robert J. 2000. Assessment of aquatic food web alterations in the presence of the exotic
clam, Corbicula fluminea and the cichlid, Oreochromis aureus. Doctor of Philosophy
Dissertation, University of Florida (Gainesville). xiv + 218 pp.
Broekman, J. A. 1978. Le Paleogene Inferieur de I'lle-de-France Septembrionale - essai de
reconstruction paleographique et stratigraphique - I, II. Koninkijke Nederlandse Akademie
van Wetenshappen, Series B, 81:389-415. [French with English summary]
The sequential analysis of Lower Paleogene successions in the northern part of the Ile-de-France and nearby
Picardy shows the diachronic nature of lithological units and biostratigraphic zones. The regional distribution
of sequences of deltaic, estuarine and littoral origin permits the distinction of six successive phases of
deposition. The western and northern margins of the northern part of the Ile-de-France approximately coincide
with paleographic boundaries of primary origin.
Bronn, H. G. 1825. System der Urweltlichen Pflanzen-Thiere durch Diagnose, Analyse und
Abbildung der Geschlachter Erlautert. (Heidelberg).
Corbicula euphratica sp. nov. is described and figured (pl. 4, fig. 10).
Brown, B. 1907. The Hell Creek beds of the upper Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the American
Museum of Natural History 23(1)823-845.
Corbicula subelliptica (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is reported from the Hell Creek beds, Montana.
Brown, B. 1914. Cretaceous Eocene correlation in New Mexico, Wyoming, Montana and Alberta.
Bulletin of the Geogological Society of America 25:355-380.
Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) and Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) are
reported from the Edmonton Cretaceous, Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada. Corbicula subelliptica (Meek and
Hayden, 1856) is reported from the Hell Creek beds, Montana.
44
Corbicula Bibliography
Brown, C. Ll. and S. N. Luoma. 1992. Metal contamination in the invading bivalve
Potamocorbula amurensis in San Francisco Bay. Abstracts, 13th Annual Meeting Society
of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
The bivalve, Potamocorbula amurensis, was introduced into the San Francisco Bay in 1986. It is a native
of China, Japan and Korea. It has become ubiquitous in the bay living in salinities ranging from 1 ppt -34
ppt. Its widespread distribution makes Potamocorbula amurensis ideal for studying the spatial and temporal
distribution of metals throughout the bay. Metal signatures differ between the north and south bays.
Concentrations of Cd, Cr and V are highest in the animals in the north bay. Concentrations of Ag are
highest in the animals in the south bay. There is a distinct contamination gradient in the north bay with
highest concentrations at sites near the mouth of the Sacramento River decreasing to lowest concentrations
in San Pablo Bay. The inverse of the gradient is seen in the condition index of the animals. The more
healthy animals are observed in San Pablo Bay and the poorest in condition are observed in sites of highest
contamination. These gradients are consistent from month to month. Metal bioaccumulation of
Potamocorbula amurensis was also compared with other resident bivalve species, Macoma balthica and
Corbicula sp. M. balthica and Corbicula concentrate more Cu in their tissue than Potamocorbula
amurensis in nature. However, in a bioaccumulation experiment in the lab using M. balthica and P.
amurensis, Potamocorbula amurensis is more responsive to solute Cu than M. balthica. This contradiction
suggests Potamocorbula amurensis may be exposed in some way to less Cu than M. balthica in nature.
Potamocorbula amurensis concentrates more Cd in its tissue than M. balthica and Corbicula in nature, but
in the lab experiment, Potamocorbula amurensis is less responsive to Cd. Potamocorbula amurensis was
also more tolerant to metals.
Brown, D. C. 1967. A review of the freshwater Mollusca of Natal and their distribution. Annals of
the Natal Museum 18(3):477-494.
The zoogeographic distribution of Corbicula africana is discussed. The species is found in the eastern region
of Natal, particularly near the coast as far south as the Ifafa River. The furthest record inland is from the
Umgeni River at Nagle Dam. Corbicula africana is distributed in the eastern and western portions of Cape
Province northwards to the east African Great Lakes.
Brown, D. S. 1977. Freshwater molluscs. IN: Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. 2. M.
J. A. Werger, Ed. W. Junk (The Hague). pp. 1155-1180.
Corbicula africana is reported from Cape Province and Natal. The molluscs of South Africa are placed into
several ecological groups. C. africana is placed into the broadly tropical category.
Bruggen, A. C. van. 1970. Non-marine Mollusca. IN: South African Animal Life, Results of the Lund
University Expedition in 1950-1951, 14:445-476.
Corbicula astartina Martens, 1859, is reported from Hluhluwe Game Reserve on the shore of the Hluhluwe
River, Natal.
Bruguière, J. G. 1798. Encyclopéde Méthodique.
Bryant, G. L. 1974. To catch a clam. Bureau of Reclamation Research News 4:2-3.
Description of techniques for collection of bivalves. Corbicula manilensis is included.
Bryant, G. L. 1974. A wheeled device for sampling biota of a concrete-lined canal. California Fish
and Game 60:97-99.
A device used to collect organisms (including Corbicula manilensis from the Delta-Mendota Canal of
California's Central Valley, is described.
Buchanan, A. C. 1987. Die-off impacts on the mussel fauna of selected reaches of the Bourbeuse
and Meramec rivers, Missouri. IN: Proceedings of the Workshop on Die-Offs of Freshwater
Mussels in the United States, R. J. Neves, Ed. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Servive, Upper
Mississippi River Conservation Committee, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
45
Corbicula Bibliography
University (Blacksburg). pp. 44-54.
Massive die-offs of Corbicula sp. are reported in the Meramec and Bourbeuse rivers, Missouri.
Bullen, R. A. 1901. On two apparently new species of Corbicula. Proceedings of the Malacological
Society of London 4:223-224.
Corbicula fulgida sp. nov. is described (p.224 and figured (pl. 22, fig 2) and Corbicula subtrianqularis sp.
nov. is described (p. 223) and figured (pl. 23, fig. 1). No type locality cited for either species.
Bullen, R. A. 1904. Descriptions of new species of non-marine shells from Java and a new species of
Corbicula from New South Wales. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London
6:109-111.
Corbicula subrostrata sp. nov. is described (p. 109) and figured (pl. 6, figs. 7-9) from Java. Corbicula faba sp.
nov. is described (p. 110) and figured (pl. 6, figs. 10-11) from the Richmond River, New South Wales,
Australia.
Bullen, R. A. 1906. On some land and freshwater Mollusca from Sumatra. Proceedings of the
Malacological Society of London 7:12-16.
The presence of Corbicula moussoni Deshayes, 1854 in the River Kwantan, affluent of the Indragiri, and
within the Souliki Range of Sumatra were collected in the spring and summer months of 1905.
Bullen, R. A. 1906. On some land and fresh-water Mollusca from Sumatra. Part 2. Proceedings of
the Malacological Society of London 7:126-130.
Corbicula subrostrata is reported from the Kwantan River, Sumatra.
Burch, B. L. 1978. Asian clam, Corbicula threatens Hawaii. The Nautilus 92(1):54-55.
Corbicula manilensis was found being sold as food in Kailua, Oahu Island, on 18 August 1977 in the Open
Market operated by the City and County of Honolulu. The Department of Agriculture Plant Quarantine Office
has twice confiscated shipments of C. manilensis.
Burch, J. B. 1972. Freshwater Sphaeriacean Clams (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) of North America.
Biota of Freshwater Ecosystems Identification Manual No. 11, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency (Washington, D. C.). 31 pp.
Corbicula manilensis is separated from other Sphaeriacean bivalves of the United States in this extensive,
dichotomous key.
Burch, J. Q. 1944. Checklist of West American mollusks. Minutes of the Conchological Club of
Southern California 38:18.
Corbicula fluminea is reported from drift shells collected along the Columbia River at Knappton, Pacific
County, Washington in 1938. This is the earliest report of the species in North America.
Burky, A. J. 1983. Physiological ecology of freshwater bivalves. IN: The Mollusca, Vol. 6, Ecology,
W. D. Russell-Hunter, Ed. Academic Press (New York). pp. 281-327.
A general discussion of the physiological ecology of Corbicula fluminea is presented. Temperature adaptation,
oxygen consumption, dispersal, filtration rate, ionic and osmotic physiology, population dynamics, population
energetics, and evolutionary strategies are discussed.
Burress, R. M. 1982. Effects of synergized rotenone on nontarget organisms in ponds. U. S.
Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Investigations in Fish Control Report
No. 91. 7 pp.
Applications of 2- or 5-ìL/L concentrations of synergized rotenone (2.5%) in the Pro-Noxfish formulation to
two shallow, 0.05 ha ponds caused a temporary reduction in both total numbers and diversity of benthic
invertebrates and a total mortality of caged Asiatic clams (Corbicula manilensis) in both ponds, and a partial
mortality of a resident population of larval leopard frogs (Rana pipieins) in the 5-ìL/L treatment. At day 7 after
treatment, benthic organisms (number per square meter) were reduced 67% by the 2-ìL/L concentration and
46
Corbicula Bibliography
96% by the 5-ìL/L application. The diversity index declined sharply in both ponds between days 3 and 7 after
treatment, the lowest values being recorded on day 7 and day 37 in the 2- and 5-ìL/L treatments, respectively.
The equitability index declined from day 3 to day 37 in both ponds. By day 69, however, total numbers of
benthic organisms had more than doubled over those originally present in the 2-ìL/L treatment (121%
increase), had more than tripled in the 5-ìL/L treatment (223% increase), and were virtually unchanged in the
control pond (2% increase). Pretreatment zooplankton populations were low; no significant deleterious effects
from the treatments were observed.
Burress, R. M., J. H. Chandler, Jr. and L. L. Marking. 1976. Use of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula
leana Prime, in toxicity tests. Progressive Fish-Culturist 38(1):10.
Corbicula has many advantages which make it an excellent organism for long and short-term toxicity tests. It
is common in almost all fresh water in the southeastern United States including polluted waters and is easy to
collect. It survives well both in the laboratory and in field cages without the necessity for feeding. It is
relatively resistant to toxicants so that any toxic substance applied to water which is toxic to Corbicula might
eliminate other endemic species. A last advantage is the possibility that these tests might indicate chemicals
having potential for use in controlling Corbicula.
Busch, R. L. 1974. Asiatic clams Corbicula manilensis Philippi as biological filters in channel
catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). Master of science Thesis, Auburn University
(Auburn, Georgia). xi + 84 pp.
Butenko, J. V. 1967. On the fauna of freshwater molluscs of the south and south-east Kazakhastan.
Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Leningrad 4:205-212. [Russian]
The shell and hinge apparatus of Corbicula tibetensis is described.
Butler, P. A. 1973. Organochlorine residues in estuarine mollusks, 1965 - 1972 - National Pesticide
Monitoring Program. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 6(4):238-362.
Analysis of 8,095 samples for 15 persistent organochlorine compounds showed that DDT residues were
ubiquitous; the maximum DDT residue detected was 5.39 ppm. Dieldrin was the second most commonly
detected compound with a maximum residue of 0.23 ppm. Endrin, morex, toxaphene, and polychlorinated
biphenyls were found only occasionally. Results indicate a clearly defined trend towards decreased levels of
DDT residues, beginning in 1969-1970. At no time were residues observed of such magnitude as to imply
damage to molluscs (including Corbicula fluminea); however, residues were large enough to pose a threat to
other elements of the biota through the process of recycling and magnification.
Butot, L. J. M. 1952. How to collect shells of land and freshwater molluscs. Tropische
Natuurwetschlappelijk 32(4):135-140.
Notes on the biology and collection of Corbicula javanica are given.
Buttner, J. K. 1981. Asiatic clam in channel catfish rearing ponds: Its biology and its effect on water
quality. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Southern Illinois (Carbondale). 253 pp.
Between 1 June and 20 September 1977, 1 June and 1 July 1978, and 1 July and 4 October, 1979, the Asiatic
clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) was stocked in four 0.06 ha channel catfish rearing ponds. Its effect
on pond biota and water quality were investigated. In 1977 and 1978, clams were stocked in cages suspended
in the water column of mechanically circulated ponds at 828 to 1010 kg/ha and 785 to 837 kg/ha, respectively.
In l979 clams were stocked upon the substratum of uncirculated ponds at 1222 to 1717 kg/ha. Survival of C.
fluminea averaged 36%, 56%, and 79% in 1977. 1978, and 1979, respectively. Growth of C. fluminea
averaged 0.012 mm/day and 0.003 mm/day; weight gain was negligible. C. fluminea reproduced in ponds
during all three years, but recruitment was not sufficient to maintain the initial stocking density. Clams were
able to survive Karmex, Batex, and rotenone additions at concentrations commonly used in fish rearing ponds.
Effects of Corbicula fluminea on pond biota were similar in both circulated and uncirculated ponds. C.
fluminea had no significant (P>0.05) effect on channel catfish survival (averaged 95%) or growth (doubling
47
Corbicula Bibliography
time ranged from 56 to 72 days and feed conversion ranged from 1.11 to 2.11). At clam densities stocked it
was not possible to document an effect on bacterial and plankton abundance. Presence of variable numbers of
planktophagic contaminant fish (usually < 4 kg/pond) may have masked any effect of the clam.
Corbicula fluminea frequently, but not always, increased average dissolved oxygen at dawn, reduced
incidence of critical dissolved oxygen (< 3 mg/L), increased rate of diurnal production and nocturnal
respiration, and reduced turbidity during 1977 and 1979. These observed trends were significant (P<0.05)
only in 1977. Nitrogeneous waste as total ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and total nitrogen were
frequently, but not always, significantly (P<0.05) greater in ponds with C. fluminea. Effects of C. fluminea on
water quality in 1977 and 1979, probably due to an abbreviated collection period.
Results of the study indicate Corbicula fluminea can survive without detrimental effect to catfish and may
promote superior water quality in catfish rearing ponds.
Buttner, J. K. 1986. Corbicula as a biological filter and polyculture organism in catfish rearing
ponds. Progressive Fish-Culturist 48(2):136-139.
Corbicula fluminea, an introduced Asian clam, was stocked with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in
Illinois culture ponds. Survival of the stocked clams was 36-79% over summer, but reproduction was poor and
the populations declined. Nevertheless, ponds with C. fluminea had less dissolved oxygen depletion, lower
turbidity, and greater primary production than ponds without the clam. Growth of channel catfish was
unaffected by the presence or absence of clams. Corbicula fluminea has potential value as a polyculture
organism and as a biological filter where water temperatures do not exceed 30oC.
Buttner, J. K. 1986. Biology of Corbicula in catfish rearing ponds. IN: Proceedings of the Second
International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin
Special Edition No. 2. pp. 211-218.
Corbicula were stocked with channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in two of four 0.06 ha ponds. In 1977 clams
were placed in cages suspended in the water of two pods at 828 and 1010 kg/ha. In 1979 clams were stocked
on the substratum of two ponds at 1717 and 1222 kg/ha. In both years two similar ponds received no clams
and served as control ponds. All ponds were mechanically circulated and stocked with 300 channel catfish
fingerlings in 1977. None of the ponds were circulated in 1979 and each pond received 302 catfish fingerlings.
Corbicula survived and reproduced in both 1977 and 1979, but survival and reproduction were insufficient to
maintain stock density. The clam had no significant (P>0.05) beneficial or detrimental effect on catfish
survival, growth or feed conversion, but was associated with improved water quality. Level of dissolved
oxygen, rate of net production, and rate of net respiration were greater and turbidity was lower in ponds with
Corbicula. Significant (P<0.05) improvement of water quality occurred only in 1977. At densities stocked,
Corbicula had a variable effect on total abundance, relative abundance, and diversity of plankton. It was
concluded that Corbicula, which is commonly viewed as a nuisance, may be an unrealized asset. The clam has
potential as a aquaculture organism and biological filter.
Buttner, J. K. and R. C. Heidinger. 1980. Seasonal variations in growth of the Asiatic clam,
Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in a southern Illinois fish pond. The Nautilus
94(1):8-10.
Fifty specimens of Corbicula fluminea were stocked into a 0.06 ha fish pond for 62 days during the summer,
and 40 days for both fall and winter. Clam recovery for summer, fall, and winter observations was 82%, 60%,
and 98%, respectively. Clam growth rates for summer and fall averaged 0.012 mm/day and 0.054 g/day and
0.0003 g/day. Summer and fall growth rates were not significantly different (P = 0.29), while winter growth
rates were significantly lower (P = 0.001). Relative weight gain per day for all observations was significantly
greater (P = 0.0l) for small clams. Absolute weight gain per day was significantly greater (P = 0.006) for larger
clams during the summer, while fall and winter absolute growth was similar for all clams. Summer, fall, and
winter water temperatures were significantly different (P = 0.001), while phytoplankton density remained
relatively constant for all observations.
48
Corbicula Bibliography
Buttner, J. K. and R. C. Heidinger. 1981. Rate of filtration in the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea.
Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science 74(3-4):13-18.
Filtration rate of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) (0.83 - 7.40 g) at 21 to 24oC in a suspension of 3,314 to
17,742 plants/ml of Scenedesmus sp. averaged 347 ml/hr/clam, 177 ml/hr/g total weight, 1,561 ml/hr/g soft
tissue weight, and 20,499 ml/hr/g dried soft tissue weight. Rate of filtration was not strongly correlated with
clam weight (r > 0.10). Filtration rates determined in this and other studies were compared. It was concluded
that the most acceptable filtration rate of C. fluminea ranges from 300 to in excess of 800 ml/hr/clam.
Buyle, B. 1989. Ecotoxicological tests on benthic organisms. Advances in Llimnology. 1989.
International Conference on Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality, Ceske Budejovice,
Czechoslovakia, 15 June 1987.
This paper describes the development of an ecotoxicological evaluation of effects of contaminants on the
benthic ecosystem. It also proposes some methods to determine actual concentrations and bioavailability of
contaminants to the benthos.
Byrne, M., H. Phelps, T. Church, V. Adair, P. Selvakumaraswamy, and J. Potts. 2000.
Reproduction and development of the freshwater clam Corbicula australis in southeast
Australia. Hydrobiologia 418(1): 185-897.
The freshwater clam Corbicula australis is an important component of the macrobiota of the river systems
of southeast Australia. Reproduction of two populations of this clam in the Nepean River at Douglas Park
and Menangle was investigated to document the gametogenic cycle, larval morphology and to determine
when they incubate embryos. C. australis is a simultaneous hermaphrodite and broods its young in the
inner demibranchs. The gonads are ovotestes with oogenic and spermatogenic regions in each ascinus. The
sperm are biflagellate, a condition unique in the Bivalvia to clonal corbiculids. Gametogenesis was
continuous and did not exhibit a seasonal pattern. In contrast, spawning and incubation of embryos was
limited to the warmer months of the year. Embryos were present in the gills from October to May. C.
australis develops through a modified veliger larva with a vestigially ciliated velum which is not used for
swimming or particle capture. The velum is covered by microvilli and it is suggested that the velar
epithelium may be specialized for nutrient uptake in the marsupial environment. C. australis produces
several clutches each year and the young are released as advanced juveniles with a well-developed foot.
Reproductive output differed between the two populations. This was in part due to the larger size of the
clams from Menangle and may also reflect the enhanced productivity at this site. The suite of life history
traits exhibited by C. australis: hermaphroditism, potential for self-fertilization/androgenesis, brooding
progeny to the crawl-away juvenile stage and a high reproductive output, provide for rapid colonization
and population growth in this clam which typically inhabits disturbance prone sandy lotic habitats.
Byrne, R. A. 1988. Physiological and behavioral responses to aerial exposure in the Asian clam,
Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, Louisiana State
University (Baton Rouge). vii + 144 pp.
Byrne, R.A ., E. Gnaiger, R. F. McMahon and T. H. Dietz. 1990. Behavioral and metabolic
responses to emersion and subsequent reimmersion in the freshwater bivalve, Corbicula
fluminea. Biological Bulletin 178(3):251-259.
When exposed to air, the freshwater bivalve, Corbicula fluminea, displayed valve movement behaviors,
such as mantle edge exposure, wider gaping "ventilatory" response, and an escape or "burrowing"
response. The proportion of the emersion period spent in these behaviors, relative to valve closure,
increased with decreasing temperature. Emersion at 35oC inhibited valve movement behaviors, whereas
emersion in a nitrogen atmosphere stimulated ventilatory activity. High rates of aerial oxygen uptake (MO2)
were associated with initial valve opening and ventilatory behaviors, and lower Mu O2) occurred during
bouts of mantle edge exposure. Heart rate was affected by temperature, but not by mantle edge exposure.
49
Corbicula Bibliography
Heart rate increased during burrowing and ventilatory behaviors suggesting a hydraulic function for
hemolymph.
Byrne, R. A., R. F. McMahon and T. H. Dietz. 1987. O2 uptake and NH3 excretion following
prolonged aerial exposure in Corbicula fluminea. American Zoologist 27(4).
Byrne, R. A., R. F. McMahon and T. H. Dietz. 1988. Temperature and relative humidity effects
on aerial exposure tolerance in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Biological
Bulletin 175:253-260.
The exposure tolerance, aerial respiratory behaviors, and the rates of water loss of the Asian freshwater
clam, Corbicula fluminea , were assessed under three temperature conditions (15o , 25o and 35oC) and five
relative humidity (RH) treatments (5%, 33%, 53%, 75% and 95%). C. fluminea displayed low tolerance to
aerial exposure (range of median tolerance times: 23.8-24.9 h at 35 oC, 71.4-78.2 h at 25 oC, and 248.5341.6 at 15oC). Relative humidity had no effect on median tolerance time except at 15 oC. The results
suggest that C. fluminea can detect rates of desiccation and make behavioral adjustments.
Byrne, R. A., B. N. Shipman, N. J. Smatresk, T. H. Dietz and R. F. McMahon. 1991. Acid-base
balance during emergence in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Physiological
Zoölogy 64(3):748-766.
The Asian freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea, was emersed at 23oC under three conditions: humid air,
N2 hypoxia, or air with valves clamped or bound shut. Under all conditions, clams became acidotic during
emersion. In air, hemolymph pH declined from 7.90 to 7.14 in 72 h. Hypoxic clams displayed a similar
decline in pH, but clams with valves clamped became acidotic more rapidly. Hemolymph CO2 content
(CCO2) and PCO2 rose with duration of aerial exposure in all treatment groups. However, hemolymph of
bound clams had significantly higher CCO2 and PCO2 than that of either air- or N2-exposed bivalves after
48 h emersion. Although hemolymph PO2 declined with emersion time in all groups, there was no effect of
exposure condition, suggesting that ventilatory behaviors did not affect hemolymph PO2 or that the effects
were masked by rapid utilization of inspired O2. Hemolymph calcium and osmolality increased with
emersion time and were greatest in clams with clamped valves. Presumably, shell calcium carbonate was
mobilized to provide bicarbonate to buffer the acidosis, while valve gaping, mantle edge exposure, and
other ventilatory behaviors served to retard the progress of the acidosis by ventilatory loss of CO2.
However, these behaviors were not sufficient to maintain acid-base balance in C. fluminea. The inability of
C. fluminea to maintain or restore acid-base balance during short emersion periods may account for this
species' low tolerance of aerial exposure and is further evidence of its recent invasion of freshwater
habitats.
-- C -Cadee, G. C. and D. M. Soes. 2004. Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae)
eaten by oystercatchers. Basteria 68(4/6):87-90.
Cahn, A. R. 1951. Clam Culture in Japan. Report No. 146, Natural Resources Section, Supreme
Commander, Allied Powers, Tokyo. 133 pp. [Also reprinted as U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service Fishery Leaflet 399.]
Systematics, reproduction, development, life cycle, distribution, aquaculture, harvesting methods and gear, and
use of Corbicula sandai, Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana are presented.
Corbicula sandai was once peculiar only to Lake Biwa but is now reported from Kyoto City. The species was
transplanted to Lake Suwa in Nagano Prefecture. They are dioecious. Spawning is reported during April and
May. Two harvest methods involving net dredges and small boats are described.
50
Corbicula Bibliography
Corbicula leana is distributed in Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku, where it inhabits areas with sandy bottoms.
They are monoecious and incubate the larvae. Spawning season extends from June to October. The meat of
these bivalves is eaten fresh or canned.
Corbicula japonica is found in brackish water of river mouths. It is found in Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku at
about 8 m on bottoms 70% sand and mud. The species is dioecious and non-incubatory. Intensive fishing
occurs in the mouth of the Tone River at Shiishiba, Chiba Prefecture. Iron rakes, baskets, and
bamboo poles are used to harvest the clams. The Japanese believe a soup made from these
clams is an effective remedy for jaundice.
Cahoon, L. B., W. D. Grater and D. L. Covington. 1992. Phenotypic and Genotypic Differences
between Two Adjacent Populations of the Asiatic Clam, Corbicula fluminea. Journal of
the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 108(2):57-63.
Cahoon, L. B. and D. A. Owen. 1996. Can suspension feeding by bivalves regulate
phytoplankton biomass in Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina? Hydrobiologia 325(3):193200.
Suspension feeding by bivalves has been hypothesized to control phytoplankton biomass in shallow
aquatic ecosystems. Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina, USA is a shallow lake with a diverse bivalve
assemblage and low to moderate phytoplankton biomass levels. Filtration and ingestion rates of two
relatively abundant species in the lake, the endemic unionid, Elliptio waccamawensis, and an introduced
species, Corbicula fluminea, were measured in experiments using natural phytoplankton for durations of 1
to 6 days. Measured filtration and ingestion rates averaged 1.78 and 1.12l/ind./d, much too low to control
phytoplankton at the observed phytoplankton biomass levels and growth rates. Measured ingestion rates
averaged 4.80 and 1.50 μg chlorophyll a/ind./d, too low to support individuals of either species. The
abundance of benthic microalgae in Lake Waccamaw reaches 200 mg chlorophyll a/m2 in the littoral zone
and averages almost an order of magnitude higher than depth-integrated phytoplankton chlorophyll a. Total
microalgal biomass in the lake is therefore not controlled by suspension feeding by bivalves.
Cai, Y., C. Deng and Z. Liu. 1992. Studies on the ecology of Crassostrea rivularis (Gould) in
Zhanjiang Bay. Tropic Oceanology/Redai Haiyang, Guangzhou 11(3):37-44.
Crassostrea rivularis is cultured in Zhanjiang Bay mainly from the mid-tidal zone to 2 meters below low
tide. C. rivularis grows rapidly during the first three years and slows down gradually. The majority of its
food comes from Coscinodiscus sp., Nitzschia sp. and Cyclotella sp. The reproductive season is between
April and June, most of the attached seeds can be obtained on the shade sides of the sedentary medium.
Apart from C. rivularis, bivalvia growing in the area involves Saccostrea glomerata, Corbicula fluminea,
Anomia cyteum, etc. Harmful organisms include Thais gradata and Balanus sp., the former is harmful to
the one-year-old oysters, and the latter competes for sedentary medium and feed. The extermination of T.
gradata can be carried out by catching them or their egg capsules.
Cailliaud, F. 1827. Voyage au Meroe. Vol. 4. p. 263. and Atlas.
Corbicula consobrina sp. nov. is described (p. 263) and figured (Pl. 61, Figs. 10, 11) from the canas of lower Egypt. The
subspecies Corbicula consobrina aequilatera ssp. nov. is described (p. 263) from Ismalia, Egypt, and Corbicula
consobrina planior ssp. nov. and Corbicula consobrina truncata ssp. nov. from Alexandria, Egypt. All species and
subspecies were originally referred to the genus Cyrena.
Callil, C. T. and M. C. D. Mansur. 2002. Corbiculidae in the Pantanal: history of invasion in
southeast and central South America and biometrical data. Amazoniana 17(1-2):153-167.
The chronology of the invasion by Corbicula of the Central and the eastern part of South America is
revised based on the literature and museum collection records. The occurrence of Corbicula largillierti
(Philippi, 1844) and Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) are reported for the first time for the northern part
of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, at the upper part of the Paraguay River, a tributary of the large Parana
51
Corbicula Bibliography
Basin. Corbiculidae were sampled at three different localities, on the banks of the Cuiaba River, near
Cuiaba, capital of Mato Grosso State. The highest population density was 192/m2. The shell length of the
sampled population of Corbicula largillierti varied between 5.42 and 17.53 mm and Corbicula fluminea
varied between 14.74 and 27.33 mm. The age for the sampled specimens of C. fluminea was estimated to
be near three years and the date of arrival of the species in the Pantanal is probably 1996 or 97. The
relationship between shell length, height, width and weight (shell and wet tissues) was also calculated and
multivariate ANOVA test revealed significant differences between the species. The standard curve for the
weight and length relationship, reflecting growth, was estimated using the exponential pattern.
Cairns, J., Jr. and J. R. Bidwell. 1996. Discontinuities in technological and natural systems
caused by exotic species. Biodiversity and Conservation 5(9):1085-1094.
This discussion focuses on discontinuities in both natural and technological systems caused by the
introduction of exotic species into areas which they would not have been able to reach without human
assistance or other alterations to native communities. The case histories of both the Asian clam (Corbicula
fluminea) and the zebra mussel (Dreisenna polymorpha) are particularly instructive because of their recent
introductions and the dramatic impact they have had on both natural and technological systems. Control of
these mollusc species in technological systems (e.g. water intake systems) is effective to a degree but
requires constant attention and utilization of resources. If control is neglected there could be extremely
serious consequences. At present, no inexpensive means exist for controlling their effects, and further
geographical distribution in North America is highly probable. The mollusc case histories do not appear to
be linear and, in some instances, may not be continuous. Some importations of exotic species were
deliberate (such as the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar), but their escape into natural systems has often been
'accidental' or, a less charitable person might say, careless. A viable strategy for coping with discontinuities
is elusive. Discontinuities will, undoubtedly, have a major effect on the possibility of sustainable use of the
planet or, to use the currently popular term, sustainable development.
Cairns, J., Jr. and D. S. Cherry. 1980. Development of Biological Indices for Identifying and
Evaluating Impacts of Pollutants on Freshwater Ecosystems. U.S. Department of Energy
DOE/EV/04939-T2. 353 pp. [Also NTIS DE83002856]
Cairns, J. and D. S. Cherry. 1983. A site specific field and laboratory evaluation of fish and Asiatic
clam Corbicula fluminea population responses to coal-fired power plant discharge. Water
Science and Technology 15(10):31-38.
A combined effort of field receiving system monitoring and field located laboratory and formal laboratory
bioassay testing was used to evaluate and compare responses of fish and the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea
[Müller, 1774]) to power plant discharges. Discharges and effluents evaluated during an 8 yr. period included
thermal and chlorinated discharges and pH excursions from fly ash effluent released into a lotic receiving
system of the New River drainage in Glen Lyn, Virginia. Constituents within the fly ash effluent studied
included the effects of particulate ash fraction, heavy metals, and pH (acidic and alkaline) excursions. The
field laboratory was used for testing fish preference-avoidance behavioral and lethal temperature responses to
elevated temperatures and in chlorinated, thermal plumes. Formal laboratory protocol included static, flow
through, and artificial stream bioassays of fly ash, pH excursions, and selected heavy metals to fish and clams.
Results showed that fish populations preferred and avoided heated waters, depending upon their seasonal
acclimation requirements, both in the field laboratory and in the field receiving system of the New River. Fish
populations avoided sublethal chlorinated discharges from laboratory intermittent chlorine bioassays after
attraction into the laboratory and field thermal plumes. The interactions of fish populations with fly ash
showed that responses were more difficult to predict in the laboratory and field systems employed. The
complex variables of elevated temperature, ash particles, heavy metals, and pH excursions associated with fly
ash require more research effort in order to predict the validity of data between laboratory and field systems
for hazard evaluation.
52
Corbicula Bibliography
The Asiatic clam has invaded the New River at the rate of 9 miles/yr. from the Kanawha River near
Charleston, West Virginia (138 river miles north), that enters downstream from the Glen Lyn coal-powered
generating plant in Virginia at the West Virginia border. During the period of investigation, October 1976 September 1978, clams were more numerous in the vicinity of the thermal discharge of the plant than they
were in unheated waters, and their population fell sharply during the winter months when the water
temperature dropped to approximately 2oC. The temperature (35oC) of the heated discharge water in late
summer did not adversely affect the clam since in laboratory thermal tolerance studies mortality occurred at
temperatures greater than 36oC. The clam proved to be highly resistant to the conventional biocidal practice of
intermittent chlorination and exposure to heavy metals in both static and artificial stream bioassays. Copper
was more toxic than either zinc or a combination of zinc and copper. Potassium was not an effective biocidal
(gaping) agent at low concentrations (<100 mg/l). Although only minor incidents of C. fluminea infestation
have been observed in the cooling system
of the power plant, such infestation has become a serious
problem in other parts of the United States. The ability of the clam to use heated discharge areas as
overwintering sites has allowed them to expand their range into frozen northern aquatic systems of the United
States.
Calhoun, A. and P. Hubbell. 1970. Effects of artificial destratification on distribution of bottom
organisms in El Capitan Reservoir. Fisheries Bulletin, California, No. 148:5-30.
The distribution of Corbicula manilensis in El Capitan Reservoir was seen to change due to
the artificial destratification of its waters.
California. Department of Water Resources. 1967. Water quality and biologic conditions, South
Bay Aqueduct, 1962-1966. California. Department of Water Resources (Sacramento). xiv
+ 180 pp.
Calvert, W. R., A. L. Beekly, V. H. Barnett and M. A. Pishel. 1914. Geology of the Standing Rock
and Cheyenne River Indian reservations North and South Dakota. Bulletin of the U.S.
Geological Survey 575:1-49.
Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860), Corbicula nebrascensis (Meek and Hayden, 1856),
Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856), Corbicula subelliptica (Meek and Hayden, 1856), and
Corbicula subelliptica moreauensis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) are reported from the upper half of the Fox
Hills and near the contact of Fox Hills and Lance formations. Cheyenne River and Standing Rock Indian
reservations, North Dakota and South Dakota. Corbicula sp. was also reported from the same localities.
Cameron, G. N., J. M. Symons, S. R. Spencer and J. Y. Ma. 1989. Minimizing THM formation
during control of the Asiatic clam: A comparison of biocides. Journal of the American
Water Works Association 81(10):53-62.
In many parts of the United States, water utilities with highly organic source waters and long source water
transmission lines are troubled by Corbicula fluminea, the Asiatic clam. The traditional method of control,
free chlorination, often can no longer be used because of the formation of excessive amounts of
trihalomethanes (THMs). The effectiveness of six biocides (potassium permanganate, copper, chloramine,
free chlorine, bromamine, and chlorine dioxide) for controlling the juvenile Asiatic clam was compared.
Because hydraulic detention time in the distribution pipeline was short (15-18 h) and animals could exit the
system and hence minimize exposure to biocides, biocide effectiveness was monitored in an arbitrarilyselected 24-h period. The study showed that, in a 24-h period, free chlorine (which also produced THMs),
copper, and potassium permanganate were ineffective; bromamines, although somewhat effective,
produced THMs; and chlorine dioxide and chloramines were effective. From a cost and ease-of-handling
point of view, chloramine was the biocide of choice.
53
Corbicula Bibliography
Cameron, G. N., J. M. Symons, D. Bushek and R. Kulkarni. 1989. Effect of Temperature and pH
on the toxicity of monochloramine to the Asiatic clam. Journal of the American Water
Works Association 81(10):62-71.
The Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) has become a pest to many users of freshwater transmission
systems. Monochloramine has been suggested as a biocide because it is effective and the formation of
trihalomethanes is low. Flow-through aquariums, a laboratory incubator, and a pilot-scale pipeline were
used to show that monochloramine concentrations between 1 and 10 milligrams per liter effectively killed
juvenile clams over a wide range of water temperatures, with mortality increasing significantly with
temperature. The reduction in clam mortality as water temperature decreases can be overcome by
corresponding increases in biocide concentration. An equation is provided that predicts the kill that would
be achieved at a given biocide residual and water temperature. The pH did not affect the efficacy of the
biocide.
Cantelmo-Cristini, A., F. Hospod and R. Lazell. 1983. In situ studies on the adenylate energy charge
of population of Corbicula fluminea in a fresh water system. Proceedings of the Council
Meeting, 1983, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. 16 pp.
To gain clearer understanding of the responses of organisms to environmental levels of stress, the AEC,
lipid, and glycogen content were monitored in the bivalve Corbicula fluminea while caged in the Raritan
River, New Jersey. The AEC, lipid, and glycogen content were measured in one natural population and in
clams caged at four different sites in the river for six months. Two pairs of cages were located above the
combined outfall of an organic chemical products plant and the Somerset-Raritan Valley Sewage Authority
and two pairs of cages were below the outfall. The data suggest that AEC can be a sensitive indicator of
stress in this species.
Cantelmo-Cristini, A., F. Hospod and R. Lazell. 1983. In situ studies on the physiology of naturally
occurring populations of Corbicula fluminea in a freshwater system. American Zoologist
22(4):872. [Abstract]
Many aquatic ecosystems in the United States serve as the depository for a myriad of waste materials. The
biota in such systems are continuously exposed to varying concentrations of mixtures of organic chemicals. In
order to gain clearer understanding of the effects of an environmental perturbation a study was performed to
monitor the adenylate energy charge (AEC) of the mollusc Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Raritan
River, New Jersey. The AEC was measured in three populations of caged clams and one natural population in
the river for an 8 month period. One caged population was located below the outfall of the American
Cyanamid Organic Chemical Plant. The AEC was measured enzymatically on the foot muscle. Differences in
AEC with season were recorded for all populations. Clams caged below the outfall had AEC values that were
consistently lower than other populations. These data suggest that AEC can be a sensitive indicator of stress in
this species.
Cantelmo-Cristini, A., F. E. Hospod and R. J. Lazell. 1985. An in situ study on the adenylate energy
charge of Corbicula fluminea in a freshwater system. IN: Marine Pollution and Physiology:
Recent Advances, F. J. Vernberg, F. P. Thurberg, A. Calabrese, and W. B. Vernberg, Eds.
Belle W. Baruch Library of Marine Science, University of South Carolina Press (Columbia).
pp. 45-62.
To gain clearer understanding of the responses of organisms to environmental levels of stress, the adenylate
energy charge (AEC), lipid, and glycogen content were monitored in the bivalve Corbicula fluminea while
caged in the Raritan River, New Jersey. The AEC, lipid, and glycogen content were measured in one natural
population and in clams caged at four different sites in the river for six months. Two pairs of cages were
located above the combined outfall of an organic chemical products plant and the Somerset-Raritan Valley
Sewage Authority and two pairs of cages were below the outfall. The data suggest that AEC can be a sensitive
54
Corbicula Bibliography
indicator of stress in this species.
Carbonnel, J.-P. and G. Delbrias. 1968. Premiers datations absolues de trois gisements neolithiques
Cambodgiens. Comptes Rendus Hebdomaires Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Series D,
Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 267(18):1432-1434.
The first absolute datings of the neolithic deposits of Samrong Sen, Phnom Kbal Romea and Phnom Laang in
Cambodia are presented. Inhabitants of Samrong Sen hunted deer and ate fish (mainly molluscs). The village
was built on piles; debris and large numbers of shells (Corbicula and Paludina) were found there. The
approximate date of this deposit was 120 B.C. Sea and brackish water shells (Anadana granosa, Cyrena
sumatrensis, Telescopium telescopium, Ellobium sp.) were found at Phnom Kbal Romeas. The approximate
age was 3420 B.C. At Phnom Laang there were bone accumulations of mammiferae, some purposely cut and
some polished; half a human jaw was also found, dated 2420 B.C.
Carlton, J. T. 1973. Corbicula in San Francisco, California. The Nautilus 87(3):87.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) is reported from Stow Lake, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco on 24
February 1973. Notes on substratum and morphology are also presented with a brief description of the
distribution of the species in the San Joaquin - Scaramento Delta.
Carpenter, C. M. 2000. Utility of the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, as a biomonitor for freeliving amoebae. Master of Science Thesis, Virginia Commonwealth University. vi + 57
pp.
Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the
Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science for 1863. pp. 517-686.
Corbicula convexa Deshayes, 1854, is reported from Mazatlan, Mexico.
Casey, R. 1955. The pelecypod family Corbiculidae in the Mesozoic of Europe and the Near East.
Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 45(12):366-372.
A polyphyletic origin of the family Corbiculidae is proposed with a correlation between hinge teeth and
ecologic station. Thus, despite the fact that the order of appearance of the two families is the reverse of that
formerly supposed, the generalization that the Corbiculidae was derived in different degrees of removal from
the exclusively marine Veneridae may not be wholly incorrect. It is probable that the venerid genera like
Resatrix, Clava, and Dosiniopsis represent a morphologic type which throughout the Cretaceous and Tertiary
times was a potential source of the Corbiculidae.
Cataldo, D. and D. Boltovskoy. 1998. Population dynamics of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) in
the Paraná River Delta. Hydrobiologia 380(1/3):153-163.
Benthic individuals and drifting planktonic juveniles of Corbicula fluminea were sampled in the Lower
Delta of the Parana River at monthly intervals between October 1995 and October 1996. Densities of
settled clams above 1 mm, around 300-1000/m2 varied little throughout the year. Below 1 mm benthic
juveniles, on the other hand, showed a single conspicuous abundance peak in October-November (up to
1722/m2), and were practically absent during the rest of the year (overall annual mean: 1070 plus or minus
797/m2). Drifting juveniles showed one major peak in December 1995 (160/m3), and a minor one at the
end of March (24/m3). Length-frequency analyses of the monthly field data clearly indicate a highly
structured population with a single well defined reproduction period centered on October-November.
Population parameters derived from the seasonally oscillating version of von Bertalanffy's growth formula
were as follows: maximum shell length: 32 mm (maximum observed shell length: 33 mm); growth
constant: 0.65; growth seasonality (i.e., span of summer-to-winter growth-rate difference): 0.7; winter
point (i.e., time of the year when growth is minimum): 0.5 (June-July); estimated size range for one yearold individuals: 15.3-22.4 mm; for two years: 23.5-27 mm, and three years: 27.5-29.3 mm. Comparison
with previous data confirm the influence of water temperature on the clam's reproduction and growth and
55
Corbicula Bibliography
furnish additional evidence suggesting that food availability may be as important for recruitment as thermic
regimes. Contrasts between traits of the population analyzed herein with those described previously from a
nearby (ca. 10 km) site more influenced by industrial pollution point at the influence of water quality on
Corbicula's recruitment and growth.
Cataldo, D. H., D. Boltovskoy, J. Stripeikis and M. Pose. 2001. Condition index and growth
rates of field caged Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) as biomarkers of pollution gradients in
the Parana River delta (Argentina). Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management
4(2):187-201.
In 1995-1996, Corbicula fluminea was collected at monthly intervals at two sites in the delta of the lower
Parana River (Argentina), at the confluence of the San Antonio and Vinculacion rivers, and from the
Parana de las Palmas River close to its outlet into the Rio de la Plata estuary. The San Antonio site is
located in the vicinity of sources of industrial and sewage effluents, whereas the more remote Parana de las
Palmas river sampling location is considerably less polluted. Growth rates of caged individuals at the two
sites also monitored during the same period, and Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn were measured monthly in the water
and in tissue of animals. Throughout the year concentrations of all metals in water, as well as Pb and Zn in
tissue, varied irregularly and their levels at the two sites were roughly similar; on the other hand, Cu and
Cd in tissue of animals from the polluted site were consistently and significantly higher than in those from
the remote site.
Cataldo, D., J. C. Colombo, D. Boltovskoy, C. Bilos and P. Landoni. 2001. Environmental
toxicity assessment in the Parana River delta (Argentina): simultaneous evaluation of
selected pollutants and mortality rates of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) early juveniles.
Environmental Pollution 112(3):379-389.
Water and sediment samples were collected in the lower Parana delta at four sites with different levels of
exposure to pollution to evaluate the anthropogenic impact through chemical analyses and mortality
bioassays. Individual polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals were measured in waters, porewaters and sediments. The same
three phases were also subjected to toxicity assays with straight-hinged juveniles of Corbicula fluminea.
Concentrations of several pollutants were above levels recommended for the protection of aquatic life: in
waters, Zn, Cu and Cr were 1.6-4.9 times higher, whereas in the sediments Cr was 1.8-3.6, and
benzo(a)pyrene was 2.8-5.6 times higher. Pollutant concentrations followed a clear geographic pattern with
highest values in the densely populated area of the Reconquista and Lujan rivers, lower levels in the San
Antonio, and lowest loadings in the remote Parana de las Palmas. This gradient was adequately matched by
the pattern of mortality rates of C. fluminea early juveniles, which were highest in the Reconquista-Lujan
(40-93%) and lowest (and not significantly different from the control) in the Parana (3.3-23%). Mortality
rates also increased from surface waters (3.3-53%), to porewaters (12-73%), to sediments (23-93%).
Although toxicity was probably mainly due to dissolved contaminants, agreement between chemical and
biological evidence of pollution was best for the sediment compartment, whereas porewater and surface
water showed a higher degree of variability.
Catlow, A. and L. Reeve. 1845. The Conchologists Nomenclator. 326 pp.
Cyrena fluminea, Cyrena fuscata, and Cyrena woodiana are discussed.
Catoggio, J. A. 1995. Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides
by the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea: Its use as sentinel organism in the Rio de La
Plata Estuary, Argentina. Environmental Science and Technology 29(4,): 914-927.
Cawston, F. G. 1919. Some South African snails and the cercariae which attack them. South African
Journal of Science (Cape Town) 15:375-377.
The genus Corbicula is discussed. However, no species are mentioned.
56
Corbicula Bibliography
Cazzaniga, N. J. 1997. Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, reaching Patagonia. Journal of
Freshwater Ecology 12(4):629-630.
The invasive Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1778), is reported from the Colorado River, at Rio
Colorado city, in the northern boundary of Patagonia. This locality is deemed to be on the southernmost
latitude the species can reach due to cold constraint.
Cazzaniga, N. J. and C. Perez. 1999. Asiatic Clam, Corbicula fluminea, in Northwestern
Patagonia. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 14(4):551-552.
The invasive Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, is reported from the Negro River, at Chimpay, in the
Patagonian shrubland. The invasion seems to have occurred in 1997-1998, as revealed by its absence in the
field assessments made up to January 1997 and the presence of a layer of Corbicula empty shells in the dry
sand banks left by the flood of the river in winter 1998.
Cereghino, R., R. Vigouroux, C. Dubois, J. L. Pujol, P. Cugny, J. N. Tourenq, N. Giani, B.
Crouau and S. Lek. 1999. Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca, Bivalvia): An Asiatic clam
invading the Garonne drainage basin (France). 47th Annual Meeting of the North
American Benthological Society, Duluth, Minnesota, 25-28 May.
Cesar, I. I., C. Ocon, A. C. Paggi, A. Rodrigues Capitulo, F. Spaccesi, M. Tangorra and M. P.
Tassara. 2000. Diversidad de invertebrados bentonicos del Rio de la Plata [Diversity of
benthic invertebrates of the Rio de la Plata]. IN: Biodiversidad en la Franja Costera del
Rio de la Plata. Fitoplancton, Zoobentos, Peces de la Zona Portuaria de la Ciudad de
Buenos Aires [Biodiversity of southern coastal fringe of the Rio de la Plata.
Phytoplankton, zoobenthos, fishes of the city of Buenos Aires harbour], N. Gomez and
A. Rodrigues Capitulo, Eds. Biologia Acuatica 2000(19):27-63. [Spanish with English
summary]
The Rio de la Plata (Argentina-Uruguay) presents along the southern coastal fringe different invertebrate
assemblages related with substrate type, size sediment grains and organic matter content into the bed
sediments. Other important factors influencing the distribution of benthos community in this river are
salinity and suspended solids of water and the proximity to the riverside which increases the diversity of
the habitats. The taxonomic composition and ecological characteristics of the meso and macrobenthos
associated with the river bed from Delta del Parana to Magdalena, in Buenos Aires province (Argentina),
are described. The listed taxa is the result of the revised literature and original data obtained from
periodical samplings since 1993 till 1998. The principal components of the zoobenthos in the studied area
were the allochthonous molluscs Corbicula fluminea on sandy and muddy bottoms and Limnoperna
fortunei on hard substrates of the riverside. The nematods and oligochaetes dominated sediments with high
allochthonous organic matter content imported from urban effluents. Palaemonetes argentinus,
Macrobrachium borelli, Claudicuma platensis, Sinelobus stanfordi, Basphaeroma rhonbofrontale and
Trichodactylus panoplus were the more common crustaceans in non polluted areas.
Chalermwat, K. 1983. Investigations of the digestive gland of the bivalve Corbicula. American
Zoologist 23(4):905. [Abstract]
Two experimental populations of the bivalve Corbicula from Tallahala Creek, Mississippi, were maintained in
the laboratory for a period of six weeks. One was kept in a mixed culture of algae, protozoa, and bacteria; the
other in distilled water. Bivalve pumping activity was most intense at night. Both populations produced large
amounts of pseudofeces. Animals were sampled weekly from each experimental regime. Digestive gland and
style systems are typically eulamellibranch. "Fed" animals all showed particulate matter in some portions of
the gut. Digestive gland in the "fed" animals were regularly dominated by style dissolution and extra-cellular
digestion phases of the digestive tubules; the nonfed specimens showed more random stages of digestion.
57
Corbicula Bibliography
Changes in digestive gland structure and potential digestive rhythms during 24 hr. periods are being studied.
Chalermwat, K. 1984. Comparative study of the digestive and tertiary digestive tubule morphology
in Polymesoda caroliniana and Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). American
Malacological Bulletin 3(1):101. [Abstract]
Changes in digestive tubule morphology through time in two species of corbiculid bivalves, Polymesoda
caroliniana (Bosc) and Corbicula fluminea (Müller), have been examined. Hourly samples were taken of the
bivalves in their natural habitat throughout a 24 hr. period. The animals were fixed in the field and later
sectioned and stained for histological analysis. Three individuals of P. caroliniana were sampled every hour
from an exposed brackish water marsh population in Ocean Springs, Mississippi, in April 1984. Twelve to
sixteen individuals of C. fluminea were sampled hourly from Talahalla Creek, Mississippi, in July 1984.
Sections of the digestive gland of the two bivalves reveal morphologically similar tertiary tubules. However,
the gland of P. caroliniana is larger and more compact than that of C. fluminea. Throughout the sampling
period three types of tubules were found in P. caroliniana. The first had large and prominent excretory
vacuoles; this type was dominant in every sample. The second type had less distinct excretory vacuoles in the
cell cytoplasm; this type was less abundant than the former, but was consistently found in individuals; it was,
however, found scattered through the sampling period. Similar results were obtained for C. fluminea; three
tubule types were found. Like P. caroliniana, individuals would have the gland dominated by either the tubule
type with excretory vacuoles, or the type without. In individuals of both species with excretory vacuoles, the
vacuoles were present in tubules of varying morphology, i.e., those with star-shaped lumens, wide oval
lumens, and tubules that had the distal tips of the digestive cells breaking off into the lumen. From the
presence of excretory vacuoles in individuals of the two species throughout the light-dark period it seems that
both bivalves are continuous feeders exhibiting continuous digestion.
Chalermwat, K. 1986. Diurnal and seasonal variation of tertiary digestive tubule morphology in
Corbicula fluminea (Müller). American Malacological Bulletin 4(1):115-116. [Abstract]
Digestive tubule morphology during 24-hr. periods in Corbicula fluminea show that animals maintained and
sampled in the laboratory and those that were field sampled show different tubule appearance. "Starved"
laboratory animals showed dominance of tubules in disintegrating and absorptive stages. Tubule morphology
of bivalves in field samples and "fed" laboratory animals throughout the 24-hr. periods suggest continuous
feeding. There is, however, a notable difference in digestive tubule appearance between field and "fed"
laboratory animals. Within digestive cell cytoplasm of field animals were found varying degrees of excretory
vacuole formation. These vacuoles varied in size, position and amount of particulate material inside. For the
purpose of interpreting field data, digestive tubule appearance was categorized into three types. The first type,
designated as Type A, were tubules that had digestive cells devoid of observable excretory vacuoles under
light microscopy. Type B were tubules that digestive cells had vacuoles of small size located in a proximal
position with or without particulate matter inside. Type C tubules had cells with large vacuoles in a central or
distal position with particulate matter. Percent of bivalves with Type A, B, or C tubule type within each hourly
field sample (n=20) taken three times between September 1984 and August 1985 was used to determine
possible rhythms of intracellular digestion. Evidence suggests that feeding and digestion in the bivalve,
although continuous, is modified by light intensity. Bivalves with highly vacuolated digestive cells were
dominant during the daytime in September. In June and December samples, however, no clear dominance of
any of the three tubule types was found for the 24-hr. period.
Chalermwat, K. 1987. Diurnal and Seasonal Trends of Tertiary Digestive Tubule Morphology and
Digestive Cell Cytological Appearance Change in the Asiatic Bivalve Corbicula fluminea
(Müller). Master of Science Thesis, University of Southern Mississippi (Hattiesburg). vi +
89 pp.
Intracellular digestion in Corbicula fluminea is continuous, a possible indication of continuous feeding. It
appears that the cycle of intracellular digestion is rapid because tubular epithelia of digestive glands was
58
Corbicula Bibliography
seldom found in reconstituting and holding stages during this study. Appearance of tubules in field samples is
homogeneous; digestive glands are dominated by either adsorptive or disintegrating stages.
Feeding intensity in Corbicula fluminea can vary from time to time. Bivalves with low feeding intensity may
take in small amounts of particulate matter. Low feeding intensity of individuals is reflected by absence of
large distinct vacuoles in digestive cells under light microscopy. High feeding intensity is reflected by
production of large vacuoles that eventually break off into the tubule lumina as fragmenting spherules. Light
intensity and temperature can affect feeding intensity. Confirmation of this aspect may require more controlled
field sampling schemes and laboratory experiments to lessen or eliminate the effects of habitat heterogeneity.
Continuous intracellular digestion as reflected in digestive tubule histological appearance is constant
throughout the year, making this bivalve opportunistic and efficient as far as food procurement is concerned.
This is not surprising if the rapid attainment of sexual maturity of the bivalve is taken into consideration.
Gravid bivalves as small as 10 mm shell length are quite common in Tallahala Creek and Strong River,
Mississippi; the site of this study.
Chandler, J. H. and L. L. Marking. 1975. Toxicity of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl- 4-nitrophenol
(TFM) to selected aquatic invertebrates and frog larvae. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Investigations in Fish Control No. 62:3-7.
The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) was tested against various groups of nontarget aquatic
organisms. Invertebrates exposed were flatworms (Catenula sp.), annelids (Tubifex tubifex), daphnids
(Daphnia magna), seed shrimp (Cypridopsis sp.), glass shrimp (Palaemonetes kadiakensis), mayfly nymphs
(Callibaetis sp.), backswimmers (Notonecta sp.), mosquito larvae (Culex sp. and Anopheles sp.), bivalve
molluscs (Corbicula sp., Sphaerium sp., Elliptio sp., and Plectomerus sp.), and snails (Physa sp., Helisoma
sp., and Pleurocera sp.). Vertebrates exposed to TFM were larvae of the gray tree frog (Hyla versicolor),
leopard frog (Rana pipiens), and bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Larvae of tree frogs were the most sensitive
organism to TFM (96 hr. LC50 = 1.98 mg/l), and backswimmers were least sensitive (96 hr LC50 = 555 mg/l).
Soft-bodied invertebrates were the less sensitive than snails and bivalve molluscs to TFM. The invertebrates
tested were not as susceptible as larval lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in similar standardized tests.
Chandler, J. H. and L. L. Marking. 1979. Toxicity of fishery chemicals to the Asiatic clam,
Corbicula fluminea. Progressive Fish-Culturist 41(3):148-151.
The toxicity of 20 commonly used fishery chemicals (Antimycin [Fintrol], Rotenone [Noxfish], GD-174
[2-(digeranylamino)- ethanol], Sal 1 [2', 5-dichloro-3-tert-butyl-6-methyl-4'- nitrosalicylanilide], Juglone
[5-hydroxy-1, 4-napthoquinone], sodium nitrate [as NO2N], Bayer 73 [Bayluscide], TFM [3trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol], Isobornyl thioanoacetate [Thanite], Formalin, Malachite green oxalate,
nifurpirinol [Furanace], calcium hypochlorite [HTH], Povidone-iodine [Betadine solution], Potassium
permanganate, Copper sulfate, DMA-2, 4-D [dimethylamine salt of (2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid],
Rhodamine B, Acetone, and Ethanol) to the Asiatic clam was determined to evaluate hazards to a non-target
aquatic invertebrate and asses the potential of the chemicals for controlling clam populations. Among six
piscicides and two lampricides tested, antimycin was most toxic to the clam; the 96 hr. LC50 was 0.065 mg/l.
Among three therapeutants and two disinfectants, nifurpirinol was the most toxic; the 96 hr. LC50 was 7.60
mg/l. All of the compounds were less toxic to the clam than to fish. As a non-target organism, this clam would
be safe in water treated with any of the tested fishery chemicals at recommended use pattern concentrations.
None of the chemicals have potential for controlling unwanted populations of the clams.
Chapman, F. and D. Mawson. 1925. Notes on certain South Australian fossiliferous terrestrial
formations of recent age. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 49:91-95.
Chemnitz, J. H. 1782. Martini und Chemnitz Conchylien Cabinet 6:319-323.
Chen, T. P. 1976. Culture of the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea. IN: Agricultural Practices in
Taiwan. Page Brothers (Norwitch, Ltd.). 161 pp.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Chen, T. P. 1976. Aquaculture Practices in Taiwan. Fishing News Books Ltd (Farnham, Surrey,
UK). 175 pp.
Total production from aquaculture in Taiwan in 1974 was 114,472 metric tons, 16.4% of total fisheries
production. The main species are, in order of yield: milkfish (Chanos chanos), carps (Cteopharyngodon
idellus, Hypothalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Cirrhina molitorella and Mylopharyngon piceus),
tilapia (T. mossambica, T. zillii, T. nilotica, T. aurea), oysters (14 species), eels (Anguilla japonica, A.
anguilla), clams (Meretrix lusoria, Corbicula fluminea), mullet (Mugil cephalus), Gracilaria, soft shelled
turtle (Trionyx sinensis) sand shrimp (Metapeneus monoceros), serrated crab (Scylla serrata), grass shrimp
(Penaeus monodon) and blood cockle (Anadara granosa). Cultural practices of these and other important
spp are described.
Chen, T.-S., K.-K. Feng, S.-Y. Gau, C.-M. Chu, T.-A. Pan, C.-C. Tsay and W.-L. Wang. 1994.
Feasibility studies on the processing of freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminee [sic])
extractive powder. Journal of Taiwan Fisheries Research, Keelung 2(1):75-84. [Chinese
with English summary]
The freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminee [sic]) was collected from the aquacultural farm in Sou Fon area
of Haulien Prefecture, Taiwan. The extractive powder was obtained by steaming, or boiling, or boiling
under pressure. The resulted extracts were further concentrated and dried. Effects of the size of clam,
concentration and drying methods on the yield, glycogen and free amino acid contents of the extractive
powder were investigated to evaluate the feasibility of the production of clam extractive. The size of clam
did not affect the production of its extractive, while the yield, glycogen and free amino acid contents
increased with the increase in extraction times. According to the results obtained in this study, most of the
free amino acids and glycogen were extracted after 3 extractions. Heating concentration was superior to the
reverse osmotic concentration in terms of the yield of free amino acids. There were no toxic mercury and
cadmium detected in the raw freshwater clam muscle. The concentration of these 2 metals in the highly
concentrated extractive powder was less than 0.5 ppm which was beyond the limited value of FDA, ROC.
When compared with commercial products, the extract obtained from freshwater clam having higher
concentration of free amino acid and glycogen contents suggested the high feasibility in the utilization of
local freshwater clam for the processing of extractive powder.
Chen, W., Q. He, J. Chen and H. Du. 1990. A study on the relationship between the increase of
natural food organism resources and the increase of fishes in Taihu Lake. Science Press,
Beijing. pp. 57-69. [ISBN 7030020421; Chinese with English summary]
The natural food resources in 1985 were compared with those in 1980-1981. A correlation between the
dynamic changes in resources of both food organisms and fishes in Taihu Lake was preliminarily discussed
here. Ideas on further utilization of natural food organisms in the lake were also put forward. The total fish
production in 1981 was 13 000 tons and it reached 15 000 tons in 1985. The total fish production in the
lake increased by 750-1 000 tons yearly. During this period, the variation of food organisms was found as
follows: The biomass of phytoplankton decreased slightly: the population density of zooplankton
increased, but the biomass kept almost constant: the biomass of benthos and aquatic plants increased due to
manipulation. In general, potentiality of fish production in the lake in 1985 was close to that in 1981. The
survey indicates that all these changes were closely related to the measures which were taken for increasing
natural food resources in the lake in the past 5 years particularly, the conservation measures of snails and
Corbicula spp. resulted in prominent increase of the benthos resources in the lake.
Cheney, M., J. H. Swinehardt and J. H. Crowe. 1981. Lipid compositions and permeability
properties of gills of marine and freshwater bivalve molluscs. American Zoologist 21(4):928.
[Abstract]
The lipids present in the gills of the marine bivalve mollusc Mytilus californianus, and freshwater species
Corbicula sp. and Anodonta californiensis were separated and partially identified. The gills of the marine
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Corbicula Bibliography
species contain more lipids with charged functional groups than do those of the freshwater species. The
difference in lipid compositions provides an explanation for variations in permeability properties of the gills to
glycine, the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and paranitrophenol (PNP). The effects of 2,
4-D and glycine on each others influxes into gills of M. californianus and A. californiensis have been
measured. The herbicide 2, 4-D reduces glycine influx into M. californianus gills, while glycine does not
affect influx into A. californiensis gills.
Cheremnov, A. D. 1973. The freshwater molluscs of the upper Yenisey basin. Nauchnyi Doklady
Vysshei Biologicheskie Nauki 1973(6):12-15. [Russian]
Cherry, D. S. and J. Cairns, Jr. 1986. Spawning periodicity of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea,
in the New River, Virginia. American Malacological Bulletin 4(1):116. [Abstract]
Three approaches were used weekly to assess the spawning periodicity of Corbicula fluminea in a flow
regulated reach of the New River, Virginia, for the duration of the 1984 reproductive season. Data were
collected on the number of newly recruited larvae in the New River sediment, number and life stage of larvae
naturally released from adults and held in laboratory invertebrate culture device, and the degree to which adult
brood chambers were charged with developing larvae for which indices were calculated. Periodicity and
relative intensity of spawning effort as determined by each approach were generally compatible. These
comparisons reveal three major peaks in spawning activity occurring in June to early July, late August, and
early October, each from 2 to 6 weeks duration.
Larval sediment concentrations (number per m2) peaked seasonally at 16,000, 18000, 14000, and 18,000 for
the collection days of June 12, July 17, September 4, and October 2, respectively. Larval releases from
laboratory held adults peaked seasonally with 1,900 and 1,800 larvae counted per adult for the weeks of June
26 and July 10, respectively, 1,050 for the week of August 21, and 1,275 for the week of October 2. Seasonal
peaks in brooding indices occurred for the weeks of July 10 and October 2 with values of 3.5 and 2.7 (of a
maximal values of 4.0), respectively. Midsummer index values never exceeded 1.8 (August 7 and 21,
September 4). Spring and fall spawns coincided with rapidly rising and falling water temperatures,
respectively. Mid-summer spawn occurred during a period when temperatures were relatively stable and never
exceeded 21.6oC. These observations do not coincide with previously reported patterns of reproductive efforts
by Corbicula fluminea, suggesting that reproductive activity and spawning may be highly site specific.
Cherry, D. S., J. Cairns, Jr. and R. L. Graney. 1980. Asiatic clam invasion - causes and effects.
Water Spectrum 12(4):18-24.
The introduction and subsequent invasion of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) has offered a new problem
of infestation in power plant intake systems that conventional intermittent chlorination procedures may not
resolve. Ecological effects that are apparent include a thermal enrichment effect where by C. fluminea are
"housed or protected" in heated receiving waters, especially in colder, northern environments, thus allowing
for further expansion of the "home" range. Besides a general resistance to biocidal activities, the clam has
developed other protective self-maintaining mechanisms. The overall effect upon indigenous molluscs and
other benthic populations may result in the competitive exclusion of the other naturally occurring mollusc
populations. The effect upon power production may result in unscheduled shutdowns for removal of clams
congested in condenser pipes or for repair of these units.
Cherry, D. S., J. L. FarrisJ. R. Bidwell, A. Mikailoff, M. M. Yeager, S. R. Lynde, R. L. Shema
and J. W. Mclntire. 1992. Environmental effects of molluscicide application for
Corbicula control in a nuclear power plant: A two-year study. 13th Annual Meeting
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry - Abstracts.
A three-tiered approach was employed for testing the efficacy of a molluscicide (Clam -trol or CT -1) to
control Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) and the fate and effects at a nuclear power installation. Testing
included formal laboratory acute/chronic testing (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promales, Chironomus
riperius); on site monitoring with artificial streams (Corbicula growth and cellulolytic enzyme activity,
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Corbicula Bibliography
snail (Goniobasis sp.) survival, Lepomis macrochirus survival/growth, mayfly (Isonychia bicolor)
survival); and in-river sampling of the benthic macroinvertebrates and survival/growth impairment testing
of Corbicula and Chironomus in sediment cages. No US EPA recommended organisms were impaired at
the in-stream water concentration (IWC) of 5% effluent. Ceriodaphnia were the most sensitive of
standardized test organisms. Chironomus and Corbicula growth was impaired in the river system below the
plant when molluscicide dosing coincided with the 7Q10 of lowest flow in the Ohio River in August, 1991.
Benthic macroinvertebrate surveys below the plant did not detect any in-stream effects.
Cherry, D. S., J. H. Rodgers, Jr., R. L. Graney and J. Cairns, Jr. 1980. Dynamics and control of the
Asiatic clam in the New River, Virginia. Virginia Water Resources Research Center,
Virginia Polytechnic University (Blacksburg), VPI-VWRRC-Bulletin 123. vii + 72 pp.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) has invaded the New River at the rate of 9 miles/yr. from the Kanawha
River, which enters downstream from the Glen Lyn coal-powered generating plant in Virginia. During
October 1976 - September 1978, clams were more numerous in the vicinity of the thermal discharge of the
plant than they were in unheated waters, and their population fell sharply during the winter months, when
water temperature dropped to approximately 2oC. The temperature (35oC) of the heated discharge water in late
summer did not adversely affect the clam. High mortality occurred at temperatures >36oC in laboratory
thermal tolerance studies.
The clam proved to be highly resistant to the conventional biocidal practice of intermittent chlorination and to
exposure to heavy metals in both static and artificial stream bioassays. Copper was more toxic than either zinc
or a combination of zinc and copper. Potassium was not an effective biocidal agent at low concentrations
(<100 mg/l).
Measurements of 42 elements in water, sediment, clam shell, and visceral tissue revealed that Corbicula was
an effective accumulator of many elements. Concentrations in all tissue samples were greater than those
measured in river water. Fifteen elements were more concentrated in tissue samples than in river sediment, but
the converse was true for 25 elements. Elements released from discharges at the Glen Lyn plant did not limit
the clam's ability to propagate or development.
Although only minor incidents of Corbicula infestation have been observed in the cooling system of the
power plant, such infestation could become a serious problem in the winter water temperatures rise. No
effective means of controlling the clam's population has been developed.
Cherry, D. L., R. L. Roy, R. A. Lechleitner, P. A. Dunhardt, G. T. Peters and J. Cairns, Jr. 1986.
Corbicula fouling and control measures at the Celco Plant, Virginia. IN: Proceedings of the
Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological
Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 69-81.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) infestation was initially reported in May 1981 and increased substantially
by the fall at the Celco Plant, Celanese Corporation, Narrows, Virginia, as clam numbers at the river
pumphouse station increased from 2,529/m2 on 13 July 1981 to 269,105/m2 by 25 September 1981. Infestation
in the plant increased throughout 1982 as clam numbers at the pumphouse increased from 2,465 to 23,869/m2
from 13 April 1982 to 29 November 1982. Spring spawning was documented on 8 June 1982 and 25 May
1983 at river temperatures of 17-22 and 14-17oC, respectively. Spawning was continuous throughout the
summer and fall of 1982 and 1983 although a major fall spawn was observed at river temperatures of 8-22oC
(11 October to 29 November 1982) and 16-24oC (29 September 1983). In-plant continuous chlorination (less
than or equal to 0.50 mg/l) for four weeks at the major spring and fall spawning periods was implemented in
1982 and continued in 1983 to reduce the incidents of clogged air conditioning condensers, oil cooling heat
exchangers, industrial condensing-recovery complexes and power generating units. Other anti-fouling efforts
used included the removal of clam-laden sediment at the pumphouse and periodic flushing of water holding
towers and dead pipe spaces within the plant. Benthic macroinvertebrate collections were made in the New
River upstream, adjacent to and downstream of the plant before continuous chlorination was implemented and
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Corbicula Bibliography
during the two years of its use. No discernable impact of continuous chlorination for clam control was
observed on the invertebrate populations sampled in the river. Literature data suggested that fish populations
in the New River area influenced by chlorination would avoid these discharges. Continuous chlorination had a
positive effect in reducing the number of clam fouling incidents within the plant in 1983 since only six of the
seven incidents reported were due to clam shells and not live clams.
Chevalier, A. 1827. L'Afrique Centrale Francaise.
Chevallier, H., R. Chretien and R. Letolle. 1969. Les corbiculids du gisement pleistocene de Cergy.
Eighth Congress, INQUA, Paris. pp. 425-431.
The shell size, polymorphism, and habitat of fossil Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) is presented.
Chick, J. 1997. A Spatial Extension of the Match/mismatch Hypothesis and Its Relevance To
Striped Bass Populations. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, University of Georgia
(Athens). [see also Dissertation ABstracts, Part B: Science and Engineering 58(6):2771.
A combination of field surveys, laboratory experiments, and simulation modeling were used to examine the
relevance of the match/mismatch hypothesis to the striped bass (Morone saxatilis) population in Lake
Marion. Substantial spatial and temporal variation was found in the abundance and composition of
zooplankton among potential nursery areas along the riverine to lentic gradient in the upper portion of this
system. Microzooplankton (rotifers and copepod nauplii) abundance was up to two orders of magnitude
greater in the lentic habitat than in the riverine or transitional habitats. Macrozooplankton (organisms
>200/ μm) composition also varied along this gradient with adult copepods and cladocerans dominating the
assemblage in the lentic habitat, but juvenile Corbicula fluminea dominant in the river and transitional
habitats. Laboratory feeding experiments demonstrated that both among- and within-site variation of
zooplankton observed in Lake Marion could have substantial effects on the foraging success of larval
striped bass. In longer term experiments, larvae reared under prey conditions similar to those found in the
lentic habitat were found to have faster growth and lower mortality rates than larvae reared under prey
conditions similar to the riverine and transitional habitats. Behavioral experiments demonstrated that larvae
reared in conditions similar to the riverine and transitional habitats also had slower routine swimming
speed and were less responsive to simulated predator attacks than larvae reared in conditions similar to the
lentic habitat.
Chick, J. H. and M. J. Van Den Avyle. 1999. Zooplankton variability and larval striped bass
foraging: Evaluating potential match/mismatch regulation. Ecological Applications
9(1):320-334.
Temporal and spatial variability of zooplankton in three potential nursery sites (river, transition zone, lake)
were quantified for larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in Lake Marion, South Carolina, during April and
May 1993-1995. In two of three years, microzooplankton (rotifers and copepod nauplii) density was
significantly greater in the lake site than in the river or transition zone. Macrozooplankton (>200 μm)
composition varied among the three sites in all years with adult copepods and cladocerans dominant at the
lake, and juvenile Corbicula fluminea dominant at the river and transition zone. Laboratory feeding
experiments, simulating both among-site (site treatments) and within-site (density treatments) variability,
were conducted in 1995 to quantify the effects of the observed zooplankton variability on foraging success
of larval striped bass. A greater proportion of larvae fed in the lake than in the river or transition-zone
treatments across all density treatments: mean (x), 10x and 100x. Larvae also ingested significantly more
dry mass of prey in the lake treatment in both the mean and 10x density treatments. Field zooplankton and
laboratory feeding data suggest that both spatial and temporal variability of zooplankton influence larval
striped bass foraging. Prey density levels that supported successful foraging in our feeding experiments
occurred in the lake during late April and May in 1994 and 1995 but were never observed in the river or
transition zone. Because the rivers flowing into Lake Marion are regulated, it may be possible to devise
flow management schemes that facilitate larval transport to the lake and thereby increase the proportion of
63
Corbicula Bibliography
larvae matched to suitable prey resources.
Chiou, T. K.. H. L. Lan and C. Y. Shiau. 1998. Changes in freshness of cultured freshwater clam
(Corbicula fluminea Müller) during storage at different temperatures. Journal of the
Chinese Agricultural Chemical Society 36(4): 408.
Chiou, T. K.. H. L. Lan and C. Y. Shiau. 1999. Changes in adenosine triphosphate and related
compounds and in free amino acids of freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea Müller)
during storage at different temperatures. Journal of the Chinese Agricultural Chemical
Society 37(1):42.
Cho, D. H., O. K. Kwon and S. B. Park. 1985. On the formation of the nacreous layer of freshwater
bivalves. 2. SDS-electrophoresis of extrapallial fluid. Korean Journal of Limnology
18(3-4):61-66. [Korean with English summary]
The protein content of the mantle extrapallial fluid of Corbicula fluminea is characterized.
Choi, W. C. and M. J. Ha. 1985. The composition of protein patterns of several species in Bivalvia
by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Korean Journal of Zoology 28(2):61-70.
Corbicula fluminea producta is discussed.
Chordas, S. W. 2000. Investigations into Acute Potassium Intoxication in the Introduced
Freshwater Bivalves Dreissena polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea. Doctor of
Philosophy Dissertation, The Ohio State University (Columbus. xvii+160 pp.
Chordas, S. W., III, S. W. Fisher and P. C. Stromberg. 1996. Rubidium flux in the zebra mussel
(Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771)) and Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea (Müller,
1774)). 17th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, Washington, D. C., 17-21 November
Chou, J.-B., C.-L. Huang and T.-H. Lee. 2001. Gill and mantle structures of the freshwater clam,
Corbicula fluminea. 6th Asian Fisheries Forum Book of Abstracts p. 64.
Freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) is one of the popular bivalves on the dinning tables in Taiwan. It is
characterized with prosperous hinge teeth and obvious concentric ring. The shell which is 2 similar to 3cm
in diameter comes close to triangle with black or yellowish-green colors, and the interior part of the shell is
white and the edge is purple. This species inhabit in freshwater lakes, rivers, ponds or channels, and even
in estuaries. In order to investigate the mechanisms of ionic regulation in the stenohaline bivalve,
histological and ultrastructural studies were performed first to realize structures of gills and mantles. Of the
freshwater clam there are two separate demibranchs (gills) paired on each side of the mantle cavity. Each
demibranch is composed of two lamellae formed several central water cavities, called water channel. The
surface of the lamellae are vertical arranged filaments with long cilia and short ones. Several filaments
form a concavity joined with the other lamella and connected by the interlamellar septum. Between each
filament there are many ostia. The ostia extend to the water channel, and form the water canal. Water
enters into the mantle cavity from the inhalant siphon, and flows into the water channel passing through the
ostia and water canal of lamellae. Then it moves toward the suprabranchial chamber and finally eliminated
by the exhalant siphon. In freshwater clam the mantle consists of an outer skirt region distal to the pallial
line, a central skirt region, and a vascular area adjacent to the dorsal edge of the visceral mass. The outer
skirt region looks like a thin membrane, the central skirt region has horizontal folds forming some crevices
with upright cilia, and in the vascular area there are no horizontal folds but the same cell form of central
skirt region. Future work will be focused on the mechanisms of ionic regulation by the methods of
biochemistry and molecular biology. Also the structures and mechanisms of bivalves will be compared to
find out the difference between them.
Chu, H.-H. 2000. The use of wavelet analysis to assess the valve-movment[i.e. movement]
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Corbicula Bibliography
response data of Corbicula flumniea and Dreissena polymorpha to environmental
change. Master of Science Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. v + 184
pp.
Chung, P. R., Y. Jung, Y. K. Park, M. G. Hwang and C. T. Soh. 2001. Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia:
Corbiculidae): a possible second molluscan intermediate host of Echinostoma cinetorchis
(Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology 39(4):32932.
More than 1,500 clams of Corbicula fluminea, the most favorable food source of freshwater bivalves in
Korea, were collected from 5 localities to examine cercarial and metacercarial infection with Echinostoma
cinetorchis. Although 3 clams infected with suspicious E. cinetorchis metacercariae out of 200 specimens
collected at Kangjin, Chollanam-do were detected, no cercarial and metacercarial infections with E.
cinetorchis were observed in field-collected Corbicula specimens. In the susceptibility experiments with
laboratory-reared clams, those infected with miracidia of E. cinetorchis did not release their cercariae up to
60 days after infection. To confirm the identity of second intermediate host of E. cinetorchis
experimentally, a total of 30 clams were exposed to the cercariae from Segmentina hemisphaerula that had
been infected with miracidia of E. cinetorchis. The clams were susceptible to cercariae of E. cinetorchis
with an infection rate of 93.3%. Metacercariae from clams taken more than 7 days after cercarial exposure
were fed to rats (S/D strain), and adult worms of E. cinetorchis, characterized by 37-38 collar spines on the
head crown, were recovered from the ileocecal regions. This is the first report of C. fluminea as a possible
second intermediate host of E. cinetorchis.
Ciutat, A. and A. Boudou. 2003. A Bioturbation effects on cadmium and zinc transfers from a
contaminated sediment and on metal bioavailability to benthic bivalves. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 22(7):1574-1581.
The two main objectives of this study were to compare cadmium and zinc fluxes from contaminated
sediment to the water column in bioturbated and unbioturbated systems and jointly to analyze accumulation
kinetics of these released metals by benthic filter-feeder bivalves. The experimental approach was based on
indoor microcosms containing a two-compartment biotope: natural contaminated sediment (45 +/- 5 μg
Cd/g, dry wt, and 1,938 +/- 56 μg Zn/g, dry wt) and water column. Four experimental conditions were
studied: no organism added to the sediment-water biotope, presence of bivalves Corbicula fluminea,
presence of Hexagenia rigida nymphs (bioturbation source), and presence of C. fluminea and H. rigida
simultaneously. Results reveal that bioturbation produces a significant metal release into the water column
via the resuspended sediment particles. The use of C. fluminea as an indicator of transferred metals in the
water column shows that the metal bioavailability is very limited, quantities of cadmium and zinc
bioaccumulated in the soft bodies being less than those measured in unbioturbated systems. This
experimental study demonstrates that only the dissolved fraction resulting from diffusive metal fluxes
across the sediment-water interface is bioavailable for this bivalve species.
Ciutat, A., O. Weber A. Boudou. 2000. Sediment bioturbation by mayfly nymphs and effects on
cadmium transfers to the water column and to the benthic bivalve Corbicula fluminea.
2000 Annual Meeting, American Society of Limnology and Ocenography, Copenhagen
(Denmark), 5-9 June.
Claeys, R. R., R. S. Caldwell, N. H. Cutshall and R. Horton. 1975. Residues in fish, wildlife, and
estuaries:chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in marine species,
Oregon/Washington coast, 1972. Pesticide Monitoring Journal 9:2-10.
Concentrations of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) were determined in three
offshore marine species from the Oregon/Washington coast: pink shrimp, euphausisds, and flatfish; five
species of bivalve mollusks from five estuaries along the Oregon coast (including Corbicula fluminea [Müller,
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Corbicula Bibliography
1774]); several fish species from the Coos Bay and Columbia River estuaries; and a summer run of steelhead
from the Rogue River.
The compounds p,p'-DDE and PCB's were detected most frequently. Euphausiids and pink shrimp contained
approximately 2 ppb (ìg/kg) wet-weight DDE and 8 and 25 ppb PCB's, respectively. Offshore flatfish
contained an average of 9 ppb DDE and 29 ppb PCB's. DDE residues in estuarine mollusks approximated 0.5
ppb. PCB levels were not detectable (< 3 ppb) except in collections from the mouth of the Columbia River
where levels averaged 400 ppb PCB's and 17 ppb DDT. Selected Columbia River fish species contained 38
ppb DDE and 480 ppb PCB's; summer-run steelhead in the Rogue River contained 97 ppb DDE and 125 ppb
PCB's.
PCB chromatograms of most euphausiids closely resembled those of Aroclor 1254. Chromatograms of shrimp
and flatfish indicated selective metabolism of two compounds in the Aroclor 1254 formulation. Biphenyls of
higher chlorine content were also detected in the shrimp and flatfish.
Clark, B. L. 1938. Fauna from the Markley Formation (upper Eocene) on Pleasant Creek, California.
Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 49(5):638-729.
Corbicula arnoldi sp. nov. (Pl. 4, Figs. 4, 8, 12, 19, 24) and Corbicula oldroydi sp. nov. (Pl. 1, Figs. 3, 15, 28)
are described and figured from the Markley Formation, Upper Eocene, of California.
Clark, B. L. and R. Arnold. 1923. Fauna of the Sooke Formation, Vancouver Island. Bulletin of the
University of California Department of Geology 14:123-234.
Corbicula sookensis sp. nov. is described (p. 148) and figured (Pl. 20, Fig. 3) from the Sooke Formation,
Miocene or Oligocene, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
Clark, W. B. 1891. Correlation papers: Eocene. Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey 83:1-173.
Corbicula pugetensis White, 1889, and Corbicula willisi White, 1889, are reported from the Puget Group,
Eocene of Washington.
Clarke, A. H. 1981. Corbicula fluminea in Lake Erie. The Nautilus 94(1):36.
Corbicula fluminea was found in Lake Erie at Monroe, Monroe County, Michigan, 17 December 1980 in a
sand bottom in 3 feet of water. The survival of C. fluminea at shallow depths in the lake is doubted due to
winter ice formation and scouring. However, if water temperatures are kept warm, these bivalves should
become widespread in the region.
Clarke, A. H. 1984. Freshwater molluscan survey of the Roanoke, Tar and Neuse river systems,
N.C. American Malacological Bulletin 3(1):104-105. [Abstract]
Systematic surveys of freshwater molluscs in northeastern North Carolina, sponsored by the Smithsonian
Institution and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, were carried out from 1977 to 1983. The Tar River system
received special attention (72 study sites) because it contains Elliptio (Canthyria) steinstansana Johnson and
Clarke, a rare spiny mussel proposed for inclusion on the Federal List of Endangered Species. Supplementary
studies were also done in the lower Roanoke River system (13 sites) and the lower Neuse River system (14
sites) to assess the possibility of occurrence of E. steinstansana there.
The Tar River system is highly productive and, except for a reach below Rocky Mount, has good water
quality. 26 species were found there of which 14 are Unionidae. The whole bivalve fauna is being impacted by
Corbicula fluminea which was introduced there in 1979 or 1980. By the summer of 1982 it was dominant (ca.
1000/m2) below Old Sparta and had reached N.C. Highway 44 north of Tarboro. By the summer of 1983 it
had ascended an additional 40 miles to near Spring Hope and it will soon be conspicuous throughout the
system.
The Roanoke River below Lake Gaston is heavily silted. It revealed only fresh empty shells of Anodonta
implicata and Elliptio complanata and abundant Corbicula fluminea. In a river-lake of the Cashie River (a
Roanoke tributary), empty shells of A. implicata and Lampsilis ochracea, huge specimens of Ligumia nasuta,
and no C. fluminea were found. The Neuse River between Raleigh and Seven Springs yielded only E.
complanata, a rare unionid of unknown identity, and C. fluminea. Among Neuse tributaries, the Trent River is
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Corbicula Bibliography
polluted below Trenton and apparently has no molluscs there, but the Little River is productive and supports a
diverse fauna.
Clarke, A. H. 1985. The tribe Alasmidontini (Unionidae: Anodontinae), Part II: Lasmigona and
Simpsonaias. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 399. iii + 75 pp.
Corbicula fluminea is reported in Eagle Creek, Kentucky, in association with Fusconaia flava, Elliptio
dilatata, Alasmidonta viridis, Lasmigona complanata, Strophitus undulatus, Tritogonia verrucosa, Lampsilis
radiata siliquoidea, and Goniobasis sp. C. fluminea was also reported from the South Fork of the Cumberland
River, Kentucky, in association with Pegias fabula.
Clarke, A. H. 1986. Competitive exclusion of Canthyria (Unionidae) by Corbicula fluminea
(Müller). Malacology Data Net (Ecosearch Series) No. 1:3-10.
Corbicula fluminea was found to actively exclude the native bivalve Canthyria. The implications for
conservation of native freshwater bivalves are discussed.
Clarke, A. N. and J. H. Clarke. 1974. A static monitor for lead in natural and waste waters.
Environmental Letters 7(3):251-260.
The shells of the ubiquitous freshwater mollusc, Corbicula manillensis (sic), commonly known as the Asiatic
clam, can be used to monitor the relative concentration and changes in concentration of lead over extended
periods of time in natural and waste waters at at pH of 7 or above. Plastic baths used in the course of the
experiment were found to contain significantly high concentrations of lead.
Clarke, J. H., A. N. Clarke, D. J. Wilson and J. J. Friauf. 1976. Lead levels in freshwater mollusk
shells. Environmental Sciences and Engineering A11(1):65-78.
Clarke, J. H., A. N. Clarke, D. J. Wilson and J. J. Friauf. 1979. On the use of Corbicula fluminea as
indicators of heavy metal contamination. IN: Proceedings of the First International
Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University Research Foundation
(Ft. Worth). pp. 153-163.
The shells of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) have been found to serve as good indicators of lead
contamination for a given area. Studies using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and shells collected from
rivers and reservoirs in the vicinity of Nashville, Tennessee, have revealed that lead is concentrated in the
shells by factors as high as 5,000 and that statistically significant (95% level of confidence) differences were
obtained between mean lead levels corresponding to different sample locations. Shells from very young C.
fluminea were found which contained unusually high concentrations of lead. The possibility of using the
empty shells of C. fluminea as static monitors of lead was also investigated. It was found that the shells absorb
lead at pH's of 7 or above and that the difference between the mean lead level before emplacement in water
containing reasonably high (4.1 and 69.5 ppm) concentrations of lead and the final lead level is statistically
significant at the 95% level of confidence. Studies are underway concerning the suitability of the use of these
shells with other heavy metals.
Claudi, R., and Mackie, G. L. 1994. Practical Manual for Zebra Mussel Monitoring and
Control. Lewis Publishers, CRC Press (Boca Raton, Florida).
Cleland, J. D. 1988. Ecological and physiological considerations of deposit-feeding in a
freshwater bivalve, Corbicula fluminea. Master of Science Thesis, University of Texas at
Arlington. xi + 130 pp.
Clench, W. J. 1970. Corbicula manilensis Philippi in lower Florida. The Nautilus 84(1):36.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) is reported from Lake Hippochee, Caloosahatchee River Canal, in 1969.
This extension into the Caloosahatchee - Lake Okeechobee system will lead to its dispersal all over the lower
Florida Peninsula.
Clench, W. J. 1971. Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) in Oklahoma. The Nautilus 85(4):145.
67
Corbicula Bibliography
The first report of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) from Oklahoma. Populations are reported from Lake
Overholser from collections made in 1969.
Clench, W. J. and D. H. Stansbery. 1969. Corbicula manilensis Philippi in the Nolichucky River.
The Nautilus 82(4):146.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) was found in great abundance in the Nolichucky River, 3.5 mi.
southwest of Warrensburg, Green County, Tennessee, in September 1968. Substrata consisted of beds of
angular limestone, loose limestone rocks, and gravel, sand, and sandy mud.
Clench, W. J. and R. D. Turner. 1962. New Names Introduced by H. A. Pilsbry in the Mollusca and
Crustacea. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Special Publication No. 4. 218 pp.
Provides bibliographic citations for the species of Corbiculacea described by Henry Augustus Pilsbry.
Clerici, E. 1888. Sulla Corbicula fluminalis dei dintorni di Roma e sui fossili che l'accompagano.
Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana 7:105-128.
Clessin, S. 1872. Der Schliessapparat der Cycladeen. Malakozoologische Blätter 19:150-160.
[German]
The systematics of the genera Corbicula, Batissa, Velorita, Cyrena, Limosina, Sphaerium, Calyculina, and
Pisidium are discussed in consideration of the ligament, hinge, cardinal teeth, and lateral teeth morphology.
Clessin, S. 1874. Fauna Nordostafrika. Nova Acta Academie der Naturhistorische Cur. Dresden
32:289.
Corbicula pusilla jickeli ssp. nov. is described (p. 289) and figured (Pl. 2, Fig. 12) from specimens taken from
a canal of the Nile River near Cairo.
Clessin, S. 1877. Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz, Band IX,
3:139.
Abth.
Corbicula rivina sp. nov. is described (p. 139) and figured (Pl. 25, Figs. 3, 4) from the Murray River,
Australia.
Clessin, S. 1879. Die familie der Cycladeen. IN: Systematiches Conchylien - Cabinet von
und Chemnitz. Verlag von Bauer und Raspe (Nürnberg) 9(3):1-238.
Martini
The following species are newly described and figured: Corbicula alba (White Nile, Sennar above Khartoum
[p. 157, Pl. 27, Figs. 27, 28]); Corbicula albida (River Lepenula, South Africa [pp. 156-157, Pl. 27, Figs. 25,
26]); Corbicula doenitziana (Yokohama, Japan [pp. 197-198, Pl. 39, Fig. 41]); Corbicula elongata (Mindinao,
Philippines [p. 186, Pl. 32, Figs. 19, 20]); Corbicula glabra (p. 192, Pl. 39, Fig. 8); Corbicula heuglini (Lake
Tsana, Abyssinia [p. 139, Pl. 25, Figs. 1, 2]); Corbicula hohenackeri (Jalysch River, Caucasus, Asia [p. 177,
Pl. 31, Figs. 1, 2]); Corbicula huttoniana (Ahimdabad, India [pp. 77-78, Pl. 3, Fig. 6]); Corbicula indica
(India [pp. 143-144, Pl. 25, Figs. 21-23]); Corbicula inflata (India [p. 179, Pl. 31, Figs. 14, 15]); Corbicula
javana (Java [p. 180, Pl. 31, Figs. 16, 17]); Corbicula jickeli (Canal of the Nile, near Cairo, Egypt [p. 163, Pl.
2, Fig. 12]); Corbicula maltzaniana (p. 132, Pl. 24, Figs. 3, 4); Corbicula martensi (Yokohama, Japan [p. 196,
Pl. 38, Figs. 17, 18]); Corbicula meridionalis (Africa im Senegal [p. 142, Pl. 25, Figs. 15-17]); Corbicula
natalensis (Natal [p. 155, Pl. 27, Figs. 19-21]); Corbicula nilotica (Near Bahr-el-Asrak, Blue Nile [pp.
177-178, Pl. 31, Fig. 3]); Corbicula ovata (Asien, China [pp. 167-168, Pl. 29, Figs. 16, 17]); Corbicula picta
(India? [p. 179, Pl. 31, Figs. 12, 13]); Corbicula regia (Wahrsecheinlich Indien [p. 267, Pl. 43, Fig. 5]);
Corbicula reiniana (Yokohama, Japan [pp. 196-197, Pl. 39, Figs. 8, 9]); Corbicula rostrata (p. 142, Pl. 25,
Figs. 5, 6); Corbicula senegalensis (Senegal [p. 141, Pl. 25, Figs. 9, 10]); Corbicula subsulcata (p. 164, Pl. 29,
Figs. 5, 6); Corbicula sulcata (Java [pp. 188-189, Pl. 32, Figs. 17, 18]); Corbicula surinamica (South America
[p. 178, Pl. 31, Figs. 7-9]); Corbicula umbonata (pp. 161-162, Pl. 28, Figs. 13-15); Corbicula violacea (Asien
Ostindien [pp. 180-181, Pl. 30, Figs. 18, 19]); Corbicula viridis (pp. 131-132, Pl. 24, Figs. 1, 2); and
Corbicula viridula (p. 143, Pl. 25, Figs. 18-20).
Clessin, S. 1887. Neue arten des genus Corbicula Mühlf. aud Vorder- und Hinterasien, Borneo und
68
Corbicula Bibliography
Sumatra. Malakozoologische Blätter (N.F.) 9:67-80. [German]
Corbicula tonkingensis sp. nov. (Hue, Tonking [Vietnam] [pp. 67-68, Pl. 2, Fig. 1]), Corbicula flava sp. nov.
(pp. 68-69, Pl. 2, Fig. 2), Corbicula psidioides sp. nov. (Borneo [p. 69, Pl. 2, Fig. 3]), Corbicula nevilli sp.
nov. (Assam [pp. 70-71, Pl. 2, Fig. 5]), Corbicula peteti sp. nov. (Cochinchina [p. 71, Pl. 2, Fig. 6]), Corbicula
tenuis sp. nov. (Cochinchina [p. 72, Pl. 2, Fig. 7]), Corbicula cochinchinensis sp. nov. (Cochinchina [p. 73, Pl.
2, Fig. 8]), Corbicula jullieniana sp. nov. (pp. 73-74, Pl. 3, Fig. 1), Corbicula solida sp. nov. (Ceylon [Sri
Lanka] [p. 76, Pl. 3, Fig. 4]), Corbicula subnitens sp. nov. (Ceylon [Sri Lanka] [p. 77, Pl. 3, Fig. 5]),
Corbicula huttoniana (Ahimdabad, India [pp. 77-78, Pl. 3, Fig. 6]), Corbicula sumatrana sp. nov. (Singkarah
Lake, Sumatra [pp. 78-79, Pl. 3, Fig. 7]), and Corbicula verbecki sp. nov. (Singkarah Lake, Sumatra [pp.
79-80, Pl. 3, Fig. 8]), are described and figured. Corbicula solidula Prime, 1861, Corbicula castanea (Morelet,
1865), and Corbicula bocourti (Morelet, 1865) are also discussed.
Cloe, W. W., III G. C. Garman and S. A. Stranko. 1995. The potential of the bull chub (Nocomis
raneyi) as a predator of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in Mid-Atlantic coastal
rivers. American Midland Naturalist 133(1):170-176.
The feeding ecology and pharyngeal teeth of the bull chub (Nocomis raneyi) were investigated to
determine whether the species could potentially crush and ingest zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha),
should this mollusk become established in coastal rivers of the mid-Atlantic United States. We
hypothesized that if bull chubs could crush mollusks similar size and shell thickness to zebra mussels, bull
chubs could successfully prey upon zebra mussels. The introduced Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) was
used as a surrogate for the zebra mussel. Gut content analysis of larger (TL = 126 mm+) bull chubs from
the James River, Virginia, revealed that mollusks were a dominant prey item, and Asiatic clams were
ingested by bull chubs > 125 mm TL. Shell thicknesses of zebra mussels and Asiatic clams of equivalent
shell lengths were compared, and Asiatic clam shells were significantly thicker (P < 0.001) than zebra
mussel shells. Because bull chubs ingest and crush the thicker-shelled Asiatic clam, the fish could
successfully prey upon the zebra mussel if it becomes established in coastal rivers of the mid-Atlantic
United States.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1933. Corbicula in South Rhodesia. The Nautilus 47:77.
Corbicula cf. oliphantensis is reported for the first time in Rhodesia from specimens collected in the Ingezi
River at Shangani. The specimens are also compared with descriptions of Corbicula africana and Corbicula
radiata.
Cohen, R. R. H. 1988. Phytoplankton Dynamics of the Fresh, Tidal Potomac River, Maryland,
for the Summers of 1979 to 1981: A Water-Quality Study of the Tidal Potomac River and
Estuary. United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2234-C. 34pp.
The distribution and abundance of phytoplankton in the fresh, tidal Potomac River, MD, was different
during 1979-81 from that observed in the 1960 's and 1970's. Concentrations of phytoplankton in the 1960
's and 1970 's reached maximum attainable levels that were limited only by self-shading. A sag in
phytoplankton abundance, apparent during the summers of 1980 and 1981 between Rosier Bluff and
Marshall Hall, appears to have been caused by the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea. Reduced abundance
of phytoplankton throughout the entire fresh, tidal river during the summers of 1980 and 1981 may have
been due to grazing by Corbicula, high discharge, and perhaps phosphorus limitation in late August at and
of Hallowing Point. Phytoplankton growth rates and chlorophyll-to-cell ratios were highest at Hatton Point
and Marshall Hall (the sag reach). A model was constructed that predicted phytoplankton growth rates by
varying only chlorophyll a concentration and light penetration. Nutrient concentrations were not required
to make the model fit the data. Primary productivity was highest for the year during August 1980 and
August 1981. Productivity/unit chlorophyll was highest at Hatton Point, where reduced concentrations of
phytoplankton permitted the deepest light penetration in the fresh, tidal river.
Cohen, R. R. H., P. V. Dresler, E. J. P. Phillips and R. L. Cory. 1984. The effect of the Asiatic clam,
69
Corbicula Bibliography
Corbicula fluminea, on phytoplankton of the Potomac River, Maryland. Limnology and
Oceanography 29(1):170-180.
In the summers of the 1960s and 1970s, phytoplankton in the fresh, tidal Potomac River showed a
downstream gradient of low to high abundance. Phytoplankton abundance in a 6-8 km segment of the river, in
summer 1980 and 1981, was 40-60% below that upstream and downstream, forming a "sag".
In 1980, the highest densities of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea were in the same reach as the
phytoplankton sag. Filtration rates indicate that the volume of the sag reach could be pumped through the C.
fluminea population in 3-4 days. C. fluminea removed 30% of the phytoplankton chlorophyll a from a river
water sample in 2 hrs. Pheophytin a in surficial sediments correlated well with clam biomass as a consequence
of phytoplankton excreted in pseudofeces.
Coldiron, D. D. 1975. Some Aspects of the Biology of the Exotic Mollusk Corbicula (Bivalvia:
Corbiculidae). Master of Science Thesis, Texas Christian University (Ft. Worth). 92 pp.
Cole, G. A. 1966. The American Southwest and Middle America. IN: Limnology in North America,
D. G. Frey, Ed. University of Wisconsin Press (Madison). pp. 393-434.
Marine and brackish water affinities are shown by the flora and fauna of Arizona irrigation canals where the
salinities are increased. This may not be true of Corbicula fluminea which is not found in those canals with
higher salinities.
Cole, R. W. 1995. Differentiation of copper uptake from sediment or overlying water by the
Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, and the modification of sediment characters in a 30 day
artificial stream test. Honors Senior Thesis, Arkansas State University. 45 pp.
Collier, A. J. 1918. Geology of northeastern Montana. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Papers
120-B:17-39.
Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported from the Kootenai? Formation, Cretaceous of
northeastern Montana.
Colombo, J. C., C. Bilos, M. Campanaro, M. J. Rodriguez Presa and J. A. Catoggio. 1995.
Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides by the Asiatic
clam Corbicula fluminea: Its use as sentinel organism in the Rio de La Plata Estuary,
Argentina. Environmental Science and Technology 29(4):914-927.
Individual PCBs and chlorinated pesticides (CHLPs) were determined in water, suspended particles (SPM),
sediments, and Asiatic clams to study their bioaccumulation kinetics and evaluate the usefulness of the
clams as sentinel organisms. Bioaccumulation depended on the routes of uptake and bioavailability
determined by compound hydrophobicity. Corbicula fluminea are reliable sentinel organisms and showed
clear geographical trends along 150 km of the Rio de La Plata coast: a progressive decrease of PCB levels
and more degraded patterns dominated by recalcitrant congeners, i.e., 153, were observed with increasing
distance from the major La Plata-Buenos Aires urban center. A size-related trend overlapped with this
spatial gradient: older clams usually showed higher levels and a more degraded PCB signature. CHLPs
showed less clear geographical trends due to the presence of multiple sources. CHLP patterns showed a
strong dominance of chlordane-related compounds, particularly trans-chlordane which was 2-5 times more
abundant than the cis isomer. On a temporal scale, from 1986 to 1993, Asiatic clams presented sustained
PCB levels but showed a significant decrease of chlordane and DDT, which suggests reduced inputs in
recent years.
Colombo, J. C., C. Brochu, C. Bilos, P. Landoni and S. Moore. 1997. Long-term accumulation of
individual PCBs, dioxins, furans, and trace metals in Asiatic clams from the Rio De La
Plata Estuary, Argentina. Environmental Science and Technology 31(12):3551-3557.
The long-term accumulation of individual polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), dioxins (CDD), furans (CDF),
70
Corbicula Bibliography
and selected trace metals was studied in Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) of increasing size covering a
0.5-4-year growth period. PCB bioaccumulation was congener-specific and related to compound
hydrophobicity and stereochemistry as indicated the contrasted slopes obtained for the concentration vs
size regressions. Tri and tetraCB with log Kow < 6 showed non-significant slopes, indicating steady-state
conditions or negative values (i.e., PCB 31 and 49) reflecting selective degradation. Penta and hexaCB
with log Kow 6-7 (total surface area = 240-270 angstrom2) were preferentially accumulated, and the slopes
increased with log Kow. Except for congener 180, which continued this linear trend, hepta and octaCB
showed a reduced long-term accumulation due to unfavorable stereochemistry. The selective enrichment in
congeners 153, 138, 118, and 180 explained 74% of the total PCB increase observed from 10 to 35 mm
clams (446-871 ng/g dw). CDD and CDF also increased with size but with much steeper gradients (136790 and 70-400 pg/g, respectively), indicating a more rapid long-term kinetics. PCBs accounted for 8388% of the total toxic equivalents (TEQ) calculated for the clams; pentaCBs 126 and 118 represented
similar to 60 and 10% TEQ, respectively. The preferential bioaccumulation of planar PCBs 77-126, monoortho-substituted 118 and tetra-hexa CDD/CDF accounted for 95% of the TEQ increase observed from 10
to 35 mm clams (7.1-13.1 pg/g wet weight). Among trace metals, Cu showed a consistent increasing trend
with clam size (22-41 mu g/g dw), similar to PCBs, suggesting continuous passive bioaccumulation.
Bioregulation appeared to be effective for Zn whose concentrations increased from 10 to 22 mm clams
(150-190 μg/g dw) and returned to initial values in larger animals. Ni levels were very homogeneous (3.5 ±
0.4 μg /g dw) and showed no clear pattern with clam size.
Compter, G. 1908. Das Diluvium in der Umgegend von Apolda. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung
(Leipzig) 80:161-217.
Coney, C. C., G. C. DeCamp and M. E. Harrelson. 1983. The Bivalvia of the Great Pee Dee River in
Florence County, South Carolina. Bulletin of the South Carolina Academy of Science 45:87.
[Abstract]
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is reported from the Great Pee Dee River near Bostick Landing, South
Carolina, in 1982.
Conners, D. E. 2004. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) as
mechanistic tools to evaluate the impairment of stream ecosystem health by lawn care
pesticides. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, University of Georgia. xi + 138 pp.
Many chemicals including fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides and fungicides are routinely applied to lawns,
and have the potential to leach into nearby aquatic ecosystems and adversely affect biota. The purpose of
this dissertation was to develop sensitive biological markers of stress in freshwater clams (Corbicula
fluminea) for use as mechanistic tools to evaluate the degradation of streams by turf contaminants. Many
xenobiotics cause damage in aquatic organisms via oxidative stress mechanisms, therefore measurements
of stress used in this study included antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione) and
indicators of cellular (lipid peroxidation, DNA strand breaks) and physiological (condition index) oxidative
damage. Clams exposed in situ to pesticide runoff from residential lawns and a golf course accumulated a
variety of persistent metals and organic pesticides in their tissues. Concentrations of turf contaminants were
typically highest in tissues of clams deployed in streams that drain residential properties of high
socioeconomic status during times of heavy rain and in a stream draining a golf course. Clams exposed to
turf contaminants exhibited transient signs of oxidative stress (i.e., elevated levels of superoxide dismutase,
catalase, glutathione and lipid peroxidation), whereas condition indices were reduced only at high
exposures. These results suggest that clams may be able to compensate for adverse cellular effects of
pesticides but that energy required for amelioration can eventually affect physiological processes. A
laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate if the observed effects on clam health were caused by
turf chemicals accumulated by clams, and not by other contaminants that may co-occur in the streams but
were not measured. Realistic concentrations of turf contaminants induced oxidative stress in laboratory-
71
Corbicula Bibliography
exposed clams, but not to the extent as observed in the field where exposures may have been more severe
due to the presence of other contaminants. Together these data suggest that turf contaminants may be
important contributors to the etiology of stress in freshwater clams from urbanized streams. Furthermore,
these data when combined with other indicators of stream ecosystem health (e.g., community indices and
ecosystem processes) highlight the utility of oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater clams for use as
mechanistic tools in biomonitoring.
Connolly, M. 1925. The non-marine Mollusca of Portuguese East Africa. Transactions of the Royal
Society of South Africa 12:105-220.
Connolly, M. 1927. The Mollusca of Lake Albert Nyanza. Journal of Conchology
18(6):171-179.
The taxonomy, morphology, and systematics of Corbicula pusilla (Philippi, 1846), Corbicula radiata
(Philippi, 1846) and Corbicula radiata edwardsi Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927, from Lake Albert, Assenje,
Kiboro, Toro District, Butiaba and Ndandamira, are discussed.
Connolly, M. 1928. I mollusci continentali della Somalis Italiana [Land and freshwater mollusks of
Italian Somaliland]. Proceedings of the Society of Naturalists and Mathematicians, Modena
7:116-153.
An annotated list of gastropods and bivalves collected in the region in 1913 and 1924, in which geographic
ranges, synonymies, measurements, etc. are usually given for each species with fuller descriptions of the rarer
forms. Corbicula radiata (Philippi, 1846) is discussed.
Connolly, M. 1928. On a collection of land and freshwater Mollusca from southern Abyssinia.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1928:163-184.
The following species are listed as occurring in Abyssinia: Corbicula callipyga Bourguignat, Corbicula
consobrina (Cailliaud), Corbicula fluminalis (Müller), Corbicula var. crassa von Martens, Corbicula
gravieriana Bourguignat, Corbicula pusilla Parreyes, and Corbicula soleilleti Bourguignat.
Connolly, M. 1930. The distribution of non-marine Mollusca throughout continental Africa. Journal
of Conchology 19(4):98-107.
The bivalves of west Africa are noted to be Nilotic in character. Corbicula africana (= radiata [Philippi,
1846]) is distributed from Egypt to Natal. The larger species Corbicula consobrina (Cailliaud) is practically
unknown south of the Sudan.
Connolly, M. 1931 The Mollusca from deposits of Gambian Pluvial date, Kenya Colony. IN: The
Stone Age Culture of Kenya Colony, L. S. B. Leakey, Ed. Appendix D. pp. 276-277.
Fossil specimens of Corbicula africana are mentioned.
Connolly, M. 1939. A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the
South African Museum 33(1):1-661.
The systematics, taxonomy, and zoogeography of Corbicula africana, Corbicula africana rosini, Corbicula
astartina, and Corbicula africana var. albida in South Africa is discussed. Corbicula africana is reported
from Cape Province, Natal, Transvaal, Zululand, Orange Free State, Lorenzo Marques, Griqualand West,
Bechuanaland, British Bechuanaland, and Little Namaqualand. Corbicula africana var. albida is reported
from Transvaal and South Rhodesia. Corbicula africana rosini is reported from South Rhodesia. Corbicula
astartina is reported from Lorenzo Marques and Transvaal.
Conrad, T. A. 1843. Descriptions of nineteen species of Tertiary fossils of Virginia and North
Carolina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1:323-329.
Corbicula densata sp. nov. is described (p. 324) and figured (Pl. 39, Fig. 2) from the marl beds of the Cape
Fear River, Bladen County, North Carolina. The species was originally referred to the genus Cyrena.
Conrad, T. A. 1845. Fossils of the Medial Tertiary.
72
Corbicula Bibliography
Corbicula densata (Conrad, 1843) is reported from the Tertiary beds at Petersburg, Virginia.
Conrad, T. A. 1862. Catalogue of the Miocene shells of the Atlantic Slope. Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14:559-582.
The Miocene fossil Cyrena Conrad, 1843 is referred to Corbicula (Cyrena) densata (Conrad, 1843).
Conrad, T. A. 1867. Paleontological miscellanies. Note on a Cretaceous limestone of Dakota. 2.
Notes on Aturia mathewsoni, Gabb. 3. On Corbicula densata, Conrad. 4. Description of a
new genus of Pectinidae. American Journal of Conchology 3:5-7.
Corbicula densata is discussed.
Conrad, T. A. 1868. Descriptions of and references to Miocene shells of the Atlantic Slope, and
descriptions of two new supposed Cretaceous species. American Journal of Conchology
4:278-279.
Corbicula annosa sp. nov. is described (p. 279) and figured (Pl. 20, Fig. 5) from the upper Cretaceous of New
Jersey. The species is referred to the genus Astarte in this paper. It was later referred to genus Corbicula by
Whitfield (1885).
Cooke, A. H., A. E. Shipley and F. R. Reed. 1895. Molluscs and Brachiopods. McMillan and
Company (London).
Corbicula spp. references appear on pages 15, 288, 292, and 453.
Cooper, C. M. 1984. The freshwater bivalves of Lake Chicot, an oxbow of the Mississippi in
Arkansas. The Nautilus 98(4):142-145.
Seventeen species of bivalves, including Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), are reported in Lake Chicot from
collections made during 1977 - 1981 and simultaneous comparisons are made with Lake Bolivar, Lake
Ferguson, and Lake Washington, all in Mississippi. Sediment deposition was 1 to 4 cm annually in all the
lakes, but flow-through drainage, percolation from a subsurface sand layer and shoreline wave action kept the
sandy littoral zone of lake Chicot cleared of detrimental deposited sediments. Although numerous
environmental factors may have been limiting, fine sediment accumulation in the littoral zone of extreme
water level fluctuations wer obvious detriments to mollusc habitation in other lakes. Predominant species in
Lake Chicot included Amblema grandis, Amblema plicata, Lampsilis teres, Plectomerus dombeyana, and
Quadrula pustulosa. Sixteen of the 17 species found lived in the sandy littoral zone.
Cooper, C. M. and V. W. Johnson. 1980. Bivalve Mollusca of the Yalobusha River, Mississippi. The
Nautilus 94(1):22-24.
The bivalve fauna of the Yalobusha River in south central Mississippi was examined from 1973 to 1976. Of
the 15 species found, 8 were not reported by Hinkley (1906), whereas 13 of his species were not collected.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) was collected in the profundal region of Granada Lake and this is the
first collection of the species in the interior lakes of Mississippi.
Cooper, N. L. 2002. The Use of Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Ecologically-Relevant
Behavioral Parameters to Indicate Chlorpyrifos Exposure in The Asian Clam, Corbicula
fluminea: A Thesis. Master of Science Thesis, Southeast Missouri State University. viii,+
61.
Corbin, G. L. 1977. Introduction and Range Extension of the Asiatic Clam Corbicula Manilensis
(Philippi 1844) into the Waterways of North America: with Annotated Bibliography.
Master of Arts in teaching Thesis, Southeast Missouri State University (Cape Girardeau).
45 pp.
Cordeiro, J. R. and S. MacWilliams. 1999. Occurrence of the Asian Clam Corbicula fluminea
73
Corbicula Bibliography
(Müller, 1774) (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea: Corbiculidae) in Colorado. The Veliger
42(3):278-280.
The invasive pest species, the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea: Corbiculidae), was
first reported in the United States in the Columbia River, Washington, in the 1930s. Since that time it has
spread across the country into at least 35 states. The success of this species in colonizing North American
fresh waters is mainly due to its high fecundity, high growth rate, and quickly settling, free-living larval
stage. In addition, its great adaptability to disturbed environments has allowed it to infest these areas
quickly. The distribution of Corbicula fluminea in Colorado is reported, including several new localities,
all in areas that experience temperatures below 2oC, indicating it can survive and reproduce in colder
climates. In 1996, while surveying freshwater mussels along the Arkansas River drainage in Colorado,
observations were made of three previously unreported populations of Corbicula fluminea in Queen's
Reservoir, in the Arkansas River below the dam of John Martin Reservoir, and in Pueblo Reservoir. A
survey of the perimeter of Pueblo Reservoir in November 1996, by canoe and on foot, was made to
determine the approximate density and substratum for C. fluminea at that location.
Corsi, A. F. 1901. Molluscos de la Republica Oriental de Uruguay. Anales del Museo de Historia
Naturale de Montevideo 2:291-525.
Corbicula limosa is reported from the Isla de San Gabriel in Colonia, Rio de la Plata, Uruguay. Corbicula
coloniensis is reported from Arroyos de las Vacas, Departamento de la Colonia, Uruguay (a tributary of Rio
de la Plata).
Cory, R. L. and P. V. Dresler. 1981. Thermal plumes, trace metals and Asian clams of the
Potomac River and estuary. Estuaries 4(3):296. [Abstract]
Five species of unionids, several species of snails and sphaeriid clams, and Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774)
were collected and together with associated sediments analyzed for their metal content of cadmium,
chromium, copper, iron, manganese, lead, and zinc. C. fluminea, a recent invader of the Potomac, was both
abundant and ubiquitous. Metal accumulations in C. fluminea appear to be associated with clam size, sampling
site, and metal type. Cd and Cr were elevated in the heated effluent of the riverine power plant while lowest
Mn values were observed there. Values of Cu, Fe, and Pb were higher than average near Washington, D.C.,
and Alexandria, Virginia. Values of Cr and Zn, 36 ppm and 1070 ppm dry wt, respectively, were found in the
estuary near river mile 85 indicating possible metal contamination. Samples above the riverine power plant
indicate low to intermediate values for most of the metals.
Cory, R. L., P. V. Dresler, A. Martin and G. Harrison. 1981. Distribution, abundance and trace metal
content of molluscs of the Potomac Estuary and River, Maryland. Estuaries 4(3):269-270.
[Abstract]
Mainstream sampling and collections from effluents of a tidal power plant and tidal sewage plant were
performed. Five species of unionids, several species of snails and sphaeriid clams, and Corbicula fluminea
(Müller, 1774) were collected and together with associated sediments analyzed for their metal content of
cadmium, chromium, coper, iron, manganese, lead, and zinc. C. fluminea, a recent invader of the Potomac, a
species both abundant and ubiquitous throughout the study area, shows promise as a bioindicator of trace
metals. Metal accumulations in C. fluminea appear to be associated with clam size, sampling site, and metal
species. Smaller clams from the same sites as larger ones had higher metal values. Cd and Cr were
significantly higher in heated effluent of the riverine power plant while lowest Mn values were observed there.
Values of Cu, Fe, and Pb were all higher near the cities of Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, Virginia. Peak
values of Cr and Zn found at estuarine river mile 85 indicate possible metal contamination in that area.
Samples from above the riverine power plant indicate low to intermediate values for most of the metals.
Cory, R. L., W. O. Forster, W. C. Renfro and J. W. Nauman. 1970. Radioactivity of three freshwater molluscs of the tidal Columbia River and their associated sediments. IN:
74
Corbicula Bibliography
Hydrobiology, Bioresources Of Shallow Water Environments, Proceedings Of
Symposium, Miami Beach, Florida, June 24-27, 1970; American Water Resources
Association, Urbana, Illinois, Proceedings Series No. 8, pp 162-173.
The levels of radioactivity in three species of fresh-water molluscs, the levels of activity of the sediments in
which they live, and relationships between sediment characteristics and the species distribution are
determined. of the three molluscs studied, two, Anodonta oregonensis and Anodonta wahlamatensis, are
members of the fresh-water mussel family, Unionidae. the third, Corbicula fluminea, an Asian clam, is a
member of the family Corbiculidae. The principal source of the radionuclides is the Hanford reactors
located approximately 350 miles upriver from Astoria, Oregon. the Columbia River water, used to cool the
reactors, is subjected to intense neutron flux which induces radioactivity in many trace elements in the
water. Although there is a wide spectrum of radionuclides present, including those from fallout, zinc-65
and chromium-51 are most common. Results of this study Anodonta prefer sediment with a higher mud
content than that preferred by Corbicula.
Cossmann, M. 1905. Mollusque eociniques de la Loire - Inferieure. Bulletin Société Sciences
Naturelles, Nantes, Serie 2, 5:135-189.
Corbicula basterotiaeformis sp. nov. is described from the Lower Loire Formation of France.
Cossmann, M. 1922. Deuxieme supplement aux mollusques eociniques de la Loire - Inferieure.
Bulletin Société Sciences Naturelles, Nantes, Serie 4, 2:109-160.
Corbicula spp. fossils for the Lower Loire Formation of France are discussed.
Cotton, B. C. 1936. Shells of the National Park. South Australian Naturalist (Adelaide)
17(1-4):83-85.
Corbicula angasi is figured.
Cotton, B. C. 1961. South Australian Mollusca Pelecypoda. Government Printer (Adelaide). 363 pp.
Counts, C. L., III. 1980. Rangia cuneata in an industrial water system (Bivalvia: Mactridae). The
Nautilus 94(1):1-2.
Adult Rangia cuneata were collected from the water system of the Getty Oil Refinery, Delaware City, New
Castle County, Delaware, during May 1979. Clams caused reduced nozzle pressure in fire hoses due to a
clogging of an emergency water source by the clams. Comparisons are made between R. cuneata and fouling
by Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774).
Counts, C. L., III. 1980. The genus Corbicula (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea) in Africa and South America:
zoogeography and taxonomic problems. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union
1980:71-72. [Abstract]
Zoogeographic records from museums around the world were examined for species of Corbicula collected in
Africa and South America. The synonymy used by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia was used
to reflect current taxonomic conventions for the genus used by a major collection. Seventeen species of
Corbicula were found for Africa: Corbicula aegyptica Bourguignat, Corbicula africana Kurr, Corbicula
agrensis Kurr, Corbicula artini Pallary, Corbicula astartina Martens, Corbicula australis (Lamarck),
Corbicula cunningtoni Smith, Corbicula fischeri Germain, Corbicula fluminea (Müller), Corbicula kirkii
Prime, Corbicula lamarckiana Prime, Corbicula oliphantensis Craven, Corbicula pusilla (Philippi), Corbicula
radiata Hanley, Corbicula sikorae Ancey, Corbicula subradiata Kurr, and Corbicula tanganyicensis Crosse.
Twenty species were found for South America: Corbicula amazonica (Anthony), Corbicula arctata Deshayes,
Corbicula brasiliensis, Corbicula coloniensis Pilsbry, Corbicula compacta Marshall, Corbicula cuneata
Jonas, Corbicula delicata Marshall, Corbicula feissieri Marshall, Corbicula filipponei (Marshall), Corbicula
fonteneli, Corbicula fortis Marshall, Corbicula limosa (Maton), Corbicula obsoleta Deshayes, Corbicula
pampeana, Corbicula paranensis (Orbigny), Corbicula radiata Hanley, Corbicula rotunda Prime, Corbicula
simplex, Corbicula straminea and Corbicula variegata Orbigny. Records for C. agrensis in Ghana and C.
75
Corbicula Bibliography
australis in South America are doubtful due to their respective Indian and Australian distribution. Nearly
every African record of Corbicula spp. occurred between 26oE and 34oE. Six of the species reported in Africa
were collected near Cairo and Alexadria, Egypt. African species were generally found at elevations between 0
and 1500 m and predominant substrata were sandstone, shale, or schist. Environmental factors which may
influence the distribution of Corbicula spp. are mean annual rainfall above 180 cm/yr and the closed tropical
forest vegetation of the Congo River drainage.
Thirteen of 20 Corbicula spp. reported in South America were collected within a 250 km radius of Buenos
Aires, Argentina, and are concentrated in the La Plata, Parana, and Uruguay drainages. The collection
concentrations may be the result of expeditions concentrating in the areas and therefore may not represent the
true distribution of Corbicula spp. on both continents.
Counts, C. L., III. 1981. Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea) in British Columbia. The
Nautilus 95(1):12-13.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is reported from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The specimens were
located in the collection of the United States National Museum of Natural History and represent the first
record of C. fluminea in Canada and are the oldest documented specimens of the species in North America.
Counts, C. L., III. 1981. Corbicula fluminea (Müller) on the Delmarva Peninsula. The Veliger
24(2):187-188.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is reported from the Wicomico River at Salisbury, Wicomico County,
Maryland, in June 1979. This represents the first report of the species on the Delmarva Peninsula. Other
records for the Chesapeake Bay area are also given.
Counts, C. L., III. 1983. Chronology of the invasion of North America by Corbicula fluminea
(Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). American Malacological Bulletin 1:100. [Abstract]
Zoogeographic records of the exotic Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), from the malacological
collections of twenty-three museums in the United States, were examined with respect to localities of
occurrence and dates of collection. Similar information was gathered from state natural resources departments
and published accounts of C. fluminea in the United States. All data were combined and then separated into
yearly summaries. Zoogeographic distribution maps were then plotted for C. fluminea for the time intervals ca.
1925-1945, 1946-1955, 1956-1960, 1961-1965, 1966-1970, 1971-1975, 1976-1982. The zoogeography of C.
fluminea in the United States through time is related to human transport and theories of animal transport do
not account for its present or historic distribution.
Counts, C. L., III. 1983. Bivalves in the Genus Corbicula Mühlfeld, 1811 (Mollusca: Corbiculidae)
in the United States: Systematics and Zoogeography. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of
Delaware (Newark). xxii + 451 pp.
Data from collections of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) from 26 museum collections were collated with
distributional literature to determine the present zoogeographic distribution and chronology of the invasion of
these exotic bivalves in United States waters. Results revealed C. fluminea is presently found in 33 states. An
analysis of the historical zoogeography of C. fluminea in the United States indicates that man is the principal
agent of its dispersal into new drainage systems and that no large-scale geographic features act as a significant
barrier to dispersal. Two long-distance dispersal events have occurred in the United States; from the western
states to the Ohio River in 1957, and an infestation of the Escambia River, Florida, in 1960. Accounts of the
zoogeography of C. fluminea in each affected state are presented, as is a detailed chronology of the invasion of
the United States.
Physical and chemical properties of United States freshwater measured by the National Stream Quality
Accounting Network (NASQAN) in 1977 were compared with the zoogeographic distribution of Corbicula
fluminea. Mean, minimum, and maximum values for 44 environmental variables were classified by whether
they were measured at stations within or without the zoogeographic range of C. fluminea. t-tests demonstrated
a significant difference between mean, minimum, and maximum measurements of temperature, pH,
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Corbicula Bibliography
bicarbonate, dissolved arsenic, dissolved manganese, and stream flow taken at stations within or without the
zoogeographic range of C. fluminea. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed NASQAN stations can be
correctly identified as being within or without the zoogeographic range of C. fluminea 88.4% for mean values
of variables, 86.2% for minimum values, and 87.6% for maximum values.
A catalogue of the nominal species of fossil and recent species of bivalves in the genus Corbicula is presented.
Taxa proposed for 433 Recent and 100 fossil nominal species are listed. Forty-four Recent and 1 fossil taxa
are nomina nuda. Type materials for 140 Recent and 48 fossil taxa are missing or destroyed. Institutions in
whose collections type specimens are housed and their catalogue numbers are given. The type localities are
also cited, where known, and geologic age, where appropriate for each species, as well as bibliographic
citations and information on figures. These data were compiled preliminary to a morphometric study of
species described from China and the United States populations.
Type materials for bivalves in the genus Corbicula described from China were examined morphometrically
for 4 external and 12 internal shell characters. Cluster analysis using Rao's V revealed three groups of nominal
species in China that are morphometrically associated with either Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774),
Corbicula fluminea, or Corbicula woodiana (Lea, 1834). The probability that C. woodiana is not referable to
the genus Corbicula is discussed. Similar morphometric analysis of United States populations revealed a
single morphotype. Statistical comparisons of United States corbiculids with the type series of C. fluminalis
and C. fluminea revealed a close association with only C. fluminea. Comparisons with presumed sympatric
populations from the San Gabriel River, Texas, demonstrated that these populations are morphometrically
allied with the type series of C. fluminea. The morphometric data indicates the species of corbiculids in the
United States is Corbicula fluminea.
Counts, C. L., III. 1985. Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in the State of Washington in
1937, and in Utah in 1978. The Nautilus 99(1):18-19.
Corbicula fluminea is reported from collections made at an unnamed body of water at Raymond, Pacific
County, Washington, in April 1937. This represents the earliest detection of C. fluminea in the United States.
Records of C. fluminea in the Sevier Reservoir (= Yuba Reservoir), Sevier River, Juab County, Utah,
collected 4 June 1978 are also presented. These specimens represent the first record of C. fluminea in the State
of Utah.
Counts, C. L., III. 1985. Distribution of Corbicula fluminea at Nuclear Facilities. U.S. Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (Washington, D.C.). NUREG/CR-4233. viii + 79 pp.
A review of zoogeographic records for the exotic Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) reveals its
presence in 27 states where nuclear Powered electric generating plants are either operating or under
construction. Nineteen plant sites reported infestations of varying severity in facilities, or source water bodies
immediately adjacent to the facility, by C. fluminea. Fourteen plant sites are located within the zoogeographic
limits of C. fluminea but have a low risk of infestation due to either salt water cooling systems or locations a
great distance from known populations. Nineteen plant sites are located wholly outside of the zoogeographic
range of C. fluminea. Thirty-three plant sites are located in close proximity to known populations of C.
fluminea and therefore should maintain surveillance of the source waterbody and within-plant water systems
for possible infestations by these bivalves.
Counts, C. L., III. 1986. The zoogeography and history of the invasion of the United States by
Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). IN: Proceedings of the Second International
Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition
No. 2. pp. 7-39.
A survey of the collections of Corbicula fluminea housed in 26 museums was collated with distributional
information from state agencies, private collections, and available literature to determine the present
zoogeographic distribution and chronology of the invasion of these exotic bivalves in United States waters.
Results revealed that C. fluminea is presently found in 33 states. An analysis of the historical zoogeography of
77
Corbicula Bibliography
C. fluminea in the United States indicates that man is the principal agent of its dispersal into new drainage
systems and that no large-scale geographic features act as a significant barrier to dispersal. Two long-distance
dispersal events have occurred in the United States; from the western states to the Ohio River in 1957, and an
infestation of the Escambia River, Florida, in 1960. Accounts of the zoogeography of C. fluminea in each
affected state are presented, as is a detailed chronology of the invasion of the United States.
Counts, C. L., III. 1989. Bivalves in the genus Corbicula (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in the Soviet
Union with a catalogue of type materials in the Zoological Institute, Academy of
Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Leningrad. American Malacological Bulletin 7(1):81-86.
Type materials for three species and three subspecies of bivalves in the genus Corbicula held in the
collections of the Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Leningrad, are reported.
Catalogue numbers, number and type of specimens, locality data from collection labels, and dates of
collection are provided for 39 lots of type materials for C. ferghanensis, C. fluminea extrema, C. fluminea
praebaicalensis, C. lindholmi, C. suifuensis and C. suifuensis finitima . Notes on other species of fossil and
Recent Corbicula described from the U.S.S.R. are given with a discussion of their zoogeography. The
debate on the number of species of Corbicula within the Soviet Union is discussed with a review of current
practices used to resolve this systematic problem.
Counts, C. L., III. 1991. Corbicula (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae). Catalog of fossil and Recent
nominal species. Tryonia, Occasional Papers from the Department of malacology,
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 21(Part 1):1-67.
Counts, C. L., III. 1991. Corbicula (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae). Compendium of zoogeographic
records of North America and Hawaii, 1924-1984. Tryonia, Occasional Papers from the
Department of malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 21 (Part
2):69-134.
Counts, Clement L. III and Thomas S. Handwerker. 1990. The freshwater bivalves (Unionacea) of
the Eastern Shore drainage of Chesapeake Bay. New Perspectives in the Chesapeake System:
A Research Partnership: Chesapeake Research Consortium Publication No. 157:577-587.
Counts, Clement L., III, Thomas S. Handwerker, and Roman V. Jesien. 1991. The naiades
(Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the Delmarva Peninsula. American Malacological Bulletin
9(1):27-37.
Counts, C. L., III and R. S. Prezant. 1979. The ultramorphology of the shell of Corbicula leana
Prime (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea: Corbiculidae). Bulletin of the American Malacological Union
1979:63. [Abstract]
Scanning electron microscopic examination of fracture sections revealed an entirely complex cross-lamellar
shell. Shells treated with 2% sodium hypochlorite demonstrated a cyclic series of concentric microridges with
varying surface sculptures. Outer shell surfaces were generally perforated with small pits, some of which were
alligned to form radial grooves. This pattern changed to a thicker, radially arranged cord-like zone which
ended abruptly at points which seemed to mark a change in shell growth. New shell appeared to be laid down
from beneath the transition bands and alternated between areas of perforated ungrooved shell and shell
surfaces which were smooth and lacked perforations. The latter zone was terminated by a narrow concentric
ridge which was followed by the deeply perforated, rugose shell surface initially described.
The pattern of banding seen in the shell may represent periods of energy redirection during gametogenesis.
SEM examination of a periostracal loop emerging from the periostracal groove and then recurving over the
shell demonstrated that the inner shell surface, which adjoins the shell is also rugose. This ultramorphology of
shell and periostracum may explain the high degree of bonding between these structures in Corbicula leana.
Counts, C. L., III and R. S. Prezant. 1979. Shell structure and histochemistry of the mantle of
78
Corbicula Bibliography
Corbicula leana Prime, 1864 (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea). American Zoologist 19(3):1007.
[Abstract]
The ultramorphology of the shell and the histochemistry of the mantle of Corbicula leana was investigated.
The periostracum has an oily sheen and it adheres tightly to the shell. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of
cloroxed shells revealed a complex crossed-lamellar structure with a rugose outer surface characterized by
perforations and grooves. SEM of the inner surface of the periostracum of non-cloroxed shells also revealed a
rugose surface. Tight adherence of the periostracum to the shell is believed to be the result of the interaction of
the rough outer surface of the shell with the rough inner surface of the periostracum. Preliminary tests for
lipids beyond concentrations normally present in the cells of the periostracal groove and on the outer surface
of the periostracum were negative. Erosion of the periostracum from the shell, seen in many native freshwater
bivalves, is nearly absent in C. leana. The absence of erosion of the shell and periostracum is probably due to
the thickness of the latter and the manner in which the periostracum and shell are joined.
Counts, C. L., III and R. S. Prezant. 1982. Shell microstructure of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia:
Corbiculidae). The Nautilus 96(1):25-30.
The shell microstructure of Corbicula fluminea was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The interface between
the periostracum and calcareous shell, and a marginal periostracal loop, are described with a discussion of possible
functions. Surface morphology of shells with periostracum chemically removed revealed periodic concentric surface
ridges. The complex crossed-lamellar crystalline arrangement of the shell is confirmed.
Counts, C. L., III, J. R. Villalax and J. Gómez H. 2003. Occurrence of Corbicula fluminea in
Panama. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 18(3):497-498.
Covich, A. P., L. L. Dye and J. S. Mattice. 1981. Crayfish predation on Corbicula under laboratory
conditions. American Midland Naturalist 105(1):181-188.
Crayfish predation on Corbicula was examined in laboratory aquaria. In one study, 20 Procambarus clarkii in
separate 15-liter aquaria were offered intact live clams, 4 - 20 mm shell length (SL), at temperatures of 20oC
for 14 days. Only clams < 6 mm were consumed. Mean sustained feeding rate on 4 - 6 mm SL clams by P.
clarkii which fed daily (n = 8) was about 11 clams/day (or about 0.3% of the mean crayfish body weight). In a
second study, eight Cambarus bartonii in separate 75 l aquaria were offered large Corbicula (24 - 35 mm SL)
with naturally occurring or artificially produced shell perforations of two sizes at temperatures of 20 ± 1oC for
8 days. Cambarus bartonii readily fed on clams with perforations large enough (4 - 6 mm for large crayfish)
to permit insertion of the first walking leg. The mean sustained rate of feeding was about 1.5 clams/day (or
about 4% of mean crayfish body weight). Cambarus bartonii were also observed to feed readily on intact
Corbicula (<9 mm SL).
Results demonstrate that small intact Corbicula and large damaged Corbicula can be eaten by crayfish in the
laboratory. Consumption rates of large damaged Corbicula indicate they could be an important food resource.
Damaged Corbicula have been observed in large numbers only in the tailwaters of a hydroelectric generating
station although they may occur in other habitats such as wave-swept beaches and fast-flowing streams, Thus,
the value of this food resource may be restricted. Small intact Corbicula are more widely distributed but their
importance as a food for crayfish may also be restricted if the results of this study with Procambarus clarkii
are typical of crayfish in general. Nevertheless, even at those consumption rates the number of small clams
consumed per square meter could be high where crayfish densities are high, if Corbicula were the primary
food.
Cox, D. R., and D. Oakes. 1984. Analysis of Survival Data. Chapman and Hall Publishers
(London, England).
Craven, A. E. 1880. On a collection of land and freshwater shells from the Transvaal and Orange
Free State, in South Africa, with descriptions of nine new species. Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London 1880:614-618.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Corbicula oliphantensis sp. nov. is described (p. 618) and figured (Pl. 57, Fig. 12) from specimens taken in
the Oliphant River, Transvaal, eastern slope of the Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa.
Cribb, T. H. 1987. Studies on gorgoderid digeneans from Australian and Asian freshwater
fishes. Journal of Natural History 21(5):1129-1154.
Corbiculina sp. is reported as the first intermediate host of the digenetic trematode Pseudophyllodistomum
johnstoni. The cercariae then infect the gonads of palaemonid prawns, Macrobranchium spp.
Cristini, A., R. A. Lutz, A. W. McIntosh and R. K. Tucker. 1984. Sublethal Effects of
Contaminants on Aquatic Organisms. Office of Science and Research, New Jersey Dept.
of Environmental Protection (Trenton, New Jersey). 73 pp.
Cristini, A., E. Saiff, S. Crook, and F. Hospod. 1984. The reproductive potential of Corbicula
fluminea caged in the Raritan River, New Jersey. American Zoologist 24(3):87A. [Abstract]
The state of the gonads of Corbicula fluminea was monitored in animals caged in the Raritan River for six
months. The water temperature, adenylate energy charge and glycogen content of the tissues was measured
and correlated to the number of eggs present in the gonads. The natural population and two pairs of cages
were located above the outfalls of a chemical and a sewage treatment plant. Two pairs of cages were located
below the outfalls. The seasonal pattern of the state of the gonads was different below the outfalls. These
animals do not show the increase in the number of eggs found at other locations as the water temperature
drops by December. The AEC and glycogen values reflect the state of the gonads and the environmental
conditions. These data indicate that environmental levels of stressors have quantifiable effects on the
reproductive potential of the species.
Cross, W. 1896. The Denver Formation. U.S. Geological Survey, Monograph 27:155-206.
Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported from the Livingston and Judith River
formations of Montana. Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is reported from the Judith River
beds near the mouth of the Judith River, Montana.
Crosse, H. 1881. Supplement a la faune malacologique de lac Tanganyika. Journal de
Conchyliologie 29:277-306.
Corbicula tanganyicensis sp. nov. is described (p. 290) from Lake Tanganyika.
Crosse, H. and P. Fischer. 1963. Note sur la faune malacologique de Cochinchine, comprenant la
description des especes nouvelles ou peu connes. Journal de Conchyliologie 11:343-379.
Corbicula largillierti (Philippi, 1844) is reported from Cochin China (Vietnam).
Crosse, H. and P. Fischer. 1876. Mollusques fluviatiles, recueillis au Cambodge, par la Mission
Scientifique Francaise de 1873. Journal de Conchyliologie 24:313-342.
Corbicula morletiana Prime, 1867, Corbicula lydigiana Prime, 1861, Corbicula tenuis Clessin, 1887, Corbicula
cochinchinensis Clessin, 1887, and Corbicula laeviuscula Prime, 1864 are discussed from Southeast Asia.
Crosse, H. and P. Fischer. 1900. Etudes sur les mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles du Mexique et
Guatemala. IN: Recherches Zoologique de l'Amerique Centrale et du Mexique (Paris), Serie
7, 2:622-643.
The anatomy and systematics of Corbicula convexa Deshayes, 1854, is discussed. The species is reported
from Mazatlan, Cianola, and Acapulco, Guerro, Mexico.
Croteau, M. N., S. N. Luoma, B. R. Topping and C. B. Lopez. 2004. Stable metal isotopes reveal
copper accumulation and loss dynamics in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula.
Environmental Science and Technology 38(19):5002-5009.
Characterization of uptake and loss dynamics is critical to understanding risks associated with contaminant
exposure in aquatic animals. Dynamics are especially important in addressing questions such as why
coexisting species in nature accumulate different levels of a contaminant. Ccopper (Cu) stable isotopic
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Corbicula Bibliography
ratios (as an alternative to radioisotopes) were manipulated to describe for the first time Cu dynamics in a
freshwater invertebrate, the bivalve Corbicula fluminea. In the laboratory, Corbicula uptake and loss rate
constants were determined from an environmentally realistic waterborne exposure to 65Cu (5.7 μg L-1).
That is, we spiked deionized water with Cu that was 99.4% 65Cu. Net tracer uptake was detectable after 1
day and strongly evident after 4 days. Thus, short-term exposures necessary to determine uptake dynamics
are feasible with stable isotopes of Cu. In Corbicula, 65Cu depuration was biphasic. An unusually low rate
constant of loss (0.0038 d-1) characterized the slow component of efflux, explaining why Corbicula
strongly accumulates copper in nature. We incorporated our estimates of rate constants for dissolved 65Cu
uptake and physiological efflux into a bioaccumulation model and showed that dietary exposure to Cu is
likely an important bioaccumulation pathway for Corbicula.
Crowley, T. E., T. Pain, and F. R. Woodward. 1964. A monographic review of the Mollusca of Lake
Nyassa. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (Tervuren, Belgium), Sciences
Zoologiques No. 131. 58 pp.
The systematics, taxonomy, and distribution of Corbicula africana and Corbicula astartina are discussed for
South Africa and Lake Nyassa. Comparisons are made with previous faunal studies.
Crumb, S. E. 1977. Macrobenthos of the tidal Delaware River between Trenton and `Burlington,
New Jersey. Chesapeake Science 18(3):253-265.
A study of the macrobenthos of the tidal Delaware River between Trenton and Burlington, New Jersey,
included measurements of density and biomass for common species. Tubificidae (Limnodrilus) were
dominant, comprising over 90% of all organisms taken in the 3-year study. Density seemed to be a function of
water temperature (20 - 25oC, optimal) and was greatest in late spring and early summer. Other common
species were larval Procladius culiciformis (Chironomidae) and Corbicula manilensis.
Cruz, C. R. de la and A. G. Cagauan. 1981. Preliminary study on the bioassay of seven pesticides
and five weedicides with tilapia, carps and shrimps as test species. Fisheries Research
Journal of the Philippines 6(1):11-18.
The static method of bioassay of seven insecticides and five weedicides was used to determine the median
tolerance limits (TL-50) of Tilapia nilotica, Carassius carassius, Cyprinus carpio, Macrobranchium sp., and
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841). The insecticides were Parapest M-50, Sevin 85-S, Baycarp, Shellcarb,
Bionex, Cypermethrin, and Permethrin. The weedicides were Rilof H, Lamnast, Argoxone-S, 2-4-D, and
Machete EC. Results showed varying degrees of lethal toxicity of the chemicals used in different test species.
Test species also showed different sensitivity to the same chemicals with which each was subjected.
Cuffney, T. F. and J. B. Wallace. 1987. Leaf litter processing in coastal plain streams and
floodplains of southeastern Georgia, USA. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement 76(12):1-24.
Sweetgum processed significantly faster than water oak in all floodplain and riverine habitats. Processing
rats were very slow when compared to headwater stream. The slow processing rates obtained in these
Coastal Plain streams are related to the low abundances of macroinvertebrate shredders. These
communities were dominated by collector-gatherers and contained very few insect shredders. Riverine
habitats and well oxygenated floodplain ponds supported a richer fauna than did intermittently flooded
floodplain sites and poorly oxygenated ponds. Non-tanypodine chironomid larvae represented the majority
insects collected from riverine and floodplain sites while Lirceus, Hyalella , copepods, cladocera, and
oligochaetes composed the majority of non-insect fauna. Several taxa (Physa, Corbicula, Prostoma,
Hyalella , and Lirceus) which were abundant in Ogeechee River and floodplain habitats were rare or absent
in Black Creek habitats due to its lower pH.
Cummings, S. E. and J. A. Jones. 1978. Occurrence of Corbicula manilensis Phillipi (sic) in the
lower Minnesota River. Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science 34(3):13-14.
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Corbicula Bibliography
On 2 March 1978, several empty shells of Corbicula manilensis were collected from the Minnesota River near
Blackdog Electric Generating Plant in Burnsville, Minnesota. Occurrence of this species is a potential liability
because it often exerts a disruptive influence in the community that it invades. This is the northernmost
zoogeographic record of the species in the Mississippi River drainage.
Cunnington, W. 1920. The fauna of the African lakes; a study in comparative limnology.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1920:507-613.
Corbicula africana and Corbicula astartina are reported from Lake Nyassa. Other molluscan species are also
discussed with regards to their taxonomy and ecology.
Curran, H. A. and P. L. Parker. 1983. Observations on the paleoecology and formation of the "Upper
Shell" unit, Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
No. 53:219-228.
The "Upper Shell" Unit at the Lee Creek Mine (Pliocene age, maximum thickness 3 m) is remarkable for its
concentration of well preserved mollusc shells in a sparse quartz sand matrix, and it is dominated by several
species of bivalves, with many shells articulated. The unit can be subdivided into 3 bivalve assemblage zones
characterized by associations of dominant species. Zone 1 is dominated by Mercenaria mercenaria, an
infaunal, shallow- to medium-burrowing, siphonate clam. Zone 2 is characterized by an epifaunal bivalve
assemblage that includes Cyclymeris americana, Argopecten eboreus, Anomia simplex and Ostrea
meridionalis. Thin but concentrated accumulations of Argopecten and Anomia form distinct layers in Zone 2.
Zone 3 is marked by a return of M. mercenaria accompanied by specimens of Geukensia sp. and an increase
in oyster shells. The characteristics of the zones of the Upper Shell Unit strongly suggest that these shell beds
were formed by a series of localized catastrophic events that produced mass mortality of the molluscan
assemblages, rather than by processes of gradual shell accumulation. The disappearance of M. mercenaria
from the sequence may have been due largely to the inability of juveniles of the species to penetrate a shell
pavement formed immediately after a mass mortality event. Return of M. mercenaria in Zone 3 marks a
change in bottom environmental conditions in the areas. The overlying "shell hash" unit contains the bivalve
Corbicula densata, representative of lower salinity conditions. This unit consists primarily of shell material
reworked from the underlying "Upper Shell" Unit and probably represents an accumulation formed in an
estuarine tidal channel.
Cuvin-Aralar, M. L. A. and R. C. Umaly. 1991. Accumulation and tissue distribution of
radioiodine (131-I) from algal phytoplankton by the freshwater clam Corbicula
manilensis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 47(6):896-903.
The uptake and tissue distribution of 131-I from algal phytoplankton (Chroococcus dispersus) fed to the
freshwater clam Corbicula manilensis was studied. The 131-I uptake by the clams increased by as much as
3 times between the fist and the sixth day of uptake. For clams fed radioactive C. dispersus, the
bioaccumulation factor (BF) was 1.61, representing 55.65 kBq/g on the sixth day of accumulation. This
value is much lower than the BF of 5.44 or 201.24 kBq/g accumulation from water containing 37 KBq/L
131-I by C. manilensis. The results suggest that absorption over the body surface at the membrane-water
interface is more important than ingestion for 131-I accumulation by clams. On the sixth day of 131-I
uptake from algae, BF for clam tissues was as follows: visceral remains, 16.33; gut, 11.48; gonad, 9.26;
muscle, 6.98; gills, 3.64; foot, 2.60; and mantle, 1.78. The accumulation by all tissues was directly
proportional to exposure period. The BF of the visceral remains, gut, gonads, and muscle were higher from
algae than from water; in contrast, the BF of the gills, foot and mantle were higher from water than from
algae. With the exception of the gut, visceral remains, and foot, the percentage distribution of 131-I from
algae and water was proportional to the percentage weight of the tissues.
Czerski, F. von. 1876. Zur Frage über das Alter der in den Umgebungen von Omsk vorkommenden
Schichten. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 28:217-224.
82
Corbicula Bibliography
-- D -Dai, G. 1998. Surveys of molluscs in the estuarine of the Changjiang River. Marine
Fisheries/Haiyang Yuye, Shanghai 20(1):20-22. [Chinese with English summary]
Based on the survey data collected from the estuarine of the Changjiang River from 1980 through 1996,
the surveys indicated that the species of molluscs were rather poor in the estuarine of the Changjiang River,
and a total of 10 species of molluscs were collected. The annual biomass are 54.25 g.m -2 on average,
representing 88.4% of the total biomass of benthos in the estuarine of the Changjiang River. Among them,
Corbicula flaminea are the predominant, whose biomass account for 93.8% of the molluscs. The
distribution of molluscs and the lack of species in the estuarine of the Changjiang River bear a close
relationship to the flow rate, sand content and the changing rate of the estuarine salinity. In addition, the
only Arconaia specimen was collected for the first time at the Shanghai segment in the estuarine of the
Changjiang River.
Dailey, D. H. and W. P. Popenoe. 1966. Mollusca from the upper Cretaceous Jalama Formation,
Santa Barbara County, California. University of California Publications in Geological
Science 65:1-40.
Corbicula astartoides sp. nov. is described from the late Campanian formation, bed of Jalama Creek, Lompoc
Hills Quadrangle, Santa Barbara County, California.
Dall, W. H. 1902. Note on Neocorbicula Fischer. The Nautilus 16:82-83.
The genus Neocorbicula and its systematics are discussed.
Dall, W. H. 1903. Review of the classification of the Cyrenacea. Proceedings of the Biological
Society of Washington 16:5-8.
The systematics of the superfamily Cyrenacea is presented.
Dall, W. H. 1903 Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida with especial reference to the
silex-beds of Tampa and the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchie River, including in many
cases a complete revision of the generic groups treated of and their American Tertiary
species. Part IV. Concluding the work. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science
(Philadelphia) Vol. 3, Part. 6:1219-1654.
Corbicula subtrigonalis (Meek, 1870); Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) augheyi White, 1882; Corbicula
(Cyanocyclas) berthoudi White, 1882; Cyrena (Leptesthes) cardiniaeformis (White, 1877); Corbicula
(Cyanocyclas) cleburni White, 1877; Cyrena (Leptesthes?) macropistha White, 1878; Corbicula
(Cyanocyclas) obesa White, 1878; Corbicula (Veloritina) occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856); Cyrena
(Leptesthes) planumbona (Meek, 1875); Cyrena (Leptesthes) subelliptica (Meek and Hayden, 1856);
Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) moreauensis (Meek and Hayden, 1856); Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) umbonella 'Meek'
White, 1883; Corbicula pugetensis White, 1889; Corbicula willisi White, 1889; and Corbicula cornelliana
Harris, 1897 are discussed. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) californica (Gabb, 1869) is reported from the Pliocene of
Washington. Corbicula (Veloritina) durkeei (Meek, 1869) is reported from the Bear River Cretaceous of
Wyoming. Corbicula (Veloritina) cytheriformis is reported from the Judith River. Cyrena (Leptesthes) fracta
Meek, 1870 is reported from the Eocene of the Wasatch. Corbicula (Veloritina) nebrascensis (Meek and
Hayden 1856) is reported from the Judith River beds. Corbicula densata (Conrad, 1843) is reported from
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Massachusetts.
Dall, W. H. 1925. Illustrations of unfigured types of shells in the collection of the United States
National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 66(17):1-41.
Type specimens of Corbicula (Cyrenodonax) formosana Dall, 1903, and Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) oleana
Marshall, 1924, are figured. Type materials are housed in the collection of the U. S. National Museum of
83
Corbicula Bibliography
Natural History.
Dana, J. D. 1885. Manual of Geology, 4th Ed. (New York).
Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) and Corbicula occidentiformis (Meek and Hayden, 1856)
are reported from the upper part of the Laramie beds at Judith River (p. 856).
Danford, D. W. and J. E. Joy. 1984. Aspidogastrid (Trematoda) parasites of bivalve molluscs in
western West Virginia. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington
51(2):301-305.
Five hundred bivalve molluscs (22 species including Corbicula fluminea [Müller, 1774]) from 32 localities in
western West Virginia were examined for aspidogastrid trematodes. Specimens of C. fluminea from the Little
Kanawha River were infected with Aspidogaster conchicola von Baer and Cotylapsis insignis Leidy. Infection
of other native bivalves species is discussed.
Darrigran, G. 2002. Potential impact of filter-feeding invaders on temperate inland freshwater
environments. Biological Invasions 4(1-2):145-156.
Since the 1990s, biological invasions have captured the attention of the scientific community as an
important element of global change and a major threat to biodiversity. The inland waters of South America
provide two examples of biological invasions. This review examines bivalve invasions in South America,
summarizes the research results for two species, the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) and the golden
mussel (Limnoperna fortunei), and suggests further studies. The rapid expansion of invasive bivalves into
these environments involves significant changes. Until now, C. fluminea, the Asian clam, did not produce
generalized macrofouling in the Neotropical region, as is common in the Holarctic region. However, the
first specific cases of macrofouling by C. fluminea were recently detected in heat interchangers of power
stations in Brazil. On the other hand, L. fortunei is provoking new economic impacts in South American
freshwaters through macrofouling. Before the invasion by the golden mussel, macrofouling was recorded
only in the marine and estuarine environments of the Neotropical region. The impact caused by invasive
bivalves in this region is not only economic, however. Rapid changes in the benthic community, favoring
the presence of Oligochaeta and Hirudinea, as well as the displacement of native species of mollusks, are
among the problems related to the presence of the golden mussel. Another issue is the settlement of golden
mussels on native bivalves. This bivalve is now a new element in the diet of some native fish species, being
the main food item in some cases.
Darrigran, G. and G. Pastorino. 1995. The recent introduction of a freshwater Asiatic bivalve,
Limnoperna fortunei (Mytilidae) into South America. Veliger 38(2):171-175.
The temporal and spatial distribution of Limnoperna fortunei in the Argentine littoral of the Rio de la Plata
is reported. Its distribution is limited by the most contaminated area and by an increment in the saline
concentration. A decrease in density was recorded between August 1992 and January 1993. Subsequently
there was an increase in density up to a maximum of 82,000 ind/m2 in May 1993. It is concluded that
because of its functional and morphological characteristics, L. fortunei will spread quickly. With Corbicula
fluminea and C. largillierti, Limnoperna fortunei is the third invading species to be introduced into South
America from Southeast Asia. Its possible entry into Argentina, by trading ships from Korea and Hong
Kong, is suggested. Import peaks correspond with the estimated arrival of these three invaders.
Darteville, E. 1948. Contribution á la faune malacologique des terrasses de la region des lacs
Edouard et Kivu. Bulletin du Service Geologique (Leopoldville) 3:97-142.
Corbicula radiata is reported as living in Lake Edward, Lake Kivu, and Lake Albert. It also occurs as a fossil
and subfossil in Lake Edward and Lake Kivu. Corbicula radiata edwardsi is found living in, and as a
subfossil, only in Lake Edward. Corbicula fluminalis consobrina (Philippi) is found only as a fossil and
subfossil in Lake Edward terraces.
Dauble, D. D., D. S. Daley, and C. S. Abernethy. 1984. Factors affecting growth and survival of the
84
Corbicula Bibliography
Asiatic clam, Corbicula sp., under controlled laboratory conditions. IN: Proceedings of the
American Society of Testing and Materials 7th Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology.
American Society of Testing and Materials (Philadelphia). ASTM Special Publication No.
854. pp. 138-144. [Also Department of Energy Report No. PNL-SA-10845, and NTIS
DE84002597]
Growth of Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) was determined in relation to food supply, water temperature, and
clam size as an aid to researchers conducting chronic effects toxicity studies. Linear models provided good
relationships between clam shell length, total weight, and wet/dry tissue weights. Clam growth was minimal
during low phytoplankton densities (similar to 300 cells/ml), and all three size groups lost weight at 20 and
30oC. Mortality of small clams at 30oC was 100% after 71 days. At phytoplankton densities greater than 1000
cells/ml, overall differences in growth with respect to clam size and temperature were detectable at p>0.01;
growth of all clam groups was greatest at 30oC. Small clams exhibited the greatest absolute increase in mean
shell length at all test temperatures and their weight gains were similar to those of medium and large clams.
Clams in well water that were fed trout chow at 117 mg/ml dry weight had an estimated conversion efficiency
of 2.0%.
Dauer, D. M., M. W. Luckenbach and A. J. Rodi, Jr. 1993. Abundance biomass comparison
(ABC method): Effects of an estuarine gradient, anoxic/hypoxic events and contaminated
sediments. Marine Biology 116(3):507-518.
The ABC method for evaluating pollution-induced stress was tested using data from the hesapeake Bay,
Virginia, collected between 1985 and 1989. Three predictions were tested: (1) benthic communities from
estuarine transitional regions with salinities near the range of 5 to 8 parts per thousand (horohalinicium)
should be classified highly stressed due to major shifts in ionic composition producing physiological stress;
(2) benthic communities from regions subjected to summer low dissolved oxygen conditions (anoxia or
hypoxia) should be classified as highly stressed after such events; and (3) benthic communities from
sediments contaminated with heavy metals and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons should be classified as
highly stressed. Only partial support for each of these predictions was found and several problems with the
ABC method were obvious. A small number of large-sized species, particularly in mesohaline and
polyhaline regions of the estuary, greatly affected the analysis. Similar designations of stress could be
produced by simply sampling only for these rare, large species. Regions of the estuary considered a priori
as highly stressed were sometimes designated as unstressed due to (1) minor shifts in dominance patterns
in benthic communities with low absolute numbers of individuals and biomass, e.g. in regions affected by
anoxia/hypoxia, and (2) collection of rare, but large species, such as the tubiculous polychaete, Diopatra
cuprea, in contaminated sediments. Regions of the estuary considered a priori as unstressed were
sometimes designated as highly stressed due to dense recruitment events. Dominant species were Diopatra
cuprea, Macoma balthica, Corbicula fluminea and Macroclymene zonalis.
Daum, K. A., L. W. Newland, J. C. Britton, L. Champagne and J. Hagen. 1979. Responses of
Corbicula to potassium. IN: Proceedings of the First International Corbicula Symposium, J.
C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University Research Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 215-226.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) (= C. manilensis [Philippi, 1841]) was found to be adversely affected by
the presence of potassium in water. When potassium concentration reached a threshold level, the foot would
become enlarged, extend to the exterior, and become unresponsive to tactile stimulation. EC50 concentrations
to produce the response were 25 to 50 ppm K+ as KH2PO4, 25 to 50 ppm K+ as K2PO4, and 39 to 44 ppm K+
as KCl. Histological sections of the potassium-affected foot revealed extensive fluid engorgement in the
muscular tissue, but little apparent loss of internal cellular components.
Dautzenberg, P. 1894. Liste des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis par M. Th. Barrois en
Palestine et an Syrie. Revue Biologique du Nord de la France 6:329-354.
85
Corbicula Bibliography
Corbicula fluminalis is reported from the Middle East.
Dautzenberg, P. and H. Fischer. 1905. Liste des mollusques recoltes par M. le Capitain de Frigate
Blaise au Tonkin, et description d'especées nouvelles. Journal de Conchyliologie 53:58-234.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), Corbicula fluminea tonkiniana Morlet, 1886, Corbicula fluminea petiti
Morlet, 1886, Corbicula fluminea moreletiana Prime, 1867, Corbicula fluminea bocourti Morlet, 1865,
Corbicula fluminea orientalis (Lamarck, 1818), Corbicula fluminea indigotina Huede, 1880, and Corbicula
fluminea baudoni Morlet, 1886 are discussed from Indochina. Zoogeographic records, ecology, and
systematics of these bivalves are also presented.
Dautzenberg, P. and H. Fischer. 1905. Liste des mollusques recoltes par M. H. Mansuy en
Indo-Chine et au Yunnan et description d'especes nouvelles. Journal de Conchyliologie
53:343-471.
Corbicula fluminea and Corbicula souverbieana are reported from Saigon (Ho Chi Mihn City, Vietnam).
Corbicula fluminea tonkiniana is reported from Hanoi (Vietnam) and Grand Lac (Cambodia). Corbicula
fluminea petiti, Corbicula fluminea moreletiana, and Corbicula fluminea bocourti are reported from
prehistoric sites of Somron-Seng, Cambodia.
Dautzenberg, P. and B. d'Hammonville. 1887. Description d'especes nouvelles du Tonkin et
observations sur quelques autrer mollusques de la même region. Journal de Conchyliologie
35:213-225.
Corbicula baudoni and Corbiucula tonkiniana are reported from Rizieres near Hanoi.
Dawson, G. M. 1875. Report on the geological resources of the region in the vicinity of the 49th
Parallel, from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. British North American
Boundary Commission.
Cyrena occidentalis Meek and Hayden, 1856) and Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) are
reported (p. 133) from the St. Mary's River series, St. Mary's River, Canada.
Deaton. L. E. 1981. Ion regulation in freshwater and brackish water bivalve mollusks. Physiological
Zoology 54:109-121.
The relationship between external salinity and the blood concentrations of Na, Ca, K, Cl, and bicarbonate was
examined for six species of bivalve molluscs: Rangia cuneata and Polymesoda caroliniana (oligohaline);
Lampsilis claibornensis and Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) (freshwater); and Ostrea palmula and
Polymesoda maritima (marine euryhaline). The two euryhaline species are osmotic and ionic conformers in
media of from 100 - 1,000 mOsM. The oligohaline species are conformers above ambient osmoalities of 100
mOsM; in more dilute media the blood is hypertonic with respect to Na, Ca, K, and Cl. In ambient osmoalities
below 20 mOsM, the blood concentrations of Na and Cl, and blood osmoality decrease sharply. Blood Ca and
bicarbonate concetrations show a concomitant increase. The two freshwater animals are conformers above,
and regulators below, 100 mOsM. There is no decrease in the blood concentrations of Na or Cl in very dilute
media.
Deaton, L. E. 1982. Tissue (Na+K) activated adenosinetriphosphatase activities in freshwater and
brackish water bivalve molluscs. Marine Biology Letters 3:107-112.
The (Na + K)-activated ATPase activity was measured in microsomal preparations of gill, mantle, and kidney
tissues from four bivalves (Rangia cuneata, Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841), Polymesoda caroliniana,
and Lampsilis claibornensis) acclimated to freshwater (3 mOsM) and to brackish water (200 mOsM). In
freshwater acclimated P. caroliniana, R. cuneata, and C. manilensis, the mantle and kidney enzyme activity
increased over than in animals acclimated to 200 mOsM. The activity of (Na + K)-activated ATPase in gill
tissue was higher in osmoconforming P. caroliniana, R. cuneata, and C. manilensis (200 mOsM) than in
osmoregulating individuals (e mOsM). There were no salinity related changes in enzyme activity in L.
claibornensis tissues. This lack of response reflects the long geologic history of the Paleoheterodont subclass
86
Corbicula Bibliography
(which includes L. claibornensis).
Decksbach, N. K. 1943. The mollusc Corbicula fluminalis Mull. in the valley of the Murgab River.
Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Moscow, N. S.) 40(1):33-34.
Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) has been found in Azerbaidjan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, at the mouth of
the Amu-Darya River and in the Amur Basin. Corbicula fluminalis is also reported in Turkemia in the valley
of the Murgab River. Measurements of 23 specimens are given. The finding in Turkmenia confirms geological
opinion that the Murgab belongs to the Amu-Darya-Uzboy system.
Degner, E. 1928. Spolia metawiensis. Binnen-Mollusken von den Neutawei Inselin, mit einen
Anhang: Verzeichnis alles bisher von Sumatra bekannt geordenen land- und süsswasser
mollusken. Treubia 10:319-390.
The systematics and distribution of the following species of Corbicula are discussed: C. angulifera von
Martens, 1897, C. ducalis Prime, 1862, C. gibba von Martens, 1897, C. lacustris von Martens, 1897, C.
moltkiana Prime, 1878, C. moussoni Deshayes, 1854, C. pullata Philippi, 1850, C. tobae von Martens, 1900,
C. trapezoidea von Martens, 1897, and C. tumida Deshayes, 1854.
Delafond, F. and C. Depéret. 1893-1894. Études des gîites mineraux de la France. Les terrains
tertiares de la Bresse et leurs gîtes de lignites et de minerais de fer. Ministére des Travaux
Publics (Paris). pp. 332, 155, and 256.
Delessert, B. 1841. Recueil des Coquilles Descrites par Lamarck, dans son Histoire Naturelle des
Animaux sans Vertébres et non encore figurées.
Cyrena orientalis is figured (pl. 7, figs 8a-c).
DeMoor, G. 1974. The formation of Denermonde and its significance for the Neoquaternary of the
Flemish Valley. Natural Science Journal of the Dutch Indies 56:1-4. [Dutch with French and
English abstracts]
Near the confluence of the Dendre and the Schledt and Dendermonde, a large excavation allowed the study of
fluvatile sediments of the Holocene Scheldt, resting upon the course and Mammalia-rests containing
sediments of a large fluvio-periglacial Wurmaian-Dendre fan, which lithostratigraphically belongs to the
formation of Dendermonde.
The genesis and the chronostratigraphic position of the fan and its significance within the Quaternary
geological history of the Flemish Valley is based on paleomorphologic, sedimentologic, and lithostratigraphic
arguments. Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) shells are found in the sediments.
DeMoor, G. 1975. De afzetting van Dendermonde en haas betekenis voor de jongkwartaire evolutie
van de Vlaamse Vallei. Natuurwetenschappelijk Tijdschrift 56:45-75.
DeMoor, G. 1981. Periglacial deposits and sedimentary structures in the upper Pleistocene infilling
of the Flemish Valley (N. W. Belgium). Biuletyn Peryglacjalny 28:277-290.
The Flemish Valley forms the upper Pleistocene outlet of the Scheldt River in northern Belgium. It consists of
a very wide thalweg pattern, deeply cut into sandy-clayey Tertiary substratum and filled up by Saalian
fluvioperiglacial deposits, by Eemian marine and fluvitile (containing shells of Corbicula fluminalis [Müller,
1774]) sediments and mainly by Vistulial deposits of dominantly fluvioperiglacial nature (containing shells of
Corbicula fluminalis), covered by a rather sheet of Tardiglacial eolian sediments, which dammed and deviated
the northward-directed upper Pleistocene drainage. An outline of the evolution of the Flemish Valley is
presented and describes outcrops in eo-Vistulian, meso-Vistulian, fini-Vistulian and Tardiglacial infillings of
the valley, especially focusing on fossil periglacial structures, their nature and their paleoclimatic meaning n a
stratigraphical and paleomorphological framework.
DeMoor, G. and I. Heyse. 1974. Litostratigrafie van de kwartaire afzettingen in de overgangszone
tussen de kustvlake en de Vlaamse Vallei in noordwest-Belgie. Natuurwetenschappelijk
87
Corbicula Bibliography
Tijdschrift 56:85-109. [Dutch with French and English abstracts]
The lithostratigraphy of Quaternary sediments in the transition zone between the coastal plain and the Flemish
Valley of Northwest Belgium are described. Fossils of Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) are found in
estuarine sediments.
DeMoor, G. and I. Heyse. 1978. Depots quaternaires et geomorphologie dans le nord-ouest de la
Flandre. Bulletin Société Belge Geologie 87(1):37-47. [French]
Fossil plant and animal remains (including Corbicula fluminalis [Müller, 1774] are discussed in relation to the
geomorphology of the Quaternary deposits of northwest Flanders.
DeMoor, G. and M. Lootens. 1975. Corbicula fluminalis occurrences in some Quaternary sediments
from Lys Valley south of Deinze Belgium. Natuurwetenshappelijk Tijdschrift (Natga)
15(5):165-184.
Borings and excavations in the neopleistocene Lys Valley provide new information about the Quaternary
deposits and about the maximal extension of the Eemian transgression in the Deinze-St.-Baafs-Vijve reach of
that valley. The erosive valley bottom (with a maximal incision reaching the -14 level) is covered with
remnants of an important loamy deposit with sandy lenses containing Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) and
Cardium edule. Locally the strongly eroded top sill reaches the +3 level. That Eemian sediment has principally
a fluviatile origin, but the sandy digitations witness to the temporary estuary invasions coming from the
northerly situated large Eemian Flemish Valley embayment. A new incision, dating from the very early
Wuermian, has been followed by a sandy fluvioperiglacial aggradation. Only locally a second loamy complex
and a second sandy layer are present. The overlying loamy sediments, also of Wuermian age, are mostly
snow-thaw runoff sediments originated from previous niveo-eolian deposits. Nevertheless, east of the Lys of
the lithofacies is much more sandy than west of the river. A new incision preceded the deposition of a third
sandy fluvioperiglacial complex, again crossing the whole valley and sill of Wuermian age. Finally, only west
of the Lys, occurs a sandy-loam cover while discontinuous, mainly peaty and loamy-clayey post-Wuermian
deposits fill the flood plains of the present-day watercourses. A local lithostratigraphic sequence is established
and a description of the different lithostratigraphic units is given. A sedimentogenic interpretation and a
lithostratigraphic correlation of the Flemish Valley sediments are given and a chronostratigraphic
interpretation is proposed. The latter is partly based upon malacologic determinations, palynologic analyses
and radiocarbon datings.
Denahena, R. S. 1947. Biological sketch of the Yalaminskikh River. Trudy Institutea Zoologiskii
Akademyii Nauk Azerbaijan C.C.R. 12: [Russian]
Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) is reported from the Yalaminskikh River basin.
Deng, D., H. Li, W. Hu, Q. Zhou and L. Guo. 2005. [Effects of eutrophication on distribution
and population density of Corbicula fluminea and Bellamya sp. in Chaohu Lake]. The
Journal of Applied Ecology 16(8):1502-1506.
The investigation on the distribution an d population density of C. fluminea and Bellamya sp. in Chaohu
Lake during September 2001 and September 2002 showed that in the west region of the lake where was
seriously eutrophic, the density and biomass of C. fluminea were 5.1 ind. x m-2) and 17.87 g x m-2 in 2001,
and 8.8 ind. x m-2 and 47.29 g x m-2 in 2002, while those of Bellamya sp. were 13.3 ind. x m-2 and 45.45 g
x m-2 in 2001, and 3.8 ind. x m-2 and 12.56 g x m-2 in 2002, respectively. In the east region of the lake
where was eutrophic, the density and biomass of C. fluminea were 23.8 ind. x m(-2) and 67.86 g x m-2 in
2001, and 29.2 ind. x m-2 and 96.18 g x m-2 in 2002, while those of Bellamya sp. were 10.1 ind. x m-2 and
32.00 g x m-2 in 2001, and 9.4 ind. x m-2 and 31.21 g x m-2 in 2002, respectively. The density and biomass
of C. fluminea and Bellamya sp. were declined with increasing eutrophication. In hypertrophic region, C.
fluminea and Bellamya sp. were absent. The density and biomass of the two species were obviously higher
in littoral than in pelagic region. The distribution type of C. fluminea was core-model, while that of
Bellamya sp. was random. The correlation between the density and biomass of C. fluminea and Bellamya
88
Corbicula Bibliography
sp. and water depth was not significant (P > 0.05). The biomass of Bellamya sp. was negatively correlated
with water TN (P < 0.01), NO3-N (P < 0.05), TP(P < 0.01) and PO4-P (P < 0.05), while that of C. fluminea
only had a significantly negative correlation with PO4-P(P < 0.05). Compared with 1981, there was fewer
C. fluminea in the lake nowadays. The effects of other environmental factors on the population distribution
and growth of C. fluminea and Bellamya sp. were also discussed.
Denizot, D. 1917. Observations sur les dépôts superficiels de la vallée de l'Aisne, dans la région de
Sainte-Menéhould. Comptes Rendus de la Société Géologique France 5(9):173-174.
Deshayes, G. P. 1830-1832. Histoire des Vers par Bruguiére et Lamarck, complété par Deshayes.
IN: Encyclopédie Méthodique, Vol. II.
Lamarckian species of Corbicula are discussed and described.
Deshayes, G. P. 1854. Descriptions of new shells from the collection of Hugh Cuming, esq.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 22:317-371.
Corbicula ambigua sp. nov. is described (p. 345) from the Euphrates River; Corbicula bengalensis sp. nov. is
described (p. 344) from Bengal, India; Corbicula bensonii sp. nov. is described (p. 345) from Bengal, India;
Corbicula cashmiriensis sp. nov. is described (p. 344) from India; Corbicula convexa sp. nov. is described (p.
342) from Mexico; Corbicula grandis sp. nov. is described (p. 344) from China; Corbicula incrassata is
described from an unknown habitat; Corbicula malaccensis sp. nov. is described (p. 343) from the streams of
Malacca; Corbicula obscura sp. nov. is described (p. 342) from an unknown locality; Corbicula obsoleta sp.
nov. is described (p. 343) from Uruguay; Corbicula semisulcata sp. nov. is described (p. 343) from Australia;
Corbicula squalida sp. nov. is described (p. 342) from the Philippine Islands; Corbicula striatella sp. nov. (p.
344) and Corbicula tribeniensis are described from Pondicherry, India; Corbicula sulcatina sp. nov. is
described (p. 345) from Canton, China; and Corbicula tumida sp. nov. is described (p. 343) from Borneo.
Deshayes, G. P. 1854. Catalogue of the Conchifera or Bivalve Shells in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part II. Petricoladae (sic) (concluded); Corbiculadae (sic). Taylor and Francis
(London). 218-234 pp.
Known species of bivalves in the genus Corbicula are redescribed or their descriptions republished. They are:
Corbicula consobrina, Corbicula cor, Corbicula pusilla, Corbicula radiata, Corbicula africana, all from
Africa; Corbicula fluminalis, Corbicula ambigua, all from Asia; Corbicula occidens, Corbicula bensoni,
Corbicula bengalensis, Corbicula striatella, Corbicula trigona, Corbicula cashmirensis, all from India;
Corbicula woodiana, Corbicula grandis, Corbicula similis, Corbicula largillierti, Corbicula recurvata,
Corbicula fluminea, Corbicula fluviatilis, Corbicula orientalis, Corbicula nitens, all from China; Corbicula
compressa, Corbicula moussoni, Corbicula pulchella, Corbicula rivalis, all from Java; Corbicula cumingii,
from Luzon, Philippine Islands; Corbicula malaccensis from Malacca; Corbicula tumida from Borneo;
Corbicula ovalina, Corbicula australis, Corbicula nepeanensis, Corbicula semisulcata, all from Australia;
Corbicula obsoleta, Corbicula cuneata, Corbicula paranensis, Corbicula limosa, Corbicula convexa,
Corbicula brasiliana, Corbicula variegata, all from South America. Other species described from unknown
localities include: Corbicula pullata, Corbicula obscura, Corbicula incrassata, Corbicula squalida, Corbicula
sulcatina, and Corbicula triangularis. Dubious species include Corbicula debilis, Corbicula euphratica and
Corbicula trigonella.
Deshayes, G. P. 1856 - 1865. Description des Animaux sans Vertebrates Decouverts dans le Bassin
de Paris pour Servir de Supplement a la Description des Coquilles Fossiles des Environs de
Paris Comprenant une Revue General de Toutes les Especes Actullement Conues. J. B.
Bailliene et fils (Paris). Vol. 2, 1814 pp.
Cyrena acutangularis (=Corbicula acutangularis) is described from the Eocene of Europe; Cyrena angusta
(=Corbicula angusta) and Corbicula planulata are described from Eocene sediments of the Paris Basin.
Detterman, R. L. and D. L. Jones. 1974. Mesozoic fossils from Augustine Island, Cook Inlet, Alaska.
89
Corbicula Bibliography
Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 58(5):868-870.
Corbicula sp. (?) may be used as a stratigraphic indicator of the Mesozoic in Alaska.
Devillers, C. and J. M. Peres. 1939. Notes sur quelques gisements de coquilles fluviatiles du Sahara
Centrale. Bulletin Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 11(5):437-478.
Quaternary beds of the Erg of Tihodaine, near Amquid, central Sahara, yielded sub-fossil and living
freshwater molluscs including Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774).
Diaz, R. J. 1974. Asiatic clam, Corbicula manilensis (Philippi), in the tidal James River, Virginia.
Chesapeake Science 15(2):118-120.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) is reported from the James River between Richmond (River Mile 80)
and Hog Island (River Mile 30). C. manilensis was also taken from three transects of the Appomattox River.
The date of invasion of the James River is believed to be 1968 or earlier. Notes on ecology of these bivalves in
the river and notes on industrial foulings are also presented.
Diaz, R. J. 1989. Pollution and Tidal Benthic Communities of the James River Estuary, Virginia.
Hydrobiologia 180:195-211.
Distribution of benthic communities in the estuarine portion of the James River is controlled mainly by
salinity. Pollution effects were localized and difficult to assess because of a rigorous physical environment.
Mesohaline and oligohaline communities were very similar to those in other estuaries of the eastern United
States. Macrobenthic densities were most severely depressed in tidal freshwater habitats near Richmond
and Hopewell, where the major portion of the pollution load enters the river. Cluster analysis of species
distributional patterns and ordination of pollution and physical parameters produced similar results,
dividing the river into mesohaline, oligohaline , and upper and lower tidal freshwater zones. Further
analysis of only the tidal freshwater portion indicated the distribution of benthic communities reflected the
location and concentration of pollution sources along the river. Tidal freshwater communities were
dominated by the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, tubificid oligochaetes of the genus Limnodrilus and the
chironomid insect larva Coelotanypus scapularis. The fauna of the freshwater zones was very eurytopic
with respect to sediment type and has a great resemblance to the fauna of eutrophic lakes. The classical
concept of a shaper increase in number of species occurring from oligohaline to freshwater zones is found
misleading. This increase does not occur until free flowing (or lotic) freshwater areas of greater habitat
diversity are reached.
Diaz, R. J. 1994. Response of tidal freshwater macrobenthos to sediment disturbance.
Hydrobiologia 278(1-3).
The macrobenthic fauna in the tidal freshwater James River, Virginia, USA, exhibited a high degree of
resilience and limited temporal response to sediment disturbance caused by large quantities of low bulk
density (< 1.3 g cm-3)) fluid mud. The fluid mud was produced by hydraulic dredge deepening of a ship
channel with disposal of dredged sediments onto a nearby shoal. The response of tidal freshwater
communities to fluid mud was limited to mainly quantitative changes in abundance of dominant taxa
(Limnodrilus spp., L. hoffmeisteri, Ilyodrilus templetoni, Corbicula fluminea, Coelotanypus scapularis) and
was directly related to the thickness of fluid mud layers. Disturbance effects were short lived and for
tubificids most obvious in areas with > 0.3 m fluid mud. In areas that received < 0.3 m fluid mud, acute
effects were limited to chironomids and small (< 10 mm) C. fluminea. The fauna colonizing the areas
disturbed by fluid mud was the same as that inhabiting the shoal prior to disturbance. There was no
indication of a successional sequence, as reported for other freshwater and marine habitats. Three weeks
after the disturbance ended, all but a few insect taxa had recolonized. Changes in community structure from
fluid mud disturbance were slight with total taxa best characterizing the disturbance. The insensitivity of
community structure measures reflects the high resiliency of macrobenthic communities to physical stresses
in tidal freshwater systems.
Diaz, R. J. and D. F. Boesch. 1976. An Assessment of the Acute Impacts of the James River/Windmill
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Corbicula Bibliography
Point Habitat Development Site of the Macrobenthic Community. U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Environmental Effects Laboratory Report. Virginia Institute of Marine Science
(Gloucester Point). 65 pp.
Quantitative macrofaunal sampling was conducted November 1974, July 1975, and December 1975 in the
area of Windmill Point on the tidal freshwater James River, Virginia. Sediments ranged from coarse sand on
shore to mud in the channel. Depths ranged from 0.5 to 4.6 m. Benthic communities were dominated by the
bivalve Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841), the oligochaetes Limnodrilus spp., Ilyodrilus templetoni,
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and larvae of the insects Coelotanypus scapularis and Hexagenia mingo. The
dominant organisms are generally eutrophic with respect to sediments, many had higher densities in muddy
sediments, although C. manilensis preferred sand. Large numbers of small C. fluminea (< 10 mm) were taken
during all sampling periods and from shell length frequency distributions of the populations it is very doubtful
that more than a fraction of a percent survived from one sampling to the next. Large C. manilensis (> 10 mm)
which composed less than 0.25% of the benthic fauna accounted for about 70% of the biomass, except
December 1975 when their contribution was only 7%. Small C. manilensis contributed about 4% to the
benthid biomass, except in December when a large number of clams in the 6 to 10 mm range increased C.
manilensis' contribution to 22%. Many other aspects of C. manilensis' ecology are discussed.
Diaz, R. J. and D. F. Boesch. 1977. Habitat Development Field Investigations, Windmill Point
Marsh Development Site, James River, Virginia. Appendix C. Environmental impacts of
marsh development with dredged material: acute impact on the macrobenthic community.
Technical Report D-77-23, U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station (Vicksburg,
Mississippi) and Virginia Institute of Marine Science (Gloucester Point). 158 pp. [Also
NTIS AD-A055 319/8]
Macrobenthos was sampled in a tidal freshwater portion of the James River, Virginia, near Windmill Point, in
the area of construction of a wetlands habitat from dredged material. The benthic communities in the area of
the habitat development site were dominated by Corbicula manilensis; the oligochates Limnodrilus spp.,
Ilyodrilus templetoni, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, and larvae of the insects Coelotanypus scapularis and
Hexagenia mingo. The dominant organisms are generally eurytopic with respect to sediments; many had
higher densitied in muddy sediments, although C. manilensis preferred sand. Most of the important species
were highly opportunistic and thus the community was able to recover quickly from perturbations. This
characteristic minimized the effects of habitat development. Acute impacts were detected at he habitat site
where organisms were buried by construction and at the excavation where organisms were removed along
with the sand and gravel used in construction of the dike. Long-term changes associated with the habitat were
limited to areas of gross sediment alteration, such as at the excavation and dike perimeter. No other broad
scale effects, acute or long term, could be detected that were attributable to the habitat construction. More
extensive acute effects due to sedimentation may have occurred but, because of its resilience, the community
was able to recover in the 6 months that lapsed before postconstruction sampling.
Diaz, R. J. and D. F. Boesch. 1977. Impact of Fluid Mud Dredged Material on Benthic Communities
in the Tidal James River, Virginia. U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station
Technical Report D-77-45. Virginia Institute of Marine Science (Gloucester Point). 38 pp.
Dietz, T. H. 1977. Solute and water movement in freshwater bivalve mollusks (Pelecypoda;
Unionidae; Corbiculidae; Margaratiferidae). IN: Water Relations in Membrane Transport in
Plants and Animals, A. M. Jungreis, T. K. Hodges, A. Kleinzeller and S. G. Schultz, Eds.
Academic Press (New York). pp. 111-119.
The blood composition of Corbicula manilensis is significantly different from other bivalves in having NaCl
as the predominant salt and little bicarbonate. Rates of ion transport in C. manilensis was higher than that
observed in other freshwater bivalves and may reflect the more recent immigration of the species from
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Corbicula Bibliography
brackish to freshwater environments.
Dietz, T. H. 1979. Uptake of sodium and chloride in freshwater mussels. Canadian Journal of
Zoology 57:156-160.
Ion transport rates were measured in six species representing four families of freshwater bivalves in North
America. Sodium and chloride transport systems function independently in all of the species. The unionid
steady-state influx of Na and Cl was about 1 ìequiv/g dry tissue/hr. Margaritifera hembeli Na influx was about
5 ìequiv/g dry tissue/hr and they were in a positive Na and Cl balance. Chloride influx by M. hembeli was
similar to the unionids. The Sphaeriacea transport Na and Cl at significantly higher rates than Unionacea.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 184l) Na and Cl influx was about 9 ìequiv/g dry tissue/hr. Sphaerium
transversum Cl influx was similar to C. manilensis; however, Na influx was twice as high. The higher
transport rates of the Sphaeriacea are similar to brackish water animals. Sodium, Ca and Cl are major ions in
the blood of all species. Bicarbonate is a major anion (9-12 mM/L) in all species except C. manilensis (4
mM/L).
Dietz, T. H. 1985. Ionic regulation in freshwater mussels: a brief review. American Malacological
Bulletin 3(2):233-242.
Ionic regulation is reviewed for several species of freshwater mussels and Corbicula fluminea.
Dillwyn, L. W. 1817. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells Arranged According to the
Linnaean Method; with Particular Attention to the Synonomy, Vol. I. (London). 508 pp.
Dime, R. A. 1982. Environmental Fate of Hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Ph.D. Dissertation, University
of California, Davis. 143 pp.
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) residues are found in most biological and environmental samples. Environmental
sources, including use (seed dressing), HCB-contaminated pesticides, and certain industrial wastes have
introduced approximately 2 x 104 metric tons to the environment. Information on environmental mobility and
transformations of HCB presently are limited; water solubility, volitalization, soil absorption, photochemistry,
mollusk bioconcentration are reported.
HCB solubility in distilled water is 3 ìg/L (16oC), slightly higher in filtered river water; solubility in artificial
seawater is not significantly different. Amberlite XAD-4 resin is efficient at removing HCB from solution, but
HCB is poorly desorbed; even solvent elution, Soxhlet extraction, and mechanical agitation of wet and dry
resin provides <60% recoveries.
HCB volatilitizes from water with a half-life of hours, unaffected by the presence of dodecanol film. HCB is
adsorbed rapidly and strongly on soil; Freundlich adsorption coefficients of 170, 320, and 2500 were found
for soils with 0.23, 1.8, and 5.0% organic carbon, respectively, providing a linear relationship. Adsorption on
submerged sediments is slow, with no equilibrium in 142 hrs, and only 45% was desorbed within 145 hrs.
Corbicula manilensis rapidly accumulates HCB from water to a bioconcentration factor about 3 x 104. Rate
constants for uptake and depuration and the half-life for elimination were determined.
HCB undergoes slow photolysis in aqueous solution to pentachlorobenzene and tetrachlorobenzene isomers
but not pentachlorophenol. Methanol had little effect on photolysis, but 2% acetone reduced the half-life from
284 to 104 hrs. Rates of photolysis and photoproduct distribution are similar for photoreactor and outdoor
experiments. Corbicula manilensis does not metabolize HCB.
Most HCB eventually is released to the atmosphere, and volitalization of HCB from inadequate waste-control
landfills represents a major problem. Once released, HCB is extremely mobile and distributes into the
atmosphere and water environments and, eventually into the biota. HCB is stable to normal routes of
environmental breakdown except for limited photolysis in aqueous solution; metabolism is very slow at best.
Consequently, as the environmental release of hexachlorobenzene exceeds its rate of removal, levels will
remain constant or even increase until sources are controlled or eliminated.
DiStefano, R. J. 1984. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) of Horse Lick Creek, Rockcastle
River, Kentucky. The Nautilus 98:(3)-110-113.
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Corbicula Bibliography
A survey of the mussel fauna of Horse Lick Creek, a 26.2 km tributary of the Rockcastle River, was
conducted from the fall of 1982 through the summer of 1983. Twenty-two species of mussels and Corbicula
fluminea (Müller, 1774) were recorded, including the endangered Pegias fabula. The stream appears to be one
of the last refuges for several Cumberlandian species in Kentucky.
Djajasasmita, M. 1975. On the species of the genus Corbicula from Celebes, Indonesia (Mollusca:
Corbiculidae). Bulletin Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam 4:83-87.
The systematics, distribution, and ecology of Corbicula lindoensis Kruimel, 1913, and Corbicula subplanata
von Martens, 1897, are discussed.
Djajasasmita, M. 1977. An annotated list of the species of the genus Corbicula from Indonesia
(Mollusca: Corbiculidae). Bulletin Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam
6(1):1-9.
The species of the genus Corbicula known from Indonesia are alphabetically listed and noted. Sixteen out of
the 35 described species are considered valid, i.e. C. gustaviana von Martens, 1900, C. moltkiana Prime,
1978, C. sumatrana Clessin, 1879, C. tobae von Martens, 1900, and C. tumida Deshayes, 1854, from
Sumatra; C. javanica Mousson, 1849, C. pulchella (Mousson, 1848), and C. rivalis (`Busch' Philippi, 1850),
from Java; C. bitruncata von Martens, 1908, and C. pullata Philippi, 1850, from Borneo; C. lindoensis
Bollinger, 1914, C. loehensis Kruimel, 1913, C. matannensis Sarasin and Sarasin, 1898, and C. subplanata
von Martens, 1897, from Celebes; C. australis (Lamarck, 1818), from Timor and C. debilis (Gould, 1850)
from New Guinea. A Philippine species, C. squalida Deshayes, 1854, is added as a new record.
Djajasasmita, M. 1977. A new species of freshwater clam from Java, Indonesia (Bivalvia:
Corbiculidae). The Veliger 19(4):425-426.
Corbicula lacunae sp. nov. is described (pp. 425-426) and figured (fig. 1) from Rawa Senggreng, Java,
Indonesia.
Djajasasmita, M. 1985. Molluscan fauna of the two stream rivers of Riau. Berita Biologi
3(3):121-124. [In Indonesian with English summary]
A preliminary study on the composition and population density of the molluscan fauna in the streams of the
rivers Tiwi (stony and sandy bottom) and Tandun Kecil (clay and mud bottom), in Riau, East Sumatra, was
carried out in July 1977. The molluscs collected were Brotia costula, Clea bocki and Corbicula moltkiana in
the Tiwi River and B. costula, Pseudodon vondembuschianus and Rectiden gracilis in Tandun Kecil River. B.
costula dominate in both localities, 86.08% and 72.58%, respectively; the other species range from 2.42% to
25%. In general, both localities have low molluscan density, 41.2/m2 and 26.8/m2, respectively. The food
condition is rather sufficiently available, the water quality may support the molluscan life, the physical
conditions, however, seem to be less suitable.
Doello-Jurado, M. 1927. Noticia preliminar sobre los molluscos fosiles de agua dulce mencionados
en el precedente estudio de R. Wichman. Boletin de la Academia de Nacional de Ciencies
Naturales de Argentina (Cordoba) 30:407-416.
Three fossils are from the "Dinosaur Beds", upper Cretaceous, in the territories of the Rio Negro, Patigonia,
Argentina. The illustrations of the species are incorporated in an accompanying paper by R. Wichmann (Sobre
la facies lacustre senoniana de los estratos con dionsaurios y su fauna). Corbicula dinosauriorum sp. nov. (p.
415) and Corbicula pehuenchensis sp. nov. (pp. 407-416) are described.
Doering, A. 1875. Molluscorum terrestrium et fluviatilium fauna Argentinae. Periodico Zoologico
(Buenos Aires) 1:1-8.
Doherty, F. G. 1985. Seasonal patterns of tissue accumulation and resorption in the Asiatic clam,
Corbicula fluminea. American Zoologist 25(4):24A. [Abstract]
Adult and juvenile Corbicula fluminea (n=100) were collected once each month from the New River in
southwestern Virginia. Data recorded for each individual included shell dimensions and visceral wet and dry
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Corbicula Bibliography
weights. Results indicate high degrees of correlation among shell dimensions, between shell dimensions and
cube roots of tissue weights, and between tissue weights (r>90%) within monthly samples. Comparisons
between samples reveal seasonal changes in visceral weight relative to shell dimensions and percent body
water content. Individuals showed an 81.5% increase in visceral weight over a two month span (February to
April) with all size classes demonstrating similar percentage changes in weight. Conversely, percent body
water content peaked in February at 88.7% and declined steadily throughout May to 84.4% of total body
weight in adults. These trends developed at a time when water temperatures were rapidly increasing. Both
changes are thought to be associated with the commencement of reproductive activities.
Doherty, F. G. 1986. A Multidisciplinary Study of the Asiatic Clam, Corbicula fluminea, from the
New River, Virginia. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University (Blacksburg). 208 pp. [see Dissertation Abstracts International, Part
B – Science and Engineering 47(6) .]
Studies were conducted with the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, that examined seasonal periodicities in
spawning, body condition, and percent tissue water content. In addition, responses of adults to brief (24 hr)
and extended (30 d) periods of exposure to toxicants were investigated. These studies addressed the valve
closure behavioral response by adults exposed to chlorine, cadmium, and zinc; the effects of these
pollutants and temperature on the levels of metal binding protein in adults; and the efficacy of halogens
(chlorine and bromine) in providing acceptable levels of Asiatic clam biofouling control. Spawning
periodicity of C. fluminea was monitored weekly for 8 months in 1984. Observations revealed that
spawning occurred on three distinct occasions with peaks in release of veligers in June, August, and
October. Percent tissue water content and body condition were monitored monthly in 1985. Significant
differences in these parameters were observed among certain months and among size classes. Tissue water
content and body condition in the largest individuals were inversely related. Periods of activity (valves
parted) and quiescence (valves closed) were determined in the absence and presence of toxicants by
continuously monitoring valve movement patterns. Data indicate that the duration of activity periods and
toxicant exposure concentration are inversely related. Application of these observations to efforts to control
Asiatic clam fouling in industrial water lines resulted in a reduction in the total levels of molluscicide
required. Exposure of clams to low levels of chlorine (0.25 mg/L total residual chlorine) induced valve
closure that resulted in weakened clams after two weeks that were more susceptible to increased levels of
chlorine. The levels of a metallothionein-like metal binding protein (MBP) in tissues of C. fluminea
following exposure to metal and non-metal stressors were also assessed. In general, exposure to dissolved
cadmium resulted in significantly greater levels of MBP than either dissolved zinc, chlorine, or temperature
extremes (4 degree , 30oC). Analysis of individual organ groups demonstrated an inverse relationship
between sites of MBP synthesis (gills, mantle, and adductor muscles versus visceral mass) and mode of
exposure to cadmium (dissolved versus food associated).
Doherty, F. G. 1990. Asiatic clam, Corbicula spp., as a biological monitor in freshwater
environments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment EMASDH 15(2):143-181.
Asiatic clams, Corbicula sp., are filter-feeding freshwater bivalves that are widely distributed, abundant,
and fast growing with a lifespan of 1-3 years. A review of the existing literature demonstrates that Asiatic
clams can concentrate organic pollutants from both water and sediment and heavy metals from water. In
conjunction with these traits, they exhibit a high tolerance for the effects resulting from exposure to toxic
substances. While an organism must possess these traits to serve as an effective biological monitor, they
have also permitted the Asiatic clam to rapidly colonize natural and industrial environments resulting in
purported ecological disturbances and severe economic repercussions, respectively. Its invasive biofouling
attributes therefore restrict the use of this clam for biomonitoring purposes from Corbicula-free drainage
systems.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Doherty, F. G., D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. 1985. Minimization strategies in the use of
halogen biocides for the control of the Asiatic Clam, Corbicula fluminea. Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Sixth Annual Meeting, St. Louis, MO (USA),
10-13 November.
Doherty, F. G., D. S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1985. Spawning periodicity of the Asiatic clam,
Corbicula fluminea, in the New River, Virginia. American Malacological Bulletin 4(1):116.
[Abstract]
Three approaches were used weekly to assess the spawning periodicity of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula
fluminea, in a flow regulated reach of the New River, Virginia, for the duration of the 1984 reproductive
season. Data were collected on the number of newly recruited larvae in the New River sediment, number and
life stage of larvae naturally released from adults held in laboratory invertebrate culture device, and the degree
to which adult brood chambers were charged with developing larvae for which indices were calculated.
Periodicity and relative intensity of spawning effort as determined by each approach were generally
compatible. These comparisons reveal three major peaks in spawning activity occurring in June to early July,
late August, and early October, each from 2 to 6 weeks duration.
Larval sediment concentrations (number/m2) peaked seasonally at 16,000, 18000, 14,000, and 18,000 for the
collection days of June 12, July 17, September 4, and October 2, respectively. Larval releases from laboratory
held adults peaked seasonally with 1,900 and 1,800 larvae counted per adult for the weeks of August 21, and
1,275 for the week of October 2. Seasonal peaks in brooding indices occurred for the weeks of July 10 and
October 2 with values of 3.5 and 2.7 (a maximal value of 4.0), respectively. Midsummer index values never
exceeded 1.8 (August 7 and 21, September 4). Spring and fall spawns coincided with rapidly rising and falling
water temperatures, respectively. Midsummer spawn occurred during a period when temperatures were
relatively stable and never exceeded 26.1oC. These observations do not coincide with previously reported
patterns of reproductive efforts by Corbicula fluminea, suggesting that reproductive activity and spawning
may be highly site specific.
Doherty, F. G., D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. 1987. Spawning periodicity of the Asiatic clam
Corbicula fluminea in the New River, Virginia. American Midland Naturalist 117(1):7182.
Spawning periodicity of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea in the New River, Virginia, is reported.
Numbers of newly recruited larvae in the New River sediment, number and life stage of larvae naturally
released and collected from adults held in the laboratory, and presence of developing veligers within the
brood chambers of sacrificed adults were collected weekly from May to December 1984. Abiotic data
collected consist of mean weekly water temperatures, daily total daylight hours for the western Virginia
vicinity and mean daily discharge rates. Density of larvae in sediment, total numbers of larvae collected
from the laboratory-held adults, and brood chamber condition are all highly similar in timing, duration and
intensity of spawning effort. There were three major peaks in larval abundance - late spring, midsummer
and early autumn. These observations do not coincide with previously reported patterns of spring and
autumn reproductive peaks by Corbicula fluminea.
Doherty, F. G., D. S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1987. Valve closure responses of the Asiatic clam
Corbicula fluminea exposed to cadmium and zinc. Hydrobiologia 153(2):159-167.
The valve movement patters of immobilized Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) were monitored during
exposure to constant concentrations of cadmium (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mg/L) or zinc (0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5,
and 0.9 mg/L) for 24 hrs following a 24 hr acclimation period. Data indicate that the duration of response was
concentration dependent and toxicity related. Durations of periods with valves parted declined as the
concentration of heavy metal increased. Behavior was consistent for both mean time to first closure following
the initial exposure and mean time per valve parting episode over a 24 hr exposure period. Mean time per
valve parting episode during the 24 hr exposure period ranged from approximately 600 minutes for control
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Corbicula Bibliography
trials to 30 and 69 minutes for the highest concentrations of cadmium and zinc tested, respectively.
Doherty, F. G., D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. 1990. Multiseasonal tissue growth trends in
Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) from the New River, Virginia. The Nautilus.
104(1):10-15.
Juvenile and adult Corbicula fluminea were collected monthly in 1985 from the New River in Narrows,
Virginia. Shell length, shell height, shell inflation, and soft tissue dry weight were recorded for each
individual. Regression analyses among all pairs of data sets were calculated monthly. All comparisons
among shell dimensions and between shell dimensions and dry tissue weight generated coefficients of
determination (R2) greater than or equal to 0.801. In all instances, comparisons between shell dimensions
and the cube root of dry tissue weight generated higher R2 values than comparisons between shell
dimensions and dry weight. A comparison of monthly regression lines generated between shell secretion
and the cube root of dry weight suggests that shell accretion and tissue growth are not equivalent for all
individuals in a population and are dependent on initial size of an individual and on season.
Doherty, F. G., M. L. Failla, and D. S. Cherry. 1987. Identification of a metallothionein-like heavy
metal binding protein in the freshwater bivalve, Corbicula fluminea. Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology, C, Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology
87(1):113-120.
Corbicula fluminea possesses a heat stable, heavy metal binding protein (HMBP) with an apparent molecular
weight similar to that of rat liver metallothionein (MT). Significant increases (1.2 - 1.6-fold) in the
concentrations of HMBP were observed following 30 day exposures to either temperature extremes (4o or
30oC), chlorine (0.29 mg/L total residual Cl), or dissolved zinc (0.50 mg/L). Exposure to dissoled cadmium
(0.10 mg/L) for 30 days in two separate studies resulted in 1.8- and 2.8-fold increases in HMBP levels.
Exposure to dissolved cadmium (< 0.01, 0.10, 0.59, and 0.99 mg/L) for 42 days resulted in the greatest
increases in HMBP occurring at 0.10 mg/L. Together, these results revealed that relative concentrations of
MT-like HMBP in tissues were differently influenced by the type, concentration, and duration of exposure to a
stressor.
Doherty, F. G., M. L. Failla and D. S. Cherry. 1988. Metallothionein-like heavy metal binding
protein levels in Asiatic clams are dependent on the duration and mode of exposure to
cadmium. Water Research 22(7):927-932.
Tissue concentrations of cadmium and metallothionein-like heavy-metal binding protein (MT-like HMBP)
were highly correlated (correlation coefficient = 0.97) during a continuous 30-day exposure of Asiatic
clams (Corbicula fluminea) to dissolved Cd (0.10 mg/l). Continuous exposure of Asiatic clams to dissolved
Cd (0.10 mg/l) for 30 days in a second study revealed that gills, mantle, and adductor muscles (collectively
referred to as GMA) had higher concentrations of Cd and MT-like HMBP than visceral mass of the same
organism. Ingestion of Cd-contaminated algae by C. fluminea (4 h/day for 15 days) resulted in higher
concentrations of Cd and MT-like HMBP in visceral mass than GMA. These data indicate that the levels of
Cd and MT-like HMBP in soft tissues of the Asiatic clam are dependent on the duration and mode of
exposure to Cd. (Author 's abstract)
Doherty, F. G., J. L. Farris, D. S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1986. Control of the freshwater fouling
bivalve Corbicula fluminea by halogenation. Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 15(5):535-542.
Mortality levels for adult and juvenile Asiatic clams, Corbicula fluminea, were determined after exposure to
halogens (chlorine, bromine) in 28 to 32-day laboratory and field (industrial water supply) tests. Low levels of
mortality (<53%) were generated in laboratory studies on exposure to constant doses of total residual chlorine
(TRC) when mean test temperatures were <16oC. Mortality levels were elevated (>53%) when test specimens
were exposed to comparable TRC levels (0.2 to 1.0 mg/L) at temperatures in excess of 18oC. Mortalities
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Corbicula Bibliography
generated among adults by an initial 14-day low dose (0.25 mg/L TRC) followed by an 18-day high dose
(0.50 to 1.0 mg/L; 60 to 95% mortality). Adults and juveniles were comparably sensitive to halogen
concentrations adequate for control. There is no substantial difference in the effectiveness of either chlorine or
bromine in controlling adult and juvenile stages of C. fluminea. Field studies conducted in the spring and fall
produced markedly dissimilar results. Mortality levels during the spring field study exceeded 90% after 28
days of exposure to 0.25 mg/L TRC, while ambient temperatures rose from 20o to 25oC. Mortality levels not
exceeding 23% were observed among test organisms after 28 days of exposure to elevated TRC levels (<0.50
mg/L), while ambient temperatures were declining from 20 to 12oC during October and November 1985.
Dohrn, H. 1865. List of the land and freshwater shells of the Zambesi and Lake Nyassa, eastern
tropical Africa, collected by John Kirk. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1865:231-234.
Cyrena astartina is listed.
Dollfus, G. 1884. Le terrain quaternaire d'Ostende et le Corbicula fluminalis. Mémoires
Malacologique Belgique 19:1-29.
Société
Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) is reported from Quaternary sediments of the Oise Valley.
Doornbos, G., A. M. Groenedijk, and Y. W. Jo. 1986. Nakdong Estuary Barrage and Reclamation
Project: Preliminary results of the botanical, macrozoobenthic and ornithological studies.
Biological Conservation 38(2):115-142.
During the course of the Nakdong Estuary Barrage and Reclamation project, vegetation, macrozoobenthos,
and birds were studied in the Nakdong River Delta, Republic of Korea. This paper reports preliminary results
obtained during October- November 1983. The total biomass of Scirpus triqueter, the estuaries most important
foodplant for water fowl (mainly swans) was assessed at approximately 38.3 tons dry wt. Of this amount, only
the roots and rhizomes (9.6 tons dry wt) are expected to be consumed by birds. Aquatic weeds in the nearby
fresh Jukrim branch provided another food source (5.8 tons dry wt). The wintering waterfowl also used other
feeding areas such as farmland and freshwater impoundments - almost all herbivorous birds participated in
nightly feeding migrations. At 12 stations, spread over 20.4 km2 of intertidal flats of the estuary, a total of 40
macrozoobenthic species were found. Crustaceans dominated with 19 species, while molluscs and polychaetes
were represented by 11 and 10 species, respectively. For all stations together, an average biomass of 14.6 g
ash-free dry wt (ADW)/m2 (range 3.1 - 51.9 g) was calculated, dominated by molluscs with 9.5 g, while the
share of crustaceans and polychaetes was only 2.9 g and 2.2 g, respectively. In terms of weight, the bivalve
Corbicula japonica was dominant with an average of 4.4 d ADW/m2. During the censuses, 10,000 waders and
25,000 to 30,000 waterfowl were counted. Among them were two species not recorded before in Korea; the
ruff and the canvasback. Of all nonpasserines, the widgeon (with a peak of 6,800) and the dunlin (with a peak
of 9,100) were most numerous, while the ducks proved to be the most dominant (64%) group of birds. In the
beginning of October the wader density in the estuary was 5.2 birds/ha2 intertidal area exposed at low tide.
Dorband, W. R. 1980. Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Lower Snake River Reservoir
System. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Idaho. 172 pp.
An extensive postimpoundment limnological investigation was completed for Lower Granite Reservoir on the
lower Snake River in 1975-1977. As a part of the investigation, a two year survey of the benthic
macroinvertebrate communities in the lower Snake reservoir system was completed. Both hard and soft
substrata communities were sampled from March 1976 through August 1977. Community structures,
population dynamics of dominant taxa, species associations, and causal environmental factors were studied on
three lower Snake River reservoirs; Lower Granite, Little Goose, and Ice Harbor.
Sediment compositions and bottom morphometries were related to discharge patterns of the reservoirs, and
sediment deposition or erosion processes. Silt-clay sediments dominated the soft bottom habitats, with larger
percentages of sand present in upriver sections of Lower Granite and Little Goose, and throughout Ice Harbor
Reservoir. A possible heavy silt bedload (particle size 0.020 - 0.062 mm) hypothesis is offered to explain
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Corbicula Bibliography
sedimentation in the reservoirs. Hard substrata (talus slopes, rip-rap, and old river channel rubble) comprised
about 50% of the bottom area. Steep sided banks minimized littoral areas.
Hard substratum benthos colonizations showed few obvious seasonal trends. Trichoptera, ephemeroptera, and
diptera (Chironomidae) dominated the hard substratum communities. Spatially, the two river-arm stations had
the highest abundances of macroinvertebrates, while stations in Little Goose reservoir displayed very
depauperate communities. The hard substratum communities in the system were in a state of flux, as remnant
riverine forms were being replaced by lentic taxa.
Soft sediment benthic communities were of similar composition throughout the system, but dominant taxa
declined from upstream through downstream stations. Tubificid oligochaetes were the most abundant taxa
comprising more than 60% of the mean numbers present. Two chironomids, Procladius bellus and
Chironomus plumosus, were the next most abundant taxa, comprising more than 80% of the non-oligochaete
density. Corbicula manilensis was abundant in Little Goose Reservoir and was surprisingly rare in the other
two reservoirs. A total of 71 other taxa was collected at the reservoir sampling sites throughout the study, but
were of low relative importance.
A possibly important relationship between Procladius bellus, Chironomus plumosus, and other members of
the benthic communities was hypothesized. This relationship involved P. bellus's possible position as a
"keystone predator", using C. plumosus as a preferred prey. Association comparisons indicated that
community structure (density) was positively influenced by abundances of oligochaetes.
Procladius bellus was trivoltine throughout most of the reservoir system, having spring, summer, and late-fall
emergencies with P/B ratios of about 4.0. Corbicula manilensis had two annual spatfalls in Little Goose
Reservoir with a three year life-cycle.
Depth was the only environmental factor obviously related to species distributions in the reservoirs. Sediment
habitat characteristics seemed to fall within tolerable ranges for species in the communities and therefore did
not correlate linearly with species abundance. Successional changes in the reservoirs and community
interactions were more important in molding benthic compositions than were macrohabitat characteristics.
Doherty, Francis G. 1986. A multidisciplinary study of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea,
from the New River, Virginia. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University (Blacksburg). xiii+193 pp.
Doyen, P., P. Vasseur and F. Rodius. 2005. cDNA cloning and expression pattern of pi-class
glutathione S-transferase in the freshwater bivalves Unio tumidus and Corbicula
fluminea. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology and Pharmacology
140(3-4):300-308.
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes involved in major detoxification reactions of xenobiotics in
many organisms. The aim of this work was the identification of GST transcripts in the freshwater bivalves
Unio tumidus and Corbicula fluminea. We used degenerated primers designed in the highly conserved
regions of GST to amplify the corresponding mRNA. Full-length coding sequences were obtained by 5' and
3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. In the two species, the GST cDNAs identified encoded a protein of
205 amino acids. The comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with GSTs from other species
showed that the enzymes belong to the pi-class and the amino acids defining the binding sites of
glutathione (G-site) and for xenobiotic substrates (H-site) are highly conserved. Specific amplifications of
the GST mRNA from U. tumidus and C. fluminea were performed on the digestive gland, the excretory
system and the gills. For each mussel, the results revealed that the pi-class GSTs are expressed at the same
level in the three tissues.
Dreher Mansur, M. C., C. Schulz, M da Graca Oliveira da Silva and N. M. R. de Campos-Velho.
1991. 1991. Moluscos bivalves limnicos da Estacao Ecologica do Taim e areas
adjacentes, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil [Limnic bivalve molluscs from Taim Ecological
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Corbicula Bibliography
Station and adjacent areas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia 71:4358. [Portuguese]
A survey of mussel fauna within the Taim Ecological Station and surrounding area located at the plain
coast between the Atlantic Ocean and Mirim Lagoon, extreme South Brazil, was conducted from October
1985 to January 1987. Thirteen native species and the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea were recorded; nine
reported for the first time for the Station and five for the Mirim Lagoon basin. The habitat preference of
each species is commented, as well as the variability concerning Unionoida shell forms of a same clam
species inhibiting adjacent lagoons and also between the population of the Taim and those of other
neighboring basins in the Uruguay and those in the Guaiba and Patos Lagoon, in South Brazil.
Dreier, H. and J. A. Tranquilli. 1981. Reproduction, growth, distribution, and abundance of
Corbicula in an Illinois cooling lake. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 34(4):378-393.
The spawning season, growth rate, and population density of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) were
examined in the intake, discharge, and control arms of Lake Sangchris, a cooling lake for a 1,232-MW
coal-fired electrical generating station. Clams in areas adjacent to the power plant were observed to obtain data
that might aid in controlling this organism, which had the potential of becoming a serious fouling agent at the
station. Major spawning seasons were observed in all three arms of the lake during the spring and fall.
The average annual growth of clams caged in the discharge arm was significantly greater (P<0.05) than the
growth of clams in the intake and control arms, and was attributed to the extended growth period made
possible by the heated water. The annual growth of marked individuals was inversely proportional to original
length, small clams growing faster than large clams. Estimates of annual growth based on the growth of caged
clams indicated that lengths of 21, 31, 36, and 40 mm were reached by clams in the discharge arm after 1, 2, 3,
and 4 years of life, respectively.
The C. fluminea population density varied inversely with depth; higher concentrations were found in
substrates composed of 2-10 cm of loose sand, silt, or clay over hard clay than were found in areas where a
thick layer of loose silt was present. In littoral areas, the mean clam density was higher in all sections of the
cooling loop (25-67 clams per square meter) except the discharge canal that it was in the control arm (8 clams
per square meter), suggesting that the population in the cooling loop benefited from power plant operations.
A clam die-off apparently occurred in the vicinity of the discharge canal as a result of highly elevated water
temperatures (up to 40oC) during the summer of l975, but by February 1976 the canal had been repopulated. A
low survival rate for young-of-the-year individuals (<5 mm in length) was indicated in Lake Sangchris,
because larger clams comprised only 12% of the total clam population. Predation by fishes in the lake was
presumed to be a major cause of mortality for smaller clams.
Dresler, P. V. and R. L. Cory. 1980. The Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller), in the tidal
Potomac River, Maryland. Estuaries 3(2):150-151.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) has extended its range to include the tidal freshwater portion of the
Potomac River, Maryland. Though patchily distributed, the clams have attained densities of 665 per square
meter. Size-class distributions indicate that the clams first appeared in 1975. About 90% of the population
belong to year-class I and were less than 12 mm in length. Fouling of the Potomac Electric Power Company
Plant at Alexandria, Virginia, is described.
Dreves, D. P., T. J. Timmons and J. Henson. 1996. Age, growth, and food of freshwater drum,
Aplodinotus grunniens (Sciaenidae), in Kentucky Lake, Kentucky/Tennessee.
Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 57(1):22-26.
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) have recently been discovered in the lower Tennessee River.
Information on age and growth rates of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) in Kentucky Lake,
Kentucky/Tennessee, before colonization of zebra mussels is important, especially if freshwater drum were
to be managed to control expansion of this rapidly spreading exotic. Age and growth of freshwater drum in
Kentucky Lake were determined from fish supplied by local commercial fishermen in 1985 and 1986.
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Growth in the reservoir was generally slower than in other bodies of water. The diet of freshwater drum
was also examined to determine feeding habits. The fish were feeding on the exotic mussel Corbicula
fluminea. Zebra mussels in the diet of freshwater drum have already been documented for Lake Erie. These
facts suggest that once zebra mussels colonize Kentucky Lake, freshwater drum will be a substantial
predator on them.
Duarte, M. M. and C. O. Diefenbach. 1994. Microdistribution and abundance of freshwater
mussels (Mollusca: Unionacea and Corbiculacea) in Suzana Lake, southern Brazil.
Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 29(4):233-250.
Freshwater mussels from a small lake in southern (subtropical) Brazil are analized in their distribution and
abundance. The mussels were sampled through transects using quadrats of 1 m-2. The individuals were
manually collected with SCUBA and free diving. Data on substrate type, percentual of plant cover and
depth were also recorded. A total of 443 m-2 were sampled in the lake. Four species of Unionacea
(Diplodon charruanus, Anodontites trapesialis, Anodontites (cf.) patagonicus, Monocondylaea minuana)
and two of Corbiculacea (Neocorbicula limosa and Corbicula fluminea) are registered. D. charruanus was
the most abundant species, occurring in the overall substrates with the greatest mean density (ind. m-2) in
the muddy sand subset of the lake. The lowest mean density of this species is on the pure mud subset. M.
minuana was restricted to a band of 1.0-1.5 m of depth, sandy substrate. There are indicatives of a crash in
the population of A. trapesialis. Only five individuals of A. (cf.) patagonicus were registered. N. limosa and
C. fluminea apparently are restricted to a sand shore near and into the outlet channel, though population of
the exotic C. fluminea seem is on the rise.
Duarte, M. M., C. L. Schirmer, A. E. De C. Freitas and C. O. Diefenbach. 1996. Habitat
selection in freshwater mussels (Mollusca; Bivalvia) in Suzana Lake, southern Brazil.
Biociencias 4(2):17-30.
In the present paper we discuss some aspects of the active migration of the freshwater mussels Diplodon
charruanus (Hyriidae), Monocondylaea minuana (Mycetopodidae) and Corbicula fluminea (Corbiculidae)
in Suzana Lake, southern Brazil. We relate the behavioral responses of these bivalves to shore receding and
to substrate type. D. charruanus and M. minuana actively respond to shore receding moving lakewards.
Experiments with adult D. charruanus in different substrates and with juveniles in the lake outlet showed
that they have a great mobility (active and passive). C. fluminea showed only vertical migration when
subjected to exposure. We also established the relationships between these responses and the distribution of
the bivalves in the microhabitats of the lake.
Dubinovs'kyi, V. L., P. D. Bukatchuk, M. I. Voloshyna and H. M. Bilinkis. 1974. Data on the upper
Poratin deposits in the region of the Village Buchumyany, the Middle Prut area. Dopovidi
Akademii Nauk Ukrayins'koi RSR, Seriya B, Heolohiya Heofizyka Khimiya Biolohiya
36:965-967. [Ukranian with an English and Russian summary]
Geological surveys revealed the Upper Poratian deposits range as far as Branishtya. A mollusc fauna was
found near Buchumyany, with Unio procumbens Fuchs., the leading form of the Upper Poratian. Upper
Poratian deposits are compared with the 9th terraces of the Dniester and Prut. Union cf. pseudosarius,
Limnoscapha sp., Anodonta sp. and Corbicula sp. were also found.
Dudgeon, D. 1977. A comparative study of the Corbiculidae of southern China. IN: Proceedings of
the First International Workshop on the Malacofauna of Hong Kong and Southern China.
pp. 37-60.
A study of shell, aging and growth patterns, anatomy, ciliary tracts, respiratory physiology, and filtration rates
in three species of corbiculids (Corbicula fluminea [Müller, 1774]. Corbicula fluminalis [Müller, 1774], and
Cyrenobatissa subsulcata [Clessin, 1879]) was conducted. The three species were closely similar on the basis
of gross anatomy and arrangement of ciliary tracts. The basic plan of the shell was the same in all three
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species, which could be separated on the basis of size and general appearance though it is emphasized that in
Corbicula spp. these characters may not be consistent in populations of the same species from different parts
of the geographical range. A Walford plot of C. subsulcata indicated that in South China the animal reached
its theoretical maximum size of 77 mm at 5.5 or 11 years of age.
The filtration rates and oxygen consumption of both Corbicula species were investigated. Both of these
processes were inversely related to size, decreasing per unit dry weight with increasing size of the bivalve.
This relationship applied to both within and between species comparisons. In response to varying particle size
regimes, C. fluminalis showed minimal oxygen consumption in substrata of 250-500 ìm particle size. The
observed difference was related to the ecology of the species. As in Corbicula spp., the respiration rate of
Cyrenobatissa subsulcata was inversely proportional to increasing size; the effect of increasing salinity on this
species (up to 10 ppt) was not significant.
These findings were discussed in the light of the successful invasion of the United States by Corbicula in an
attempt to provide some information on the possible sources and identities of the invaders. Although the
literature suggests that perhaps two Corbicula species have established themselves in North America, the
presence of only one, C. fluminea has been confirmed and it is hoped that this study will help to provide some
data for use in the determination of the specific identities of these animals. In addition, the study provides
information on some aspects of the biology and Ecology of the Corbiculidae of South China thus forming a
foundation for further studies of the group.
Dudgeon, D. 1982. Aspects of the desiccation tolerance of four species of benthic Mollusca from
Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong. The Veliger 24(3):267-271.
A study of the ability of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), Thiara scabra (Müller, 1774), Sinotaia quadrata
(Benson, 1842), and Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) [the latter three being prosobranchs] from Plover
Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong, to withstand desiccation was undertaken. Large individuals of C. fluminea
withstood aerial desiccation much better than smaller ones and allowing the animals to bury themselves in
mud prior to desiccation increased survival time in this species. Of the three gastropods and C. fluminea, C.
fluminea had the greatest ability to withstand desiccation. The results were discussed with reference to what is
known of the biology of these species in Hong Kong and available information concerning molluscs in other
regions. It is concluded that aestivating individuals of the test species would not be significant colonizers of
the marginal zone of Plover Cove Reservoir when it was flooded in the summer of 1978 following a 2.5
month period of aerial exposure and desiccation.
Dudgeon, D. 1983. The effects of water level fluctuations on a gently shelving marginal zone of
Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong. Archiv für Hydrobiologie Supplementband
65(2-3):163-196.
The effects of water level fluctuations on a gently sloping marginal zone of Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong
Kong, were studied in 1978 during a drought followed by a period of monsoonal rains. Hydrological
measurements and quantitative collections of the benthic fauna were made, and samples of the sediments,
aquatic macrophytes and the terrestrial plants growing on the exposed mud flats were taken. Molluscs
dominated the reservoir benthos; those most frequently encountered were the gastropods Thiara scabra,
Melanoides tuberculata, Sinotaia quadrata, and Radix plicatulus and the bivalve Corbicula fluminea (Müller,
1774). The growth of M. tuberculata and C. fluminea was studied. Samples of the latter species exhibited an
increase in mean shell size with increasing water depth which could be correlated with changes in sediment
characteristics. As water levels fell, many individuals of all macrobenthic taxa were stranded. Large numbers
of molluscs followed the retreating water margin as it moved down the shore with the result that molluscan
abundance was highest in areas of the reservoir bed near to the waters edge. As time progressed animals
tended to move away from crowded localities to deeper parts of the reservoir. A large biomass of terrestrial
plants was built up during the 2.5 month period of aerial exposure of the marginal zone and these were
inundated, along with the dung of cattle which had been feeding on them, when water levels rose in May. The
flooded terrestrial plants disappeared quickly due to grazing by reservoir fishes, and the sedimentary detritus
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pool concomitantly increased. Increases in nutrients (N and P) during flooding may have stimulated the rapid
growth of Vallisneria spiralis plants observed in the inundated regions. Other hydrological changes occurring
at this time included rises in the Biological Oxygen Demand, suspended solids, pH and conductivity. A
reduction in mean particle size and increase in the amounts of organic matter in the marginal zone sediments
were noted after reservoir levels rose. Colonization of the newly flooded habitat by M. tuberculata and S.
quadrata was very rapid; M. tuberculata was particularly important in this respect and may have been a
significant agent in modifying the particle size of the surface muds. Although the recolonization of the
inundated marginal zone was not followed through to an equilibrium stage, all of the common benthic species
were well represented within 2 months of the onset of flooding. At this time M. tuberculata was still
numerically dominant.
Dudgeon, D. and M. W. Yipp. 1983. A report on the gastropod fauna of aquarium fish farms in
Hong Kong, with special reference to an introduced human schistosome host species,
Biomphalaria straminea (Pulmonata: Planorbidae). Malacological Review l6(1-2):93-94.
The spread of Biomphalaria straminea from fish ponds in Hong Kong is described with a warning that this
species could be exported and hence disperse as did Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the United States.
Duncan, M., B. Fried, J. Sherma, and G. P. Hoskin. 1987. Lipids and sterols in Corbicula fluminea
(Bivalvia). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, B, Comparative Biochemistry
87(4):881-884.
Gravimetric, histochemical, thin-layer, and gas-liquid chromatographic studies were done on lipids and sterols
in fresh and starved Corbicula fluminea. Gravimetric analysis showed no significant difference in the mean
percent lipid of fresh clam bodies (2.2%) versus starved (2.9%). Qualitative thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
showed that the main neutral lipid fractions in both fresh and starved clam bodies were free sterols and
triacylglycerols along with lesser amount of sterol esters and free fatty acids. Qualitative differences were not
seen in fresh versus starved clams. Quantitative densitometric TLC showed no significant difference in the
mean percent of free sterols in fresh clam bodies (0.09%) versus starved ().11%). Gas-liquid chromatographic
analysis showed cholesterol as the main sterol (61.2%) with lesser amounts of campesterol, beta-sitosterol,
stigmasterol, and other minor sterols. Oil Red O histochemistry showed the presence of neutral lipids in the
visceral mass and gills of both fresh and straved clams.
Dundee, D. S. 1974. Catalog of introduced molluscs of eastern North America (north of Mexico).
Sterkiana 55:1-37.
Zoogeographic records for Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) are presented for the following states:
Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia.
Dundee, D. S. and H. A. Dundee. 1958. Extension of known ranges of four mollusks. The Nautilus
72(2):51-53.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) is reported from Papago Park, Phoenix.
Dundee, D. S. and W. J. Harman. 1963. Corbicula fluminea (Müller) in Louisiana. The Nautilus
77(1):30.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is reported from the Calcasieu River, Bayou Magasille, and Bayou Sorrel
from 1961-1962.
Dupont, B. and C. Levéque. 1968. Biomasse en mollusques et nature des fondes dans la zone Est du
lac Tchad. Cahiers Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre Mer
(Hydrobiologie) 2(2):113-126. [French]
The biomass and density of Corbicula africana (Krauss) is reported for populations in Lake Chad.
Dutta, S. P. S. and Y. R. Malhotra. 1986. Seasonal variations in the macrobenthic fauna of Gadigarh
stream (Miran Sahib), Jammu. Indian Journal of Ecology 13(1):138-145.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Studies were made to investigate the seasonal variations of the macrobenthic fauna of Gadigarh stream (Miran
Sahib), Jammu, India. Qualitatively, twelve species of molluscs (Viviparous bengalensis [Lamarck],
Melanoides (Melanoides) tuberculatus [Müller], Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata gracilior Martens,
Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata cf. rufescens Gray, Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata cf. typica
Lamarck, Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola cf. australis Annandale and Rao, Indoplanorbis exustus
Deshayes, Gyraulus convexiusculus [Hutton], Lamellidens marginalis [Lamarck], Lamellidens corrianus
[Lea], Indonaia sp., Corbicula striatella Deshayes), chironomid larvae and oligochaetes were identified in
collections made from seven experimental stations. A higher count of oligochaetes and molluscs was recorded
from April to May and May to June, respectively, while the count was minimum during the monsoon months.
Quantitate production of benthos was maximum on the station situated near the cremation ground, whereas the
count was minimum from the station with low density of detritus and gravel bottom.
-- E -Eagleson, K. 1976. A new holding chamber for in-stream growth studies onthe Asiatic clam,
Corbicula manilensis. Association of Southeastern Biologists, Bulletin 23(2):56. [Abstract]
Previous growth studies on bivalve molluscs have generally centered around estuarine and marine species. The
introduction of the pest clam, Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841), has created a need for a suitable technique
for in situ growth studies of freshwater species of molluscs. A study was initiated on the Clinch River,
Tennessee, to determine long-term growth rates of C. manilensis in this riverine system. A description of the
holding chamber design as related to site selection is discussed. The clam marking technique and methods used
for field measurement of growth are also presented.
Eagleson, K. and E. L. Morgan. Growth rate of Corbicula manilensis in the Clinch River,
Tennessee. Association of Southeastern Biologists, Bulletin 24(2):48. [Abstract]
A one year growth study initiated in November 1975 has been completed on Corbicula manilensis(Philippi,
1841) in the Clinch River and two small tributaries near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. One tributary, Grassy Creek,
served as a reference stream, receiving no agricultural, industrial or municipal discharges. A second tributary,
Bear Creek, did receive considerable runoff from multiple sources, including industrial and land use
management from forestry activities. At all sites, replicate holding chambers containing 21 clams each, were
positioned immediately above the bottom and filled with substratum typical of the individual site. Clams were
divided into three size classes having seven members per class contained in each chamber. Growth rates will be
discussed in light of physical and chemical water quality parameters and the specific ecological setting. A
comparison of growth rates between size classes will also be made.
Eckbald, J. W. 1975. The Asiatic clam, Corbicula, in the upper Mississippi River. The Nautilus
89(1):4.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) was collected in the effluent channel of an unnamed power plant on the
Mississippi River at Lansing, Alamakee County, Iowa, during the summer of 1974.
Edoux, F. 1835. Mollusques du voyage de la Favorite. Magazin de Zoologie. p. 11.
Corbicula recurvata sp. nov. is described (p. 11) and figured (pl. 119, figs. 2a-c) from China. The species is described in the
genus Cyrena.
Ehlers, S. 1972. Fresh water clams. Florida Wildlife, July:14-19.
Eichwald, E. 1841. Fauna Caspio-Caucasia (Petropoli). 264 pp.
Corbicula fuscata is discussed from the Caucasus as Cyrena fuscata.
Eikamp, H. 1977. Morone aequalis (Koken) - ein Wolfsbarsch aus dem Untermiozan der aquitanen
Corbicula-Shichten von Dexheim-Oppemheim/ Rhein. Aufschluss 28(3):15-18.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Corbicula faujasi is reported from the lower Miocene Aquitanian of Germany.
Elder, J. F. and H. C. Mattraw, Jr. 1984. Accumulation of trace elements and polychlorinated
biphenyls in sediments and the clam, Corbicula manilensis of the Apalachicola River,
Florida. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 13(4):453-469.
A survey of trace element and synthetic organic compound concentrations in bottom materials was conducted
on the Apalachicola River in northwest Florida in 1979-1980 as a part of the Apalachicola River Quality
Assessment. Substances analyzed included trace elements (predominantly heavy metals), organochlorine
insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides, chlorinated phenoxy-acid herbicides, and polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs). Three kinds of materials were surveyed: fine grained sediments, whole body tissue of
Corbicula manilensis, and bottom-load organic detritus. No hazardous levels of any of the substances were
found. Concentrations in the fine-grained sediments and clams were generally at least ten times lower than
maximum limits considered safe for biota of aquatic systems. A comparison of trace-substance data from the
Apalachicola River with data from Lake Seminole (upstream) and Apalachicola Bay (downstream) showed
lower concentrations in riverine clams. Sediment concentrations in all parts of the system were comparable.
Most trace substances in the Apalachicola River enter the river from the upstream part of the basin (the
Chattahoochee and Flint rivers in Georgia and Alabama) and from nonpoint sources throughout the basin. There
are no major point discharges along the Apalachicola. Trend analysis was limited by the scope of the study, but
did not reveal any spatial or temporal trends in concentrations of any of the substances analyzed. Concentrations
of organic compounds and most metals in C. manilensis did not correlate with those in sediments.
Eldridge, G. H. 1896. Mesozoic geology. U. S. Geological Survey, Monograph
27:51-150.
Corbicula sp. is reported from the Denver beds (probably Laramie formation), Cretaceous, Denver Basin,
Colorado.
Eley, T. J. and S. W. Harris. 1976. Fall and winter foods of American coots along the lower
Colorado River. California Fish and Game 62(3):225-227.
Corbicula leana is reported to be present in trace volumes in stomachs of 250 American coots collected
between October 1970 and January 1972.
Ellis, A. E. 1946. No. 4. Freshwater bivalves (Mollusca) (Corbicula, Sphaerium, Dreissena).
Linnean Society of London, Synopses of British Fauna No. 4. pp. 1-15.
A revision of the British species (fossil and recent) in the above named genera.
Emerson, W. K. and M. K. Jacobson. 1976. The American Museum of Natural History Guide to
Shells. Land, Freshwater, and Marine, from Nova Scotia to Florida. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
(New York). 482 pp.
The history of the invasion of the United States by Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) is reviewed. A
description of the species is presented and it is distinguished from Polymesoda caroliniana and Pseudocyrena
floridana.
Emmons, E. 1858. Report of the North Carolina Geological Survey (Raleigh). [Reprinted in part,
Bulletins of American Paleontology 56(249):57-230. 1969]
Corbicula densata (Conrad, 1843) is described (p. 200) and figured (fig. 215a) from the Miocene marl beds of
Cape Fear, North Carolina.
Eng, L. L. 1974. Biological Studies of the Delta-Mendota Canal, Central Valley Project, California.
California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco). ix + 46 pp.
The biology of the Delta-Mendota Canal was studied from August 1972 to March 1974. Samples were collected
biweekly from 15 stations located from milepost 3.5 to 110.12. A total of 4189 samples were analyzed to
provide information on species composition, seasonal and geographic abundance and ecology of canal
organisms. Thirty-four benthic invertebrates and twenty-three fish species have been identified from canal
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Corbicula Bibliography
samples. The canal also supports sizeable plankton populations. The Asiatic clam, Corbicula manilensis
(Philippi, 1841), frequently exceeding several thousand individuals per square foot in sediment beds, is the most
important organism in the canal. Beds of clam-bearing sediment may reach three feet in depth and are important
in the reduction of canal delivery capacity. Although most of the clam-bearing sediments were removed during
the November 1972 - January 1973 dewatering, they had become re-established markedly during the study in
apparent correlation with the velocity of water transport. Asiatic clams release young into the Delta-Mendota
Canal during most of the months of the year. While many fishes feed on these young clams, none are known to
preferentially select them.
Eng, L. L. 1975. Biological Studies of the Delta-Mendota Canal, Central Valley Project, California
II. Final Report of the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. California Academy of Sciences (San
Francisco). xviii + 178 pp.
The biology of the Delta-Mendota Canal was studied from August 1972 to November 1974. Samples were
collected biweekly from 15 stations located from milepost 3.5 to 110.12. Additional samples were taken during
two dewaterings to provide data on organisms missed or incompletely sampled under operation conditions.
These dewatering samples also provided additional information on lateral distribution of benthic invertebrates
and provided an opportunity to check conclusions derived from biweekly samples.
A total of 5239 samples were analyzed to provide information on species composition, and geographic
abundance, ecology and life history of canal organisms. Thirty-six benthic invertebrates and twenty-three fish
species were identified from the canal. An additional 9 species were reported from earlier studies. The canal also
supports sizable plankton populations. Special attention was also given to the occurrence and life history of the
introduced Asiatic clam, Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841), in the canal. This species was the most
predominant organism in the canal and occurred at densities much higher than reported elsewhere. The
amphipod, Corophium spinicorne, another important fouling organism in the canal, builds extensive tube
encrustations on the concrete side-lining in Pools 1 to 3. These encrustations are subsequently invaded by other
organisms and appear to function as a "nursery area" for juvenile Asiatic clams. Most species exhibited seasonal
and annual variation in occurrence. Water velocity and temperature were the two most obvious factors
influencing this variation. Width of clam-bearing sediments on the canal bottom fluctuated markedly apparently
in relation to water velocity.
Eng, L. L. 1976. A note on the occurrence of a symbiotic oligochaete, Chaetogaster limnaei, in the
mantle cavity of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula manilensis. The Veliger 19(2):208.
Chaetogaster limnaei von Baer, 1827, was found as a symbiont in the mantle cavity of Corbicula manilensis
(Philippi, 1841) inhabiting the Delta-Mendota Canal in central California in 1974. This is the first report of this
oligochaete in C. manilensis.
Eng, L. L. 1977. Biology and Population Dynamics of the Asiatic Clam, Corbicula manilensis
(Philippi, 1841) in the Delta-Mendota Canal, San Joaquin Valley, California. Ph.D.
Dissertation, University of California (Davis). xv + 175 pp.
The concrete-lined Delta-Mendota Canal (DMC) in California's San Joaquin Valley, sustains populations of
Asiatic clams (Corbicula manilensis [Philippi, 1841]) at densities much higher than reported elsewhere. These
populations were studied between January 1973 and November 1974, primarily to determine distribution and
reproduction, recruitment and growing seasons. Two primary habitats for C. manilensis occur in the canal: 1)
Thin biological encrustations formed by the tube-building amphipod, Corophium spinicorne, and the
hydrozoan, Cordylophora lacustris, on the side-lining; 2) Disjunct sediment bars on the canal bottom. The side
lining encrustations serve as a facultative nursery area for the clams in sediment bars. The major environmental
factors affecting these clams are water temperature and current. Biannual reproductive peaks result in
recruitment of two distinct size classes annually. Growth of Asiatic clams in the DMC varies from slightly to
markedly less than that reported in other areas. The high population densities encountered (over 100,000 per
square meter) are believed to be the product of hydraulic accumulation rather than exceptionally favorable
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Corbicula Bibliography
conditions.
Eng, L. L. 1978. The freshwater entoproct, Urnatella gracilis Leidy, in the Delta-Mendota Canal,
California. Wassmann Journal of Biology 35(2):196-202.
Urnatella gracilis was collected during biological survey of the Delta-Mendota Canal in Central California. The
entoproct was encrusting in bivalves (including Corbicula manilensis [Philippi, 1841]), pebbles, fishing
weights, nails, beverage cans and the concrete side-lining of the canal. Its distribution within the canal appears
to be related to local turbulence. A wide range of physical and chemical conditions occur within the canal.
Calices were present on U. gracilis only during April-October when water temperature was above 15oC.
Eng, L. L. 1979. Population dynamics of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller), in the
concrete-lined Delta-Mendota Canal of central California. IN: Proceedings of the First
International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University Research
Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 39-68.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) was studied in the Delta-Mendota Canal, California, from September 1972
through November 1974. Clams inhabit thin encrustations on the concrete side-lining and disjunct sediment bars
on the canal bottom. Densities in the sediment bars typically are 10,000-20,000 clams/m2. Two peaks (spring
and late summer-fall) in spawning activity result in the appearance of two size classes annually. Larvae are
brooded about one month and are released as pediveligers or juveniles. The side-lining encrustations are
produced by the tube-building amphipod, Corophium spinicorne, and the colonial hydrozoan, Cordylophora
lacustris, and are the principal habitat for recently set clams. The sediment bars are seasonally unstable and are
an unfavorable habitat for larvae and small juveniles. These stages are initially recruited to the side-lining
encrustations and secondarily recruited to the bottom as the reach lengths of 4-l2 mm. Clams in bottom sediment
bars attain lengths of over 40 mm and live at least into their fourth year. Growth of C. fluminea is restricted to
the months between march and October when water temperatures are above 14oC. The high densities observed
in the sediment bars appear to result, at least in part, from hydraulic accumulation.
Ettinger, W. S. 1982. Macrobenthos of the freshwater tidal Schuylkill River at Philadelphia. Journal
of Freshwater Ecology 1(6):599-606.
Monthly benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected in the freshwater tidal Schuylkill River at
Philadelphia September 1975-August 1976. A total of 22 genera was collected, 10 of them Dipteran. However,
99.2% (number) and 98.2% (biomass) of total specimens were Tubificidae. Monthly mean numerical and
biomass densities were 6204.2/m2 and l.29 g/m2, respectively. Population densities plummeted in February 1976
following the maximum Schuylkill River discharge measured during the study period. Although Corbicula
fluminea (Müller, 1774) was reported present in the nearby Delaware River no specimens appeared in
Schuylkill collections.
Evans, L. P., Jr., C. E. Murphy, J. C. Britton and L. W. Newland. 1979. Salinity relationships in
Corbicula fluminea (Müller). IN: Proceedings of the First International Corbicula
Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University Research Foundation (Ft. Worth).
pp. 193-214.
The salinity tolerance of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) (= C. manilensis [Philippi, 1841]) was studied with
respect to: 1) salinity shock without acclimation and, 2) acclimation to gradually increasing salinities. In shock
tests, 50% mortality occurred consistently within 10 days after exposure to salinities greater than 10 ppt.
However, C. fluminea was capable of surviving to 22 ppt salinity after 80 days exposure in waters with
gradually increasing salinity. Therefore, C. fluminea displays variable survival in saline waters depending upon
the degree of acclimation provided. Sodium uptake by C. fluminea tissues was determined. The clam attains a
50% Na saturation in tissues at 4.5 ppt Salinity (72 mM Na/L), a value considerably higher than that reported
for most freshwater organisms.
106
Corbicula Bibliography
-- F -Fabre-Taxy S. 1951. Faune langunaires et continentales du Cretace superieur de Provence. II. Le
Campanien fluvio-lacustre. Annales de Paleontologie 37(2):81-122.
An historical review of work in the Campanian formation is presented with descriptions of the stratigraphy and
of 13 specific localities. Distribution data for 13 Unionidae, including Unio galloprovincalis queirardi ssp. nov.
and Corbicula globosa corroyi ssp. nov. are presented with descriptions of the new taxa. Distribution tables are
given for the species of lamellibranchs and gastropods with remarks on the paleobiology and
paleo-oceanography of the region. The essential part of the fluvial-lacustral molluscs of the Campanian is made
up of a fauna of penetration.
Farris, J. L. 1988. Cellulolytic responses to heavy metal accumulation in Corbicula fluminea and
Mudalia dilatata. Docytor of Philosophy Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University (Blacksburg).
Cellulolytic responses of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea and a snail, Mudalia dilatata, to selected
constituents of power plant effluents (i.e., zinc, cadmium, acidic and alkaline pH, individually and paired)
were investigated in 30-day exposures. Exposures were conducted in both laboratory and field-oriented
artificial streams and then validated in the river receiving system of a power plant. Cellulolytic activity was
reduced by laboratory and field exposures to cadmium and zinc at all levels tested from 0.012 to 0.10 mg
cadmium/L and generally at 0.025 to 1.0 mg zinc/L. Clams detected acute lethal levels of metal and used
valve closure as an avoidance mechanism for 14 days. Snails, however, did not effectively avoid exposures
and were more sensitive to acute stress during all exposures.
Farris, J. L., S. E. Belanger, D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. 1989. Cellulolytic activity as a novel
approach to assess long-term zinc stress to Corbicula. Water Research 23(10):1275-1283.
Thirty-day exposures of ZnSO4 to Corbicula sp., the Asiatic clam, were determined comparing cellulolytic
activity, organismal growth, and bioaccumulation. Cellulase indices are reported for clams exposed in both
laboratory and field-laboratory artificial streams. In general, enzyme activity was strongly reduced at 341100 μg Zn l-1. Detection of an inferior laboratory diet was also elaborated by reduced cellulase activity,
while this was not the case
in the field-laboratory setting. A decline in growth of Corbicula in levels tested was inversely related to
length of exposure. The cellulase index declined following weight and shell loss between days 20 and 30 in
34 μg l-1 dosed clams, while 1100 μg l-1 dosed animals did not grow after day 5 and had a rapidly declining
cellulase index.
Farris, J. L., J. L. Grudzien, S. E. Belanger, D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. 1994. Molluscan
cellulolytic activity responses to zinc exposure in laboratory and field stream
comparisons. Hydrobiologia 287(2):161-178.
Changes in cellulolytic activity of Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) and snails (Mudalia dilatata) were
monitored throughout 30-d exposures to constant additions (0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.50, and 1.0 mg/l) of zinc
(Zn). All exposures of 0.05 mg Zn/l or greater significantly reduced enzyme activity (exo- and
endocellulase) in both molluscs as early as 10 d following exposures in outdoor laboratory streams
incorporating New River water as diluent. More sterile laboratory stream exposures were less consistent in
yielding quantifiable differences that could be attributed to metal induced stress apart from effects of
nutritional stress. Tests conducted under natural field conditions during all seasons did not differ
significantly with respect to changes in annual energetics of either clams or snails. However, evidence of
differing uptake routes, with respect to two ecologically and physiologically distinct molluscs, was
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Corbicula Bibliography
apparent in bioaccumulation, growth, and enzyme activity throughout exposure and following 60-d
recovery.
Farris, J., C. Milam and J. Van Hassel. 1995. Relating threshold responses of Corbicula fluminea
to assess damage in resident mussel populations of the Ohio river basin. Second World
Congress of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada, 5-9 November.
Farris, J. L., F, G. Doherty, D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. 1984. Use of an improved artificial
stream system for testing the control of Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea ) with
chlorine. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 5th Annual Meeting,
Arlington, Virginia, 4-7 November.
Farris, J. L., J. H. Van Hassel, S. E. Belanger, D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns. 1988. Application of
cellulolytic activity of Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) to in-stream monitoring of power
plant effluents. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7(9):701-713.
Rigorous testing schemes in field located artificial streams and in-stream monitoring provided evidence for
the use of Corbicula cellulolytic activity as a highly sensitive and efficient approach to effluent assessment.
Cellulolytic (exo- and endocellulase) activity of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula sp., determined in 30-day,
field located artificial stream exposure at New River, Virginia to single components of power plant
effluents (Cu, and Zn, separately) was compared with cellulolytic responses in caged clams from within an
impacted area of the Clinch River, Virginia below power plant effluents. Cellulolytic responses were
compared to conventional biomonitoring responses (Hester-Dendy macroinvertebrate community
structure), water quality monitoring in the Clinch River, and laboratory artificial stream bioassays. Clam
enzyme activity was significantly reduced in 10 to 20 days at 16 and 87 μg Cu and Zn/L, respectively, in
field located artificial streams. Cellulolytic activity of clams caged at stations within power plant outfalls
was significantly reduced to levels as low as 9 to 52% of upstream activity levels. Reduction in cellulolytic
activity in Corbicula was more sensitive after 14 days of in-stream monitoring than reduction in diversity of
macroinverbtebrate assemblages after 28 days. Bioassay exposures as long as 30 days were needed to
provide toxicity data comparable to enzyme impairment seen as early as ten days.
Fast, A. W. 1971. The invasion and distribution of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula manilensis) in a
southern California reservoir. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science
70:(2):91-98.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) were probably established in El Capitan Reservoir by 1962. Relatively
few live specimens and no empty shells were observed during 1964. Empty shells were first observed during the
summer of 1965 and outnumbered living specimens by 1967. Live clam populations increased from 23,400,000
individuals during the summer 1964 to a peak of 1,081,600,000 during January 1966. They declined to
674,400,000 during the summer 1967. These fluctuations were partially attributed to water level changes and
reservoir stratification. Thermal and chemical stratification limited the depth distribution of C. manilensis to the
shallow, aerated depths during stratified periods. Their distribution extended to all depths following prolonged
periods of artificial destratification. C. manilensis densities appeared positively correlated with sediment mean
particle size.
Fast, A. W. 1973. Effects of artificial destratification on primary production and zoobenthos of El
Capitan Reservoir. Water Resources Research 9:607-623.
El Capitain Reservoir was continually and artificially mixed by using compressed air during the summers of
1965 and 1966. Mixing and reservoir volume increases resulted in more uniform physical and chemical
conditions, aerobic conditions throughout the lake, increased primary production, increased depth distributions
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Corbicula Bibliography
of zoobenthos (including Corbicula sp.), and zoobenthos population increases. Increased primary production
was related to a decrease in algal depth distribution. This decrease was caused by incomplete destratification,
since thermal microstratification persisted near the lake surface. Zoobenthos were distributed throughout the
lake during mixing, whereas they were confined to shallow depths during well-stratified times. Water volumes
increased three-fold during the study and greatly confounded interpretation of the mixing effects.
Fernandez, M. A., S. C. Thiengo and L. R. L. Simone. 2003. Distribution of the introduced
freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculatus (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) in Brazil. The Nautilus
117(3):78-82.
This article describes the alarming spread and current distribution of the introduced thiarid gastropod
Melanoides tuberculatus in Brazil. The first record of this species in Brazil was in 1967 in Santos, state of
Sao Paulo, and since then has been recorded, in the states of Ceara, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Paraiba,
Rio de Janeiro, Parana, Santa Catarina, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul,
Para, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Norte and Tocantins. Records concerning the latter ten states are
reported for the first time. M. tuberculatus has been studied as the intermediate host of some diseases, and
is known as displacing native species. The rapid spread of this species, the lack of any control or
monitoring, and the scarce knowledge of the Brazilian freshwater mollusks indicate that serious damage to
the ecosystem with probable implications to public health are to be expected. Two other detected species of
invasive freshwater mollusks in Brazil are the bivalves Corbicula fluminea and Limnoperna fortunei.
Ferriz, R. A., C. A. Villar, D. Colautti and C. Bonetto. 2000. Alimentacion del Pterodoras
granulosus (Valenciennes) (Pisces, Doradidae) en la baja cuenca del Plata [Feeding
habits of Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes) (Pisces, Doradidae) in the lower Plata
basin]. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (Nueva Series) 2(2):151-156.
[Spanish with English summary]
The feeding biology of Pterodoras granulosus (armored catfish) was studied in an extensive area
comprising two environments of different characteristics, a typical lotic system, the lower Parana River
(Argentina) and an environment transitional towards estuarine system on the right margin of the Rio de la
Plata. The relative importance of the different feeding items observed in the stomach content of
P.granulosus represented the relative abundance of them in the environment. Therefore, P. granulosus
appeared as a bentophagous, strongly euriphagic and hardly selective organism consuming vegetation and
molluscs, with little selectivity, its diet being dominated by vegetation in the lower Parana River and
molluscs on the right margin of the Rio de la Plata. The molluscs Corbicula flaminea and Limnoperna
fortunei showed a high percentage of occurrence in all sampling sites. The eventual importance of the
feeding habits of P. granulosus on the population density of C. fluminea and L. fortunei is discussed.
Fetchner, F. K. 1962. Corbicula fluminea (Müller) from the Ohio River. The Nautilus
75:(3):126.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is reported from Massac County, Illinois, from collections made in the Ohio
River. This is the first report of the species in Illinois waters.
Fetchner, F. K. 1966. Corbicula from the Mississippi River. The Nautilus 79(4):138-139.
The published records for Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) in the Mississippi River are reviewed and a
new record at Wickliffe, Ballard County, Kentucky, is presented.
Figueiras, A. 1965. La Malacofauna dulceacuicola del Uruguay (Parte II). Comunicaciones de la
Sociedad Malacologia del Uruguay 1(8):223-270.
Neocorbicula
Neocorbicula
Neocorbicula
Neocorbicula
limosa (Maton), Neocorbicula paranensis (Orbigny), Neocorbicula obsoleta (Deshayes),
coloniensis (Pilsbry), Neocorbicula circularis (Marshall), Neocorbicula compacta (Marshall),
delicata (Marshall), Neocorbicula exquisita (Marshall) Neocorbicula felipponei (Marshall),
fortis (Marshall), Neocorbicula oleana (Marshall), Neocorbicula paysanduensis (Marshall),
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Corbicula Bibliography
Neocorbicula teisseirei (Marshall), Neocorbicula simplex (Marshall), Neocorbicula undulata (Marshall), and
Neocorbicula platensis (Marshall) are reported from the waters of Uruguay.
Figueiras, A. 1965. La malacofauna dulceacuicola del Uruguay. Correcciones y adiciones.
Comunicaciones de la Sociedad Malacologia del Uruguay 1(9):289-299.
Corbicula limosa (Maton) is synonymized with Corbicula obsoleta (Deshayes), Corbicula coloniensis Pilsbry,
Corbicula delicata Marshall, 1924, Corbicula exquisita Marshall, 1924, Corbicula felipponei Marshall, 1924,
Corbicula paysanduensis Marshall, 1924, Corbicula teisseirei Marshall, 1927, Corbicula simplex Marshall,
1927, Corbicula undulata Marshall, 1927, Corbicula guahyhensis Marshall, 1927, Corbicula iheringi Marshall,
1927, and Corbicula platensis Marshall, 1927 and is reported from the Rio Uruguay and tributaries and Rio de
la Plata and tributaries.
Corbicula paranensis (Orbigny) is synonymized with Corbicula bermejoensis Preston, Corbicula compacta
Marshall, 1925, Corbicula circularis Marshall, 1924, Corbicula fortis Marshall, 1924, and Corbicula oleana
Marshall, 1924 and is reported from the Rio Parana, Rio Paraguay hasta Formosa, Rio de la Plata (Primera
parte).
Filice, F. P. 1958. Invertebrates from the estuarine portion of San Francisco Bay and some factors
influencing their distribution. Wassmann Journal of Biology 16(2):159-211.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) is reported to prefer sand substrata in the San Francisco Bay estuary. The
bivalves appear to have an aversion to mud substrata. Clams were commonly found at depths greater than 15
feet and could tolerate salinities of 5 - ppt.
Filice, F. P. 1959. The effects of wastes on the distribution of bottom invertebrates in the San
Francisco Bay estuary. Wassmann Journal of Biology 17(l):1-17.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) was absent immediately below domestic and industrial sewage outfalls in
the San Francisco Bay estuary.
Fischer, P. 1863. Sur l'anatomie des Cyrenes. Journal de Conchyliologie 11:5-10.
The anatomy of Corbicula largillierti Philippi, 1850, is presented and discussed in comparison to other
members of Cyrenidae.
Fischer, P. 1872. Note sur l'anatomie des Cyrénes Américaines. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural
History of New York 10(8):191-197.
Leptosiphon subgen. nov. of the genus Cyrena, is distinguished by rather short, narrow siphons, and a distinct,
rather long and narrow pallial sinus. The type species is Cyrena carolinensis subgen. nov. of the genus Cyrena
is distinguished by short narrow siphons and a rudimentary pallial sinus. The type species is Cyrena floridana
(Conrad).
These two subgenera are peculiar to America and the American species of Corbicula differ from those of the
old world in having a evident pallial sinus.
Fischer, P. 1878. Coquilles du Sahara, provenant du voyage de M. L. Say. Journal de
Conchyliologie 18:74-81.
Corbicula saharica is described (p. 77) and figured (pl. 2, fig. 2) from the Sahara near Tamassinin, southwest of
Ghadames.
Fischer, P. 1887. Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchyliologique. (Paris).
Corbicula fracta (Meek, 1870) and Corbicula durkeei (Meek, 1869) are reported (p. 1092) from the Laramie
Cretaceous.
Fischer, P. 1891. Catalogue et distribution geographique des mollusques terrestres, fluviatiles, et
marins, d'une partie de l'Indo-Chine. Bulletin Society Autun 4:87-279.
Corbicula trajecta is proposed as a nomen nova (p. 240) for Corbicula tonkingensis Clessin, 1887.
110
Corbicula Bibliography
Fischer, P. and P. Dautzenberg. 1904. Catalogue des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la
Indo-Chine. Mission Pavie Indo-Chine III. p. 442.
Fischer-Piette, E. 1949. Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles subfossiles recoltes par Th. Monod dans
le Sahara Occidental. Journal de Conchyliologie 89:231-239.
Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) is reported from Adrar, Timbuctu at Teghaza. Corbicula saharica P.
Fischer, Corbicula consobrina Cailliaud, and Corbicula lacoini are considered synonyms of Corbicula
fluminalis.
Fischer-Piette, E. and B. Metivier. 1974. Sur divers mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de Sanalie et
d'Abyssinie. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Zoologie) No. 133:9-53.
Corbicula callipyga Bourguignat, 1885, Corbicula gravieriana Bourguignat, 1885, and Corbicula soleilleti
Bourguignat, 1885, are newly synonymized with Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774).
Fisher, S. W., K. R. Polizotto and B. Schneider. 1992. The toxicity of potassium chloride to
zebra mussel veligers and select nontarget organisms. Journal of Shellfish Research
11(1):225.
The toxicity of potassium chloride was measured in static tests to zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
veligers. In addition, the toxicity of continuous, low-level (25-50 ppm) exposure to KCl was measured in
flow-through tests. In addition to assessing veliger settling and survival in each pipe, the number and
condition of the veligers being pumped into the pipes were analyzed daily. The concentration of potassium
in the effluent of each pipe was assessed daily using an ion specific potassium electrode and verified
weekly with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Veliger abundance in the lake water was also monitored
on a daily basis. The toxicity of KCl was tested in several benthic nvertebrates, which included juvenile
Anodonta imbecillus with and without sediment, adult Corbicula fluminea and fourth instar larvae of the
midge, Chironomus riparius.
Fisk, L. O. and T. R. Doyle. 1962. Sacramento River water pollution survey. Appendix D. Benthic
Biology. California Department of Water Resources Bulletin No. 111. 78 pp.
Population peaks are found for Corbicula fluminea in the San Francisco estuary in January. Densities were
reported as 3l2 clams/square meter in 1961 and 1962.
Fitch, J. E. 1953. Letter to Dr. J. Q. Burch (Corbicula fluminea in the Imperial Valley). Minutes,
Conchological Club of Southern California 130:9-10.
The distribution and fouling of southern California irrigation systems by Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is
described.
Foe, C. and A. Knight. 1981. Growth and reproductive pattern of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula
fluminea) in the lower Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta. Estuaries 4(3):280. [Abstract]
The growth and reproduction of three populations of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) were
followed as part of a larger population dynamics study. The clam exhibits two major spawning periods per year.
The first occurred in April and May, the second in July and August. Differences in larval production during the
second period led to significant annual differences in the size-specific reproductive output of individuals from
each population. Typical reproductive rates (larvae/parent) for clams in each 5 mm size class between 10 and 45
mm shell length were 2,169, 14,971, 24,254, 37,945, 46,486, 46,748, and 19,154. All populations exhibited
evidence of reproductive senescence in larger animals. The growth rate of tagged clams was similar at each
study site. Size specific absolute and relative growth curves are presented for seasonal changes in both shell
length and tissue weight. These data suggest that spring-spawned C. fluminea grow to a mean annual shell
length of 11, 19.2, 23.7, 27.6, 30.5, 32.9, 34.4, 36.0, 37.5, and 38.3 mm in successive winters. During the same
time period, fall-spawned clams reach a mean annual size of 3, 16, 21.0, 24.8, 27.7, 30.5, 32.8, 34.3, 36.0, and
111
Corbicula Bibliography
37.4 mm.
Foe, C. and A. Knight. 1982. Effect of phytoplankton and suspended sediment on the growth of
the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea. Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union
and the Winter Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, San
Francisco, California, 7-15.
Foe, C. and A. Knight. 1985. The effect of phytoplankton and suspended sediment on the growth of
Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia). Hydrobiologia 127(2):105-116.
Juvenile Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) were cultured at 15.3oC in the laboratory on eight combinations of
suspended sediment and phytoplankton. Sediment concentrations were 2.6, 25, 50, and 100 mg/l. Chlorophyll a
levels were 15.6 and 62.5 ìg/l. Clam tissue growth was found to be independent of silt concentration but
increased at the higher chlorophyll level (p<0.05). The growth experiment was repeated at 24oC with
chlorophyll a concentrations of 18.9 and 112.6 ì/l. Growth was again greater at the higher phytoplankton level
(p<0.05). These results demonstrate that Asiatic clam populations are food-limited most of the growing season
in the northern and western portions of California's eutrophic Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta where chlorophyll
a levels average less than the lower experimental values. Comparisons of clam growth in the laboratory and
estuary support the food limitation hypothesis as at the higher food concentration laboratory tissue growth was
2.3 and 3.8 times greater during high and low temperature evaluations than in the estuary.
Foe, C. and A. Knight. 1986. Growth of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) fed artificial and algal diets.
Hydrobiologia 133(2):155-164.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the growth of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) fed mixed
diets of the green alga Ankistrodesmus and five artificial foods (nine-grain cereal, rice flour, rye bran, denatured
brewer's yeast, and Ralston Purina trout chow). Clams lost weight after 30 days on each artificial diet; however,
weight losses were significantly less than those of control clams which were not fed (p<0.05). In contrast, clam
growth was positive in each treatment which included Ankistrodesmus. There was no significant difference in
the tissue growth of clams fed on an Ankistrodesmus monoculture and Ankistrodesmus supplemented with each
artificial diet (p>0.2). Therefore, it is concluded that all of the artificial diets evaluated were of nutritional value.
However, the alga Ankistrodesmus appears to be a superior food item. In subsequent experiments, clams were
fed on diets consisting of various combinations of six genera of green algae (Pedinomonas, Ankistrodesmus,
Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Selenastrum). All trialgal combinations of Chlamydomonas,
Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Ankistrodesmus and a dialgal culture of Chlamydomonas and Chlorella resulted in
strong positive tissue growth. No other dialgal or monoalgal culture resulted in similar growth. Cultures of
Selenastrum were found to be toxic, and their filtrate was determined to inhibit Corbicula filtration.
Foe, C. and A. Knight. 1986. A method for evaluating the sublethal impact of stress employing
Corbicula fluminea. IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J.
C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 133-142
The feasibility of using the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), for monitoring point source
discharges has been evaluated. Clams were transplanted into cages at several locations around the outfall of a
proposed waste treatment plant in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California. Reproduction, shell growth,
condition index (ratio of tissue weight to shell length), survival, and copper and zinc tissue concentration were
evaluated for ten months. In addition, at one test site, the reproduction, growth, and condition index of a wild
clam population was also determined. Comparison of sublethal parameters between the wild and caged clams
demonstrated no significant difference (P>0.10). Initiation of the operation of the proposed waste treatment
facility was delayed and thus the study includes only predischarge data. However, in June, there was a strong
settlement of the barnacle, Balanus improvisus, on the monitoring cages and clams. Barnacle fouling appeared
to produce a clam stress gradient as a simultaneous decrease in clam reproduction, condition index (P<0.05),
and survival (P<0.05), but not growth (P>0.1), with increased fouling, was recorded. The seasonal pattern of the
estuary for C. fluminea's copper and zinc tissue concentration was also determined. Metal concentration
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Corbicula Bibliography
increased in the summer independent of both the clam's gut content and alterations in its biomass. In conclusion,
it is believed that the technique reported may represent, with more work, a promising method for simultaneously
monitoring alterations in clam tissue concentration and sublethal impacts.
Foe, C. and A. Knight. 1986. A thermal energy budget for juvenile Corbicula fluminea. IN:
Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American
Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 143-150.
A thermal energy budget was developed for immature Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) at 16, 20, 24, and
30oC. Water filtration rate at these temperatures was 2.80, 3.85, 5.33, and 13.39 ml/mg dry wt/hr. Respiration
rates were 0.39, 0.56, 0.71, and 0.85 ìlO2/mg dry wt/hr. Assimilation efficiency was 48, 51, 36, and 13%, and
activity levels were 98.9, 90.1, 95.1, and 8.0%, respectively. These rates have been combined to form a scope
for growth model which predicts optimal clam growth near 20oC, negative growth above 29oC, and high tissue
growth at temperatures as low as 16oC. Growth measured in the laboratory at two-degree increments between
16 and 32oC. Tissue growth at each temperature was 6.2, 6.8, 6.9, 5.8, 4.9, 3.0, 1.4, and -0.52 mg dry wt/month,
respectively. All experimental animals died when evaluated at 32oC. these results are discussed in terms of
current knowledge about C. fluminea's thermal tolerance and life history.
Foe, C. and A. Knight. 1987. Assessment of the biological impact of point source discharge
employing Asiatic clams. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
16(1):39-51.
Three thousand Corbicula fluminea were transplanted for six months along a stress gradient produced by the
thermal discharge of a power plant to ascertain whether C. fluminea could be used to monitor the biological
impact of point source discharges. Water temperature at the warmest site (station 1) was between 25 and 35oC, 7
to 13oC above that in the river. Almost complete clam mortality was recorded here within 60 days. Water
temperature at the next cooler site (station 2) was elevated 0.5 to 2.0oC above ambient river temperature
(stations 3 and 4). Adult and juvenile clam shell and tissue growth and condition index was less here than at
sites 3 and 4 where all three parameters were similar. A one time measurement of juvenile clam scope for
growth (SFG) also demonstrated a decreasing trend along the thermal gradient. SFG was positively correlated
with juvenile clam shell and tissue growth but not with condition index.
Foe, C. G. 1985. The Effect of Temperature, Suspended Sediment and Food on the Growth of
Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis. 91 pp.
Laboratory experiments were conducted with algal and artificial food to ascertain a suitable diet for Corbicula
fluminea. Clam lost weight on all artificial food, however, weight losses were less than that of unfed control
clams (p<0.05). All trialgal combinations of Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Ankistrodesmus and
a dialgal culture of Chlamydomonas and Chlorella resulted in positive tissue growth. Cultures of Selenastrum
were toxic and their filtrate inhibited clam filtration.
An energy budget was developed for Corbicula fluminea at 16, 20, 24, and 30oC. Filtration was 2.80, 3.85,
5.33, and 13.39 ml/mg dry wt/hr, respiration was 0.39, 0.56, 0.71, and 0.85 ìlO2/mg dry wt/hr, assimilation
efficiency was 48, 51, 36, and 13%, and activity levels were 98.8, 90.1, 95.1, and 8.0% at each temperature,
respectively. These rates were combined in a scope for growth model to predict optimal clam growth near 20oC,
negative growth above 29oC, and high tissue growth at temperatures as low as 16oC. Growth was measured in
the laboratory at two-degree increments between 16 and 32oC. Tissue growth was 6.2, 6.8, 6.9, 5.8, 4.9, 3.0, 1.4,
and -0.52 mg dry wt/month, respectively. All clams died at 32oC.
Finally, experiments were conducted to ascertain the effect of suspended sediment and phytoplankton
concentration on clam growth. Clams were cultured at 15.3oC in the laboratory on eight combinations of
suspended sediment and phytoplankton. Sediment concentrations were 2.6, 25, 50, and 150 mg/L. Chlorophyll a
levels were 15.6 and 62.5 ìg/L. Tissue growth was independent of silt concentration but increased at higher
chlorophyll levels (p<0.05). The growth experiment was repeated at 25oC with chlorophyll a concentrations of
18.9 and 112.6 ìg/L. Growth was again greater at the higher phytoplankton level (p<0.05). These results suggest
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Corbicula Bibliography
that Corbicula fluminea populations are food-limited in California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta as
chlorophyll a levels are routinely less here. Comparisons of clam growth in the laboratory and estuary support a
food limitation hypothesis as tissue growth was 2.3 and 3.8 times greater in the laboratory during the high and
low temperature evaluations than in the estuary.
Foehrenbach, J. 1973. Eutrophication. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation
45:1237-1244.
The use of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) as a biological filter to remove algae-hydroxyl apatite
suspensions is discussed in relation to studies on eutrophic waters.
Foehrenbach, J. and D. Raeihle. 1984. A further range extension of the Asiatic clam. New
Fish and Game Journal 31(2):224-226.
York
Corbicula fluminea is reported from Massapequa Lake, Long Island, New York from collections made in
February 1983. It is noted that the clams have been in the lake since about 1977. Valves of C. fluminea were
found in Bellmore Lake located near the original site of discovery. It is noted that the bivalves have been
imported from California for use in oriental restaurants in the New York City metropolitan area.
Foighil, D. O., T. Lee and S. Siripattrawan. 2001. Invasion of the clonal clams: Corbicula in the
New World. Freshwater Mollusks Conservation Society 2001 Meeting, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, 11-14 March. Paper No. 79.
Foighil, D. O., T. Lee and S. C. S. Siripattrawan. 2001. Invasion of the clonal clams: Corbicula
in the New World. World Congress of Malacology, Vienna (Austria), 19-25 Aug 2001.
Institute of Zoology, University of Vienna, Institute of Paleontology, Naturhistorisches
Museum Wien, Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft.
Fontanier, C. E. 1982. The distribution of Corbicula (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in the Brazos River
System. Texas Journal of Science 34(1):5-16.
Corbicula was probably introduced into the Brazos River System in 1972-1973 and it is now the most common
bivalve wherever it is found. Densities as high as 2500-3500 clams/square meter are reported. It is found at 34
of 66 sites. Those sites not containing Corbicula include: Lake Kirby (Taylor County), Buffalo Springs Lake
(Lubbock County), the Navasota River and all of its lakes (except perhaps near its confluence with the Brazos
River), Salt Fork and Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos River, White River (exclusive of White River Lake),
all intermittent of shallow feeder streams and the area below Road 1462 near Rosharon (Fort Bend Brazoria
counties) to the Gulf of Mexico. At least 2 forms of Corbicula are reported: the generally northern type has
white nacre with purple highlights, a yellow or brown/black exterior and an angular posterior shell shape in the
adult; the southern type has deep purple nacre and exterior, is smaller in size, and generally has a thinner, more
equilateral shell. Some Corbicula shells in the middle and southern areas have anterior-posterior brown pigment
markings. Both forms may be found together in some southern locales but the purple form becomes
predominant further downstream. Southern river and stream shells of both types tended to be smaller than
northern forms and may indicate a more recent introduction, genetic variation, or environmental stress. Hand
collecting, net dredging, and skin diving methods were used to collect samples. Considering the short period of
time that Corbicula is thought to have been in the Brazos River system, expansion of its range is probably not
complete. Increased use of lake Limestone may encourage its spread to the Navasota River.
Formica Corsi, A. 1900. Molluscos de la Republica Orientale del Uruguay. Annales de Museo
Nacional 2(15-17):1-237.
Foster, R. B. 1981. Use of Asiatic clam larvae in aquatic hazard evaluations. IN: Ecological
Assessments of Effluent Impacts on Communities of Indigenous Aquatic Organisms, J. M.
Bates and C. I. Weber, Eds. American Society Testing Materials. pp. 280-288.
Investigative efforts to predict the potential impact of single chemical species or mixed effluents on natural
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Corbicula Bibliography
waterways emphasize laboratory studies of sensitive nonindigenous aquatic organisms reared under controlled
laboratory conditions. Integrated aquatic hazard evaluations appropriately require species representative of a
number of trophic levels - algae, invertebrates, and fish - and different ecological niches - benthic versus
pelagic, sessile versus mobile. The oyster embryo toxicity test is often applied in hazard evaluations and is a
useful measure of water quality in marine and estuarine environments. Parallel methods have been developed in
which freshwater Asiatic clam larvae (Corbicula sp.) are used to measure the relative toxicity of industrial
chemicals. Two applications, the benthic acute lethality test and the larval transformation toxicity test, are
presented. The results compared with other representative aquatic species of fish and invertebrates show that
these applications are appropriately sensitive to industrial chemicals. Based on the simplicity and utility of these
methods, the author recommends that these and other Asiatic clam monitoring techniques be adopted as tools
for assessing the impact of effluents on freshwater aquatic environments.
Foster, R. B. and S. W. Box. 1976. Procedures for evaluating chemical control of larval Asiatic
clams. Paper presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the North American Benthological
Society, La Crosse, Wisconsin, 24-26 March. [Abstract]
To secure enough animals to test the efficiency of chlorine as a molluscicide, a method was developed using
larvae removed directly from the gills of adult Corbicula. Larvae separated in this manner supplied sufficient
organisms for multiple tests (n > 20/concentration). Individual spawns, two to three weeks long, were extended
an additional two weeks using artificial substrata in culture aquaria. Larvae survived removal and developed
through the benthic stage in 6-10 days).
Subsequent molluscicide evaluations established baseline responses for "pre-charged" stage larvae. Variations
in larval response were attributable to the wide latitude of tolerances exhibited by the distinct marsupial larval
stages. Although similar LC90 values were observed after 24 hours' exposure, the required time to mortality
increased with larval shell development. Planktotrophic larvae are more resistant than the preceding stages of
marsupial development. Observations indicate that the techniques are suitable for screening tests in attention is
given to the predominant larval stage isolated from the marsupium.
Fournier, E., C. Adam, J. C. Massabuau and J. Garnier-Laplace. 2005. Bioaccumulation of
waterborne selenium in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea: influence of feedinginduced ventilatory activity and selenium species. Aquatic Toxicology 72(3):251-260.
A set of experiments was performed to investigate the bioavailability and the effect of Se on the ventilatory
activity of the bivalve Corbicula fluminea, under different conditions of both algal cell densities and
dissolved Se chemical forms and concentrations. A first set of experiments was conducted without
selenium to investigate the changes in the ventilatory flow rate as a function of the concentration of the
unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (105 - 106 cells mL-1). For algal concentrations below 2-105
cells mL mL-1, ventilatory activity was highly stimulated whereas it was independent of algal densities for
higher values (up to 106 cells mL mL-1). To investigate the influence of this first ventilatory drive on
selenium contamination process, bivalves were exposed to waterborne selenium at two different algal
concentrations, selected to provide contrasting reference ventilatory activities. Three different selenium
forms were studied [selenite Se(+IV), selenate Se(+VI) and selenomethionine SeMet] and were added into
the water at concentrations of 50 and/or 500 mu gL super(-) super(1). Each selenium form induced a
specific behavioural response, an increase, a decrease or no change of ventilation being observed for
Se(+IV), SeMet and Se(+VI), respectively. Selenium accumulation by the organisms was investigated at
the organ level for the different exposure conditions. Selenomethionine was the most bioaccumulated form,
followed by selenate and selenite, respectively. Despite the bivalves displaying different ventilatory
behaviours at low or high algal density, there was no evidence showing reduction or enhancement of Se
uptake in the chemical domain investigated.
Fournier, E., D. Tran, F. Denison, J.-C. Massabuau and J. Garnier-Laplace. 2004. Valve closure
response to uranium exposure for a freshwater bivalve (Corbicula fluminea):
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Corbicula Bibliography
Quantification of the influence of pH. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
23(5):1108-1114.
Laboratory experiments were carried out to analyze the first valve closure response of a freshwater bivalve
(Corbicula fluminea) exposed to uranium during a 5-h period. Experiments were performed in a welldefined artificial water at two pH values, 5.5 and 6.5, with a noninvasive method of valve recording.
Sensitivity thresholds, based on percentage of bivalve that close their valves in a given time, were
determined. Response thresholds depended on the total uranium concentration, integration time of response
(fast responses could only be observed for the highest concentrations), and pH. The bivalve is much more
sensitive to total uranium concentration at pH 5.5 than pH 6.5. The minimal sensitivity threshold
determined, expressed as the uranium concentration inducing the valve closure of 50% of the bivalves, was
0.05 mu mol/L at pH 5.5 after 5 h of exposure. Moreover, higher concentrations of the free ion UO22+ are
required at pH 5.5 than at pH 6.5 to illicit the same response. Two hypotheses can be proposed, that UO22+
is not the only detected species or that competition exists between H+ and UO22+ for binding sites.
Fox, R. O. 1969. The Corbicula Story: a progress report. Second Annual Meeting, Western Society
of Malacologists. 11 pp.
A review of the invasion of United States waters by Corbicula. Zoogeography, habitats, ecology, taxonomy,
and systematics are discussed. The history of the invasion by these bivalves is reviewed with a discussion of
possible means of introduction.
Fox, R. O. 1970. The Corbicula Story: chapter two. Third Annual Meeting, Western Society of
Malacologists. 10 pp.
An update on the invasion of United States waters by Corbicula is presented. The use of Corbicula as a fish bait
in California as well as possible control strategies are discussed.
Fox, R. O. 1970. Corbicula in Baja California. The Nautilus 83(4):145.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) is reported from an irrigation canal north of Cerro Prieto, Mexico.
Fox, R. O. 1971. The Corbicula Story: chapter three. Fourth Annual Meeting, Western
of Malacologists. 5 pp.
Society
An annual update on the invasion of United States waters by Corbicula. New records are listed. The history of
the Chinese immigrants in the western states and their possibly introducing the species is discussed.
Fox, R. O. 1971. Have you met Corbicula - the fresh water invader? The Tabulata, 1 January
1971:3-4.
A popular review of the history of the invasion of the United States by Corbicula with notes on habitat, ecology,
zoogeography, and biofouling.
Fox, R. O. 1972. The Corbicula Story: chapter four. Fifth Annual Meeting, Western Society of
Malacologists. 5 pp.
An annual update on the invasion of North American waters by Corbicula.
Fox, R. O. 1973. The Corbicula Story: chapter five. Sixth Annual Meeting, Western Society of
Malacologists. 4 pp.
An annual update on the invasion of North American waters by Corbicula.
Franzen, A. 1983. Invasion av asiatisk sotvattenmussla i USA: Ett hot mot svenska kylvattenutslapp.
Fauna och Flora 78:1-6. [In Swedish with an English summary]
A short review is given of the morphology and life history of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller,
1774). This clam has now been reported from at least 33 states in the United States. The clam causes plugging
in cooling water systems in nuclear power plants, hydroelectric stations and other industries. In canals and rivers
deposits of sediments of living and dead clams are accumulated and cause great economic damage. The deposits
may be at least up to about 6 feet thick. If C. fluminea is spread to Sweden there is a risk that the clam could
cause similar severe infestations.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Frauenfeld, G. R. von. 1869. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologich-Botanischen
Gesellschaft Wien 19:853-900.
Corbicula ovalina Deshayes, 1854 is discussed.
Fraysse, B., J.-P. Baudin, J. Garnier-Laplace, C. Adam and A. Boudou. 2002. Effects of Cd and
Zn waterborne exposure on the uptake and depuration of 57Co, 110mAg and 134Cs by the
Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) and the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)--whole
organism study. Environmental Pollution 118(3):297-306.
Groups of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) were exposed to
cadmium and zinc with the aim of studying the effect of these metals on the 57Co, 110mAg and 134Cs uptake
and depuration by these freshwater bivalves. In the presence of zinc, the 57Co concentration factor for the
whole organism of the two species was halved, notably because of a decrease of the uptake parameter.
Conversely, Zinc and the Cd + Zn mixture increased the 110mAg uptake process by clams and mussels. he
two metals also increased the depuration of this radionuclide in mussels, whereas this phenomenon was
only observed in clams exposed to cadmium. In comparison with 57Co and 110mAg, the 134Cs
bioconcentration was 5-10 times lower in D. polymorpha and not detected in C. fluminea. This weak
contamination by this radionuclide resulted from a lower uptake and a higher depuration parameters.
Fraysse, B., J.-P. Baudin, J. Garnier-Laplace, A. Boudou, F. Ribeyre and C. Adam. 2000.
Cadmium Uptake by Corbicula fluminea and Dreissena polymorpha: Effects of pH and
temperature. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 65(5):638-645.
Cadmium is a well-known environmental contaminant that affects aquatic environments. To monitor this
pollutant and its bioavailability in freshwater ecosystems, the use of bioindicators, such as bivalves, is
particularly well suited. However, prior experimental studies are required in order to determine the
characteristics (transfer kinetics and level) of the contamination to the organisms. Two species were
selected, the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) and the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). By reason
of theirs ecological and physiological features (particularly a high filtration rate), these two species are very
suitable as heavy metal bioindicators as shown by ecotoxicological studies Graney et al. 1983; Kraak et al.
1991; Merch, 1993; Claudi and Mackie 1994; Inza 1996). In addition, for monitoring the aquatic
environment these two species are complementary, since they differ in habitat requirements. C fluminea is a
benthic infaunal species, whereas D. polymorpha is an epilithic species. The species also differ in optimal
temperature for growth and reproduction, 14-22oC for C. fluminea and 8-16oC for D. polymorpha (Claudi
and Mackie 1994). One of the particularity of C. fluminea is to feed off by the suspended matter presents in
the water column, as D. polymorpha, and also by the sediment particles by pedal feeding (Way and
Hornbach 1990). The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of pH and temperature on the
accumulation and distribution of cadmium in the soft tissues of the two molluscs.
French, J. R. P., III and D. W. Schloesser. 1988. Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea ) in the St.
Clair River. 31st Conference on Great Lakes Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 17-20
May.
French, J. R. P. and D. W. Schloesser. 1991. Growth and overwinter survival of the Asiatic clam,
Corbicula fluminea, in the St. Clair River, Michigan. Hydrobiologia 219:165-170.
In April 1986, the first population of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, was discovered in the lotic
environment of the Laurentian Great Lakes system. This population occupied a 3.8 km long sandy shoal in
the discharge plume of a steam-electric power plant on the St. Clair River (Michigan), as outflow of Lake
Huron. Samples collected April 1986 to April 1987 revealed the growth of one-year-old Corbicula (1985
cohort) began after mid-May and ended by mid-November, while water temperatures were higher than 9oC.
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Maximum growth (0.78 mm/wk) occurred between mid-August and mid-September, while water
temperatures were about 16-23oC. A substantial overwinter mortality was recorded in the 1986 cohort was
recorded, but not the 1985 cohort; this was particularly evident at sampling locations more remote from the
heated discharge of the powerplant, suggesting low water temperature was the major mortality agent. The
available information suggests that the low temperatures in the St. Clair River may limit the success of
Corbicula in the river, including portions of populations inhabiting thermal plumes, by reducing growth,
delaying the onset of sexual maturity and reproduction, and causing heavy overwinter mortality in the first
year of life.
French, J. R. P., III and D. W. Schloesser. 1996. Distribution and winter survival health of Asian
clams, Corbicula fluminea, in the St. Clair River, Michigan. Journal of Freshwater
Ecology 11(2):183-192.
The distribution and winter survival of the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, was studied in the St. Clair
River from the fall of 1988 to the spring of 1990. Between fall of 1988 and spring of 1989, distribution of
Corbicula was extended from 5.5 to 11.5 km downstream from an electric power plant. However, total
abundance of clams decreased during the winter. By fall of 1989, Corbicula was found 14.5 km from the
power plant, and the mean density of clams was 27 individuals/m2. Between fall of 1989 and spring of
1990, distribution was reduced to 7.5 km from the power plant and abundance decreased 97%. During the
winter of 1988-1989, clams were collected monthly from one station 2.2 km from the power plant, and it
was observed that clams survived the harsh winter for two months after the water temperature dropped
about 1.5oC below the reported lethal level for Corbicula in midwinter. During the winter of 1989-1990,
we held clams at the sediment-water interface in enclosures, and we observed that condition indices (dry
body weight:dry shell weight) of clams remained stable (mean = 0.05 ± 0.01) in December and January and
then declined significantly (p < 0.05) to 0.04 plus or minus 0.01 in February. All clams perished by late
March. The deteriorating physiological state of clams, as indicated by declining condition index, seemingly
is a factor in late winter mortalities of Corbicula in the St. Clair River. In contrast to the rapid geographic
spread and population increases in the southern United States, Corbicula likely will not spread rapidly
throughout the Great Lakes beyond shoreline thermal refugia of heated-water discharge plumes from power
plants.
Freneix, S. 1980. Bivalves neocretaces de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Signification biogeographique,
biostratigraphique, paleogeographique. Annales Paleontologie (Paris) 66(2):67-135. [In
French with an English summary]
Corbicula (Corbicula) garnieri sp. nov. is described (p. 45) and figured (pl. 5, figs. 7-12) from the Cretaceous
of the Noumea Basin. Systematic position of the species and its paleoecology are discussed.
Freneix, S. 1981. Faunes de bivalves du Senonien de Nouvelle-Caledonie: analyses
paleobiogeographique, biostratigraphique, paleoecologique. Annales Paleontologie
(Invertebres) 67(1):13-32. [In French with an English summary]
The biogeographic phyletic relations of the Bivalvia species (including Corbicula garnieri [Freneix, 1980]
emphasize the permanence, during the lower Campanian (or Piripauan) of the Maorian paleobioprovince in a
perigondwanian faunal palaentarctic realm. The biofacies are significant of an evolution from an instable
brackish estuarian or marine environments, with high energy level, to euhaline muddy bays, under more calm
and restricted conditions.
118
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Frischer, M. E., A. S. Hansen, J. A. Wyllie, J. Wimbush, J. Murray and S. A. Nierzwicki-Bauer.
2002. Specific amplification of the 18S rRNA gene as a method to detect zebra mussel
(Dreissena polymorpha) larvae in plankton samples. Hydrobiologia 487(1):33-44.
An important issue in the management of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) populations is early, rapid,
and accurate detection of the planktonic larvae (veliger) of the zebra mussel. The goal of this study was to
explore the feasibility of developing a molecular approach for the detection of zebra mussel larvae in
diverse environments. In this study a Dreissena polymorpha-specific 18S ribosomal RNA gene targeted
oligonucleotide primer (ZEB-715a) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay was developed and
compared with cross-polarized microscopy as a means to detect zebra mussel veligers in plankton samples.
The design of the zebra mussel-specific primer was facilitated by sequencing nearly the complete 18S
rRNA gene from the zebra mussel and three other closely related freshwater Veneroids including the
quagga mussel (D. bugensis), the dark false mussel (Mytilopsis leucophaeata), and the Asian freshwater
clam (Corbicula fluminea). The specificity of the primer for the zebra mussel was empirically tested by
using the primer as a direct probe in a blot hybridization format. A single veliger in a plankton sample
could be detected by PCR using this approach. Veliger detection sensitivity using the PCR approach was
estimated to be over 300 times more sensitive than cross-polarized light microscopy based techniques.
Cross-polarized light microscopy and the PCR technique were used to identify the presence of zebra
mussel larvae in plankton samples that were collected from a variety of natural and industrial water
sources. Detection results (presence or absence) were generally consistent between the two methods.
Although additional studies will be required before routine application of molecular based veliger detection
technology is available, a long-term goal of this work is the application of molecular technology to the
development of a field device for the routine detection and quantification of zebra mussel veligers.
Fritz, L. W., G. Ferrence and T. R. Jacobsen. 1992. Induction of barite mineralization in the
Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea. Limnology and Oceanography 37(2):442-448.
Barite crystals were formed on the inner shell surface in 1 week by specimens of Corbicula fluminea
exposed to dissolved Ba concentrations of 140-559 μg/liter. Prevalences of barite crystals increased directly
with initial Ba concentrations over the course of a 28-d experiment. Barite crystals were not observed on
the shell exteriors of any clams analyzed. Results suggest that Ba was concentrated by C. fluminea and
periodically purged from the soft tissues into the extrapallial fluids, where it heterogeneously coprecipitated
with aragonite on the inner shell surface.
Fritz, L. W., G. Ferrence, T. R. Jacobsen and R. A. Lutz. 1989. Biomineralization of barite by
Corbicula fluminea. Journal of Shellfish Research 8(2):483.
Barite crystal rosettes were discovered on the inner depositional surface of the inner complex crossedlamellar shell layer of specimens of Corbicula fluminea, collected live from populations in the Maurice
River, NJ. A barium exposure experiment was conducted using 200 clams collected from the Delaware
River, where no barite rosettes had been previously observed. The Delaware River has approximately half
the level of dissolved Ba as the Maurice River (50 μg/l). Organisms exposed to the 2 highest Ba
concentrations formed barite crystals across the entire inner shell surface. No barite rosettes were observed
on the inner shell surface of organisms in the time = 0 sample, after 4 weeks in well-water, nor on the shell
exterior of any experimental or control specimen. Results suggest that Ba uptake was proportional to the
level of exposure to dissolved Ba, and that Ba was eliminated from tissues into the extrapallial fluid and
shell, where it crystallized as the non-biologically active mineral, barite.
Fritz, L. W. and R. A. Lutz. 1984. Assessing effects of environmental pertubation through analysis
119
Corbicula Bibliography
of Corbicula (cf fluminea) shell microstructure. American Malacological Bulletin
3(1):100-101. [Abstract]
See below.
Fritz, L. W. and R. A. Lutz. 1986. Environmental perturbations reflected in internal shell growth
patterns of Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca: Bivalvia). The Veliger 28(4):401-417.
Anthropogenic and natural seasonal environmental perturbations were reflected in shell growth pattern of
specimens of Corbicula fluminea living at the northernmost extent of their range along the east coast of North
America (Raritan River, New Jersey). Growth of organisms in experimental cages was monitored from August
1981 to January 1982 and from July to December 1982 at stations located upstream (controls: 2 stations) and
immediately downstream (perturbed: 1 station) from a combined industrial-sewage effluent. In 1981, the
growing shell margin of each clam was notched with a small drill before each was placed in a cage, these
marked organisms were sacrificed after various lengths of time. In 1982, specimens were not notched, but a
growth cessation mark in the shell microstructure of all caged organisms marked the beginning of the monitored
growth period. Growth patterns in shell microstructure were examined in acetate peels and polished thin
sections. Microgrowth increments in the outer crossed-lamellar layer were deposited at an average rate of
approximately one increment per day. A growth cessation mark found in all specimens sampled in 1981 (n =
53) was dated to within two days of a major storm using increment counts, revealing the accuracy of their use to
date shell regions. Lack of growth in winter resulted in growth discontinuity in the inner complex
crossed-lamellar layer and an associated growth cessation mark in the outer layer. Increment counts suggested
that growth resumed in late March or early April each year as water temperatures rose above approximately
10oC. Growth rates of 1+ year-old individuals during spring and early summer (before entering experimental
cages) average 65 and 45 ìm/increment in 1981 and 1982, respectively. In 1981, growth rates at each site were
significantly slower during the monitored growth period than before it, which was probably due to injury
inflicted by notching the ventral shell margin. In 1982, growth rates of unnotched clams at the control sites were
similar before and after entering the experimental cages (after an initial two-week decrease in growth rates).
However, unnotched specimens moved to the perturbed site in 1982 subsequently grew at significantly slower
rates and had fewer increments during the monitored period than those collected from cages at control sites.
Fritz, L. W., L. M. Ragone, and R. A. Lutz. 1988. Pores in the shells of Corbicula fluminea.
Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 78(1):208. [Abstract]
Shells of Corbicula fluminea collected from the Delaware and Maurice rivers, New Jersey, contain small (4-10
ìm in diameter) pores near the umbo that contain thin processes of the mantle epithelium. Many, but not all, of
the pores were bifurcated and traversed the entire thickness of the shell in regions where the periostracum and
outer complex crossed lamellar shell layer were eroded away. Pore walls were not composed of the cone
complex crossed lamellar microstructure of the inner layer, but were instead formed of columnar prisms. Shell
pores, and presumably the thin mantle processes associated with them, were more numerous and covered a
larger percentage of the inner surface of the inner layer in shell collected from a site in the tidal freshwater
portion of the Maurice River (where there was extensive erosion/ dissolution of the outer surface of the shells
near the umbo) than from either of the two other sites, one each of the Delaware and Maurice rivers (where
there was considerably less shell erosion/dissolution).
Fritz, L. W., L. M. Ragone, R. A. Lutz and S. Swapp. 1990. Biomineralization of barite in the
shell of the freshwater Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Limnology
and Oceanography 35(3):756-762.
Rosette-shaped clusters of barite crystals were found on the depositional surface and in the inner, complex
crossed-lamellar shell layer of Corbicula fluminea collected from the Maurice River, New Jersey.
Morphological analyses revealed that barite crystallized directly from the extrapallial fluid onto the inner
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shell layer in summer and was covered by inner shell-layer aragonite in fall. Ba, S, and Sr were detected in
energy-dispersive X-ray analyses of rosettes, while X-ray diffraction of the heavy fraction of finely ground
shells revealed the presence of a barite mineral composed of similar to 75 mol% Ba SO4 and 25 mol%
SrSO4. It is suggested that barite formation resulted from the purging of soluble Ba from the tissue into the
extrapallial fluid where it crystalized onto the shell in a biologically inert form.
Fritzsche, C. H. 1924. Neue Kreidefaunnen aus Sudamerika. IN: Beitrage zur Geologie und
Palaontologie von Sudamerika, G. Gustave, Ed. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie
und Palaontologie (Stuttgart) 50:1-56.
Cyrena exarata Dunker is discussed and figured from the Puca Formation of Miraflores, Bolivia. The species is
similar to Corbicula sehuena Ihering, 1907.
Fuchs, V. E. 1936. Extinct Pleistocene Mollusca from Lake Edward, Uganda and then bearing upon
the Tanganyika problem. Linnean Society Journal, Zoology 40:269.
Corbicula consobrina (Cailliaud) is reported from the north end of Lake Edward.
Fuji, A. 1955. Some ecological aspects of Zyusan-Gata with special reference to the habitats of
Corbicula japonica group. Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University
5:(4):313-319.
Generally, in this inlet the water is <1.5 m and the humus content is poor and such areas form favorable clam
fields. Corbicula japonica Prime, 1864, is dominant followed by Anisogammarus kygi and Neospheroma
oregonensis. Motomura's correlation coefficient method was used for the discussion of benthic communities.
There were 3 communities defined as follows: 1) Those that receive the influence of sea water and dominated
by A. kygi and N. oregonensis; 2) Those areas affected more by fresh water and dominated by C. japonica, and;
3) Those areas that have few benthic organisms and substratum composed of mud and abundant organic humus.
In Zyusan-gata, the commercial fishery exploits Yamatosizimi (C. japonica).
Fuji, A. 1957. Changes in tissue chloride and physiological activity of the brackish-water bivalve,
Corbicula japonica, in response to variations in salinity. Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries,
Hokkaido University 8(3):163-177.
Chloride variations in Corbicula japonica Prime, 1864, tissues were noted in field studies to be more directly
affected by interstitial chloride of sediments than by the chloride content of the overlying water. Shell
movements and water filtration rate, when used as a measure of physiological activity, suggested a disturbance
of these activities at high chloride concentrations, but a chloride ratio of roughly 1:2 was demonstrated between
the tissue chloride of C. japonica and the chloride concentration of the surrounding medium during a gradual
change from fresh to moderately saline water. C. japonica required an adjustment time of 8-12 hours to
maintain this ratio in abrupt changes in environment from fresh to dilute sea water.
Fuji, A. 1957. Growth and breeding season of the brackish-water bivalve, Corbicula japonica, in
Zyusan-Gata Inlet. Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University 8(3):178-184.
In the absence of distinct growth marks, the shell-size frequency distribution was used to obtain growth
estimates of the age and growth rate. The entering year class appeared in July and it was deduced from this and
from the tissue weight coefficient of adult Corbicula that spawning occurs from late July to late August with a
peak in early July. The water filtration rate was found to increase linearly with increasing water temperatures
between 5 - 30oC. Corresponding to this, rapid growth during warm months and negligible growth from
November to March was indicated by shifts of monthly values of each normal distribution in shell height groups
which represented year classes 0 to 3.
Fuji, A. 1979. Phosphorus budget in natural population of Corbicula japonica Prime in poikilohaline
lagoon, Zyusan-ko, Japan. Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University
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Corbicula Bibliography
30(1):34-49.
The P flow through the natural population of Corbicula japonica Prime and the lagoon water surrounding the in
the poikilohaline lagoon of Zyusan-ko, Aomori Prefecture, was studied from August 1974 to August 1975. The
average discharge of the Iwaki River, which was the major contributor of river water flowing into the lagoon,
was estimated at 19.3x108 m3/yr. The annual input of P from the river was 2900, 1700 and 2600 mg/m3 in
dissolved inorganic, dissolved organic and particulate P. A rough estimation of water exchange between lagoon
water and coastal water is equivalent to 370x104 m3/day, and the tentative rate of mixing between both water
masses is calculated at approximately 70%. Quantitative values of P added by the coastal water (mg P/m2/yr)
were: phosphate 700; dissolved organic 400; particulate 400. P utilization by photosynthesis reaches about 1500
mg/m2/yr; this value is the representation of the amount of particulate P produced by P uptake for the annual
production of phytoplankon from the lagoon water. The clam population removed 681 mg P/m2/yr of particulate
P, of which 520 mg P/m2/yr was ingested as food and 401 mg P/m2/yr was deposited as biodeposits. The
turnover time of P in the clam population was 83 days. The major effect of the population on the lagoon
ecosystem was the removal of particulate matter from the lagoon water; the turnover time of particulate P
inflowed to the lagoon was 6.6 days under the supposition that the clam population was the only agent involved.
Fuji, N. 1976. Palynological investigations on a 200-meter core sample from Lake Biwa in central
Japan. IN: Paleolimnology of Lake Biwa and the Japanese Pleistocene, S. Horie, Ed., Vol. 4,
Contribution No. 183. pp. 357-422.
The presence of Corbicula sandai in the benthos of Lake Biwa is noted in a review of the limnology of the lake
prior to descriptions of palynological studies.
Fujio, Y., R. Yamanaka and P. J. Smith. 1983. Genetic variation in marine mollusks. Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 49(12):1809-1818.
Starch gel electrophoresis was carried out to survey genetic variation in 25 spp. of marine mollusks including
Corbicula japonica. The gel phenotypes for 19 enzymes and muscle proteins are described. Genetic variation
measured as the proportion of polymorphic loci varied from 9.190 to 0.667 with a mean of 9.412 + 0.030, as
observed heterozygosity from 0.059 to 9.216 with a mean of 0.129+0.009, and as expected heterozygosity from
0.060 to 0.250 with a mean of 0.147+0.011. Marine molluscs are generally more variable than marine teleosts.
An excess of homozygotes was observed at many loci in most species of the molluscs. Such a phenomenon has
not been observed in marine Teleosts. Possible explanations for this observation are discussed.
Fujita, A. 1972. Recollections on the background of the study on thiamine and thermostable
thiamine decomposing factor in Japan. Journal of Vitaminology (Kyoto) 18(1):67-72.
The history of the study of thiaminase and thiamine decomposition factors is reviewed. Corbicula sandai from
Lake Biwa was used in some of this research although no precise details are given.
Fukushima, K. 1962. Polarographic studies on the molluscan meat. VIII. Studies on the distribution
of homarine (N-methyl picolinic acid betaine) in some molluscan and crustacean tissues.
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 28:909-913.
The distribution of homarine in the tissues of Corbicula leana is discussed.
Fuller, S. 1974. The journey of the Chinese clam. Frontiers 39(2):12-13.
Fuller, S. L. H. 1974. Biota of Freshwater Ecosystems: a review. Association of Southeastern
Biologists, Bulletin 21(3):109-112.
The manuals published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, including Manual No. 3, Freshwater
Sphaeriacean Clams (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) of North America by J. B. Burch and which describes Corbicula
sp., are reviewed.
Fuller, S. L. H. 1974. Macroinvertebrates and quantitative macroinvertebrate samples. IN: Cooper
River Survey 1973 for the E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company. Department of
Limnology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. pp. 49-69, 143-145.
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Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) is reported to be abundant in the Cooper River below Lake Moultrie,
South Carolina.
Fuller, S. L. H. 1976. Final Report Submitted to the National Commission on Water Quality. IX.
Biological, Ecological, and Environmental Characteristics of the Site, J. A. Hendrickson, Jr.,
L. F. Berseth, T. E. Walton, III and S. L. H. Fuller, Eds. Department of Limnology,
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) is reported to have invaded much of the Santee-Cooper River system in
South Carolina.
Fuller, S. L. H. 1977. Freshwater and terrestrial mollusks. IN: Endangered and Threatened Plants
and Animals of North Carolina, J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson, and J. B. Funderburg, Eds.
North Carolina State Museum of Natural History (Raleigh). pp. 143-194.
The dispersal of Corbicula manilensis in the Atlantic Slope is discussed and its competition with native unionid
species presented. The distribution of C. manilensis in North Carolina is presented.
Fuller, S. L. H. 1978. Fresh-water mollusks. IN: An Annotated Checklist of the Biota of the Coastal
Zone of South Carolina, R. G. Zongmark, Ed. University of South Carolina Press
(Columbia). pp. 136-152.
The zoogeographic distribution, ecology, reproduction and systematics of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841)
in South Carolina are reviewed.
Fuller, S. L. H. 1978. Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) of the Upper Mississippi River. Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 401 pp. [Also NTIS AD-A109 982/9]
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) is reported from the St. Croix River, near Hudson, Wisconsin, in the
summer of 1977.
Fuller, S. L. H. 1979. The changing molluscan community. IN: The Freshwater Potomac: Aquatic
Communities and Environmental Stresses, K. C. Flynn and W. T. Mason, Eds. Interstate
Commission on the Potomac River Basin (Rockville, Maryland). pp. 124-131.
The occurrence and spread of Corbicula manilensis in the Potomac River is predicted. Since the river has been
highly modified by man, there is nor reason to suppose that naturally occurring barriers in the river will serve to
limit the spread of the species once it becomes established.
Fuller, S. L. H., F. W. Grimm, T. L. Laavy, H. J. Porter, and A. H. Shoemaker. 1980. Status report:
fresh water and terrestrial mollusks. IN: Proceedings of the First South Carolina
Endangered Species Symposium, D. M. Forsythe and W. B. Ezell, Jr., Eds. South Carolina
Wildlife and Marine Resources Department (Columbia). pp. 55-59.
Corbicula manilensis, although alien to the freshwater molluscan fauna of South Carolina, is a meaningful
elements of the state's ecosystem.
Fuller, S. L. H. and M. J. Imlay. 1976. Spatial competition between Corbicula manilensis (Philippi),
the Chinese clam (Corbiculidae), and the freshwater mussels (Unionidae) in the Waccamaw
River basin of the Carolinas (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Association of Southeastern Biologists,
Bulletin 23(2):60. [Abstract]
Dead mussel shells and abundant living Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) were found below the confluence
of the Waccamaw River with the intracoastal Waterway (Horry County, South Carolina), where the river is
profoundly disturbed by human activities. Above this confluence, where the river is, in general, little disturbed,
mussels were found increasing dominant over C. manilensis, as samples were taken further upstream, until the
latter disappeared. C. manilensis reappeared in Lake Waccamaw (Columbus County, North Carolina), but
mussels persisted in apparently diminished numbers. The lake is almost encircled by extant and potential land
development, but its floor remains negligibly damaged. It appears that C. manilensis does not (and perhaps
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Corbicula Bibliography
cannot) dominate indigenous bivalves in nearly or quite natural habitats, at least in slowly moving, soft bottom
Coastal Plain streams of the Atlantic drainage. Corrollarily, not to disturb aquatic habitats may be man's best
defense against domination of the benthos by C. manilensis.
Fuller, S. L. H. and C. E. Powell, Jr. 1973. Range extension of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) in the
Atlantic Slope of the United States. The Nautilus 87(2):59.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) is newly reported from the Savannah, Pee Dee, and Delaware river
systems in the Atlantic drainage of the United States.
Fuziwara, T. 1975. On the reproduction of Corbicula leana Prime. Venus, Japanese Journal of
Malacology 34(1-2):54-56. [Japanese with English summary. Translation, ORNL-tr-4186]
The ovulation of Corbicula leana Prime, 1864, which was believed to be a viviparous species, was observed in
the laboratory and in outdoor culture ponds. Clams were found to ovulate throughout the year in aquaria whose
temperature was greater than 19oC. Fertilized eggs developed into D-stage larvae. Spawning and development
to the D-stage were also seen in the culture ponds. Thus, C. leana is both ovoviviparous and oviviparous.
D-stage larvae were found within 60 hrs of spawning in water temperatures greater than 20oC. Ovulation
occurred simultaneously in all bivalves kept in both the aquaria and culture ponds.
Fuziwara, T. 1977. On the growth of young shell of Corbicula leana. Venus, Japanese Journal of
Malacology 36(1):19-24. [Japanese with English summary]
Since the reproductive season of Corbicula leana Prime, 1864, is long, growth and development of the young
clams may show considerable differences depending upon the time of discharge from the parent bivalve. The
growth and development of bivalves discharged at the end of May become sexually mature in the same year and
brood within a year. The shell length of D-stage larvae ranges between 0.18-0.22 mm and shows only slight
growth within 10 days of discharge. The siphons are completely differentiated at about 0.6 mm shell length and
seem to function in feeding at 1.6 mm shell length. Growth rate is not even throughout life but rather shows
drastic changes at 0.6 mm, 3.0 mm, and 10.0 mm shell length. The 0.6 mm stage is slowest while that from 3.0
mm to 10.0 mm is fastest. The clams become sexually mature at 10.0 mm shell length.
Fuziwara, T. 1978. On the ovulation of Corbicula leana Prime. Venus, Japanese Journal of
Malacology 37(1):22-28. [Japanese with English summary]
Though Corbicula leana Prime, 1864, is sexually mature throughout the year, spawning takes place exclusively
at times when water temperature is greater than 19oC for ten days or more. Ovulation will occur in winter if this
minimal temperature of 19oC is maintained. Thus, these bivalves are fertile year-round if kept under favorable
conditions. This preference for warm temperatures suggests a tropical origin for C. leana. Ovulation is confined
to a few hours in the morning or evening. Temperature for natural spawning varies by season; 15-17oC in April
and 18-22oC during June to September. Maximum frequency of ovulation for a parent clam with a shell length
of 25 mm was six, and the mean for the entire population was two. The interval between successive ovulations
is 130 days maximum and 8 days minimum with the usual interval being 30 days. A bivalve with a shell length
of 40 mm ovulated only once per year.
Fuziwara, T. 1979. A hypothesis on the distribution of Corbicula leana Prime. Venus, Japanese
Journal of Malacology 38(1):68-69.
The spawning, development, and growth of Corbicula leana Prime, 1864, are closely related to water
temperature. In winter, almost all of the young bivalves, whose shell lengths are below 7 mm, die from exposure
to low water temperature. According to its reproductive habits and its mode of life, the habitats of this species
can be classified into three categories: (1) A region where it is impossible to sustain naturally occurring
populations, (2) A region where naturally occurring populations can be sustained and reproduction is possible
during a certain season of the year, and (3) A region where naturally occurring populations can be sustained and
reproduction is possible throughout the year. Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku, Japan, are included in the second
region, and no region of Japan can be included in the definition of region 3. But, it is assumed that C. leana is
found in a region three situation outside of Japan.
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-- G -Gabb, W. M. 1866. Tertiary invertebrate fossils. California Geological Survey, Paleontology of
California 2:1-124.
Cyrena californica sp. nov. is described (pp. 26, 98) and figured (pl. 7, fig. 45) from the east end of Kilker's
Pass, California Pliocene. [Not Cyrena californica Prime, 1865 (Cyrena californiensis Prime, 1860)].
Gabriel, C. J. 1939. The freshwater Mollusca of Victoria. Memoirs of the National Museum of
Victoria 11:100-139.
Corbicula angasi Prime, 1864, is synonomized and reported from Altona, Skipton, Kerang, Albert Park Lake,
Geelonmg, Chalka Creek, Casterton, Hamilton, Shelford, Gayfield, Lake Hindmarsh, and Studly Park, Victoria,
Australia.
Gabriels, W., P Goethals and N.Pauw. 2005. Implications of taxonomic modifications and alien
species on biological waterquality assessment as exemplified by the Belgian Biotic Index
method. Hydrobiologia 542(1):137-150.
Gaillard, C. 1934. Contribution à l'étude de la faune prehistorique de l'Egyte. Archives Muséum
Histoire Naturelle Lyon 14(Memoir 3):1-126.
Fossils from the Paleolithic (Quaternary) of Sebril-Kon Ombo and described and discussed. Groups include
mammals, fishes, and molluscs (including Corbicula consobrina).
Gainey, L. F. 1978. The response of the Corbiculidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) to osmotic stress: the
organismal response. Physiological Zoology 51(1):68-78.
There was no difference in the pattern of valve movements when Polymesoda was transferred from 10 ppt to
freshwater and vice versa. Transfer from 5 ppt to freshwater had no effect on valve movements of Corbicula
manilensis (Philippi), but a transfer from fresh water to 5 ppt S depressed activity. When Polymesoda was
transferred from fresh water to 10 ppt S, the osmotic pressure of the blood increased exponentially toward an
asymptote with a half time of 2.61 hrs.; upon transfer from 10 ppt S to fresh water, the osmotic pressure
decreased exponentially toward an asymptote with a half time of 4.25 hrs. In C. manilensis, the half time for
hyperosmotic stress (fresh water to 5 ppt S) was 2.30 hrs. In Polymesoda, volume regulation response to
hypoosmotic stress (10 ppt S to fresh water) was complete in 6 hrs.; volume regulation in response to
hyperosmotic stress (fresh water to 10 ppt S) was complete in 36 hrs. In C. manilensis, volume regulation in
response to hypoosmotic stress (5 ppt S to fresh water) was, as in Polymesoda, complete in 6 hrs.; volume
regulation in response to hyperosmotic stress (fresh water to 5 ppt S) was incomplete.
Gainey, L. F. 1978. The response of the Corbiculidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) to osmotic stress: the
cellular response. Physiological Zoology 51(1):79-91.
When Polymesoda was transferred from 10 ppt S to fresh water, the free amino acid (FAA) pool decreased by
70% in 24 hrs.; alanine accounted for 85% of the decrease. In Polymesoda blood, FAA doubled within 10 hrs.
after hypoosmotic stress; between 10 and 24 hrs. the FAA pool decreased by 24%. Most of the increase and
subsequent decrease were accounted for by alanine. In Corbicula manilensis (Philippi), transferred from 5 ppt S
to fresh water, the FAA pool decreased by 87% in 48 hrs.; alanine accounted for 73% of the decrease. Upon
transfer from fresh water to 10 ppt S, the FAA of Polymesoda foot muscle increased from 27 to 176 ìmol/g dry
wt during the first 36 hrs.; between 36 and 73 hrs. the FAA pool increased only to 187 ìmol/g dry wt. Alanine
accounted for 56% of the increase before 36 hrs. and 77% after 36 hrs. When C. manilensis was transferred
from fresh water to 5 ppt S the FAA pool increased from 20 to 115 ìmol/g dry wt.; between 70 hrs and 30 days
the pool increased to 197 ìmol/g dry wt. Alanine accounted for 78% of the initial increase in the FAA pool.
Gainey, L. F. and M. J. Greenberg. 1977. Physiological basis of the species abundance-salinity
125
Corbicula Bibliography
relationship in molluscs: a speculation. Marine Biology 40(1):41-49.
The relationships between the osmotic pressures of the blood and the ambient medium was determined for 4
species of bivalve molluscs whose habitats represent distinct salinity regimes within the range from fresh to full
seawater. These organisms included 3 corbiculids: Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) (freshwater); Polymesoda
caroliniana (brackish water); Pseudocyrena floridana (marine), and 1 unionid, Elliptio lanceolata. On the basis
of the data and similar measurements from the literature, the molluscs were placed into 5 categories: marine
stenohaline, marine euryhaline, oligohaline, freshwater euryhaline, and freshwater stenohaline. Marine
stenohaline and euryhaline species are osmoconformers. They differ only in the size of the free amino acid pool
available for intracellular volume regulation, and thus in the range of salinities that they tolerate. Oligohaline
species tolerate salinities from seawater down to freshwater; they not only possess a large capacity for volume
regulation, but can also osmoregulate below 3 ppt S. Freshwater species also osmoregulate below 3 ppt S, but
they are usually limited to salinities below 2 ppt S. Presumably, in evolving from the marine to the freshwater
habitat, they have lost the ability to volume-regulate in response to hyperosmotic stress. It is proposed that the
varying physiological characteristics underlie the well-known relationship that species abundance decline from
both freshwater and full seawater to a minimum between 3 and 5 ppt S. This species minimum was related to a
physical-chemical discontinuities in the ionic composition of seawater which are, again, reflected in the
physiological mechanisms of the molluscs.
Corbicula manilensis is regarded as a freshwater euryhaline species in this scheme. The experimental upper
salinity limit of C. manilensis was 14 ppt S. The Corbiculidae have only penetrated freshwater in recent times.
Therefore, the high upper salinity limit of C. manilensis may be a physiological vestige of its relatively recent
brackish water ancestry.
Gale, H. S. 1906. Coal fields of the Danforth Hills and Grand Hogback in northwestern Colorado.
Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey 316:264-301.
Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported from the lower Mesaverde? Cretaceous below
the Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) horizon of northwestern Colorado. Corbicula occidentalis
is doubtfully identified from the upper Mesaverde Cretaceous of northwestern Colorado.
Gale, H. S. 1908. Geology of the Rangeley Oil District, Rio Blanco County, Colorado. Bulletin of
the U.S. Geological Survey 350:1-61.
Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) and Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1956) are
reported from the Mesaverde Cretaceous of the White River region of Colorado.
Gale, H. S. 1910. Coal fields of northwestern Colorado and northwestern Utah. Bulletin of the U.S.
Geological Survey 415:1-265.
Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported to be associated with marine faunal assemblages
in the lower Mesaverde Cretaceous and with brackish water fauna in the upper Mesaverde Cretaceous in the
White River region, Colorado. Corbicula cytheriformis is also reported from the upper Laramie Cretaceous of
Yampa District, Colorado. Corbicula fracta? (Meek, 1879) is reported from the upper Mesaverde Cretaceous of
the White River District. Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is reported from the upper
Mesaverde Cretaceous, White River District, and from the Laramie Cretaceous, Yampa Valley, Colorado.
Gambetta, L. 1932. Sopra alcuni molluschi raccolti del Dott. H. Scaetta nel Lago Kivu, in rapporto
alla fauna malacologia de Lago Edouardo (Africa Equatoriale Orientale). Bollettino Musei di
Zoologia di Anatomia Comp. della R. Universitta di Torino 42 (No. 21):1-26.
García, M. L. and L. C. Protogino, L. C. 2005. Invasive freshwater molluscs are consumed by
native fishes in South America. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 21(1):34-38.
Gardner, E. W. 1932. Some lacustrine Mollusca from the Faiyum Depression. Memoirs Institute
Egypte 18: xvi + 123.
A monograph dealing with the molluscan fauna of the prehistoric and modern lakes of Faiyum Depression,
126
Corbicula Bibliography
Egypt. Corbicula vara sp. nov. is described from the Pleistocene of the lake. Outstanding features of the
Pleistocene lake are 1) the admixture of palearctic and west African freshwater shells, many new to Egypt, 2)
the development of peculiar and characteristic species not yet found in either living or fossil assemblages
outside the Faiyum Depression, and 3) the marked difference between assemblages on the north and south sides
of the lake, traced to ecological causes. Fossil Corbicula artini and recent Corbicula consobrina, Corbicula
innesi, and Corbicula africana are discussed.
Gardner, J. 1933. The Midway group of Texas. Bulletin of the University of Texas
3301:1-343.
Corbicula texana sp. nov. is described and figured (pl. 8, figs. 6, 7) from the Midway Group, Texas.
Gardner, J. A., R. A. Woodall, A. A. Staats, Jr. and J. F. Napoli. 1976. The invasion of the Asiatic
clam (Corbicula manilensis) in the Altamaha River, Georgia. The Nautilus 90(3):117-125.
The population of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) in the Altamaha River, Georgia, increased considerably from
October 1971 to November 1975. Density of C. manilensis generally reached a maximum in late summer or fall
and was at a minimum during winter and spring, a relation which was inversely related to river discharge.
Generally, densities of older age classes were greater in areas of low current velocity, whereas densities of
younger age classes were greater in areas of high velocity. Average densities increased from a minimum of 0/m2
to a maximum of 10,000/m2 in 1974. The invasion of C. manilensis has been accompanied by a drastic decline
in the populations of other bivalves. Several species of Unionidae endemic to the Altamaha River may be
affected by C. manilensis and are considered endangered.
Gardner, J. H. 1910. The Carthage Coal Field, New Mexico. Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey
381:452-460.
Corbicula sp. is reported from the Montana Cretaceous, Carthage Coal Field, New Mexico.
Gardner, S. E. 1983. Diel and seasonal influences in the metabolic rate of the Asiatic clam,
Corbicula fluminea (Müller), Bivalvia, Corbiculidae. Master of Science These,
University of Virginia (Charlottesville). vi+91 pp.
Gardner, S. E. and D. J. Hornbach. 1983. Diurnal and seasonal influences on the metabolic rate of
the Asiatic freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea. Virginia Journal of Science 34(3):122.
Garkalina, N. N. and I. M. Moskvicheva. 1979. Composition and distribution patterns of the
molluscs in the estuary of the Amur. IN: Sixth Meeting on the Investigation of Molluscs.
Molluscs. Main Results of Their Study. Abstracts of Communications, I. M. Likharev, Ed.
Nauka (Leningrad). pp. 203-205. [Russian, Abstract]
Garrett, W. E., Jr. 1994. The effects of low level chlorination and chlorine dioxide on biofouling
control in a once-through service water system. Master of Science Thesis, University of
Alabama at Birmingham. vi+24 pp.
Geinitz, E. 1904. Das Quartär von Nordeuropa. Lethaea Geognostica III, 2. 1. (Stuttgart).
Geisy, J. P. and G. W. Dickson. 1981. The effect of season and location on phosphoadenylate
concentrations and adenylate energy charge in two species of freshwater clams. Oecologia
(Berlin) 49(1):1-7.
Concentrations of phosphoadenylate nucleotides and the adenylate energy charge ((ATP + 1/2ADP)/(ATP +
ADP + AMP)) have been suggested as sensitive integrating measured of the energy state of organisms. This
synoptic study investigated the seasonal and spatial variation of phosphoadenylate concentrations and AEC in
two freshwater bivalves: the papaer shell, Anodonta imbecilis, and the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea.
Concentrations of all three adenylates, as well as the total concentration and the adenylate energy charge of both
species varied seasonally. These fluctuations were closely related to reproductive periods in both species. Total
adenylate concentrations and ATP concentrations were slightly negatively correlated with shell length in A.
imbecilis but the ADP and AMP concentrations and AEC were not significantly correlated with shell length. In
127
Corbicula Bibliography
C. fluminea the AEC was negatively correlated with shell length, while all of the adenylate concentrations were
positively correlated with shell length. Neither species exhibited significant differences in AEC between two
collection locations. When C. fluminea collected from the Savannah River were acclimated and fed in the
laboratory, their AEC increased significantly.
Geret, F., F. Rainglet and R. P. Cosson. 1998. Comparison between isolation protocols
commonly used for the purification of mollusc metallothioneins. Marine Environmental
Research 46(1-5):545-550. 1998.
Two centrifugation methods (at 30 000 and 100 000 g) combined with two isolation procedures (heat
denaturation and solvent precipitation) were tested to check if their use introduced significant differences
in the quantification of metals (Cd, Cu, Zn) and metallothioneins in blue mussel organs (gills and digestive
gland). No contaminating compounds originating from the lowest centrifugation speed were likely to
interfere with quantitative measurements of metal, protein and metallothionein. As isolation treatments act
on specific properties of proteins in general and metallothionein isoforms in particular they cannot be used
interchangeably. Therefore, any comparisons of MT amounts in bivalve tissues with data from the
literature have to take into account the isolation procedure. Similar results were obtained with three other
molluscs, Crassostrea gigas, Bathymodiolus thermophilus (hydrothermal mussel), and Corbicula fluminea
(estuarine bivalve).
Geret, P. 1909. Liste des genres, sections et especes decrits par C.-F. Ancey avec leurs references
originales. Journal de Conchyliologie 51:1-37.
Corbicula bavayi Ancey, 1880 and Corbicula sikorae Ancey, 1891 are referenced.
Germain, L. 1905. Liste des mollusques recueillis par M. E. Foa dans le lac Tanganika et ses
environs. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Série I, 11:254-261.
Corbicula radiata and Corbicula foai are listed as present in Lake Tanganyka.
Germain, L. 1905. Contributions à la faune malacologique de l'Afrique équatroriale. I. Note
Préliminaire sur quelques Mollusques nouveaux du lac Tchad et du bassin du Chari. Bulletin
du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Série I, 11:483-489.
Corbicula lacoini sp. nov is described (p. 487) from Lake Chad and Corbicula africana is reported from
Equatorial Africa.
Germain, L. 1906. Contributions à la faune malacologique de l'Afrique équatoriale. VII. Sur le genre
Spekia. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Série I, 12:577-585.
Corbicula consobrina is discussed. Corbicula kynganica sp. nov. is described (p. 584) and figured (pl. 4, figs.
13, 14) from Lake Chad. Corbicula subtruncata 'Bourguignat' sp. nov. is described (p. 582) and figured (fig. c),
Corbicula degousei 'Bourguignat' is described (p. 583) and figured (fig. 17d) and Corbicula cameroni is
described (p. 583) and figured (fig. 18d) from the Kingani River at Bagamoyo. Corbicula aegyptica
'Bourguignat' is described (p. 584) and figured (fig. b) from Egypt. Corbicula jouberti is described (p. 582) and
figured (fig. 18c) from Lake Tanganyika at Kibanga.
Germain, L. 1907. Contributions à la faune malacologique de l'Afrique équatoriale. IX. Mollusques
nouveaux de lac Tchad. (Mission R. Chudeau). Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle
(Paris), Série I, 13:64-68.
Corbicula fischeri sp. nov. is described (p. 68) from Mamun, Sensussi Country, French Equatorial Africa.
Germain, L. 1908. Mollusques du lac Tanganyika et ses environs. IN: Resultants Scientifique des
Voyages en Afrique d'Edouard Foa (Paris). pp. 16, 82.
Corbicula radiata is reported from lake Tanganyka.
Germain, L. 1909. Contributions à la faune malacologique de l'Afrique équatoriale. XXI.
Mollusques nouveaux du Soudan Francais recueillis par M. G. Garde. Bulletin du Muséum
128
Corbicula Bibliography
d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Série I, 15:473-477.
Corbicula audoini sp. nov. is described (p. 476) from Agringa Well and Koukourdei wells of Eguei, northwest
of Chad.
Germain, L. 1910. Contributions à la faune malacologique de l'Afrique équatoriale. XII et XIII.
Mollusques recueillis par M. le lieutenant Ferrandi dans l'Equer et le Bodele (nord-est du
Tchad). Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 16:204-213.
Corbicula audoini Germain, 1909, is discussed.
Germain, L. 1911. Notice malacologique. Documents Scientifique, Mission Tihlo, II. pp. 218, 236.
Corbicula audoini Germain, 1909, is discussed and figured (pl. 2, figs. 35-37).
Germain, L. 1912. Contributions à la faune malacologique de l'Afrique équatoriale. XXX. Sur
quelques mollusques recueillis par M. le Dr. Gromier dans le lac Albert, Edouard et ses
environs. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 18:77-83.
Corbicula radiata is reported from the environs of lakes Albert and Edward, Africa.
Germain, L. 1913. Contributions à la faune malacologique de l'Afrique Équatoriale. XXXVIII.
Pélécypods du voyage en Afrique tropicale de M. le. Dr. Poutrin (1908). Bulletin du Muséum
d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 19:290-296.
Corbicula audoini is discussed.
Germain, L. 1913. Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de l'Asie Antérieure: 6e note. - Catalogue des
Pélécypodes de la Syrie et de la Palestine. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris)
19(7):469-473.
Corbicula fluminalis and Corbicula fluminalis var. cor are reported.
Germain, L. 1916. Seconde notice malacologique. Documents Scientifiques de la Mission
Vol. 3. pp. 285-322.
Tilho.
Corbicula tchadiensis is proposed as a nomen nova for Corbicula tsadiana von Martens.
Germain, L. 1916. Contributions à la faune malacologique de l'Afrique Équatoriale. XLIII. Faunule
malacologique du lac Albert- Éduoard (Afrique Orientale). Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire
Naturelle (Paris), Série I, 22:193-210.
Corbicula radiata is reported from Lake Albert-Edward at Kishakka, on the northwest coast of the lake system.
A subfossil of the species was found near Katarenga on the southwest coast.
Germain, L. 1918. Contributions à la faune malacologique de Madagascar. Bulletin du Muséum
d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 24:13-21.
Corbicula madagascariensis Smith, 1882, and Corbicula sikorae Ancey, 1890, are reported from Madagascar.
C. sikorae is reported from the Mangoro River of the interior and from the Tananarive of the east coast. C.
madagascariensis is endemic only to Madagascar and is also reported in the Tananarive.
Germain, L. 1918. Contributions à la faune malacologique de Madagascar. Bulletin du Muséum
d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Série I, 24:34-42, 43-54.
The genus Corbicula in Madagascar is discussed.
Germain, L. 1918. Contributions à la faune malacologique de Madagascar. Bulletin du Muséum
d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Série I, 24:181-186, 516-524.
The genus Corbicula in Madagascar is discussed.
Germain, L. 1922. Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles Recueillis en Syrie par M. H. Gadeau de
Kerville, Vol. 2. Pelecypods. J.-B. Bailliere et Fils (Paris). 242 pp.
Corbicula fluminalis and Corbicula crassula are discussed from localities in Syria. Extensive notes are
presented on the taxonomy, systematics, and biogeography of these species in the Middle East and North
129
Corbicula Bibliography
Africa.
Germain, L. 1931. Contributions à la faune malacologique de l'Afrique Équatoriale. Mollusques du
Hodlé (Sahara Soudanais) recueillis par M. le Lieutenant Boëry. Bulletin du Muséum
d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Second Series, 3:355-359.
Corbicula audoini Germain, 1909, is discussed.
Germain, L. 1931. Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis par M. le Lieutenant Boery a
Oualata (Sahara Soudanais). Bulletin du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de
l'Afrique Occidentale Francaise 14(3):205-217.
Corbicula audoini Germain, 1909, is found living in Lake Chad mainly at Bosso and N'Guigmi. It is also very
common as a subfossil in the Eguei, and at Djerab. Corbicula lacoini Germain is also reported living in Lake
Chad and is found only as a subfossil on the beaches of the lake at Kanem, Eguei, and Bodeli Djerab.
Germain, L. 1932. Contributions à la faune malacologique de l'Afrique Équatoriale. LXIV.
Mollusques subfossiles recueillis dans le Sahara par M. le Colonel Roulet. Bulletin du
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Second Series, 4(7):890-894.
Corbicula audoini Germain, 1909, is discussed.
Germain, L. 1933. Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de l'Afrique Occidentale Francaise (Mission
A. Chevalier, 1931-1932). Bulletin du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de
l'Afrique Occidentale Francaise 16(2):169-236.
Corbicula fischeri Germain and Corbicula radiata Philippi are reported from the Niger River. Corbicula
radiata is also reported from the Nile River basin. Corbicula audoini Germain, 1909, is reported from the
French Sudan at Goundoum, Timbuctu, and at M'Bouna.
Germain, L. 1933. Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles du voyage de M. A. Chevalier au Sahara et en
Afrique Occidentale Francaise 1931-1932. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris),
Second Series, 5(6):469-474.
Corbicula audoini Germain, 1909, is discussed.
Germain, L. 1934. Contributions à la faune du Mozambique. Voyage de M. P. Lesne (1928-1929).
17e Note - Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Province de Mozambique (Afrique
Orientale Portugaise). Memórias e Estudos do Museu Zoológico da Universidade de
Coimbra, Série 1, 80:1-72.
Corbicula astartina is discussed and compared with other African corbiculids.
Gifford, C. A. 1974. The Asiatic clam, Corbicula sinensis, in Lake Oklawaha, Florida. Association
of Southeastern Biologists, Bulletin 21(2):56. [Abstract]
Girotti, O. 1969. Der "Lago Tiberino" und sine Mollusken. Eighth Congress, INQUA, Paris.
Résumés des Communications pp. 439-440.
The distribution and paleoecology of Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) in the Quaternary of Italy at Lake
Tiberino is presented.
Girotti, O. 1970. On the "Lago Tiberino" and his (sic) mollusks. Eighth Congress, INQUA, Paris.
Résumés des Communications 1969:125. [Abstract]
The distribution and paleoecology of Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) in the Quaternary of Italy at Lake
Tiberino is discussed.
Givens, C. R. 1974. Eocene molluscan bio-stratigraphy of the Pine Mountain area Ventura
County, California. University of California Publications Geological Sciences 109:1-107.
A possible new species of Corbicula aff. Corbicula williamsoni Anderson and Hanna, 1925, is described (p. 52)
from three poorly preserved specimens collected southwest of Pine Mountain Lodge, 950 ft. south, 2,450 ft.
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Corbicula Bibliography
west of the northwest corner of section 14, T 6 N, R 22 W, Lion Canyon Quadrangle (1943 Ed.). This is the
type Tejon Formation, but the specimens are distinguished by higher beaks and a more prominent umbonal
ridge.
Gilbert, M. and L. van de Poel. 1967. Les Bivalvia fossiles du Cenozoique etranger des collections
de l'Institute Royale des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 4. Heteroconcha. Part 2.
Corbiculidae a Petricolidae. Memoirs de l'Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelles du
Belgique, Series 2, 82:1-108.
Cenozoic species of Corbicula in the collections of the Royal Institute are listed.
Gmelin, J. F. 1788. Systema Naturae, 13th Edition.
Tellina fluminalis is discussed.
Golightly, C. G., Jr. 1982. Movement and Growth of Unionidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the Little
Brazos River, Texas. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A.&M. University (College Station). 109 pp.
The growth and movement of the Unionidae of the Little Brazos River, Texas, was investigated. Turnover rates
of individuals (all species pooled) were similar at widely separated pool riffle sites and tended to vary jointly in
time, suggesting that turnover is linked to large scale disturbance processes (such as flooding). Although
maximum turnover after flood events was observed (approximately 1.0%/day), at least 30% of all individuals
persisted in the study sites to the end of the sampling year. In contrast with turnover, movement patterns were
site-dependent. Direction and magnitude of movement was random in the pool site. At the riffle site, clams
moved preferentially downstream and moved significantly (p = 0.05) greater distances downstream than in other
directions. Comparison of new mark/recapture sampling technique (tagging clams with small metal tags and
"recapturing" with a metal detector) was made with hand sampling and repetitive quadrat sampling. Hand
sampling missed approximately half the individuals present. Repetitive quadrat sampling by excavating and
sieving was laborious, but efficient in detecting all individuals within small areas. The metal detector technique
offers promise of efficient, long-distance movement detection, but problems with tag loss and detection
efficiency remain to be solved. Measurement of growth rates was made for three common species (Amblema
perplicata, Quadrula quadrula, and Quadrula pustulosa) over all times of the year. Growth did not correlate
significantly with sample date, days between samples, initial temperature, average temperature, or season.
Growth did correlate significantly (p = 0.05) with initial length. Negative growth of individuals of all three
species was observed. This phenomenon has not been reported for unionids. The early stages of the colonization
of the Little Brazos River by Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) was documented. C. fluminea densities
increased 2100% from August 1980 to August 1981.
Gonzales, C. N., S. V. Bersamin and J. I. Sulit. 1975. Tulya (Corbicula manilensis Philippi), Paros
(Soletellina bioncata Lamarck) and oysters as good sources of available calcium. Japanese
Journal of Ecology 15(6):228-238. (Bureau of Fisheries, Manila)
Gooch, C. 1978. Corbicula chlorine bioassay: Corbicula control project : Final Report.
Tennessee Valley Authority, Division of Environmental Planning, Water Quality and
Ecology Branch (Muscle Shoals, Alabama). 20 pp.
Gordon, M. E. 1983. A preliminary report on the Mollusca of the Buffalo National River.
American Malacological Bulletin 1:97. [Abstract]
The Buffalo River is one of the few rivers in Arkansas for which any previous published survey of the
molluscan fauna exists. Meek and Clark (1912) reported 22 species of mussels from a survey of about
two-thirds of the river's length. When the river was incorporated into the National Park Service in 1972, a series
of studies were initiated to assess the flora, fauna, and general ecology of the Buffalo River valley. The
Mollusca were noted only as an occasional component of the benthos; when in fact, they are often the dominant
organisms in both terms of numbers and weight. This study was intended to correct this oversight and examine
changes that may have occurred over the last 60 years. Thirty-five molluscan species have been identified from
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recent intensive sampling. This represents seven gastropods and 28 bivalves. With the exception of Corbicula
fluminea (Müller, 1774), this probably does not represent an actual increase in the faunal diversity since 1910.
Gordon, M. E. 1985. Mollusca of Frog Bayou, Arkansas. The Nautilus 99(1):6-8.
Corbicula fluminea was collected from four of ten stations in Frog Bayou, Crawford County, Arkansas.
Gose, K. 1965. The shell zone of Lake Kitaura. Japanese Journal of Ecology 15(2):228-232.
The benthos of Lake Kitaura, Ibaragi Prefecture, Japan, was surveyed in August and November 1964. A shell
zone was found in the lake situated at a depth not influenced by wave action. The the stations Futaesaku,
Kajiyama, the shell zone is composed largely of the shells of Sinotaia histrica. At Uzaki and Tsumaki, where
the water is more brackish, the shell zone is composed mainly of the shells of Corbicula japonica.
Goss, L. B. and C. Cain, Jr. 1975. Power plant condenser service water system fouling by Corbicula,
the Asiatic clam. IN: Biofouling Control Procedure Workshop, L. Jensen, Ed. Johns
Hopkins University, Electric Power Research Institute, Ecological Analyists, Inc. pp. 11-22.
The morphology, life history and distribution of Corbicula sp. is discussed in relation to the fouling of service
water systems of power plants. Condenser fouling at plants of the Tennessee Valley Authority is discussed and
engineering and chemical solutions to clam fouling are presented.
Goss, L. B. and C. Cain, Jr. 1977. Power plant condenser and service water system fouling by
Corbicula, the Asiatic clam. IN: Biofouling Control Procedures, L. D. Jensen, Ed. Dekker
(New York). pp. 11-17.
Goss, L. B., J. M. Jackson, H. B. Flora, B. G. Isom, C. Gooch, S. A. Murray, C. G. Burton and W. S.
Bain. 1979. Control studies on Corbicula for steam-electric plants. IN: Proceedings of the
First International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University
Research Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 139-152.
Corbicula fouling problems were first noted at the Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA) Shawnee Steam Plant in 1957 and
have since spread to all of the TVA's power plants throughout the Tennessee Valley region. An assessment was made as to
the nature and extent of Corbicula fouling problems, and studies were initiated to develop methodologies for adequate
control of Corbicula in the various water systems associated with power plants.
Control methods currently under laboratory and field investigation include mechanical straining, controlled release surfaces,
chemical biocides, and heat treatment. Controlled release surfaces being studied include tributyl tin oxide (TBTO), tributyl
tin fluoride (TBTF), and triphenyl lean acetate (TPLA). Chemicals being tested include chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and
bromine chloride. Detailed results of these studies along with an evaluation of potential application in the various power plant
water systems are presented.
Gottfried, P. K. and J. A. Osborne. 1982. Distribution, abundance and size of Corbicula manilensis
in a spring-fed central Florida stream. Florida Scientist 45(3):178-188.
Asiatic clams (Corbicula manilensis Philippi) were sampled at 12 stations along a 16 km reach of the Wekiva
River, Florida, at 3 month intervals between August 1976 and June 1977. The abundance of the clams ranged
from 4 to 1210/m2. The greatest number of clams were found where the bottom sediments were comprised of
clean, fine sand; lowest numbers were found in silty, organic sediments near the headwaters. Seasonally, larger
clams were collected in December 1976 (mean shell length = 13.7 mm); small clams were most evident in
March 1977 (mean shell length = 13.1 mm).
Goudreau, S. E., R. J. Neves and R. J. Sheehan. 1993. Effects of wastewater treatment plant
effluents on freshwater mollusks in the upper Clinch River, Virginia, USA.
Hydrobiologia 252(3):211-230.
Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine mollusk distributions in proximity to wastewater
treatment plants (WTP's) in the upper Clinch River and to test the tolerance of two mollusk species to
monochloramine and unionized ammonia, the major toxicants in domestic effluent. River reaches up to 3.7
km downstream of WTP's were devoid of freshwater mussels (Unionidae), and tolerance to effluents varied
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among snails, sphaeriid clams, and the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea . Residential communities with
septic systems had no measurable impact on mollusk assemblages downstream. Laboratory bioassays with
glochidia of Villosa iris yielded the following results: 24 h EC50 and LC50 values of 0.042 mg/l and 0.084
mg/l monochloramine, respectively; and 24 h EC50 and LC50 of 0.237 mg/l and 0.284 mg/l unionized
ammonia, respectively. Glochidia rank among the most sensitive invertebrates in their tolerance to these
toxicants. The snail Pleurocera unciale unciale was moderately sensitive, with 96 h LC sub(50) values of
0.252 mg/l monochloramine and 0.742 mg/l unionized ammonia. Monitoring of monochloramine and
unionized ammonia concentrations 0.1 km below WTP outfalls indicated that monochloramine was the
toxicant likely inhibiting mollusk recovery below these plants.
Gould, A. A. 1850. Shells from the United States Exploring Expedition. Proceedings of the Boston
Society for Natural History 3:292-296.
Corbicula debilis sp. nov. is described (p. 293) and figured (Vol. 7, pl. 36, figs. 529a, b) from the Hunter River,
New Holland, Australia.
Grabau, A. W. 1923. Cretaceous Mollusca from north China. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of
China (Peking) 5:188-197.
Corbicula anderssoni and Corbicula jeholense spp. nov. are described (pp. 188-190) rom the Cretaceous of
China.
Grabau, A. W. and H. W. Shimer. 1909. North American Index Fossils. (New York). Volume 1.
Corbicula durkeei (Meek, 1869) is reported (p. 543) and figured (Fig. 744a, c) from the Cretaceous of
Wyoming, Utah, and Idaho. Corbicula durkeei is also reported from the Bear River Formation of these states.
Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is reported (p. 544) from the Montana Cretaceous of
Wyoming, Montana, Assiniboia, and Alberta and in the Laramie Cretaceous throughout the region.
Graczyk, T. K. 2001. Asian freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) and zebra mussels
(Dreissena polymorpha) as biological indicators of contamination with human
waterborne pathogens. 11th International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species,
Alexandria,Virginia, 1-4 October.
Graczyk, T. K., D. B. Conn, D. J. Marcogliese, H. Graczyk and Y. De Lafontaine. 2002.
Accumulation of human waterborne parasites by zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha)
and Asian freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea). Parasitology Research 89(2):107-112.
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and Asian freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) are
nonindigenous invasive bivalves present in North American fresh waters that are frequently contaminated
with human enteric parasites, Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. Six-week laboratory exposure
of D. polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea to both parasites seeded daily at concentrations reported from
surface waters demonstrated efficient removal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and G. lamblia cysts by
both bivalve species. The number of parasites in mollusk tissue progressively increased in relation to the
concentration of waterborne contamination, and decreased after cessation of the contamination. Oocysts
outnumbered cysts in the tissue of both bivalves, and more parasites were identified in D. polymorpha than
in Corbicula fluminea; overall 35.0% and 16.3% of the parasites seeded, respectively. Because C. fluminea
and D. polymorpha can accumulate human waterborne parasites in proportion to ambient concentrations,
these species of bivalves can be effective bioindicators of contamination of freshwater habitats with
Cryptosporidium and Giardia.
Graczyk, T. K., M. R. Cranfield and D. B. Conn. 1997. In vitro phagocytosis of Giardia
duodenalis cysts by hemocytes of the Asian freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea.
Parasitology Research 83(8):743-745.
Hemocytes of the Asian freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea, phagocytosed in vitro infectious Giardia
duodenalis cysts. After 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of incubation an average of 22%, 32%, 43%, 54%, and
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72% of the cysts were phagocytosed by 22%, 55%, 63%, 81%, and 86% of the hemocytes, respectively.
The number of hemocytes showing phagocytosis and the mean number of cysts ingested per hemocyte
increased significantly over time (P < 0.01); the numbers of nonphagocytosed cysts significantly decreased
(P < 0.02). Extrapolation reveals that C. fluminea can retain by phagocytosis an average of 1.6 x 106 G.
duodenalis cysts/ml hemolymph. The phagocytic capacity of C. fluminea hemocytes indicates the
applicability of this freshwater benthic bivalve for bioindication of contamination of waste waters and
agricultural drainage with Giardia cysts.
Graczyk, T. K., R. Fayer, D. B. Conn and E. J. Lewis. 1999. Evaluation of the recovery of
waterborne Giardia cysts by freshwater clams and cyst detection in clam tissue.
Parasitology Research 85(1):30-34.
The Asian freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea, inhabits environments recognized to be contaminated with
waterborne Giardia cysts. Sixty-four tissue samples of Giardia-free clams were spiked with various
numbers of Giardia duodenalis cysts within the range of 50-700 cysts. Regression analysis showed that
paired numbers of spiked (x) versus recovered (y) cysts regressed significantly (P < 0.01) according to the
equation y = 42.57 +/- 1.81x (± 64.3). The cyst detection threshold was 43 cysts/clam, the coefficient of
determination was 77%, and the overall sensitivity of cyst detection was 42.9%. All 20 values of cyst
numbers in clam tissue samples that were processed blind were located within the 95% prediction limits of
the linear regression equation. The cyst retention rate of 160 clams kept in an aquarium with 38 l of water
spiked with 1.00 x 105 G. duodenalis cysts was approximately 1.3 x 103 cysts/clam. No waterborne cysts
were detected by the membrane filtration method 90 min after spiking the aquarium water. G. duodenalis
cysts were detected in clam tissue up to 3 weeks post-exposure. Filtration of water by clams substantially
depleted the aquarium water of its particulate matter. The sampling program demonstrated that the
population of 160 clams examined during the study could be accurately assessed for exposure to
waterborne Giardia cysts by random sampling of 86 (54%) clams. The results indicate that C. fluminea
clams can be used for biological monitoring of contamination with Giardia.
Graczyk, T. K., R. Fayer, M. R. Cranfield and D. B. Conn. 1997. In vitro interactions of Asian
freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) hemocytes and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63(7):2910-2912.
Corbicula fluminea hemocytes phagocytosed infectious oocysts of Cryptostosporidium parvum in vitro.
After 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of incubation, averages of 35.8, 58.0, 69.7, 77.7, and 81.6% of the
oocysts were phagocytosed by 24.3, 70.0, 78.5, 87.3, and 93.0% of the hemocytes, respectively. A single
clam can retain by phagocytosis an average of 1.84 x 106 oocysts per ml of hemolymph. C. fluminea
bivalves can serve as biological indicators of contamination of wastewaters and agricultural drainages with
Cryptosporidium.
Graczyk, T. K., R. Fayer, M. R. Cranfield and D. B. Conn. 1998. Recovery of waterborne
Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by freshwater benthic clams (Corbicula fluminea).
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64(2):427-430.
Asian freshwater clams, Corbicula fluminea, exposed for 24 h to 38 liters of water contaminated with
infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts (1.00 x 106 oocysts/liter; approximately 1.9 x 105
oocysts/clam) were examined (hemolymph, gills, gastrointestinal [GI] tract, and feces) on days 1, 2, 3, 7,
and 14 postexposure (PE). No oocysts were detected in the water 24 h after the contamination event. The
percentage of oocyst-containing clams varied from 20 to 100%, depending on the type of tissue examined
and the technique used - acid-fast stain (AFS) or immunofluorescent antibody (IFA). The oocysts were
found in clam tissues and feces on days 1 through 14 PE; the oocysts extracted from the tissues on day 7
PE were infectious for neonatal BALB/c mice. Overall, the highest number of positive samples was
obtained when gills and GI tracts were processed with IFA (prevalence, 97.5%). A comparison of the
relative oocyst numbers indicated that overall, 58.3% of the oocysts were found in clam tissues and 41.7%
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were found in feces when IFA was used; when AFS was used, the values were 51.9 and 48.1%,
respectively. Clam-released oocysts were always surrounded by feces; no free oocysts or oocysts
disassociated from fecal matter were observed. The results indicate that these benthic freshwater clams are
capable of recovery and sedimentation of waterborne C. parvum oocysts. To optimize the detection of C.
parvum oocysts in C. fluminea tissue, it is recommended that gill and GI tract samples be screened with
IFA (such as that in the commercially available MERIFLUOR test kit).
Graczyk, T. K., Y. R. Ortega and D. B. Conn. 1998. Recovery of waterborne oocysts of
Cyclospora cayetanensis by Asian freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea). The American
Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59(6):928-932.
Asian freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) were exposed for 24 hr in 38 liters of water contaminated
with 1.0 x 105 Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts (2.6 x 103 oocysts/L). The hemolyph and gill smears of 30
clams were examined by acid-fast stain on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, and 18 postexposure (PE). Since no
oocysts were detected in the water 24 hr after contamination by the membrane filter-dissolution method,
the oocyst retention rate was 4.6 X 102 oocysts/clam. The prevalence of oocyst-positive clams significantly
decreased (P <] 0.01) from 93% to 47% during 13 days PE. None of the clams contained oocysts on day 18
PE; no oocysts were detected in the clam feces. The numbers of oocysts recovered from six clam size
classes varied and significantly decreased with smaller clam size (P <] 0.01). The lowest prevalence values
of oocyst-positive clams, 45% and 34%, were observed in the two lowest size classes: 12.1-14.0 mm and
14.1-16.0 mm, respectively. The prevalence values in the remaining four classes ranged from 84% to
100%. The sampling program demonstrated that the population of 180 clams examined during the study up
to 13 day PE could be assessed for C. cayetanensis positivity by random testing of a minimum of 75 clams
(42%). When the two lowest clam size classes are eliminated, the population of 114 clams could be
assessed by sampling a minimum of 32 clams (28%). The results demonstrate that Corbicula fluminea can
recover waterborne oocysts of C. cayetanensis, and could be used as biological indicators of contamination
of water with C. cayetanensis oocysts.
Graney, R. L. 1980. Heavy metal dynamics in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea. Master of
Science Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg).
viii+207 pp.
Graney, R. L. 1986. Toxicological and comparative study of the concentration of free amino
acids in freshwater benthic invertebrates. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, Michigan
State University. viii+159 pp.
Graney, R. L., Jr., D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. 1983. Heavy metal indicator potential of the Asiatic
clam (Corbicula fluminea) in artificial stream systems. Hydrobiologia 102(2):81-88.
The potential of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) as a bioindicator of Cd, Cu, and Zn was studied during 28
day exposures in field artificial streams receiving river water on a once-through basis. Cu as aquatic
concentrations of 0.016 and 0.057 mg/l, showed the greatest degree of tissue uptake and had bioconcentration
factors (BCF) of 22,571 and 17,720, respectively. A significant correlation (coefficient = 0.639) was observed
between water concentration and tissue accumulation. Cd was intermediate relative of BCF (3770 and 1752 at
aquatic exposures of 0.023 and 0.055 mg/l, respectively), and had a correlation coefficient of 0.758. Zn had the
lowest potential for concentration (631, 358 and 511 BCF at 0.218, 0.433 and 0.835 mg/l, respectively) with a
correlation coefficient of 0.478. The rate of accumulation in C. fluminea reached a maximum after 11 days for
Cd while a steady state condition for Cu was observed in 28 days. Zn accumulation, like Cu showed a relative
increase throughout the 28 day exposure period. The Asiatic clam may be used as a reliable indicator of uptake
for exposure to heavy metals.
Graney, R. L., Jr., D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. 1984. The influence of substrate, pH, diet and
temperature upon cadmium accumulation in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in
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laboratory artificial streams. Water Research 18(7):833-842.
The influence of substrata, pH, diet and temperature upon the accumulation of Cd (0.05 mg/l dose, < 0.001 mg/l
control) in the visceral mass of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) was studied in laboratory artificial streams at
intervals of 0, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 day exposures. Four substratum conditions were used: sand, silt and clay
(SSC); sand, clay, and organic matter (SCO); and no substratum (noS). The greatest tissue accumulation of Cd
in C. fluminea occurred at 0.05 mg/l Cd in NoS and the lowest in clams occupying SCO. Complexation of
available metals, lower clam filtering rates and physical protection by the substratum were attributed to the
depressed Cd accumulation of clams exposed in the SCO substratum. Lower pH exposures (5.0 vs. 7.8)
significantly (P at 0.05 level) reduced Cd uptake at 21oC but had little effect at 9oC. Uptake was higher in clams
fed with Cd-exposed Chlamydomonas reinhardti at 21oC but not at 9oC. In temperature exposures alone at 0.05
mg/l Cd, accumulation was significantly higher in C. fluminea exposed at 21oC that 9oC. The results were
discussed relative to the importance of standardized laboratory protocol and the use of C. fluminea as a
bioindicator of heavy metal stress.
Graney, R. L., D. S. Cherry, J. H. Rodgers, Jr., and J. Cairns, Jr. 1980. The influence of thermal
discharge and substrate composition on the population structure and distribution of the
Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, in the New River, Virginia. The Nautilus 94(4):130-135.
By the summer of 1977, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) was successfully established in the confines of the
thermal effluent of the Glen Lyn Power Plant, located along the New River in southwestern Virginia. Numbers
were either greatly reduced or eliminated outside the thermal influence during severe winter conditions (lowest
water temperature was 0oC for about a two-week period) in 1976 but inhibited to a lesser extent in winters of
1977-1978 (minimum temperatures of about 3-4oC). Clam density and sediment composition, sampled from six
stations established above and below, and within the thermal discharge indicated that C. fluminea numbers
within and outside the effluent are generally independent of sediment composition. In the sediment (clay, silt,
sand, pebble, cobble) from heated versus unheated stations, pebble constituted the greatest amount (59.0 versus
71.8%, respectively) followed sand (32.7 and 23.7%). Heated water appeared to be most influential on clam
survivorship and size distribution. Peak densities reached about 11,522/m2 (station 4) in the thermal discharge in
February 1978 while highest densities in unheated areas (station 1) reached about 2,286/m2 in November 1978.
The diversification of size classes (shell length <7.5, 7.5-13.5, 13.6-18.5, 18.6-28.0, >28.0 mm) was higher in
heated stations with more uniform distribution occurring in summer to fall of 1978. Small clam sizes (<7.5,
7.5-13.5 mm) were consistently greater in February and November in the thermally influenced stations and only
during September and November in unheated areas. The ecological impact of these density changes and
subsequent migration tendencies are discussed.
Graney, R. L., Jr., J. H. Rodgers, Jr., D. S. Cherry, K. L. Dickson and J. Cairns, Jr. 1978.
Heavy
metal accumulation by the Asiatic clam Corbicula manilensis from field collections and
laboratory bioassays. Virginia Journal of Science 29(2):61.
Grantham, B. J. 1967. The Asiatic clam in Mississippi. Mississippi Water Resources Conference,
Proceedings. pp. 81-85.
The distribution of Corbicula sp. in the Pearl, Pascagoula, Yazoo, and Tennessee river systems of Mississippi is
presented. The predation on Corbicula sp. by the channel catfish, Ictalurus furcatus is discussed.
Grantham, B. J. 1969. The Freshwater Pelecypod Fauna of Mississippi. Ph.D. Dissertation,
University of Southern Mississippi (Hattiesburg). 243 pp.
Corbicula leana (Philippi) is reported to occur in every major river system of Mississippi. A description of the
shell, photographic plate of representative specimens, and a distribution map for the species in the state
are given.
Gray, J. E. 1825. A list and description of some species of shells not taken notice of by
Lamarck. Annals of Philosophy 25:134-140.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Gray notes Lamarck's failure to include Cyrena limosa (Maton) in his Animaux sans Vertebres.
Gray, M. 2002. Importance of Corbicula fluminea in the trophic dynamics of the upper Savannah
Basin. 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association of Southeastern Biologists, Boone, NC
(USA), 10-13 April.
Gray, M. J. S. 2002. Importance of Corbicula fluminea in the Trophic Dynamics of the Upper
Savannah Basin. Doctor of Philosopjy Dissertation, Clemson University (South
Carolina). [see Dissertation Abstracts International Part B: Science and Engineering
62(10):4353.
A coral reef is a rich resource patch in an otherwise nutrient poor ocean. In an analogous manner patches
of clams may serve a similar function in oligotrophic fresh waters. By filtering the water column, clams are
able to remove and concentrate nutrients from the water. The mucoid nature of feces and pseudofeces
keeps substantial quantities of this nutritional material from washing away. Corbicula fluminea increase
nutrient quality of water by the production of feces and pseudofeces. The shells of living and dead bivalves
furnish substrate for attachment of sessile organisms and increase calcium concentration. A potential
synergistic relationship exists between phytoplankton and clams in nutrient-poor waters. Corbicula supply
areas of concentrated nutrients, rich in phosphate, which allows algal cells to grow. The increased
concentrations of algal cells provide food to Corbicula. In a divided tank, containers with Corbicula were
placed on one side and containers without clams were placed on the other side. Lake water was pumped
through the tank for one month, then clams were removed and AGPT (Algal Growth Potential Test)
phosphorus and calcium assays were performed on water samples from the containers. There was no
difference in phosphorus and calcium results of water from containers with and without clams. AGPT
results from containers with and without clams were notably higher than lake water. Containers with clams
had statistically higher AGPT than containers without clams. Increased potential nutrients were attributed
to feces and pseudofeces production. Leaching of calcium from clamshells incubated at 15o, 25o and 35oC
in various ionic concentrations was also determined. These shells can serve as an additional source of
calcium in oligotrophic waters.
Greenwood, P. H. 1954. Mollusc-eating Cichilidae from Lake Victoria. Publications Conseil
Scientifique de l'Afrique Sud Sahara No. 6:125-127.
Corbicula africana is reported to be a food of the Chichilid fish Haplochromis sp.
Greer, D. E. 1971. Biological Removal of Phosphates from Aquatic Media. Master of Science
These, University of Arizona (Tucson). 23 pp.
The precipitation of excess phosphates in the form of hydroxyl-apatite has been accomplished without the
addition of chemical reagents. The process requires elevation of the OH(-) ion concentration through the
removal of CO2 from the water by algae, resulting in a hydroxyl-apatite algal suspension. This suspension
is removed from the water by being filtered through beds of clams, Corbicula fluminea. These clams are
able to survive in eutrophic water provided the water is continuously recirculated, and the temperature is
kept below 30oC. Estuarine phosphates may be even more susceptible to 'automatic' removal since sea
water contains an average of 410 mg/L Ca2+, which should result in more complete precipitation. Overall
quality of water receiving clam-algae phosphate-removal treatment is enhanced, since ph elevation without
lime addition results in Ca2+ and Mg2+ precipitation. Tertiary treated wastewater, subjected to nutrient
removal and containing less than 0.30 mg/l total phosphates, will allow high levels of primary productivity
without the danger of anoxia from excessive buildups of the algal standing crop.
Greer, D. E. and C. D. Zeibell. 1972. Biological removal of phosphates from water. Journal of the
Water Pollution Control Federation 44(12):2342-2348.
Various organisms were tested for their ability to remove orthophosphate ion solution. A system incorporating
natural algal successions and beds of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) was the most effective of the systems
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tested. Experiments were conducted under controlled conditions at concentrations of 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0 mg/l
PO43-. This system can remove orthophosphate ion to be low 0.30 mg/l in 16 days or less and yield a clear
effluent.
Gregg, W. O. 1947. The fresh water Mollusca of California. Minutes, Conchological Club of
Southern California 69:3-18.
The distribution of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Sacramento and Mokelumne rivers of California
are discussed.
Gregory, J. R. 1869. Corbicula (Cyrena) fluminalis in Cape Colony. Biological Magazine
6:91-92.
Griffith, E., and E. Pidgeon. 1834. The Mollusca and Radiata Arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with
Supplementary Additions. Text by J. E. Gray. IN: Cuvier's Animal Kingdom. 434 pp.
Griffiths, R. W., S. Thornley and T. A. Edsall. 1991. Limnological aspects of the St. Clair River.
Hydrobiologia 219:97-123.
The St. Clair River is a major navigable waterway transporting water southward for 63 km from Lake
Huron to Lake St. Clair at an average flow of 5,100 m3/sec. Water entering the river is low in suspended
solids, organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrates , typical of clear, oligotrophic waters. In contrast to many
large rivers, dissolved and colloidal solids account for 90 to 95% of the total solids load transported by the
river, giving the river a turquoise color common in glacial meltwater streams. The river supports a diverse
floral and faunal community that includes 20 taxa of submergent macroflora, at least 300 benthic
macroinvertebrates and 83 fishes. A number of exotic (European) species, including 3 plants, 4 mollusks,
and 11 fishes, occur in the river with the macroalga, Nitellopsis obtusa, zebra mussel (Dreissena
polymorpha), Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), and white perch (Morone americana) being the most
recent invaders. Production is estimated to be 200 gm/m2/a ash-free dry mass for submergent macrophytes
and periphyton, 7 gm for macroinvertebrates and 5 gm for fishes. The river also supports a variety of
water-oriented recreational activities, is a source of municipal and industrial water, a receiver of municipal
and industrial wastes, and a shipping corridor. Industrial discharges have adversely affected aquatic life,
particularly in the nearshore areas along the Canadian shoreline south of Sarnia , Ontario. In addition,
channel dredging and shoreline modifications (bulkheading and backfilling) have destroyed large areas of
valuable habitat in the main channel and along the shoreline. Improvements in the nearshore benthic
macroinvertebrate community of the river over the past 20 years show that the river will respond to
reductions in contaminant loading.
Grist, J. D. 2002. Analysis of a blue catfish population in a Southeastern reservoir, Lake
Norman, North Carolina. Master of Science Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University (Blacksburg).
This investigation examined the diet, growth, movement, population genetics, and possible consumption
demands of an introduced blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus population in Lake Norman, North Carolina.
Clupeids, Corbicula fluminea, and Chara were the predominant food items (percent stomach contents by
weight) found in blue catfish, and varied by season, lake-region, and fish size-class. Lake Norman blue
catfish grow at a slower rate than has been reported for other reservoir populations, with fair to poor body
conditions (Wr95). Movements and home ranges of blue catfish in Lake Norman were extremely varied,
but individual blue catfish did establish specific seasonal home ranges and exhibited site fidelity. A
spawning area in the upper region of the lake was identified and data suggested that blue catfish may have
segregated populations within Lake Norman. The Lake Norman blue catfish population exhibited relatively
little genetic variability, and was genetically differentiated from populations from Santee-Cooper, SC, and
Arkansas. Genetic diversity could have been limited by a population bottleneck at the founding of the
population or in subsequent generations. (see: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09132002090010)
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Gruber, D., M. Collins, D. G. Mackler and J. M. Diamond. 1990. Derivation of a freshwater
silver criteria for the New River, Virginia, using representative species. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 9(11):1425-1434.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has not published a 30 day average or continuous criterion
for silver due to the apparent toxicity of this element and the lack of available chronic exposure data. Acute
effects on nine species representative or indigenous to the New River, Virginia, and sublethal effects on
three of those species using the Resident Species Approach were examined. The results showed that
invertebrates were much more sensitive to silver than fish, including juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss). Hyalella azteca (amphipod) were the most sensitive species followed by the mayflies Stenonema
sp. and Isonychia bicolor and the stonefly Leuctra sp. The Final Acute Value in this study was 1.32 μg/L
total recoverable silver. In sublethal tests, Isonychia growth, as measured by the number of molts over
time, was the most sensitive effect observed. Estimated acute:'chronic' ratios ranged from 2 to 34 with
Corbicula fluminea having the largest ratio. Study results, along with available published data, suggest a
Final Chronic Value of 0.13 μg/L total silver which is approximately one-half the level obtained using the
EPA acute formula and ambient water hardness. These results suggest that a continuous criterion for silver
may be predictable using the hardness-dependent formula and a safety factor of 0.5.
Gruvel, A. 1933. Sur la distribution de quelques especes de mollusques dans le lagunes de lac
Timash (Canal de Suez). Compte Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris) 197:349-350.
Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) is reported from the lagoons of Lake Timash of the Suez Canal system.
Guardado Puentes, J. 1976. Concentracion de DDT y sus metabolitos en especies
filtroalimentadores y sedimentos en el Valle de Mexicali y alto Golfo de California
[Concentrations of DDT and its metabolites in filter and sediment feeders in the Mexicali
Valley and the upper Gulf of California]. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries
Investigations Reports 18:73-80.
High concentrations of DDT and its natural breakdown derivatives were found in clams, Veneridae;
Corbicula sp., in irrigation channels of the Mexicali Valley. These concentrations increase as the sampling
area approaches the mouth of the Colorado River. This observation suggests that the agricultural area of
the Mexicali Valley is an important source of organochloride pollution for the Northern Gulf of California.
This is an area in which many commercially and ecologically important species are found, such as shrimp,
Panaeus sp., and, at least until very recently, the Totoaba, Cynoscion macdonaldi. The concentration of
organochlorides in the Northern Gulf of California were also obtained for the clam Chione sp. and these
were found to be somewhat lower. Lower concentrations of DDT and its natural breakdown derivatives
were also found in the region of the mouth of the Colorado River. This is probably caused by the particular
oceanographic conditions which include currents, turbidity, and sedimentation rates; these might combine
to reduce the organochloride levels in the area, but may also carry some pollutants into the Gulf, south of
the study area.
Guerrero, N. R. V. and E. A. Wider. 1999. Metal contaminants in the La Plata River, Buenos
Aires, Argentina. Toxicology Letters, Supplement 1: 63.
The aquatic system of the La Plata Basin is one of the most important in South America. The La Plata
River is the last river of the basin draining into the Argentine Sea as a big estuary. Along its coasts a lot of
industrial, urban, and domestic discharges are continuously released, most of them without any previous
treatment. At the same time, the river provides the principal tap water supply for Buenos Aires, capital city
of Argentina, and its surroundings. For these reasons the water quality of the river is an issue of public
health and environmental concern. Field bioaccumulation studies provide a useful tool to assess the level of
contamination and the impact of chemical contaminants upon aquatic systems. Therefore, the purpose of
the present work was to investigate the levels of six metal contaminants (cadmium, copper, chromium,
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nickel, lead, zinc) in a freshwater bivalve mollusc Corbicula fluminea. Sediment samples were also
analysed to assess the extent of contamination of the area. The samples were collected from the Ecological
Park, nearby Buenos Aires Port, during January 1998. Levels of metal were determined in the whole body
soft tissue of bivalves, and in superficial sediments, employing wet digestion techniques. The analyses
were performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The following concentrations were
obtained in bivalve samples: 0.35 ± 0.12 μg Cd/g; 17.35 ± 2.46 μg Cu/g; 3.79 ± 0.46 μg Pb/g; 22.95 ± 0.93
μg Zn/g. Cr and Ni were not detected. In the sediment samples, the concentrations were 0.21 ± 0.04 μg
Cd/g; 36.94 ± 26.20 μg Cu/g; 4.50 ± 1.65 μg Cr/g; 5.79 ± 2.77 μg Ni/g; 44.38 ± 21.01 μg Pb/g; 36.42 ±
7.38 μg Zn/g. According to the data, C. fluminea showed a great ability to accumulated Cd, followed by
Zn, Cu, and Pb. These results constitute a first step in assessing metal concentrations in bivalve and
sediment samples from coastal zones of the La Plata River.
Gunning, G. E. and R. D. Suttkus. 1966. Occurrence and distribution of the Asiatic clam,
Corbicula leana, in the Pearl River, Louisiana. The Nautilus 79(4):113-117.
Corbicula leana (Philippi) is reported throughout the lower Pearl River system. It is believed to have become
established in the system in 1959 on the basis of shell measurements. C. leana was abundant in sand, gravel, silt,
and mixtures of these substrata types in the Pearl River.
Gunther, A. J., J. A. Davis, D. D. Hardin, J. Gold, D. Bell, J. R. Crick, G. M. Scelfo, J. Sericano
and M. Stephenson. 1999. Long-term bioaccumulation monitoring with transplanted
bivalves in the San Francisco Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38(3):170-181.
The California State Mussel Watch and the Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances have
conducted biomonitoring for trace elements and organic contaminants in the San Francisco Estuary using
transplanted bivalves (Mytilus californianus, Crassostrea gigas, and Corbicula fluminea). Significant
declines (p < 0.01) in contaminant concentrations in M. californianus for the period 1980-1996 were
observed for PCBs, p,p'-DDE, cis-chlordane, dieldrin, and Ag, while a significant increase was observed
for Cr (p < 0.05). Certain limitations of the “mussel watch” approach are illustrated by examining data on
survival, body condition, and contaminant uptake, including the inability of the technique to predict
accumulation of mercury and selenium at higher trophic levels in the ecosystem. These results indicate that
biomonitoring using transplanted bivalves, when part of a consistently supported long-term program, can
produce valuable data on the spatially and temporally averaged abundance and distribution of certain
contaminants in coastal ecosystems.
Gupta, P. D. 1973. Fauna of Rajasthan, India. Part 3. Mollusca. No. 2. Distribution of some
Pelecypoda. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 67(1-4):159-163.
Gutierrez-Galindo, E. A., G. Flores Munoz and A.Aguilar Flores. 1988. Mercury in freshwater
fish and clams from the Cerro Prieto geothermal field of Baja California, Mexico.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41(2):201-207.
The Cerro Prieto field is located in the agricultural Mexicali Valley, approximately 40 km south of the
USA-Mexican border. A study was conducted to assess the geothermal mercury pollution arising from
Cerro Prieto; for this purpose the fish Tilapia mossambica and the clam Corbicula fluminea were collected
from watercourses of the Mexicali Valley. Mercury was determined by cold-vapor atomic-absorption
spectrometry. Mercury concentrations were higher in clams than in fish; the differences are probably
associated with differences in feeding habits and with habitat differences in the bioavailability of mercury.
The results indicated much higher concentrations of mercury in fishes living in water receiving
considerable geothermal discharges (Rio Hardy) than in fishes living in similar waters receiving no
geothermal discharges. However, clam samples collected far away from Cerro Prieto (Canal Coahuila and
Canal Zacatecas) were found to contain higher levels of mercury (0.17 to 0.32 μg/gram) than samples
collected within the geothermal field itself; the mercury anomalies reflected in these bivalves may yield
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information on the presence of shallow geothermal circulation patterns. None of the fish or clam samples
yielded mean mercury levels exceeding the widely-accepted tolerance limit of 1.0 mg/kg.
-- H -Haas, F. 1912. IN: Sunda-Exp. Ver. Gogr. u. Stat, Elkbert, Ed. Lombok (Frankfurt-am-Main) 2:312.
Haas, F. 1922. Bemerkungen über asiatische Najaden, im Anschlusse an die von Dr. M. Kreyenberg
in der cinesischen provinz Tschili gesammelten Binnenmollusken. Sonderdruck aus
Abhandlungen Berlin der Museum Naturhistorisches und Heimatkunde Magdeburg
3(4):1-30.
Corbicula fluminea is reported from "Jentschoufu and Tseho; Pingsiang and Umgebung", and in "Nihofluss
(Modderriver)." Corbicula largillierti is reported from Siangtan.
Haas, F. 1932. Die Kobeltsche Bearbeitung der von C. v. Erlanger in Nordost-Afrika gesammelten
Mollusken. Berichtigungen and Nachtrage. Senckenbergiana 14(3):173-185.
Corbicula fluminalis and Corbicula fluminalis var. crassula are reported from Lake Abbeje.
Haas, F. 1936. Binnen-mollusken aus Inner-Afrika. Abhandlungen Senckenberg Gesellschaft No.
431:1-156.
Corbicula albida rosini ssp. nov. is described (p. 41) and figured (pl. 3, fig. 2) from the Hunyani River.
Comparisons are made with Corbicula albida albida (Krauss). Other species discussed include Corbicula
africana (Krauss), Corbicula oliphantensis Craven, Corbicula radiata (Philippi), Corbicula astartina (von
Martens), Corbicula natalensis (von Martens), Corbicula natalensis Clessin, Corbicula fluminalis (Müller), and
Corbicula consobrina (Caillaud).
Haas, F. 1939. Binnen Mollusken aus Inner-Afrika, hauptsacklieck gesammellt van Dr. F. Haas,
wahrend der Schomburgk. - Expedition in den jahren 1931-1932. Abhandlungen der
Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Abhandlungen 431 (Frankfurt-am-Main).
Haas, F. 1951. Non-marine shells from Borneo collected by the Borneo Zoological Expedition,
1950. Fieldiana: Zoology 31(52):623-628.
Notes are given on Corbicula (Corbicula) pullata from Borneo.
Haas, G., M. Brunke and B. Streit. 2002. Fast turnover in dominance of exotic species in the
Rhine River determines biodiversity and ecosystem function: An affair between
amphipods and mussels. IN: Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe: Distribution, Impacts
and Management, E. Leppakoski, S. Gollasch and S. Olenin, Eds. Kluwer Academic
Publishers (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: ISBN 1402008376). pp. 426-432.
A high turnover in macro invertebrate composition took place between 1993 and 2001 in the Upper and
Middle Rhine because of successful invasion of exotic invertebrates. At the end of the 1980s, the PontoCaspian crustacean Corophium curvispinum and the Asiatic clam Corbicula spp. invaded and colonized
rapidly the Rhine. In the middle of the 1990s, another Ponto-Caspian crustacean, Dikerogammarus
villosus, colonized predominantly the littoral riprap. Today, the predatory D. villosus dominates the macro
invertebrate fauna throughout the navigable sector of the Rhine. Before its invasion, C. curvispinum,
Gammarus tigrinus and Echinogammarus ischnus were the co-occurring non indigenous amphipods. Since
1996, all gammarid species declined, except D. villosus, which nowadays occurs in high densities of more
than 3,000 ind/m2. D. villosus interfered into the competition for space between the two filter-feeders C.
curvispinum and Dreissena polymorpha. The impact of these exotics on biodiversity is species-specific:
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Dreissena provides new substrate for other invertebrates, Corophium reduces available habitat areas by
transferring coarse and hard surfaces to fine and muddy areas, and Dikerogammarus exerts a strong
predatory effect, in particular on C. curvispinum. The exotic mass invaders C. curvispinum, D. polymorpha
and Corbicula spp. strongly influence ecosystem functions by linking pelagic and benthic processes by
their intense filter feeding activity and thereby enhance the capacity for self-purification of the river
system.
Habe, T. 1964. Freshwater molluscan fauna of Thailand. Nature and Life in Southeast Asia 3:45-66.
Corbicula (Corbiculina) siamensis Prashad, 1929, is reported from Chieng Mai, northwestern Thailand. The
distribution of the species in Asia and a discussion if its morphology and systematics are presented. The species
is synonymized with Corbicula episcoparis (sic for episcopalis) Morlet, 1875, Corbicula erosa Morlet, 1889,
and Corbicula nevilli Morlet, 1889.
Habe, T. 1974. Systematics of Mollusca in Japan: Bivalvia and Scaphopoda. (Tokyo). xiii + 372 pp.
[Japanese]
Corbicula japonica, Corbicula sandai, and Corbicula fluminea are described. Corbicula leana is referred to the
genus Corbiculina. Corbiculina leana awajiensis is figured (pl. 50, fig. 6).
Habel, M. L. 1970. Oxygen Consumption, Temperature Tolerance, and Filtration Rate of the
Introduced Asiatic Clam, Corbicula manilensis from the Tennessee River. Master of Science
Thesis, Auburn University (Auburn, Alabama). 91 pp.
Hachiri, S. and S. Higashi. 1970. Speriogenesis in the freshwater mussel Corbicula sandai. Journal
of the Education Department of Shiga University of Natural Sciences 20:35-59.
Hackney, P. A., W. M. Tatum and S. L. Spencer. 1970. Life history study of the river redhorse,
Masostoma carinatum (Cope), in the Cahaba River, Alabama, with notes on the
management of the species as a sport fish. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science
40(2):81-89.
River redhorse in the Cahaba River spawned on gravel shoals in late April with water temperatures ranging
from 71-76 F. Early egg development was observed in January. Stomach analyses made during March indicated
that the river redhorse fed largely on bivalve molluscs, including Corbicula spp. At present, the Cahaba River
affords a sport fishery for this fish.
Haertel, L. and C. Osterburg. 1967. Ecology of zooplankton, benthos and fishes in the Columbia
River estuary. Ecology 48:459-477.
Fauna of the Columbia River estuary were sampled regularly for 21 months. Analyses of plankton samples
indicated that three distinct populations existed in the estuary: a freshwater group, a marine group, and an
indigenous estuarine group. The latter consisted principally of a large population of Eurytemora hirundoides.
Changes in the salinity of the estuary were reflected in the composition of the plankton. The majority of the fish
and benthic invertebrates found in the estuary are euryhaline. The largest numbers of fish species, as well as the
largest numbers of individuals, occupy the slightly brackish waters of the central portion of the estuary. The
major plankton blooms occur in this area. Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) and sand shrimp (Crangon
franciscorum) use the upper estuary as a nursery ground. Extensive analyses of fish stomach contents (which
include Corbicula manilensis) confirm that food habits of fishes generally reflect the availability of prey.
Haesloop, U. 1992. Establishment of the Asiatic clam Corbicula cf. fluminalis in the tidal Weser
River. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Stuttgart 126(2):175-180.
The brackish water clam Corbicula cf. fluminalis, which is native to Southeast Asia, has successfully
established a population in the tidal Weser River of northern Germany. So far the species is distributed
over at least 30 river kilometers, it also occurs in connected harbors, the mouth of a tributary and in ditches
on the territory of an industrial plant that uses river water for cooling purposes. Several recently published
reports on Corbicula in other European rivers and estuaries indicate a rapid range extension and/or
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multifold introduction of possibly more than one Corbicula species. The fate and effects of a related
species (C. fluminea ), which was introduced to North America where it causes severe damage to
hydroinstallations and probably also affects indigenous bivalves, stresses the importance of further
investigations on the spread of Corbicula in Europe as well as on the ecological demands of the introduced
species.
Haines, K. C. 1979. The use of Corbicula as a clarifying agent in experimental tertiary sewage
treatment process on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. IN: Proceedings of the First
International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University Research
Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 165-176.
Corbicula fluminea was tested for growth, survival and filtration ability in the effluent from outdoor continuous
algal cultures growth on secondarily-treated wastewater. Populations from Texas and Virginia both failed to
grow over an approximate four-month period, when the temperature was 25-32oC. The clams were under severe
physiological stress, possibly due to high temperatures. Dry meat weight of the Texas clams decreased
throughout the study period from 5.3% to 1.5% of the whole dry weight. The mortality rate was low (11
ml/clam/hr), but filtration efficiency was relatively constant over a wide range of influent particulate protein
concentrations (2-17 mg/1) and turbidities (60-160 ppm). Successful aquaculture of C. fluminea will probably
be restricted to non-tropical locations; the clam could be useful in preventing fish kills due to oxygen depletion
in highly productive ponds, and as a food source for fish.
Hakenkamp, C. 1997. Oxygen Consumption in Streambeds: Examining the Impacts of
Environmental Factors and Hyporheic Fauna. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation,
University of Maryland College Park. 153 pp. [see Dissertation Abstracts International
Part B: Science and Engineering 58(6):2819.]
This study examines how oxygen consumption rates of streambed sediment communities vary, focusing on
identifying abiotic factors that influence oxygen consumption rates, and on the importance of different
invertebrate groups to these rates. Tthe rate of oxygen consumption was measured in streambed sediments
because it is a measure of community activity. While studies measuring benthic (surficial streambed
sediments) oxygen consumption rates have greatly aided our understanding of streams as dynamic
ecosystems, few measurements of hyporheic (deeper streambed sediments) oxygen consumption exist. The
results of field and laboratory experiments that quantify the important role of an introduced species of
bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) in a stream ecosystem are presented in the first chapter. Corbicula is found to
likely be the single most important invertebrate species influencing carbon and food web dynamics in this
stream. The results presented show both how important individual species can be to ecosystem functioning,
as well as the large impact that nonnative species can have when introduced to a new habitat. In the second
chapter Several environmental factors were examined that influence the spatial and temporal variability of
community oxygen consumption rates in a streambed and find that floods may have an important temporal
influence on these rates.
Hakenkamp, C. C., A. E. Fuller and M. E. McCoy. 2000. Effect of Corbicula presence and
density on native bivalves in streams. 48th Annual North American Benthological
Society Meeting, Colorado, 28 May-1 June
Hakenkamp, C. C. and M. A. Palmer. 1999. Introduced bivalves in freshwater ecosystems: the
impact of Corbicula on organic matter dynamics in a sandy stream. Oecologia
119(3):445-451.
Previous research on Corbicula fluminea (a well-established, non-native bivalve) has clearly shown that
this single species impacts ecosystem processes such as nutrient and dissolved organic carbon cycling in
the water column of streams. Surprisingly, little was known about how Corbicula might influence similar
processes in streambed sediments. Here, both laboratory and field experiments were used to determine how
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filter- and pedal-feeding by Corbicula impact organic matter dynamics in the sandy streambed (Goose
Creek, Virginia). Corbicula consumed significant quantities of organic material in the streambed when
conditions favored pedal-feeding but increased buried organic matter stores when filter-feeding promoted
deposition of organic matter (by production of feces and pseudofeces). Corbicula contributed significantly
to total benthic community respiration (and thus carbon dioxide production), and used pedal-feeding on
benthic organic material to grow at a faster rate than that possible by filter-feeding alone. Corbicula should
be an important coupler between benthic and pelagic processes because this bivalve uses organic matter
from both the water column and the stream sediments. Given the widespread occurrence of this species, we
speculate that the introduction of Corbicula may have had major implications for organic matter dynamics
in this and many other streams in the United States.
Hakenkamp, C. C., G. S. Ribblett, A. M. Palmer, M. C. Swan, W. J. Reid and R. M. Goodison.
2001. The impact of an introduced bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) on the benthos of a
sandy stream. Freshwater Biology 46(4):491-501.
The effect of an exotic, burrowing bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) on the benthic fauna of a sandy-bottomed
stream was assessed by field and laboratory experiments. Corbicula differs from other freshwater, nonnative bivalves in that it both filter- and pedal-feeds and thus has the potential to influence the streambed
community in different ways. In the field, cages were used to vary the abundance of Corbicula in the
streambed. Increasing abundance of Corbicula was negatively associated with the abundance of benthic
bacteria and flagellates but had no apparent effect on other protists or meiofauna. In the laboratory, we
compared the effect of Corbicula on the benthic community when the bivalves were able both to filter- and
pedal-feed with that when they were able only to filter-feed. Bivalves restricted to filter-feeding were
placed in sediment lacking benthic fauna and organic matter, then the benthos in nearby natural sediment
was compared with the community present when Corbicula was able to move freely through the sediment
and both to filter- and pedal-feed. Corbicula able to pedal-feed were again associated with a decreased
abundance of benthic flagellates and bacteria, as well as diatoms.
Halarnkar, P. P., J. D. Chambers, E. J. Wakayama and G. J. Blomquist. 1987. Vitamin B12 levels
and propionate metabolism in selected non-insect arthropods and other invertebrates.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 88B(3):869-873.
Vitamin B12 levels were determined in centipede, milipede, isopod, leech, earthworm, (Lumberga
terrestra) tubifex worm, (Lumbriculus variegatus) snail, Clam (Corbicula fluminea) and shrimp
(Macrobrachium rosenbergii). All contained appreciable amounts of vitamin B12, which ranged from 19 to
4013 pg/mg dry wt. The results presented here indicate that many invertebrates use vitamin B12 in the
metabolism of propionate and are different from many insect species, which lack vitamin B12 and convert
propionate directly to acetate.
Halbrook, C. A. 1995. A laboratory study of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea Müller) as
influenced by substrate, food source and water type. Master of Science Thesis,
University of North Texas. vi+51 pp.
Halet, F. 1933. Sur la presence de couches a Corbicula fluminalis Müller aux environs de
Saint-Denis Westrem. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Geologie de Paleontologie et
d'Hydrobiologie Bruxelles 43(1):111-116.
Fossil beds containing Corbicula fluminalis at Saint - Denis - Westrem, Belgium, are described.
Halet, F. 1939. Sur le presence de "Corbicula fluminalis" dans le Pleistocene des environs
d'Escanaffles. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Geologie de Paleontologie et d'Hydrologie
Bruxelles 49(3):233-234.
Hall, D. 1991. Comparative toxicity of ammonia in sediment and elutriate of a cooling pond to
Corbicula fluminea and other aquatic species. American Society of Testing and
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Corbicula Bibliography
Materials, First Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Atlantic
City, New Jersey, 14-16 April.
Hall, J. J. 1983. The life history and production of immature Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca:
Bivalvia), in Lake Norman, North Carolina. American Malacological Bulletin 1:96.
[Abstract]
The life history and annual production of Corbicula fluminea were determined in the littoral (ca. 4 m) and
sublittoral (ca. 8 m) zones of Lake Norman, North Carolina, from February 1978 through January 1979. C.
fluminea were collected from four locations in each zone using a modified Petersen grab (258 cm2). In Lake
Norman, C. fluminea had a growing season greater than 9 months, from 22 March 1978 to 8 January 1979. Due
to insignificant numbers of large clams (> ± 6.5 mm) collected, production estimates and mean densities were
estimated only for Corbicula < ± 6.0 mm; estimates were therefore probably conservative. Production estimates
were multiplied by 2 to account for two generations produced each year (based on one year growth study).
Higher annual production (516 mg/m2/yr) and P/B ratio (26.4) of C. fluminea occurred in the littoral zone,
compared to the annual production and P/B in the sublittoral zone, which were 182 mg/m2/yr and 16.4,
respectively. C. fluminea in the littoral zone had the higher mean annual density (2040/m2) and mean annual
biomass (20 mg/m2) compared to the mean annual density (891/m2) and mean annual biomass (11 mg/m2) of C.
fluminea in the sublittoral zone.
Hall, J. J. 1984. Production of immature Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in Lake
Norman, North Carolina. The Nautilus 98(4):153-159.
The annual production of the immature specimens of the Asiatic clam, C. fluminea , was determined in
littoral and sublittoral zones of Lake Norman, from February 1978 through January 1979. C. fluminea had
a growing season greater than nine months, from 22 March 1978 to 8 January 1979. The higher mean
annual production (516 mg/m2) and P/B ratio (26.4) of Corbicula) occurred in the littoral zone, while mean
annual production and P/B of Corbicula in the sublittoral zone were 182 mg/m2 and 16.4, respectively. The
littoral zone had the higher mean Corbicula) biomass (20 mg/m2) and density (3040/m2) compared to the
mean Corbicula) biomass (11 mg/m2) and density (891/m2) in the sublittoral zone.
Hall, J. R. 2005. Development of an ion-loss bioassay using the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea.
Senior Honors Thesis, Arkansas State University. 40 pp.
Hall, L. W., Jr and W. D. Killen. 2005. Temporal and spatial assessment of water quality,
physical habitat, and benthic communities in an impaired agricultural stream in
California's San Joaquin Valley. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A,
Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 40(5):959-89.
The goal of this study was to characterize and discuss the relationships among water quality, physical
habitat, and benthic community data collected annually over a three-year period (2000-2002) in an
impaired agricultural stream (Orestimba Creek) in California's San Joaquin River watershed. Conductivity,
pH, and turbidity were the most important water quality conditions influencing the various benthic metrics.
Significantly higher flow conditions and lower dissolved oxygen values were reported in Orestimba Creek
in 2001; increased turbidity conditions were reported in 2002. Channel alteration, riparian buffer, sediment
deposition, and channel flow were the most important physical habitat metrics influencing the various
benthic metrics. Higher total physical habitat scores were reported in 2001 when compared with 2002. The
most dominant benthic taxa collected during all three years of sampling were oligochaetes and
chironomids. Oligochaetes are found in stressful environments while chironomids can be either sensitive or
tolerant to environmental stressors depending on the species. Populations of both daphnids and the exotic
clam Corbicula were reported to increase over time. Both of these taxa are generally tolerant to most types
of environmental degradation. The exception is that daphnids are highly sensitive to organophosphate
insecticides. The % filterers increased over time, which suggests an increase in environmental disturbance.
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The % collectors decreased from 2000 to 2002, which suggests an improvement in environmental
conditions. The presence of approximately 100 taxa in Orestimba Creek during each of the three years of
sampling implies that benthic communities in this stream are fairly diverse, considering their ephemeral
environment, but without a clear definition of benthic community expectations based on established
reference conditions it is unknown if this water body is actually impaired.
Ham, K. D. and M. J. Peterson. 1992. Effect of fluctuating low-level chlorine concentration on
valve movement behavior of the Asiatic clam [Corbicula sp.]. 13th Annual Meeting
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Abstracts, (SETAC 92),
Cincinnati, Ohio, 8-12 November.
Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) exposed to an industrial effluent containing fluctuating low-level chlorine
concentrations were monitored for valve movement behavior changes that would indicate stressful
conditions. Individual clams were attached to an automated monitoring apparatus and suspended in flowthrough tanks located stream-side. Clams exposed to raw effluent remained closed for a greater percentage
of time than clams in dechlorinated effluent. The average hourly chlorine concentrations in raw effluent
fluctuated between 0.02mg/L TRC minimum during daylight and 0.07mg/L TRC maximum during dark,
due in part to photolysis of chlorine by sunlight. Clams exposed to raw effluent opened for a short period
near midday when chlorine concentrations were near the daily minimum. Clams exposed to dechlorinated
effluent were open most of the time monitored, though closure increased during dark hours. The
responsiveness of valve movement to small daily changes in water quality demonstrates the sensitivity of
this method in detecting stressful conditions. Valve closure behavior should be considered when designing
bivalve fouling control schemes and when using bivalves as monitors of contaminant accumulation.
Ham, K. D. and M. J. Peterson. 1994. Effect of fluctuating low-level chlorine concentrations on
valve-movement behavior of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 13(3):493-498.
Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) exposed to water from the upstream section of East Fork Poplar Creek
(Oak Ridge, Tennessee), a stream receiving chlorine-containing industrial discharges, were monitored for
changes in valve movement patterns. Individual clams were attached to an automated valve-movement
monitoring apparatus and suspended in flow-through tanks located streamside. Valve-closure behavior of
two clams exposed to untreated water was compared to that of two clams exposed to dechlorinated water
for two 18-d periods. Chlorine concentrations in untreated water exhibited a pronounced diurnal cycle,
fluctuating between a mean daily minimum of 0.02 mg/L total residual chlorine (TRC) during the day and
a mean daily maximum of 0.07 mg/L TRC at night during the second monitoring period. In over 2,300
fifteen-minute intervals, clams closed for 0.70 of the intervals while exposed to untreated water, but closed
for only 0.22 of the intervals while exposed to dechlorinated water. Treatment differences in valve closure
were tested by repeated-measures ANOVA. A significant treatment effect (p = 0.026) on valve closure was
found in the first monitoring period. Graphical analysis of valve-closure records revealed diel cycles that
differed between treatments. Clams in untreated water usually opened only near midday, when TRC
concentrations were lowest. Clams in dechlorinated water opened more often, for longer periods, and
appeared to respond to dawn and dusk changes in light. The valve-closure behavior of clams in untreated
water effectively minimized tissue exposure to waterborne TRC, presumably reducing toxic effects. Valveclosure monitoring in conjunction with other studies may help estimate the effect of tissue isolation on the
toxicity or bioaccumulation of waterborne chemicals. Such estimates could improve prediction of
toxicological or ecological consequences of stressful conditions on bivalves.
Hancock, E. T. 1920. Geology and oil and gas prospects of the Huntley field, Montana. Bulletin of
the U.S. Geological Survey 711-G:105-148.
Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1956) is reported from the Judith River Cretaceous, Huntley Oil
Field, Montana.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Hancock, E. T. 1920. The Lance Creek oil and gas field, Niobrara County, Wyoming. Bulletin of the
U.S. Geological Survey 716-E:91-122.
Corbicula planumbona Meek, 1875, is reported from the Lance Formation, Tertiary (?), Niobrara County,
Wyoming.
Hancock, E. T. 1925. Geology and coal resources of the Axial and Monument Butte Quadrangles,
Moffat County, Colorado. Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey 757:1-134.
Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported from the Mesaverde Cretaceous of Moffat
County, Colorado.
Hancock, E. T. and J. B. Eby. 1930. Geology and coal resources of the Meeker Quadrangle, Moffat
and Rio Blanco counties, Colorado. Bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey 812-C:191-242.
Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported from the Cretaceous of northwestern Colorado.
Handwerker, Thomas S., Clement L. Counts, III, and Roman V. Jesien. 1990. Distribution of
Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in the Chesapeake Bay drainage of the
Delmarva Peninsula and its use in Aquaculture. New Perspectives in the Chesapeake
System: A Research and Management Partnership: Chesapeake Research Consortium
Publication No. 157:567-574.
Hanley, S. 1843-1844. An Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Bivalve Shells.
Cyrena orientalis, Cyrena fuscata, Cyrena fluminea, and Cyrena woodiana are discussed.
Hanley, S. 1856. Index Testaceologicus, an Illustrated Catalogue of British and Foreign Shells,
Containing about 2800 Figures Accurately Coloured after Nature, by W. Wood, F.R.S.,
F.L.S. A New and Entirely Revised Edition, with Ancient and Modern Appellations,
Synonyms, Localities. Willis and Sotheran (London). 234 pp.
Venus fluminea and Venus fluviatilis are discussed.
Hanley, S. and W. Theobald. 1875. Conchologia Indica. Parts 6 and 7. (London). pp. 41-56.
The following species are figured: Corbicula bensoni (Deshayes, 1854) [River Jumna], Corbicula cashmirensis
(Deshayes, 1854) [Cashmire, India], and Corbicula regularis (Prime) [Madras].
Hanley, S. and W. Theobald. 1876. Conchologia Indica - Illustrations of the Land and Freshwater
Shells of British India. I-XVIII. pp. 1-65.
Corbicula iravadica `Blanford', sp. nov. is described (p. 62) and figured (pl. 155, f. 8) from the Irawaddy River,
and Pegu, Burma.
Hanna, G. D. 1923. Upper Miocene lacustrine mollusks from Sonoma County, California.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th Series, 12:31-34.
Corbicula gabbiana Henderson, 1920, is reported (p. 33) and figured (pl. 1, figs. 1, 2) from the Miocene of
Sonoma County, California.
Hanna, G. D. 1966. Introduced mollusks of western North America. Occasional Papers, California
Academy of Sciences 48:1-108.
Corbicula fluminea is first reported from California in the Sacramento River north of Pittsburgh from
collections made in 1945.
Hanzawa, S., K. Asano and F. Takai. 1961. Catalogue of Type-Specimens of Fossils in Japan.
Palaeontology Society of Japan (Tokyo). vii + 422 pp.
Literature citations, figure citations, type localities, and institutional collection data for type materials are given
for the following fossil species of Corbicula from Japan and East Asia: Corbicula amagashiraensis Kobayashi
and Suzuki, 1937; Corbicula (Leptesthes?) coreanica Kobayashi and Suzuki, 1936; Corbicula hizensis Ueiji,
1934; Corbicula hukayai Otatume, 1943; Corbicula kobelti Yokoyama, 1922; Corbicula matsuitai Suzuki,
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Corbicula Bibliography
1941; Corbicula nakayamana Ueiji, 1934; Corbicula sachalinensis Suzuki, 1943; Corbicula (Veloritina ?)
sanchuensis Yabe and Nagao, 1926; Corbicula sandaiformis Yokoyama, 1922; Corbicula shimizui Suzuki,
1943; Corbicula sitakarensis Suzuki, 1941; Corbicula sungawaensis Nagao and Otatume, 1943; Corbicula
takasago Nomura, 1933; and Corbicula tetoriensis Kobayashi and Suzuki, 1937.
Hao, Y, D. Su, Y. Li, J. Yu, W. Zhang, P. Li, H. Qu, S. Guan and F. Guo. 1982. Stratigraphical
division of non-marine Cretaceous and the Juro-Cretaceous boundary in China. Acta
Geologia Sinica 56(3):187-199.
An account of the lower Cretaceous in China that includes a report of Corbicula (Mesocorbicula) tetoriensis
Kobayashi and Suzuki from the lower series (Juro-Cretaceous boundary).
Harada, E. and M. Nishino. 1995. Differences in inhalant siphonal papillae among the Japanese
species of Corbicula (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological
Laboratory 36(5-6):389-408.
Three common species of Japanese Corbicula are shown to differ in their morphology of the inhalant
siphonal papillae. They are predominantly simple and least in number in freshwater Corbicula leana,
predominantly simple but more numerous in brackish Corbicula japonica, and variable in shape and
decisively most numerous in Corbicula sandai of Lake Biwa-ko. Corbicula insularis from Shirahama and
Corbicula fluminea from Hong Kong are also compared. Shell morphometries are provided for the
representative samples of four species from Japan. The taxonomy of the three Japanese species is reviewed
briefly.
Harada, K. 1983. Statistical approach to finding probable feeding attractants for oriental weatherfish.
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 49(4):521-526.
The attraction index a, which is one of the coefficients of a logistic curve y=g/(1+exp[-r(j-a)]) in the remaining
time-course of test compartment, was examined for 42 specimens of aquatic and terrestrial test organisms. Two
species of oligochaete worms, Corbicula leana, two species of saw-tooth caridina and the lake prawn, and beef,
were effective in attracting the oriental weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. The oligochaetes (Pheretima
communissima, Eisenia fetida, and Macrothrix rosea) were the most effective attractants.
Behavioral observations led to the hypothesis that attraction by Corbicula leana, the oligochaetes, and
saw-tooth caridina, depended on three chemical constituents: non-proteinaceous nitrogen, amino acids, and
volatile base nitrogen. The validity of the hypothesis was confirmed by the significance or correlation
coefficients between the attraction index a and the contents of these constituents. Thus, the three chemical
constituents listed above from the test organisms appear to be the most probable components in feeding
attractants for the oriental weatherfish.
Harada, K., J. Takeda and K. Yamada. 1970. Distribution of trimethylamine oxide in fishes and
other aquatic animals, 2. Bivalvian Mollusca. Journal of the Shimonoseki University of
Fisheries 18(3):287-295. [Japanese with English summary]
In the succession of a survey on the distribution of trimethylamine oxide in spp of
decapod Mollusca, the content of trimethylamine oxide in Bivalvia belonging to the same
phylum was examined. The results obtained are as follows: (1) 22 spp were analysed and
found to contain trimethylamine oxide from 0 -50.2, 0 -15.3 and 0 -2.3 mg N/100 g of
wet tissue in the adductor, foot and mantle, and viscera respectively. Of the shells
studied, only one sp, namely Pecten albicans was proved to contain an appreciable
amount of trimethylamine oxide, but the others were found either to contain a small
amount of it or not any. (2) The trimethylamine content of the shells varied considerably
between spp. However, as a rule, the values obtained were rather high as the content of
trimethylamine in living aquatic animals. In the case of Solen gordonis, the adductor was
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Corbicula Bibliography
found to contain such a high amount of trimethylamine as 35.4 mg N/100 g of wet tissue.
(3) It was found by TLC that trimethylamine was apparently present in tissues of all
shells except in Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana awajiensis, The latter 2 are
inhabitants in fresh and brackish waters.
Harrell, M. R., R. B. Harrell and H. H. Bailey. 1977. Assessment of Corbicula manilensis
(Pelecypoda: Corbiculidae) as an intermediate host for Digenea in Lake Texoma, Oklahoma.
Southwestern Naturalist 22(2):280-281.
Corbicula manilensis has not been implicated in helminth life cycles of public health importance in the United
States, but in its native habitat it has been shown to be the transmission agent for locally heavy infections of a
digenetic trematode (Echinostroma lindoensis) in humans of several central Celebes villages. Except for cursory
observations, the investigation of C. manilensis as a possible intermediate host for digenetic trematodes which
occur in endemic vertebrates of the United States apparently has been overlooked.
The University of Oklahoma Biological Station (UOBS) helminth collection includes five species of digeneans
which normally utilize unionid and sphaeriid molluscs as their first intermediate host in Lake Texoma:
Phyllodistomum lacustri - Ictalurus punctatus, Bucephalus elegans-Morone crysops, Crepidostomum
cooperi-Lepomis macrochirus, and Paurorhynchus hiodontis and Crepidostomum illinoiensis-Hiodon
alosoides. Several others also utilize these molluscs as sites for cercarial encystment.
A study was initiated to ascertain if Corbicula manilensis has become involved in native trematode life cycles in
Lake Texoma. 1865 live clams taken from the environs of UOBS and ranging in length from 4-32 mm were
separated into groups of 12-30 individuals then placed in culture dishes in lake water which has been filtered
through a No. 20 mesh plankton net. After 24-48 hrs of illumination at 24oC, the water and dishes were scanned
microscopically for the presence of cercariae. The clams were then placed in darkness and the same procedure
repeated. Additionally, necropsies were performed on 318 clams to disclose any non-patent or quiescent
infections.
No intramolluscan larval stages, metacercariae, or cercariae were observed in the clam tissues or in the water.
While the clam does not now harbor digenetic trematodes in Lake Texoma, it cannot be stated with certainty
that Corbicula manilensis and/or native trematodes and other helminths do not possess the genetic plasticity
necessary to evolve new symbiotic relationships. This study was restricted in geographic and taxonomic scope;
therefore suggesting that similar surveys be conducted in aquatic systems with different parasitic faunas to more
completely assess the Asian clam's role as an intermediate host and to further define the ecological effects
resulting from its introduction.
Harris, G. D. 1897. The lignitic stage. Part I. Stratigraphy and Pelecypoda. Bulletins of American
Paleontology 2(9):1-102.
The fossil species Corbicula cornelliana sp. nov. is described (p. 65) and figured (pl. 13, fig 3) for Hatchetigbee
Bluff of the Alabama Eocene.
Harrison, F. L. 1979. Chemical Effluents in Surface Waters from Nuclear Power Plants. Quarterly
Report. U.S. Department of Energy, University of California Lawrence Livermore
Laboratory. 13 pp. (NTIS No. UCID-17744-79-3]
Harrison, F. L., J. P. Knezovich, and D. W. Rice, Jr. 1981. Effect of Copper on Adult and Early Life
Stages of the Freshwater Clam, Corbicula manilensis. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NUREG/CR-1379. 34 pp.
The copper sensitivity of adult and larval stages of Corbicula manilensis was evaluated. In addition, copper
concentrations were determined in adult clams exposed for 4 to 10 weeks in high-volume, flow-through
bioassay. The response of the clams to copper depended on life stage. Copper sensitivity of larvae decreased
markedly in successive developmental stages. The 24 hr LC50s of veliger and juvenile larvae were 20 and 600 ìg
Cu/L, respectively. The mortality of trochophore larvae exposed to 10 ìg Cu/L for 1 hr was 91.5%. The
149
Corbicula Bibliography
sensitivity to copper decreased with the amount of larval shell deposition. Adult clams were resistant to copper;
the 96 hr LC50 was greater than 2600 ìg Cu/L. By comparison, the incipient lethal concentration (ILC) was low
-- less than 10 ìg Cu/L. Adult clams accumulated more copper as copper concentrations in the water increased.
Evidence for copper loss near or at death was obtained. Labile and total copper, as well as the
copper-complexing capacity, in the bioassay water were determined. Copper toxicity appeared to depend on the
quantities of labile copper in the water.
Harrison, F. L., J. P. Knezovich, and D. W. Rice, Jr. 1981. Toxicity of copper to the adult and early
life stages of the freshwater clam, Corbicula manilensis. Archives of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 13(1):85-92.
See above.
Harrison, G. 1984. A survey of the trace-metal content of Corbicula fluminea and associated
sediments in the tidal Potomac River. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
Open-File Report 84-558.
Harrison, J. R. 1972. The Asiatic clam (Corbicula manilensis Philippi) in South Carolina. Bulletin of
the South Carolina Academy of Science 34:86.
Hartfield, P. and D. Ebert. 1986. The mussels of southwest Mississippi streams. American
Malacological Bulletin 4(1):21-24.
Bayou Pierre, Cole's Creek, Homochitto River and Buffalo River are major tributaries of the Mississippi River
in southwest Mississippi. With the exception of a small portion of Bayou Pierre, all are marked by a paucity of
mussels. Three years of collecting have revealed 13 species from Bayou Pierre, two from Cole's Creek, seven
from Homochitto River, and none from Buffalo River. Mussels are present in these streams only in localized
populations. The predominantly sandy substrata appears to limit density and diversity of unionid molluscs in
these rivers. Corbicula fluminea was found only in Bayou Pierre.
Hartfield, P. D. and C. M. Cooper. 1982. Notes on the distribution of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula
manilensis) in Mississippi. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Science 27
(Supplement):63. [Abstract]
The distribution of the Asiatic clam in the state of Mississippi is determined from the literature, the Mississippi
Museum of Natural Science collections, and personal observations of the authors. Since the first collection of
this exotic species at Vicksburg 20 years ago, it has become established and penetrated deeply into every major
drainage of the state. However, it has not been collected in two general regions in the southern part of the state.
One of these areas drains into the lower Mississippi River and includes Bayou Pierre, Homochitto River and
Buffalo Bayou. These stream systems are all generally characterized by wide river channels, sandy substrata,
and a tendency to be shallow. The second area consists of the rivers and streams that drain into the Mississippi
Sound between (but not including) the Pearl and Pascagoula rivers, i.e. Jourdan, Wolf, Biloxi, and
Tchoutacabouffa rivers. These drainages are generally small, and they are characterized by relatively low flow
except where they come under tidal influence. Unionid fauna are also relatively rare in all of the discussed
drainages, probably because of the nature of the substrata. Although Corbicula manilensis has not been
collected, it has been proven to be extremely adaptable and may yet be found in these streams.
Hartfield, P. D. and C. M. Cooper. 1983. Distribution of Corbicula fluminea the Asiatic clam, in
Mississippi. The Nautilus 97(2):66-68.
Corbicula fluminea is reported from 10 of the 12 major drainage basins of Mississippi (Yazoo-Sunflower River
Basin; Big Black River; Amite River; Tangipohoa River; Pearl River; Leaf River; Chickasawhay River;
Pascagoula River; Tombigbee River; Tennessee River). The absence of this clam is associated with shallow,
sandy rivers and short coastal drainages influenced by tides.
Hartfield, P. D. and R. G. Rummel. 1985. Freshwater mussels (Unionidae) of the Big Black River,
Mississippi. The Nautilus 99(4):116-119.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Collections of freshwater mussels made in 1980-1981 along 31 km of the Big Black River of Mississippi
produced 31 species of unionids and the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774). This study is
compared with a 1904 and 1969 survey of the unionid fauna of the river system.
Hartley, D. M. 1981. The use of the freshwater clam Corbicula manilensis as an in situ monitor
of freshwater quality. Master of Science Thesis, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. vi+104 pp.
Hartley, D. M. 1987. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the freshwater bivalve,
Corbicula manilensis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, Comparative
Biochemistry 88(2):471-474.
G6PDH activity was measured in all tissues of Corbicula manilensis with the following order of activity;
visceral mass < mantle < digestive gland < gill. The Km of G6P and NADP for G6PDH was determined to be 20
and 88 uM respectively in whole clam. G6PDH in C. manilensis undergoes thermal inactivation above 50oC
and Ea was estimated to be 9.82 x 103 cal/mol. G6PDH activity increased proportionately with an increase in
pH. Maximal activity was obtained under alkaline conditions. The addition of EDTA produced no significant
change in enzyme activity. C. fluminea kept 30 weeks in an aquarium without food showed a 36% decrease in
G6PDH activity compared to clams taken directly from their natural habitat.
Hartley, D. M. and J. B. Johnston. 1983. Use of the freshwater clam Corbicula manilensis as a
monitor for organochlorine pesticides. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 31(1):33-40.
The bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides by Corbicula manilensis. Aldrin, dieldrin,
hexachlorocyclohexane, lindane, alpha-chlordane, gamma-chlordane, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were
bioconcentrated in the fat of C. manilensis. The intent of the study was to determine the suitability of C.
manilensis as a temporary monitor of persistent pesticides in freshwater environments.
Hartog, C den, F. W. B. van den Brink and G. van der Velde. 1992. Why was the invasion of the
river Rhine by Corophium curvispinum and Corbicula species so successful? Journal of
Natural History 26(6):1121-1129.
Harvey, R. S. 1981. Recolonization of reactor cooling water systems by the Asiatic clam, Corbicula
fluminea. The Nautilus 95(3):131-136. [Also NTIS Document No. CONF-790490-1
(DP-MS-78-91)]
Recolonization rates for Corbicula fluminea ranged from 3.0 to 5.6 metric tons per year in cooling water basins
for a nuclear production reactor at the Savannah River Plant. However, a 10-month cleaning cycle for each
basin (flow area, 6100 m2) keeps the depth of the silt/clam layer low. With this cleaning frequency, C. fluminea
are not reaching heat exchangers at sufficient size or in sufficient numbers to restrict flow. Data are presented on
the size/age distribution for clams recolonizing cooling water basins between cleanings.
Harvey, R. S. 1983. Annual harvests of Corbicula populations prevent clogging of nuclear reactor
heat exchangers. U.S. Department of Energy DPSPU-82-30-15. 15 pp. [NTIS No.
DE83012581]
Hatsumi, M.; M. Nakamura, M. Hosokawa, S. Nakao and S.; Shigeru. 1995. Phylogeny of three
Corbicula species and isozyme polymorphism in the Corbicula japonica populations.
Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology, Tokyo 54(3):185-193.
Six populations of Corbicula japonica, three populations of C. leana and one population of C. sandai were
electrophoretically analyzed at twelve isozyme coding loci in order to approach the phylogenetic
relationship among the three species and the level of intra-specific differentiation within C. japonica and
C. leana. Among them, C. japonica was the most variable with most of the examined loci being
polymorphic. It was also most geographically differentiated. Genetic differentiation among populations of
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Corbicula Bibliography
C. japonica was not large enough to regard the geographic morphs as subspecies. C. sandai, endemic to
Lake Biwa, was more variable than C. leana, a triploid species. Most of the examined loci of C. leana were
monomorphic. A phylogenetic tree constructed from Nei's genetic distances between populations indicated
that C. japonica diverged from the ancestral species first, with C. sandai and C. leana subsequently
differentiating from each other.
Hattin, D. E. 1967. Stratigraphic and paleoecologic significance of macroinvertebrate fossils in the
Dakota Formation (upper Cretaceous) of Kansas. IN: Essays in Paleontology and
Stratigraphy, C. Teichert and E. Y. Yochelson, Eds. University of Kansas Press (Lawrence).
pp. 570-589.
Corbicula dowlingi (McLearn) beds are discussed from two localities in northcentral Kansas. The specimens
were well preserved and many were articulated. The presence of these fossils indicate a brackish water habitat
and suggest an estuarine history for this portion of the Kansas Dakota formation.
Havlik, M. E. and L. L. Marking. 1984. Effects of contaminants on naiad mollusks (Unionidae): A
review. American Malacological Bulletin 3(1):106-107. [Abstract]
The literature contains numerous reports on uptake in shell, storage in tissues, and elimination of contaminants,
but information on toxic effects of contaminants to naiad molluscs is limited. Contaminants appear to have
destroyed naiad populations and entire beds in some instances directly by toxic effects or indirectly by
eliminations of food organisms or host fish. Fry of fish infected with 20-35 naiad glochidia were more sensitive
than uninfected fish when exposed to toluene, naphthalene, and crude oil. Manganese seems to be the element
that is most readily taken up and stored in tissues; some reports indicate tissue concentrations of thousands of
ppm and suggest that the element is important in metabolism. Zinc and cadmiumn also accumulate at high levels
in tissues. Concentrations of contaminants that were toxic to naiad molluscs were 16 ppm of arsenic trioxide,
18.7 ppm of copper, 10 ppm of copper sulfate, 700 ppm of phenol, 11 ppm of potassium, 1000 ppm of Thimet
or Satox, and 5 ppm of ammonia. In long-term exposures, concentrations as low as 25 ppb were lethal to
naiades. Although few specific impacts of contaminants on naiades are evident in the literature, circumstantial
evidence leaves little doubt that contaminants are responsible for decreases in population density, range and
diversity. Few long-term toxicity tests have been done to assess sublethal effects or effects on growth and
reproduction. The assignment of individual stresses responsible for the disappearance of naiad molluscs in
contaminated areas is difficult or impossible with existing information. Rarely have individual components been
quantitatively and qualitatively correlated with the composition and size of the naiad fauna, especially for
contaminants. More often than not, two or more factors work in combination to produce the total stress that
adversely affects populations of naiad molluscs. The exotic, Corbicula, can live in some environments that are
no longer inhabited by the unionid species, and Corbicula seem to be more resistant than native species to
stresses related to contaminants in the environment, and residues in soft-tissue indicate recent or present
contamination while residues in shell material indicate exposure to contaminants in the past.
Hayami, I. 1958. A review of the so-called Liassic "Crenoids" in Japan. Japanese Journal of
Geology and Geography 29(1-3):11-27.
Various Liassic (Jurassic) pelecypods formerly referred to Cyrena, Corbicula, Polymesoda or Astarte have been
restudied and identified as follows: Crenotrapezium kurumense (gen. et sp. nov.), Crenotrapezium kurigate (sp.
nov.), Eomiodon lunulatus (Yokoyama), Eomiodon vulgaris (sp. nov.), Yokoyamina (?) sp. indet. The
specimens occur in the Kuruma group and are referred to the family Arcticidae (= Cyprinidae). Apparently no
representatives of the true Corbiculidae occur in the Liassic of eastern Asia.
Hayashi, K. 1956. Histological studies on the gonad of Corbicula sandai Reinhardt. Bulletin of the
Department of Arts and Sciences of Shiga University 5:33-40.
Hayashi, K. 1957. Distribution of Corbicula sandai in Seta River, Shiga Prefecture. Venus, Japanese
Journal of Malacology 19:238-247. [Japanese with English summary]
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Corbicula Bibliography
The results of collection of mussels and bottom materials in Seta River between the vicinity of the Seta Iron
Bridge and the Boat House of Kyoto University, and at Kinugawa, Katatacho, Shiga Prefecture revealed
Corbicula sandai to be the Chief bivalve component of benthic samples taken in 5 of 10 stations.
Hayashi, K. 1961. Sulphur compounds detection in the soft parts of cultured Corbicula sandai
Reinhardt (The second Report). Memoirs of the Biological Institute, Shiga University
11:55-65.
Hayashi, K. 1962. On the environment for the existence of Corbicula sandai Reinhardt in the Seta
River. Memoirs of the Biological Institute, Shiga University 12:51-56.
Hayashi, K. 1972. Ecological studies on the useful Mollusca in Lake Biwa (Part 1). Venus, Japanese
Journal of Malacology 31(1):9-34. [Japanese with English summary]
see below.
Hayashi, K. 1972. Ecological studies on the useful Mollusca in Lake Biwa (Part 2). Venus, Japanese
Journal of Malacology 31(2):71-101. [Japanese with English summary]
This report deals with the results of investigations on habitats, reproduction, growth, intestinal contents and
other biological aspects of 13 useful species living in Lake Biwa, and studies on the age determination of
Corbicula sandai, chiefly based on materials taken during the period from August 1962 to January 1964.
Distribution and density of molluscs by depth and by bottom texture were studied as well as by habitat
categorizing into 3 different kinds, 1. those of Corbicula sandai, 2. those of Cistaria and Anodonta, and 3. those
of Unio, Inversidens, and Lanceolaria. All bivalves under study, except C. sandai have glochidial stages in their
postembryonic development. Their breeding seasons are also variable by species. Sex ratio of the 13 species is
presumably uniformly 1:1. Corbicula sandai and Hyriopsis are very similar in their growth. The former species
begins to grow in April and attains the maximum growth rate in June before it declines by October. The latter
begins to grow in March reaching a maximum rate in June and abruptly decreasing in September. Unio shows a
different type of growth from them as it continuously grows through the winter. A method of age determination
of Corbicula sandai by using the shell length and its relation to winter rings was applied to 4000 specimens. In
the intestinal contents of 3 bivalves, humus was commonly found in large quantities and was considered to be
the source of nutrition for these species. The important species in the gut were diatoms (Stephanodiscus,
Melosira and Navicula).
Hayashi, K. and M. Endo. 1956. On the food materials of Corbicula sandai Reinhardt. Bulletin of
the Department of Arts and Sciences of Shiga University 5:41-45.
Hayashi, K., S. Higashi and M. Oyama. 1963. On the results of collection of principal molluscs in
Lake Biwa. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Shiga University of Natural History,
Natural Science 13:31-51.
Hayashi, K. and S. Otani. 1967. Stomach contents of a freshwater clam, Corbicula sandai, from
Lake Biwa. Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 26(1):17-24.
The results of the microscopical and quantitative observations on the contents of the digestive organs of
Corbicula sandai in April, August, October and December revealed that in April and August, the contents filled
up more than one-third of the digestive organs, while none of them can be observed in October. About 37%
(weight ratio of dried materials) of the contents of food masses were organic matter. 62-70% (area ratio) of the
digestive organ contents were humus, mud, and sand, 2-3% were spicules of freshwater sponges, and 29-36%
were animals and plants. Corbicula sandai stomach contents were comprised of 23 genera of diatoms, 6 genera
of Chlorophyceae, 1 genera of Cyanophyceae and 1 genus of protozoan.
Hayashi, Y. 1956. On the variation of Corbicula due to environmental factors. Venus, Japanese
Journal of Malacology 19:54-61. [Japanese with English summary]
Generally, the lateral teeth angle is constant in any parts of the Midori River, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, and
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Corbicula Bibliography
ranges between 105 and 130 degrees. However, the sculpture and coloration of Corbicula spp. is variable and
are determined by the salinity of the water. In the mixed zone of fresh and salt water, the coloration of
Corbicula is yellowish or greenish-yellow as well as that of young clams in freshwater and ornamentation is
variable from "Corbicula leana Prime type" to "Corbicula japonica var. martensi Clessin type". Thus,
ornamentation may be useful in geological surveys to determine the nature of the water's salinity.
Hayashi, Y. S. 1987. Some properties of glutamate dehydrogenase from the brackish water bivalve
Corbicula japonica (Prime). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
114(2/3):111-122.
Three tissues (gills, mantle, and foot) of the Corbicula japonica were examined for the activity of L-glutamate
dehydrogenase (GluDH). Activities in the glutamate- deaminating direction were sufficiently high to account
for the ammonia excretion rate during low salinity adaptation. GluDH was partially purified from the gills
which showed the highest activity among the three tissues examined, and its enzymological properties were
investigated. The activity in the glutamate-forming direction was about nine times as high as that in the
glutamate-deaminating direction. However, apparent Km values for ammonia (31 mM) and alpha-ketoglutarate
(3.8 mM) were much higher than the tissue levels of ammonia (0.67 ìmol/kg wet gill tissue) and
alpha-ketoglutarate (0.13 ìmol/g wet gill tissue). In contrast, tissue level of L-glutamate (3.43 ìmol/g wet gill
tissue) exceeded the apparent Km values for L-glutamate (1.6 mM). Therefore, GluDH seems to operate in vivo
in the glutamate-deaminating direction.
Hayashi, Y. S. 1993. Alanine aminotransferase from gill tissue of the brackish-water bivalve
Corbicula japonica (Prime): Subcellular localization and some enzymatic properties.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 170(1):45-54.
Subcellular localization and some enzymatic properties of alanine aminotransferase (A1AT, EC 2.6.1.2)
were investigated with regard to salinity-related changes in amino acid metabolism. Activities of A1AT
were detected in both the cytosolic (cA1AT) and mitochondrial (mA1AT) fractions prepared from the gill
tissue of the brackish-water bivalve Corbicula japonica. The cA1AT and mA1AT were partially purified
and characterized with respect to their pH-dependency and Km values for the respective substrates in both
directions of the A1AT reaction, pyruvate-forming and alanine-forming. These two enzymes differed from
each other in the ratios of the pyruvate-forming vs. the alanine-forming activity and Km values for
glutamate. The Km values for alanine were smaller than its intracellular concentration indicating that both
the mA1AT and cA1AT may be physiologically functional in the pyruvate-forming direction. The A1AT is
indicated to be involved in low salinity-induced decrement of intracellular alanine concentration.
Hayashi, Y. S., E. Hashimoto, and O. Matsushima. 1985. Some properties of L-glutamate
dehydrogenase from gills of the brachish-water bivalve Corbicula japonica. Zoological
Science (Tokyo) 2(6):914.
Hayashi, Y. S., O. Matsushima, H. Katayama, and K. Yamada. 1986. Activities of the three
ammonia-forming enzymes in the tissues of the brackish-water bivalve Corbicula japonica.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B Comparative Biochemistry 83(4):721-2-724.
Activities of the three ammonia-forming enzymes, glutamate dehydrogenase, AMP deaminase and serine
dehydrase (SerDH), were measured in tissues of gill, digestive diverticula, mantle and foot muscle of Corbicula
japonica. High levels of SerDH activity were detected in gill and digestive diverticula, while activity levels of
the other two enzymes were low. The results suggest that SerDH is significant in amino acid degradation in this
species.
Hayden, F. V. 1860. Geological sketch of the estuary and fresh-water deposits of the Bad Lands of
the Judith River, with some remarks upon the surrounding formations. Transactions of the
American Philosophical Society, new series 11:123-138.
Cyrena intermedia is reported from the Great Lignite Basin, near Fort Clarke, South Dakota. Cyrena
154
Corbicula Bibliography
occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is reported from the Bad Lands of the Judith River.
Hayward, D. G., M. X. Petreas, J. J. Winkler, P. Visita, M. McKinney and R. D. Stephens. 1996.
Investigation of a wood treatment facility: Impact on an aquatic ecosystem in the San
Joaquin River, Stockton, California. Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 30(1):30-39.
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), and metals were monitored in the river sediments near the McCormick and Baxter
(MCB) wood treatment facility, Stockton, CA. Transplanted clams and resident fish species were used to
assess bioavailability. The highest PCDD and PCDF contamination in sediments were confined to an area
next to the facility and an area in the nearby Stockton harbor (DK location). Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
wood treatment at MCB was the most probable source of the contamination. PCBs contaminated a wider
area of the Stockton Ship Channel and harbor. Metal concentrations were uniformly low except for the
metalloid arsenic in the Old Mormon Slough and lead and zinc near boat docks in the Stockton harbor.
Despite high mortality rates, clams (Corbicula fluminea) bioaccumulated PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs. In
clams, PCBs and 2,3,7,8 TCDD were much closer to equilibrium with the sediments than were higher
chlorinated PCDDs and PCDFs. All fish were at background levels for 2,3,7,8 TCDD. All fish had lower
lipid adjusted PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in the skinned muscle than in the whole fish. PCBs in fish
were above background levels for United States river systems. Although high contamination exists in the
river near this superfund site, adverse effects on the aquatic community could not be demonstrated.
Hazel, C. R. and D. W. Kelley. 1966. Zoobenthos of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. California
Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin 133:113-133.
Corbicula fluminea population peaks are reported to occur in March in the San Francisco Bay estuary.
Heagler, M. G., D. E. Ventre and A. McIntosh. 1988. Long term acclimation of Corbicula
fluminea to salt water. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting, Arlington, Virginia, 13-17 November.
Heard, W. H. 1964. Corbicula fluminea in Florida. The Nautilus 77(3):105-107.
Corbicula fluminea was collected on 20 May 1963 in the Apalachicola River west of Chattahoochee, Gadsden
County, Florida. On 10 August 1963, C. fluminea was collected from the Withlacoochee River at the south edge
of Inglis, Levy County, Florida.
Heard, W. H. 1966. Further records of Corbicula fluminea (Müller) in the southern United States.
The Nautilus 79(4):142-143.
Corbicula fluminea was collected in the Amite River at Port Vincent, Livingston Parish, Louisiana, on 6 July
1965, in the Pearl River east of Bogalousa, Washington Parish, Louisiana, on 5 July 1965, the Leaf River at
McLain, Greene County, Mississippi, on 2 July 1965, the Escambia River east of Century, Escambia County,
Florida, on 14 May 1965, and in the Ochlockonee River, northwest of Tallahassee, Leon County, Florida, on 28
May 1965. Range extensions are also reported for the Yazoo River, Coldwater River, Alabama River,
Tombigbee River, and the Chipola River.
Heard, W. H. 1977. Freshwater Mollusca of the Apalachicola drainage. Florida Marine Research
Publications 26:20-21.
A checklist of the Mollusca of the Apalachicola River drainage is presented. Local extinctions of native bivalve
species are noted and the concomitant appearance of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) is noted. The mechanism
of the replacement is unknown.
Heim, A., E. Baumberger and H. G. Stehlin. 1928. Die subalpine Molasse des Westlichen
Vorarlberg. Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zurich 73(1-2):1-64.
Includes a detailed description of the stratigraphy (freshwater and marine) of Oligocene and Miocene beds of
the Alps, and records from them: from the Stampien, the pelecypods Cyrena semistriata, Cardium thunense,
155
Corbicula Bibliography
and Cardium greseri, the gastropods Melanopsis hantkeni and Ericia antiqua, and the shark Lamna cf.
rupeliensis; from the Aquitanian, freshwater mussels and freshwater and land snails and a stonewort; from the
Miocene, pelecypods, gastropods and a shark; and from Silvana freshwater and land snails.
Heinsohn, G. E. 1958. Life History and Ecology of the Freshwater Clam, Corbicula fluminea.
Master of Science Thesis, University of California (Berkeley). 64 pp.
The marsupial stages of Corbicula fluminea are described and notes that clams in the marsupium typically reach
juvenile stages. Occasional release of trochophores and veligers represent aborted broods. The bivalve is
hermaphroditic and capable of self-fertilization and has a high fecundity. The fouling of water systems is also
noted and a discussion of other habitat preferences presented. C. fluminea was found intertidally in waters with
a salinity of 5-7 ppt.
Hemming, J. M. and W. T. Waller. 2004. Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos toxicity to the freshwater
Asiatic Clam, Corbicula fluminea Müller, and the Estuarine hooked mussel, Ischadium
recurvum Rafinesque. Florida Scientist 67(1):1-8.
Henager, C. H., Sr., P. M. Daling and K. I. Johnson. 1985. Bivalve Fouling of Nuclear Power Plant
Service-Water Systems. Vol. 3. Factors that may intensify the safety consequences of
biofouling. U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NUREG/CR 4070. 51 pp.
The safety and economic consequences of bivalve (Corbicula fluminea, Crassostrea virginica, and Mytilus
edulis) fouling in raw-water systems at nuclear power plants are presented. Events that could cause a normal
fouling situation to become more critical are listed and descriptions of scenarios in which bivalve fouling could
cause unsafe or unwanted conditions, such as transients and shutdowns, are listed. Several fouling events that
have occurred at various nuclear plants are briefly reviewed, and recommendations are made to aid in the
detection and control of bivalve fouling.
Henager, C. H., K. I. Johnson, and T. L. Page. 1983. Engineering Factors Influencing Corbicula
Fouling in Nuclear Service Water Systems. NTIS DE83015991. 20 pp.
See Johnson, K. I. et al. 1986.
Henderson, J. 1907. Scientific expedition to northeastern Colorado. Paleontology: Account of
collections made. University of Colorado Studies 4:149-152.
Corbicula macropistha White, 1878, Corbicula berthoudi White 1882, Corbicula cardinaeformis White, 1877,
Corbicula cleburni White, 1877, Corbicula fracta (Meek, 1870), and Corbicula obesa White, 1878, are
reported from the Laramie Cretaceous, Cow Creek, Colorado.
Henderson, J. 1907. Topographic development of Chalk Bluffs and Pawnee Buttes. Proceedings of
the Colorado Scientific Society 8:247-256.
Corbicula macropistha White, 1878 is reported from the Laramie Cretaceous, Crow Creek, Colorado.
Henderson, J. 1910. Fossil invertebrates from northwestern Colorado. University of Colorado
Studies 7:146-149.
Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) and Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) are
reported from the Mesaverde Cretaceous, 3 miles south of Axial and 4 miles west of Meeker, Colorado.
Corbicula occidentalis is also reported from Rifle Gap, Colorado. Corbicula planumbona (non Meek, 1875) is
reported from the Mesaverde Cretaceous 4 miles west of Meeker, Colorado.
Henderson, J. 1920. The nomenclature and systematic position of some North American fossil and
recent mollusks. Part II. The Nautilus 33:118-122.
Corbicula gabbiana is proposed as a nomen nova for Cyrena californica Gabb, 1869. The synonymy of
Corbicula obliqua Whiteaves, 1885, is discussed at it is noted that Cyrena obliqua Deshayes, 1854, is referable
to Corbicula and therefore should be Corbicula obliqua (Deshayes, 1854) and Corbicula obliqua Whiteaves
should be renamed.
156
Corbicula Bibliography
Henderson, J. 1921. The Cretaceous formations of northeastern Colorado. Bulletin of the Colorado
Geological Survey 19:7-57.
Corbicula macropistha White, 1878, is reported from the Laramie Cretaceous of Wildcat Mound, Cros Creek,
and Bijou Valley, northeastern Colorado. Corbicula augheyi White, 1882, is reported from Crow Creek and
west of Osgood, Colorado. Corbicula berthoudi White, 1882, Corbicula fracta (Meek, 1870), and Corbicula
umbonella `Meek' White, 1883 are reported from the Laramie Cretaceous of Crow Creek, Colorado. Corbicula
cardinaeformis White, 1877, and Corbicula subelliptica (Meek and Hayden, 1856) are reported from the
Laramie Cretaceous of Northeastern Colorado. Corbicula cleburni White, 1877, is reported from localities in
Weld and Morgan counties, Colorado. Corbicula obesa White, 1878, is reported from the Laramie Cretaceous
of Crow Creek, Bijou Valley, and northeast of Osgood, Colorado. Corbicula planumbona Meek, 1875, is
reported from the Laramie Cretaceous of Crow Creek and Bijou Basin. Corbicula sp. is reported from the
Laramie Cretaceous east of Platteville, Colorado.
Henderson, J. 1935. Fossil and non-marine Mollusca of North America. Geological Society of
America, Special Paper No. 3. vii + 313 pp.
A bibliography and synonymy for fossil species of Corbicula in North America are provided for the following
species: Corbicula annosa (Conrad, 1868), Corbicula arkansaensis (Hill, 1888); Corbicula augheyi White,
1882, Corbicula berthoudi White, 1882, Corbicula cardiniaeformis White, 1878, Corbicula cleburni White,
1878, Corbicula cornelliana Harris, 1897, Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860), Corbicula
densata (Conrad, 1843), Corbicula dowlingi McLearn, 1926, Corbicula durkeei (Meek, 1969), Corbicula
emacerata Whitfield, 1885, Corbicula fracta fracta (Meek, 1870), Corbicula fracta crassiuscula Meek, 1872,
Corbicula gabbiana Henderson, 1920, Corbicula macropistha White, 1878, Corbicula nebrascensis (Meek and
Hayden, 1856), Corbicula nucalis (Meek, 1870); Corbicula obesa White, 1878, Corbicula obliqua Whiteaves,
1885, Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856), Corbicula pikensis Hill, 1888; Corbicula planumbona
Meek, 1875, Corbicula powelli White, 1876, Corbicula pugetensis White, 1889, Corbicula sookensis (Clark
and Arnold, 1925), Corbicula subelliptica subelliptica (Meek and Hayden, 1856), Corbicula subelliptica
moreauensis (Meek and Hayden, 1856), Corbicula subtrigonalis (Meek, 1870); Corbicula truncata Prime,
1865, Corbicula umbonella `Meek' White, 1883, and Corbicula willisi White, 1889.
Henley, W. F. and R. J. Neves. 1999. Recovery status of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia:
Unionidae) in the North Fork Holston River, Virginia. American Malacological Bulletin
15(1):65-73.
To determine the degree of recovery of mussels from mercury (Hg) contamination in the North Fork
Holston River (NFHR) downstream of the Superfund site at Saltville, Virginia (NFHRM 80.3), 19 sites
were sampled using catch-per-unit-effort (no./h) sampling method and 3 sites were surveyed with quadrats
(0.25 m2). Nine species of live freshwater mussels were observed in the river, and juveniles were noted at 5
sites (30 juveniles of 4 species). The first mussel assemblage, as defined by numerous animals of multiple
species, was located at NFHRM 59.9, approximately 20.4 river miles downstream of Saltville. The greatest
number of species was observed at NFHRM 11.0 (5 species), while the greatest mussel density (2.6
mussels/m super(2)), the greatest number of juveniles (11), and the greatest species richness of juveniles (3
species) were observed at NFHRM 13.5. Random catch-per-unit-effort at surveyed sites, as well as the
number of juvenile species observed, were correlated to total Hg, but not methylmercury content, as
measured in Corbicula fluminea from proximate sites. Based on the appearance of multiple species and age
classes, as well as the presence of juvenile mussels, recovery of freshwater mussels begins to occur roughly
20 river miles downstream of the Hg contaminated Superfund site at Saltville.
Henry, R. P. and D. G. Saintsing. 1983. Carbonic anhydrase activity and ion regulation in three
species of osmoregulating bivalve molluscs. Physiological Zoology 56(2):274-280.
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in the gill and mantle tissue of Rangia cuneata, Ligumia subrostrata and
Corbicula fluminea increases when the animals are subjected to osmotic stress; there is no such increase in
157
Corbicula Bibliography
either adductor muscle or visceral mass. A 12 hr. exposure to CA inhibitor acetazolamide impairs the animals'
ability to maintain blood Na+ and Cl- concentrations at normal levels above ambient, with blood Cl- being
lowered more than Na+. In L. subrostrata Na+ influx is lowered and Cl- efflux is raised by acetazolamide. CA is
important in the ion regulatory process, probably in generating H+ and HCO3- from CO2, which act as
counterions in Na+ and Cl- uptake, respectively. The flux data indicate that the role of the enzyme in the specific
mechanisms of individual ion transport needs further investigation.
Heqi, Z., S. Liangdong and X. Siguang. 1983. On the freshwater molluscas from Chongquing
Region. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Malacology 1:69-72. [Chinese with English
summary]
27 species of freshwater molluscs are reported from Chongquing (Sichuan) Province. Among them are
Corbicula fluminea (Müller), Corbicula largillierti (Philippi), and Corbicula aurea Heude. Corbicula aurea
and Corbicula largillierti are reported for the first time in Sichuan Province.
Heron, A. M. 1915. Gypsum in Dholpur State. Records of the Geological Survey of India
45(1):82-83.
Heude, R. P. 1880. Conchyliologie Fluviatiles de la Province de Nanking et de la Chine Centrale.
Librairie F. Savy (Paris), Fascile 10:1-20.
The following spp. nov. are described and figured: Corbicula obtruncata (pl. 1, fig. 2), La riviere de
Ning-kouo-fou; Corbicula adunca (pl. 1, fig. 3), La riviere de Kien-p'ing-hien; Corbicula gentiliana (pl. 1, fig.
4); Les environs de Fou-tcheou-fou, Fou-kien province; Corbicula bezauriana (pl. 1, fig. 5), les environs de
Fou-tcheou-fou; Corbicula foukiensis (pl. 1, fig. 6), les environs de Fou-tcheou-fou; Corbicula astronomica (pl.
2, fig. 7), canaux de Chang-hai, vers la limite extreme de l'influence de la maree; Corbicula cordieriana (pl. 2,
fig. 8), le district de Kouen-chan; Corbicula bicolor (p. 2, fig. 9), le district de Kouen-chan; Corbicula leleciana
(pl. 2, fig. 10), la riviere de Nanking; Corbicula diminuta (pl. 2, fig. 11), la riviere de Nanking; Corbicula
aquilina (pl. 2, fig. 12), les canaux de long du Fleuve-Bleu, centre Tchen-kiang et Nanking; Corbicula ucinulata
(pl. 2, fig. 13), canaux des districts de Li-yang, Yi-hing; Corbicula colombeliana (pl. 3, fig. 14), avec la
precedente; Corbicula vicina (pl. 3, fig. 15), la riviere de San-ho, district de Ho-fe, Lu-tcheou-fou; Corbicula
conica (pl. 3, fig. 16); Corbicula porcellanea (pl. 3, fig. 17), la riviere de Ning-kouo-fou; Corbicula concinna
(pl. 4, fig. 18), la riviere de Ning-kouo-fou; Corbicula ingloriosa (pl. 4, fig. 19), la riviere de kien-p'ing-hien;
Corbicula gravis (pl. 4, fig. 20); Corbicula indigotina (pl. 4, fig. 21); Corbicula rathousiana (pl. 4, fig. 22), le
torrent de Ning-kouo-hien; Corbicula debrixiana (pl. 4, fig. 23), le torrent de Ning-kouo-hien; Corbicula
fenouilliana (pl. 5, fig. 24), le lac de Yun-nan-fou, province du Yun-nan; Corbicula scholastica (pl. 5, fig. 25),
les ruisseaux de district de Suen-tchen, dans le Ning-kouo-fou, region des montagnes; Corbicula montana (pl.
5, fig. 26), les minces filets d'au qui descendent de la chaine de collines qui separae les lacs du T'ai-p'ing fou;
Corbicula cheniana (pl. 5, fig. 27), les torrents et ruisseaux sabloneux du kouang-te-tcheou; Corbicula gryphea
(pl. 5, fig. 28), la petite riviere de Ti-kang, district de Fan-tcha'ng dens le T'ai-p'ing-fou, rive droite de
Fleuve-Bleu; Corbicula polychromatica (pl. 5, fig. 29), la riviere du district de Ts'ing-yang qui debouche dans le
Fleuve-Bleu a ta-t'ong, dans la partie de son cours qui draine le lac Me'keng; Corbicula lapicida (pl. 5, fig. 30),
deux rivieres qui sortent de la chaine s'etendant le long du Fleuve-Bleu, de Tong-lieou a P'eng-tse; Corbicula
portentosa (pl. 6, fig. 31), type locality same as for C. lapicida; Corbicula ignobilis (pl. 6, fig. 32), le petite
riviere qui draine le lac de peng-tse-hien, au pied des montagnes; Corbicula bilineata (pl. 6, fig. 33), la riviere
qui debouche dans le Fleuve-Bleu, an amont Tong-lieou; Corbicula grilloana (pl. 6, fig. 34), les torrents du
koue-tche-hien, dans le Tche-tcheou-fou; Corbicula papyracea (pl. 6, fig. 35), les petits ruisseaux des
montagnes du koue-tche-hien; Corbicula cantatoris (pl. 7, fig. 36), les petits ruisseaux du Kien-te-hien, partie
sud du territoire; Corbicula sphoerica (pl. 7, fig. 37), ruisseaux du Kien-te-hien sud; Corbicula ferruginea (pl.
7, fig. 38), un torrent dans le district de Ts'ing-yang; Corbicula iridinea (pl. 7, fig. 39), un torrent du district de
Ts'ing-yang; Corbicula praeterita (pl. 7, fig. 40), le lac P'o-yang; Corbicula aurea (pl. 7, fig. 41), la rivier Siang,
province de Hou-nan; Corbicula presseplicata (pl. 7, fig. 42), la riviere de San-ho, district de Ho-fe, avant son
158
Corbicula Bibliography
entree dans le lac Tch'ao; Corbicula squalida (pl. 8, fig. 43), les lacs de Me-keng, Tong-lieou, sur la rive droit et
sur la rive gauche, le lac Tch'ao et ses dependances; Corbicula variegata (pl. 8, fig. 44), la Houai moyenne;
Corbicula subquadrata (pl. 8, fig. 45), la Houai moyenne; Corbicula iodina (pl. 7, fig. 46), la Houai superieure,
branche de Lieou-ngan-tcheou; Corbicula borealis (pl. 8, fig. 48), le petite affluent, rive gauche de la Han,
au-dessous de Fan-tch'eng, Hou-pe; Corbicula soriniana (pl. 8, fig. 49), ruisseau des montagnes dans la
province de kouang-tong; Corbicula delavayana (pl. 8, fig. 50), risseaux a Pak-hoy, province du Kouang-tong.
Heurn, W. C. van and E. M. M. Paravicini. 1922. Conchylienfauna der Gajo-Landen. Natuurkundig
Tijdschrift voor Nederland Indie 82:20-33.
Hidaka, K., T. Ohe and K. Fujiwara. 1972. Studies on Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine
pesticide residues in corbiculae. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan
13(6);523-529.
Residue measurements were studied for PCB and organochlorine pesticides in Corbicula sandai from Lake
Biwa in an attempt to estimate when PCB contamination occurred in the lake. Samples taken from 15 stations in
1963 were preserved in formalin and samples from another 9 stations in 1971 were frozen while awaiting
examination. Corbicula sandai tissues were blended with n-hexane in a Waring blender. The fat extract was
cleaned by the twin-dry column method of Holden et al. An electron capture gas chromatograph with electron
capture detector was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of residues. Quantitative analysis PCB was
accomplished by comparison of the area under the curve of 2 major eluters with a Kanechlor-500. DDE was
determined by difference of the area on gas chromatogram before and after oxidation according to the modified
method of Westoo et al. PCB, BHC, DDT and dieldrin were detected for all samples in both 1963 and 1971.
Residue levels in 1963 were as follows: PCB (0.04 - 2.4 ppm), total BHC (0.013 - 0.075 ppm), total DDT
(0.031 - 0.140 ppm), dieldrin (0.001 - 0.004 ppm) [all on fresh tissue basis]. Levels in 1971 were as follows:
PCB (0.06 - 1.10 ppm), total BHC (0.087 - 0.25 ppm), total DDT (0.038 - 0.093 ppm), dieldrin (0.002 - 0.004
ppm). PCB detected in all samples was similar to Kanechlor-500 in individual gas chromatograms.
Higashi, S. 1961. Physiological chemistry of the fresh-water bivalves. III. On the terminal oxidase
system of a fresh-water cockle Corbicula sandai. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries 27(3):282-286.
The effects of inhibitors on the endogenous respiration of various tissues and the identification of cytochromes
in various tissues were studied. The respiration of gill, mantle and adductor muscle tissues was inhibited by 5 x
104M cyanide or 10-3 azide and inhibition was reversed by the addition of 5 x 10-3 methylene blue. In a gas
mixture of 95% CO and 5% 02, the oxygen uptake of the gill and mantle tissues was inhibited by about 50% in
the dark and the inhibition was completely reversed by light. Cytochrome oxidase activity of gill and mantle
tissue was measured manometrically. The absorption band of reduced cytochrome b was detected in all tissues
examined, but the bands corresponding to cytochromes a and c were not detected at room temperature. Feeble
bands of cytochromes a and c appeared at liquid air temperature. It is concluded that the respiration of
Corbicula sandai tissues is mediated through the cytochrome system.
Higashi, S. 1965. The respiration of the principal mollusks of Lake Biwa-ko. Venus, Japanese
Journal of Malacology 23:229-237.
The oxygen consumption of Hyriopsis schlegelii, Cistaria plicata, Corbicula sandai, Unio biwae, and
Heterogen longispira, was studied in relation to varying water temperature and the shell length of individual
animals. Observed respiration was considered basal and not active. Oxygen consumption of all molluscs
examined decreased as shell length increased. Daily periodicity of oxygen consumption was observed. In C.
sandai and Unio biwae, the oxygen consumption increased from midnight to approximately 6:00 A.M.
Higashi, S. 1965. Basal metabolism of principle mollusks of Lake Biwa-ko. Venus, Japanese
Journal of Malacology 24:152-155. [Japanese]
Respiration in Corbicula sandai (shell length = 3 cm) was measured at 0.05 calories/day during the summer and
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Corbicula Bibliography
0.01 calories/day during winter.
Higashi, S. and K. Hayashi. 1964. On the larvae of fresh-water bivavles in the Lake Biwa-ko.
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 30:227-233.
The breeding habits and larvae of Corbicula sandai in Lake Biwa are discussed.
Higashi, S. and H. Okumoto. 1982. Acrosomal changes in Corbiculidae spermatozoa. Memoirs of
the Faculty of Education Shiga University Natural Science 32:113-118. [Japanese with
English summary]
Corbicula sandai is discussed.
Higashi, S. and H. Okumoto. 1984. Effects of calcium and anion on the acrosomal changes of
Corbiculidae spermatozoa. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education Shiga University Natural
Science 34:41-46. [Japanese with English summary]
A comparative study of the morphological changes and evolutionary implications of calcium-induced acrosomal
changes in the spermatozoa of Corbicula leana, Corbicula japonica, and Corbicula sandai.
Hill, R. T. 1888. Neozoic geology of southwestern Arkansas. Arkansas Geological Survey. pp.
1-136.
Corbicula? (Astarte?) pikensis sp. nov. is described (p. 134) and figured (pl. 2, figs. 13-17) from the Trinity
Lower Cretaceous of Arkansas. Cyrena (Corbicula?) arkansaensis sp. nov. is described (p. 133) and figured
(pl. 4, figs. 3, 6) from the same locality.
Hill, R. T. 1889. A preliminary annotated check-list of the Cretaceous invertebrate fossils of Texas.
Bulletin of the Texas Geological Survey 4.
Corbicula pikensis Hill, 1888 is reported from the Trinity Comanchean of Texas and from Alum Bluff,
Arkansas.
Hill, R. T. 1893. Paleontology of the Cretaceous formations of Texas - The invertebrate
paleontology of the Trinity Division. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
8:9-40.
Corbicula pikensis Hill, 1888, is referred to Erphyla pikensis (Hill, 1888) (p. 28), a marine genus. Specimens
are described from the Trinity Cretaceous, Pike County, Arkansas, and near Glen Rose Texas. Corbicula
arkansaensis (Hill, 1888), from the Cretaceous of Arkansas and Texas, is referred to the genus Corbicula.
Hill, W. and A. Knight. 1981. Food preference of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in the
Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Estuaries 4(3):245. [Abstract]
Comparisons of Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta water and the gut contents of Corbicula fluminea were made to
elicit differential treatment of suspended particle types by the clam. Phytoplankton in general were selectively
retained; the ratio of algal pigment to total particulate matter in the stomach of C. fluminea was two to three
times higher than the corresponding ratio in Delta water. Some preliminary sorting of particulate matter
occurred on the gills or labial palps, but the stomach was the major site of selection. Suspended sediment
ingested by the clam had a relatively short residence time in the gut as compared to phytoplankton, but may
have been retained long enough for lysis of adhering bacteria. Analysis of phytoplankton in the clam stomach
showed significantly higher proportions of Melosira sp. and Scenedesmus sp. than the surrounding water.
Examination of pseudofeces indicated that the relatively high proportions of these algae did not result from
selection on the gills or labial palps, but were a function of stomach dynamics.
Hillis, D. M. and R. L. Mayden. 1985. Invasion of the Asiatic clam Corbicula (Bivalvia:
Corbiculidae) into the New World tropic. Southwestern Naturalist 30(3):454-456.
The presence of Corbicula sp. populations in several streams in northern Mexico is discussed. It is believed that
man was not the agent of introduction into these waters.
Hillis, D. M. and J. C. Patton. 1982. Morphological and electrophoretic evidence for two species of
160
Corbicula Bibliography
Corbicula (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in North America. American Midland Naturalist
108(1):74-80.
Two syntopic color forms of the Asiatic clam genus Corbicula which have become established in the lower
Brazos River system in Texas were examined electrophoretically and morphologically. One form has a white
nacre with purple highlights (the "white form") and the other form has a deep purple nacre (the "purple form").
The two forms have fixed allelic differences at six of 26 genetic loci and are remarkable in that both forms are
homozygous at every locus. The two forms also differ in number of annuli and in shape of the shell (as
determined by principal components analysis). Differences in ecological niche preference and in seasonal
enzyme production are noted. In view of these data, a single-species concept proposed recently by Britton and
Morton (1979) for North American populations of Corbicula cannot be justified. Two names (C. fluminea and
C. fluminalis) that are applied to widely distributed Asian species may be applicable to the two North American
species; however, conflicting morphological, reproductive and distributional data prohibit assigning either of
these names (or any others) to the two introduced species until revisionary work is carried out on the genus
Corbicula throughout its native range.
Hislop, S. 1859. Description of fossil shells from the above-described deposits. Quarterly Journal of
the Geological Society (London) 16:166-182.
Corbicula ingens sp. nov. is described (p. 179) and figured (pl. 9, fig. 50) from Kateru and Pangadi, India.
Ho, T. Y. 1959. A list of edible mollusks of Taiwan. Report of the Institute of Fishery Biology
1(3):42-47.
Hoagland, K. E. 1984. Setentia: Use of the terms protandry, protogyny, and hermaphroditism in
malacology. American Malacological Bulletin 3(1):85-88.
The terms protandry, protogyny, and hermaphroditism have distinct and precise meanings to theoretical
ecologists, reproductive biologists, and evolutionary biologists. However, some malacologists have used these
terms in other ways, causing the theoretical workers to misunderstand and misapply the reproductive patterns of
molluscs. "Protandry" should be used to describe animals that change sex from male to female without reverting
to male at a later time. Likewise, protogyny involves a single sex change, from female to male, and is rare in the
Mollusca. Only evidence obtained from the study of individual animals can be accepted as proof that sex change
occurs. Age- or size specific sex ratio data are circumstantial evidence requiring further substantiation. Evidence
for some form of sequential hermaphroditism in species of Corbicula is circumstantial; at different times,
Corbicula fluminea has been called both protandrous and protogynous.
Hoagland, K. E. 1986. Unsolved problems and promising approaches in the study of Corbicula. IN:
Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American
Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 203-209.
Research on the introduction of Corbicula to the United States and subsequent biofouling problems has been
fragmented by the need for immediate answers in special situations. The problems should be examined in the
more general context of other introduced species problems and species outbreaks. It is clear that basic research
on Corbicula is badly hampered by confusion in systematics of the genus. Examples of the use of allozyme data
to solve problems in systematics and zoogeography, leading to clarification of physiological and life history
bases of species outbreaks, are presented. Data that plant operators should accumulate and make available to
biologists include exact location of living clams vs. shells, effectiveness studies of mechanical devices to
eliminate clams, and data to be acquired whenever clams are removed from a plant, such as number and sizes.
Finally, biologists can only present useful solutions if they are aware of economic and engineering aspects of
potential control strategies.
Hoke, E. 1997. The unionid mollusks of the Upper Kansas Basin of northwestern Kansas and
southwestern Nebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 1997(24):3562.
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Corbicula Bibliography
A qualitative survey of the Upper Kansas Basin resulted in the documentation of a unionid fauna consisting
of twenty-one native taxa, as well as the introduced bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Biological diversity was
greatest in the extreme eastern portion of the basin with the highest concentrations occurring in the habitatrich eastern-most creeks. Shifting sand substrates and declining or unstable flows, coupled with intensive
grazing of livestock, increasingly limit unionid distributions on an east to west continuum.
Holst, N. O. 1913. Le commencement et la fin de la période glaciare. L'Antropologie 24:353-389.
Honda, Y. 1978. Molluscan fossils from the Sasaoka formation, Gojome area, Akita Prefecture,
northeast Japan. Saito Ho-on Kai Museum of Natural History Research Bulletin No. 46:1-19.
Fossil Corbicula japonica are reported in medium to fine sand of Pleistocene age in the Gojome area.
Honda, Y. 1981. Corbiculid Mollusca from the Urahoro Group, Kushiro coal field, eastern
Hokkaido. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan (NS)
121:14-28.
Corbicula is one of the most common non-marine molluscs in the Urahoro Group. A total of three species is
recorded: Corbicula (Batissa) sitakaraensis Suzuki, Corbicula (Corbicula) tokudai (Yokoyama) and Corbicula
(Corbicula) kotakai sp. nov. (pp. 22-24, pl. 2, figs. 6, 9, 10, 13-17) [YB-10, Yubetsu Formation, Kushiro coal
field]. Corbicula sitakaraensis is considered to be a more saline water dweller than both Corbicula tokudai and
Corbicula kotakai, which are probably brackish or fresh water species.
Hopkins, S. H. 1978. An oyster family tree: ancestry of Crassostrea virginica. Proceedings of the
National Shellfisheries Association 68:81-82. [Abstract]
The systematics and evolution of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica is discussed. Association of fossil
Crassostrea glabra (Meek and Hayden, 1957), the presumed ancestor of C. virginica, with Corbicula, Neritina,
and Melania (species which have both marine and freshwater affinities) are noted.
Hori, T. 1954. Biochemical studies on Satashizimi (Corbicula sandai Reinhardt). II. Journal of the
Japanese Biochemical Society (Seikagaku) 26(2):157-160. [Japanese]
The changes of the composition of the numbers of shellfish (including Corbicula sandai) in different seasons
were studied. Relationships between these changes and reproductive action are discussed.
Hori, T. and I. Arakawa. 1969. Isolation and characterization of new sphingolipids containing N,
N-acetylmethylaminophosphonic acid and N-acylaminoethylphosphonic acid from the
mussel Corbicula sandai. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 176:898-900.
The isolation of a fifth phosphosphingolipid component from the freshwater bivalve Corbicula sandai by
Florisil column chromatography is described and evidence for the characterization of ceramide N,
N-acylmethylaminoethyl- phosphonate is presented.
Hori, T. and O. Itasaka. 1961. Lipids of freshwater mussels. IV. Complex lipids from Corbicula
sandai. Journal of the Japanese Biochemical Society (Seikagaku) 33:169-173. [Japanese]
Hori, T., O. Itasaka and T. Hashimoto. 1964. Biochemistry of Shellfish lipid. I. Glycolipid of
Corbicula, Corbicula sandai. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 55(1):1-10.
The pyridine-soluble lipids from the tissue of Corbicula sandai consisted of 4 main glycolipids. Purification
was done by adsorption on activated silica gel and florisil or by mild alkaline saponification. A glycolipid
containing fatty acid, sphingosine, D-glucose, D-xylose, L-fucose, glucosamine and galactosamine, or
sometimes a related substance, and the aminosugar phosphate as a constituent are present.
Hori, T., O. Itasaka, T. Hashimoto and H. Inoe. 1964. Biochemistry of shellfish lipid. II. Isolation of
the ethanolamine-containing sphingolipid from Corbicula, Corbicula sandai. Journal of
Biochemistry (Tokyo) 55:545-552.
A pyridine-insoluble sphingolipid was obtained from tissues of Corbicula sandai and purified by silicic acid
column chromatography. The lipid was homogenous on thin-layer chromatography, and the components
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Corbicula Bibliography
liberated by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis were shown to contain mainly fatty acid, sphingosine-like base and
phosphorylethanolamine. On the basis of the chemical components and the analysis data obtained by some
quantitative examinations, this substance seems to be a phosphoryethanolamine derivative of ceramide;
"sphingoethanolamine".
Hori, T., O. Itasaka and H. Inoe. 1966. Biochemistry of shellfish lipid. III. Purification and elemental
analysis of ceramide aminoethylphosphonate from Corbicula complex lipid mixtures.
Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 59(6):570-573.
Purification of ceramide aminoethylphosphate from Corbicula sandai was accomplished by the use of silicic
acid column chromatography and by application of the mild alkaline hydrolysis of Dawson. Pure lipid can be
more effectively prepared by the alkaline hydrolysis method than by silicic acid column chromatography. Also,
some properties and analytical values of the lipid purified by the alkaline hydrolysis method are presented and
they essentially agreed with those estimated for ceramide aminoethylphosphate.
Hori, T., O. Itasaka, H. Inoe and K. Yamada. 1964. Further study of structural components of the
pyridine insoluble sphingolipid from Corbicula, Corbicula sandai and the distribution in
other species. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 56(5):477-479.
New lipids were isolated from five species of shellfish (including Corbicula japonica and Corbicula sandai)
and checked by infrared spectra and thin layer chromatography. There was general agreement between the
results and those obtained in previous studies using C. sandai. The lipid accounted for 53-78%, depending on
the species, of all pyridine-insoluble lipid mixtures.
Hori, T., O. Itasaka and M. Kamimura. 1968. Biochemistry of shellfish lipids. VIII. Occurrence of
ceramide mono- and dihexoside in Corbicula, Corbicula sandai. Journal of Biochemistry
(Tokyo) 64(2):125-128.
The isolation and characterization of glycolipids from tissues of Corbicula sandai are described. Each
glycolipid was purified by column chromatography. Ceramide monohexosides consisted of glycolipids of
higher animals in its mannose content in place of galactose. The tentative structure was proposed to be
mannosylglycosyl-ceramide.
Hori, T., O. Itasaka, M. Sugita and I. Arakawa. 1967. Distribution of ceramide
2-aminoethylphosphonate in nature and its quantitative correlation to sphingomyelin.
Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Shiga University of Natural History 17:23-26.
Horiguchi, Y. and T. Tsujii. 1967. Studies on production of black pearls by irradiation with
radioactive rays - 3. Relationship between the coloration obtained by gamma ray irradiation
and the manganese contents in the shells of several shellfishes. Bulletin of the Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries 33(1):5-11.
The relationship between color, gamma ray irradiation and Mn content in black pearl culture using Corbicula
sandai and Corbicula japonica is presented.
Horikawa, Y. 1934. A list of freshwater shells of Taiwan. Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology
5:26-33. [Japanese]
Corbicula fluminea, Corbicula insularis, Corbicula formosana, and Corbicula maxima are reported from
Taiwan.
Hornbach, D. J. 1992. Life history traits of a riverine population of the Asian clam Corbicula
fluminea. American Midland Naturalist 127(2):248-257.
Monthly collections of Corbicula fluminea were taken for 1 yr from a small river (depth range 0.1-1.1 m)
near Charlottesville, Virginia. Mean densities ranged from 173-2990 clams multiplied by m-2, with an
annual mean of 677 clams multiplied by m-2. Based on the time-series of shell-length frequency
distributions and from dissections of adults, it appeared that there was one generation produced per year
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with the first detectable newborns (shell length approximately equals 0.4 mm) settling in the substrate
during July. Maximum lifespan was 2-3 yr during which clams reached average shell lengths of 11.1 mm
in the 1st yr and 17.6 mm in the 2nd yr of life. Other studies have most often reported two generations
produced per year with lifespans of 2-4 yr and maximal shell lengths of 30-60 mm. It is suggested that
much of the variation in life history displayed by this introduced species in phenotypic.
Hornbach, D. J., T. E. Wissing, and A. J. Burky. 1984. Energy budget for a stream population of the
freshwater clam, Sphaerium striatinum (Bivalvia: Pisidiidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology
62(12): 2410-2417.
An energy budget is presented for Sphaerium striatinum and values for annual production, annual production to
biomass ration, net production efficiency, and reproductive effort are compared with similar values for
Corbicula africana, Corbicula fluminea, and Corbicula japonica.
Horne, F. R. and S. MacIntosh. 1979. Factors influencing distribution of mussels in the Blanco River
of Central Texas. The Nautilus 93(4):119-133.
Environmental parameters that influence the distribution of eight mussels in the Blanco River of Central Texas
were studied. The effects of type of substratum, stream flow rate and physicochemical features on mussel
distribution were evaluated, but emphasis was given to the role of organic enrichment of the river by a city
sewage treatment plant. From tolerance tests to ammonia and low oxygen on five local mussels and from field
studies it was found that low dissolved oxygen levels (0 - 0.5 mg l-l) proved lethal to 47% of the mussels tested
in seven days. Levels of 5 mg NH+4 - NH3 1-1 (pH 7.8 to 8.0, NH3 - N = 0.26 mg-l) were lethal to 40% of the
mussels tested in seven days. Corbicula manilensis was more tolerant, and Amblema plicata plicata less tolerant
than the other mussels to elevated ammonia and low oxygen concentrations associated with sewage enrichment.
Even though the physicochemical parameters did not indicate stressful conditions on the days sampled, mussels
of the Blanco River seemed to have been adversely effected by enrichment from the secondary sewage
treatment plant of San Marcos. Fewer mussels were found downstream from the sewage plant than upstream,
even where the river bottom, depth and flow artes were similar.
Horning, W. B. and L. Keup. 1964. Decline of Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in Ohio River.
The Nautilus 78(1):29-30.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is reported form the Ohio River at River Mile 461.5 and declines in the
population are attributed to severe cold during the winter of 1962-1963.
Houp, R. E. 1980. A survey of the mussels of the Red River Wild River segment in eastern
Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 41(1-2):55-56.
Recent collections of freshwater mussels in the Wild River segment of the Red River in eastern Kentucky
yielded 15 species of unionian clams. Of those, Alasmidonta marginata was the most abundant and widely
distributed. The Asiatic clam, Corbicula manilensis was not collected in that segment of the river.
Howard, D. R., C. M. Trantow and C. D. Thaler. 2004. Motility of a biflagellate sperm:
waveform analysis and cyclic nucleotide activation. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton
59(2):120-30.
The sperm of the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea are unusual in that they have two flagella, both of
which are capable of beating. When Corbicula sperm are removed from the gonad and placed into
freshwater, most remain immotile. Video microscopy was used to assess signaling molecules capable of
activating Corbicula sperm motility. Experiments using the cAMP analogs dbcAMP or 8-Br-cAMP show
that elevating cAMP activates flagellar motility. Treatments with 8-Br-cGMP activated motility in similar
numbers of sperm. Treatments with the selective cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor H-89
block activation by 8-Br-cAMP but not by 8-Br-cGMP. Similar treatments with the cGMP-dependent
protein kinase (PKG) inhibitor Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS block activation by 8-Br-cGMP but not by 8-BrcAMP. These results suggest that cAMP and cGMP each work through their specific kinase to activate
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Corbicula Bibliography
flagellar motility. Analysis of spontaneously activated freely swimming sperm shows that the two flagella
beat with different parameters. The A flagellum beats with a shorter wavelength and a higher frequency
than the B flagellum. The observed differences in flagellar waveform indicate that the flagella are
differentially controlled.
Howard, R. 1982. Benthic macroinvertebrates from Toledo Bend Reservoir, Texas. IN: Proceedings
of the Symposium on Recent Benthological Investigations in Texas and Adjacent States,
Aquatic Sciences Section, J. R. Davis, Ed. Texas Academy of Sciences. pp. 139-148.
Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected from five stations in Toledo Bend Reservoir during 1973 and 1974.
Two distinct assemblages were observed - open reservoir and bay (inundated tributary). Open reservoir stations
had lower total densities than bay but the numbers of species were similar. Characteristic species from the three
open reservoir stations included Nais sp., Chironomus sp., Corbicula fluminea, with Dero digitata, Aulodrilus
piqueti and Chaoborus punctipennis the numerical dominants. A distinct depth zonation consisted of a shallow
(1 and 5 m) low density and a deeper (10 and 15 m) higher density zone. Bay station communities were
characterized by Stylaria fossularis, Caenis sp., Hyalella azteca, Cyrnellus sp. and Ceratopognonidae with
Tubifex sp., Limnodrilus sp., and C. punctipennis as numerical dominants.
Huang, B. Y. 1981. The fresh-water lamellibranchs from the site of the Zhenpiyan Cave in Guilin,
Guangxi. Acta Paleontologica Sinica 20(3):199-206. [Chinese with English summary]
Corbicula rectipatula sp. nov. is described (p. 205) and figured from the Holocene of China.
Huang, B.-Y., and S.-Y. Guo. 1982. Early Pleistocene fresh-water lamellibranch fauna from
Nihewan, Hebei. Bulletin of the Najing Institute of Geology and Paleontology No.
5:231-252. [Chinese with English summary]
Corbicula eximia sp. nov. is described (p. 246) from the early Pleistocene of China.
Huang, X. and Y. You. 1995. Effects of cadmium on the ALP activity of freshwater clamCorbicula fluminalis (Müller). Journal of Fujian Teachers University (Natural Science
Edition) 11(2):74-78. [Chinese with English summary]
Using enzymic activity as a parameter, the relations of cadmium pollution and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
activity was investigated. Cadmium shows evident inhibition effects, these effects have some relations with
treated time, clam age, sexuality factors, etc. The inhibition of Cadmium on ALP activity in clam is
recoverable at a limited range. Experimental results are the useful data for using Corbicula fluminalis as a
monitor of the heavy metal-Cadmium in freshwater area and establishing a method of enzyme assay.
Huber, F., C.-F. Lo and C.-H Wang. 1975. A study of Lophotaspis orientalis in Corbicula
(Trematoda: Aspidogastridae). Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica
14(1):1-8.
The parasite Lophotaspis orientalis was found in the pericardial cavity of Corbicula for the first time. It seems
to be the same species described by Faust and Tang (1936). Reproductive organs were studied with microscopic
sections and whole mount preparations under the light microscope. Scanning electron microscopy was used to
reveal minute structures of the ventral suckers.
Hubers, A. N. 1998. Sequence divergence and species distinguishing markers in the
mitochondrial DNA 16S ribosomal gene among Dreissena, Mytilopsis, and Corbicula
bivalve mussels. Master of Science Thesis, Case Western Reserve University. ix+61 pp.
Hubricht, L. 1963. Corbicula fluminea in the Mobile River. The Nautilus 77(1):31.
Corbicula fluminea is reported from the Mobile River at Chastang Bluff and north of Bucks, Mobile County,
Alabama, from collections made in 1962.
Hubricht, L. 1964. Corbicula fluminea at Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Nautilus 77:143.
On 13 October 1963, Corbicula fluminea (Müller) was found abundant in the Yazoo River at the foot of Clina
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Corbicula Bibliography
Street, Vicksburg, Mississippi. It was also found in the Yazoo River at the Old Eagle Ferry Landing, 7.5 mi.
north of Vicksburg, but not as abundantly. It was not found in the Yazoo River north of Redwood, nor at
Satartia.
Hubricht, L. 1965. Corbicula manilensis in the Alabama River. The Nautilus 78(3):106.
Corbicula manilensis is reported from the Tombigbee River east of Lavaca, Choctaw County, Alabama, from
collections made in 1964.
Hubricht, L. 1966. Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) in the Alabama River system. The Nautilus
80(1):32-33.
Corbicula manilensis is reported from the Alabama River, Cahaba River, Tombigbee River, and Sucarnochee
Creek in Alabama.
Hudleston, W. H. 1904. On the origin of the marine (halolimnic) fauna of Lake Tanganyika.
Transactions of the Victoria Institute (London). 52 pp.
Huff, T., G. Foster and D. Kelso. 1996. Use of semipermeable membrane devices for estimating
bioconcentration factors of hydrophobic organic contaminants in Corbicula. Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Washington, D.C., 17-21 November.
Huiqing, G. 2005. Application of nanometer scale technology in artificial breeding of Corbicula
sp. Xian dai yu ye xin xi [Modern Fisheries Information] 20(5):16-19. [Chinese]
Hull, M. S. 2002. An ecotoxicological recovery assessment of the Clinch River following coal
industry-related disturbances in Carbo, Virginia 1967-2002. Master of Science Thesis,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg).
American Electric Power's (AEP) coal-fired Clinch River Plant, a power-generating facility in Carbo,
Russell County, Virginia (USA), has impaired Clinch River biota through toxic spills in 1967 and 1970,
and effluent copper (Cu) concentrations that were reported to have exceeded water quality criteria from
1985-1989. These impacts have provided impetus for many research projects addressing the absence of
bivalves, including federally protected species of native mussels (Unionoidea), from sites influenced by
CRP effluent. Modifications in CRP effluent during 1987 and 1993 drastically reduced Cu levels and
warranted the present study, which assessed long-term biological recovery in Clinch River biota near the
CRP. In 2000-2001, surveys of benthic macroinvertebrate communities and instantaneous measures of
effluent toxicity did not foretell significant reductions in survivorship and growth of field-caged Asian
clams (Corbicula fluminea) at sites downstream of the CRP. More importantly, these results indicated
renewed toxicity in CRP effluent. Additional transplant studies using two enclosure types were conducted
to isolate effects attributable to CRP effluent from the potentially confounding effects of substrate
variability among study sites.
Hull, M. S., D. S. Cherry and T. C. Merricks. 2004. Effect of cage design on growth of
transplanted Asian clams: Implications for assessing bivalve responses in streams.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 96(1-3):1-14.
This study was designed to determine whether survivorship and growth of Asian clams (Corbicula
fluminea [Müller]) differed significantly between two types of field enclosures. Enclosures were either
flexible mesh bags or rigid cages (hereto after referred as bioboxes) designed to homogenize substrate
among study sites and accommodate Asian clam feeding mechanisms. For 96-d, cages remained at 12
Clinch River (CR), Hurricane Fork (HF), and Dump's Creek (DC) sites upstream and downstream of a
coal-fired power plant discharge, coal mining effluent, and coal combustion-related disposal facilities in
Carbo, Virginia. Although survivorship was not significantly different between cage types, mean growth of
clams in bioboxes was significantly greater overall (p = 0.0157). Despite the difference in growth between
the two cage types, both confirmed significant reductions of survivorship and growth directly below the
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power plant discharge. Additionally, coefficient of variance values for biobox growth data were reduced at
most study sites (averages of 16% for bioboxes versus 19% for mesh bags). Our results have implications
toward strengthening weight-of-evidence approaches used to link impairment of transplanted bivalves to
environmental contaminants. More importantly, these results suggest that ecotoxicological impairment of
bivalves transplanted downstream of the coal-fired power plant discharge functioned independently of sitespecific substrate provisions.
Hull, M., D. Cherry and R. Neves. 2006. Use of bivalve metrics to quantify influences of coalrelated activities in the Clinch River Watershed, Virginia. Hydrobiologia 556(1 ):341355.
Hull, M. S., D. S. Cherry, D. J. Soucek, R. D. Currie and R. J. Neves. 2002. Comparison of
Asian clam field bioassays and benthic community surveys in quantifying effects of a
coal-fired power plant effluent on Clinch River biota. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem
Stress and Recovery 9(4):271-283.
Survival and growth of Asian clams may be more sensitive endpoints than benthic macroinvertebrate
community richness parameters at distinguishing biotic impairment attributable to complex effluents from
coal-burning utilities. Studies conducted included (1) field bioassays with the Asian clam (Corbicula
fluminea) during 2000-02 and (2) rapid bioassessments of benthic macroinvertebrate communities during
2000-01 at sites upstream/downstream of American Electric Power's (AEP) Clinch River Plant (CRP) in
Russell County, Virginia (U.S.A). Survival and growth of transplanted C. fluminea were significantly
impaired within the CRP effluent plume (averages of 35% and 0.21 mm, respectively) relative to all other
study sites within the Clinch River (averages of 89% and 1.58 mm). Conversely, richness metrics for
Ephemeroptera, Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT), and total taxa were not reduced
downstream of the CRP. However, relative abundance metrics for Ephemeroptera and EPT were minimally
reduced at the CRP-influenced site during 2000-01. More importantly, our results suggest that richness
metrics for benthic macroinvertebrate communities may be inadequate for assessing the effects of complex
industrial effluents on C. fluminea. These findings have implications for bioassessment techniques
employed to monitor streams inhabited by imperiled freshwater mussels because (1) C. fluminea and
Unionoidea are ecologically similar and (2) recent findings suggest certain genera of Unionidae may be
more sensitive than C. fluminea.
Huntchinson, P. J., H. B. Rollins and R. S. Prezant. 1993. Detection of xenophobic response in
the periostracum of the bivalve, Corbicula fluminea , through laser-induced mass
spectrometry. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24(2):258-267.
Aqueous-phased xenobiotic contaminant exposure can biochemically modify newly generated
periostracum of the Asian freshwater bivalve, Corbicula fluminea. Laser-induced desorption of partially
polymerized periostracum produces spectra distinguishable from mass spectral images generated from
uncontaminated periostracum. Organic xenobiotic contamination putatively impedes full polymerization of
the periostracin protein. The detection of the effects of pollution on periostracum by the laser microprobe
mass analyzer constitutes a novel bioprobe for the definitive but qualified detection of xenobiotic
contamination.
Huntchinson, P. J., H. Rollins, A. G. Sharkey, R. S. Prezant, Y. Kim and D. M. Hercules. 1993.
A freshwater bioprobe: Periostracum of the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller)
combined with laser microprobe mass spectrometer. Environmental Pollution 79(1):95100.
A freshwater bioprobe, combining the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea and the laser microprobe mass
spectrometer (LAMMA), can determine anthropogenic chemical contamination of freshwater systems.
Laser generated mass spectra from the periostracal layers of clams contaminated with either a salt,
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potassium bromide, or an aromatic compound, phenol, produce distinctive mass spectral signatures that are
different from uncontaminated clams. Uncontaminated clams have characteristic signatures with distinctive
spectral peaks less than m/z 41; while exposed clams have many strong peaks well above this m/z. This
freshwater bioprobe, using LAMMA to analyze the surface of clams, can be used as a screening tool for
monitoring the water-treatment systems, for determining the source of contaminated baseflow and return
flow discharge to streams, and for monitoring the water chemistry of a body of water. This system exploits
the facility of using the shell instead of soft tissue with the LAMMA and has potential to detect
anthropogenically-derived chemical stress.
Hurukawa, M. 1953. An ecological studies (sic) on the bivalve "Seta-Shijimi", Corbicula sandai
Reinhardt of the Lake Biwa - I. On the growth. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries 19:88-90. [Japanese with English summary]
Hurukawa, M. and S. Mizumoto. 1953. An ecological studies (sic) on the bivalve"Seta-Shijimi",
Corbicula sandai Reinhardt of the Lake Biwa - II. On the development. Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 19:91-94. [Japanese with English summary]
Hutton, F. W. 1849. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 18(2):558. [cited in Germain, 1922]
Corbicula sp. is discussed.
Huzita, T. 1941. On a gigantic specimen of Corbicula japonica Prime. Venus, Japanese Journal of
Malacology 11(1):26-27.
A specimen of Corbicula japonica is reported to have shell measurements of 48 x 39 x 28 mm (length x height
x width).
Hwang, S., H. Kim, J. Shin, J. Oh and D. Kong. 2004. Grazing effects of a freshwater bivalve
(Corbicula leana Prime) and large zooplankton on phytoplankton communities in two
Korean lakes. Hydrobiologia 515(1-3):161-179.
This study examined the effects of a freshwater filter feeding bivalve (Corbicula leana Prime) and large
zooplankton (>200 μm, mostly cladocerans and copepods) on the phytoplankton communities in two lakes
with contrasting trophic conditions. A controlled experiment was conducted with four treatments (control,
zooplankton addition, mussel addition, and both zooplankton and mussel addition), and each established in
duplicate 10 L chambers. In both lakes there were significant effects of mussel grazing on phytoplankton
density and biomass. The effects were greater in mesotrophic Lake Soyang than in hypertrophic Lake
Ilgam. Effects of zooplankton grazing did not differ between these lakes, and zooplankton effects on
phytoplankton were much less than the effects of mussels. Although mussels exerted a varying effect on
phytoplankton according to their size, mussels reduced densities of almost all phytoplankton taxa. Total
mean filtering rate (FR) of mussels in Lake Soyang was significantly greater than that in Lake Ilgam
(p=0.002, n=5). Carbon fluxes from phytoplankton to mussels (977-2,379 μgC L-1 d-1) and to zooplankton
(76-264 μgC L-1 d-1) were always greater in Lake Ilgam due to the greater phytoplankton biomass (p<0.01,
n=6). Based on the C-flux to biomass ratios, the mussels consumed 170-754% (avg. 412%) of
phytoplankton standing stock in Lake Soyang, and 38-164% (avg. 106%) in Lake Ilgam per day. The Cflux to biomass ratio for mussels within each lake was much greater than for large zooplankton. Mussels
reduced total phosphorus concentration by 5-34%, while increasing phosphate by 30-55% relative to the
control. Total nitrogen also was reduced (by 9-25%), but there was no noticeable change in nitrate among
treatments. The high consumption rate of phytoplankton by Corbicula leana even in a very eutrophic lake
suggests that this mussel could affect planktonic and benthic food web structure and function by
preferential feeding on small seston and by nutrient recycling. Control of mussel biomass therefore might
be an effective tool for management of water quality in shallow eutrophic lakes and reservoirs in Korea.
168
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Hwang, S. J., H. S. Kim, K. H. Choi and J. H. Park. 2002. Changes of nutrients and plankton
communities in mesocosms bio-manipulated by freshwater bivalve (Corbicula). 8th
International Congress of Ecology, Seoul (Korea), 11-18 Aug 2002.
Hyland, J. L., W. L. Balthis, M. Posey, C. T. Hackney and T. Alphin. 2004. The soft-bottom
macrobenthos of North Carolina estuaries. Estuaries 27(3):501-514.
The structure of macroinfaunal (>0.5 mm sieve size) assemblages was examined in samples of
unconsolidated substrates collected during the summers of 1994- 1997 at 208 stations throughout North
Carolina estuaries. Numerical classification (cluster analysis) of stations resulted in 14 distinct site groups
that reflected discernible habitat-related patterns in species distributions. Multiple discriminant analysis,
performed on synoptic abiotic variables (depth, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, percent silt-clay), showed
that the separation of site groups was related primarily to salinity. Percent silt-clay had a secondary
influence on the separation of sites within similar salinity zones. Species diversity among site groups
generally decreased with decreasing salinity and increasing mud content of sediment. Nodal analysis
showed a wide range in constancy and fidelity of species assemblages within site groups. Some
assemblages dominated by euryhaline species had no particular affinity with any one site group. The
strongest affinities, as evidenced by high values of both constancy and fidelity, were displayed by an
assemblage of oligochaetes, insect larvae, gammaridean amphipods, and the clam Corbicula fluminea in
tidal freshwater muds; and an assemblage of haustoriid amphipods, the bivalve Donax variabilis, the
polychaete Paraonis fulgens, and unidentified echinoids at high-salinity sites in outer Pamlico Sound near
ocean inlets. A series of stations with impaired benthic assemblages in polluted habitats emerged from the
cluster analysis and was distinguishable from other site groups that reflected a greater influence of natural
controlling factors (such as salinity and sediment type) on species distributions. These results suggest that
the interaction of both anthropogenic and natural environmental controlling factors is important in defining
the structure of these infaunal assemblages.
Hymel, S. R. 1995. Assessing the effects of a municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent on
zooplankton, phytoplankton and Corbicula flumina in a constructed wetland. Master of
Science Thesis, University of North Texas. xiii+234 pp.
-- I -Iavnov, S. V. and V. A. Rakov. 2002. Korbikula. Tikhookeanskii nauchno-issledovatel’skii
rybokhoziaistvennyi tsentr (Vladivostok). 145 pp. [Russian: ISBN: 5891310260].
Ibadov, T. R. 1972. Studies of fresh water fauna in the upper Tertiary sediments of
Azerbaidzhan-SSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi S.S.R. 28(1):39-42. [with
English and Azerbian summaries]
Upper Tertiary sediment of Azerbaidzhan (USSR) contain a rich freshwater fauna. In the upper Pliocene marine
fossils are found together with such freshwater elements as Unio, Anodonta, Sphaerium, Cyrena, Corbicula,
Dreissena, Melanopsis, Melanoides, and Neritina.
Icho, S. and Y. Oshima. 1938. Yobai Tokuhon (Textbook of Clam Culture), Sugiyama Shoten
(Sugiyama Book Co.). pp. 1-289.
Ida, T. and A. Hamada. 1975. On the metabolism of Corbicula japonica under aerobic condition.
Aquiculture 23(3):111-114. [Japanese]
Ida, T. and T. Yasukawa and S. Yamada. 1978. On the identification of the small bivalves,
Corbicula japonica Prime and C. sandai Reinhardt. Aquiculture 26(3):102-106. [Japanese]
169
Corbicula Bibliography
Ihebe, N. and T. Yokoyama. 1976. General explanation of the Kobiwako Group - ancient lake
deposits of Lake Biwa. IN: Paleolimnology and Lake Biwa and the Japanese Pleistocene,
Vol. 4, S. Horie, Ed. Contribution No. 158. pp. 31-51.
Ihering, H. von. 1907. Mollusques fossiles du Tertiarie et du Cretace superieur de l'Argintine.
Annals de Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Buenos Aires 3, 7:xiii + 611 pp.
Corbicula sehuena is described from the Cretaceous of Argentina.
Ikematsu, W. and M. Kammakura. 1975. Ecological studies of Corbicula leana Prime I. On the
reproductive season and growth. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of
Miyazake 22:185-195. [Japanese. English translation available through NTIS
(ORNL-tr-4590)]
Corbicula leana, a small ovoviviparous freshwater hermaphroditic bivalve, is widely used in Japan as a human
food and thus has some medical importance. Bivalves were transplanted to rice fields in Kobayashi City,
Miyazaki Prefecture, for culture in 1970. This paper reports on the reproductive season, density and growth of
young bivalves in aquaculture ponds. Parent clams brooding larvae and discharged larvae were found
throughout the period of investigation (May through November) when water temperature was above 15oC. The
peak period of reproduction is from June to October. The biological minimum of a grown shellfish is 12 mm
shell length. The number of incubated larvae showed great individual differences ranging from 1 to 6,900/parent
bivalve. This difference was attributed to differences in the start and/or finish of larval release. Most D-stage
larvae are 0.20-0.25 mm in shell length. Discharged larvae immediately begin benthic life. The density of
discharged larvae was high and reached a maximum of 85,000/m2. The larvae grow rapidly but the growth rate
slows over time and as water temperature drops below 17oC. The bivalves grow to a commercial size of 20 mm
in about 1.5 yr after discharge.
Ikematsu, W. and S. Shigaki. 1976. Ecological studies of Corbicula leana Prime - 2. Reproduction.
Aquiculture 24(2):68-74.
Ikematsu, W. and S. Yamane. 1977. Ecological studies of Corbicula leana Prime - III. On spawning
throughout the year and self-fertilization of the gonad. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries 43(10):1139-1146. [Japanese with English summary]
The question of whether Corbicula leana, a freshwater hermaphroditic bivalve known to spawn during March
and November, spawns in the winter season was investigated. Incubated young were found within the inner
demibranchs in some individuals collected in a culture pond in Kobayashi City (Japan) on December 19, 1975,
February 24, 1976, and March 25, l976. In February, 17 of the 150 specimens were incubating young and the
number of young in each individual ranged between 32 - 870. Histological observation of the gonads
(ovotestes) during June 1975 and April 1976 revealed that all the individuals observed held mature gametes
regardless of the time of collection. Percentage of the maturation stage-oocytes measuring > 130 ìm in long axis
in all occytes more than 15 - 10 x 25 - 30 ìm varied widely from individual to individual independently of the
seasons: for instance, 9.9 - 21.2% in April, 5.7 - 18.0% in August. Percentage in an individual fixed
immediately before spawning began was 33.7%. Corbicula leana as a population may spawn throughout the
year although individuals may spawn out of step. Self-fertilized ova in cleavage were present in the gonads.
Inaba, Y., N. Hamada-Sato, T. Kobayashi, C. Imada and E. Watanabe. 2003. Determination of
D- and L-alanine concentrations using a pyruvic acid sensor. Biosensors and
Bioelectronics 18(8): 963-971.
The concentrations of D- and L-alanine in bivalves are useful as indicators of environmental pollution.
Amino acid oxidase with a low substrate specificity catalyzes the oxidation of various amino acids. Among
the various amino acids, pyruvic acid can be generated from alanine only by the catalytic oxidative reaction
of this oxidase. Therefore, in this study, the concentrations of D- and L-alanine were determined from the
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concentration of pyruvic acid, which was determined from the consumption of oxygen based on the
oxidative reaction of pyruvate oxidase. From this point of view, there is a very strong possibility that
biosensors utilizing enzymes with a low substrate specificity can be developed. The results obtained were
as follows. (1) The optimum conditions for the use of pyruvic acid sensor were as follows: temperature of
25oC, pH of 6.8, flow rate of 0.1 ml/min, thiamin diphosphate concentration of 1.5 mM, and injection
volume of 50 μl. (2) D-Alanine and L-alanine optimally reacted with D- and L-amino acid oxidase at 30oC,
pH 8.2, for 30 min and at 37oC, pH 7.8, for 90 min, respectively. (3) The linear relationships between the
concentrations of D- and L-alanine and the output of the sensor were obtained at 3.56- 106.8 μg of Dalanine and 5.34-71.3 μg of L-alanine. (4) The concentrations of D- and L-alanine in Meretrix iusoria,
Patinopecten yessonsi, and Corbicula leana obtained by the proposed assay were in good agreement with
those determined by a conventional method.
Inagaki, C., S. Maruyama and H. Fukuda. 1964. The nutritional evaluation of shijimi (Corbicula
atrata). 1. Effect of Shijimi in liver of carbontetrachloride poisoned rats. Japanese Journal of
Food and Nutrition (Eiyo To Shokuryo) 17:208-211. [Japanese]
Inagaki, C., H. Kanemitsu and T. Kitajima. 1965. The nutritional evaluation of shijimi (Corbicula
atrata). II. The effect of Shijimi in liver of rats fed unbalanced amino acid diets. Japanese
Journal of Food and Nutrition (Eiyo To Shokuryo) 17:357-361. [Japanese]
A description of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is given with notes on the distribution of the species in
California and Washington.
Ingram, W. M. 1959. Asiatic clams as potential pests in California water supplies. Journal of the
American Waterworks Association 51:363-370.
The distribution of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is given for California. Its infestation of the Coachella
Valley Water District and the Metropolitan Water District are discussed as is the infestation at the Tracy
Pumping Plant of the Delta-Mendota Canal. A review of the life-cycle and ecology are presented with a
discussion of potential molluscicides and human exploitation of the species.
Ingram, W. M. and A. F. Bartsch. 1960. Operator's identification guide to animals associated with
potable water supplies. Journal of the American Waterworks Association 52:1521-1550.
The general morphology and ecology of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is presented with a discussion of its
association with potable water supplies.
Ingram, W. M., L. Keup and C. Henderson. 1964. Asiatic clams at Parker, Arizona. The Nautilus
77:121-124.
Corbicula fluminea is reported in the Colorado River at Parker, Arizona.
Inoue, T. and T. Kanamatsu. 1973. Poly acrylamide gradient gel disc electrophoretic apparatus and
analysis of protein. Zoological Magazine (Tokyo) 82:336.
Inoue, T. and T. Kanematsu. 1974. A study on amylase isozymes using a poly acrylamide gradient
gel disc electrophoretic apparatus. The Physico-Chemical Biology (Chiba) 18:198-230.
Inoue, T. and K. Nagaike. 1979. Physicochemical properties of the alpha-amylase isozymes isolated
from the crystalline style of Corbicula japonica. Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei University
(Mathematics and Natural Science) 31:201-209.
The enzymology of isolated from the crystalline style of Corbicula japonica is presented.
Inza, B. 1994. Etude en ecotoxicologie experimentale de la bioaccumulation du cadmium et des
derives du mercure par un mollusque filtreur d'eau douce (Corbicula fluminea) [Study of
experimental ecotoxicology of cadmium and mercury compounds bioaccumulation by a
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freshwater filter Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca)]. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation,
Ecole Doctorale des Sciences Biologiques et Medicales, Universite de Bordeaux 1,
(France). 187 pp. 1996.
Les travaux de recherche sont bases sur l'etude experimentale des processus de bioaccumulation et de
transfert des metaux-traces (cadmium, mercure inorganique, methylmercure) par un mollusque filtreur
d'eau douce: Corbicula fluminea. La premiere phase de ce travail a repose sur la contamination de
Corbicula fluminea au sein de systemes experimentaux composes d'un biotope mixte (colonne
d'eau/sediment). Les etudes, realisees dans le cadre de plans factoriels d'experience, ont permis la prise en
compte d'un nombre important de facteurs ecotoxicologiques: niveaux et sources de contamination
(colonne d'eau ou sediment), duree d'exposition, temperature et pH. Elles ont ete completees par une
analyse de la cinetique de la decontamination. La seconde phase du programme de recherche a ete
consacree a la conception et la realisation de systemes plurispecifiques, afin d'analyser les incidences d'une
structure plurispecifique a l'egard des reponses ecotoxicologiques de Corbicula fluminea et d'accroitre la
representativite des modeles ecotoxicologiques en reference aux processus complexes se deroulant en
milieu naturel.
Inza, B., R. Maury-Brachet, J. M. Laporte, A. Boudou and F. Ribeyre. 1995. Experimental study
of cadmium, inorganic mercury and methylmercury contamination of the freshwater
mollusc Corbicula fluminea. Fifth SETAC-Europe Congress: Environmental Science and
Vulnerable Ecosystems, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June.
Inza, B., F. Ribeyre and A. Boudou. 1998. Dynamics of cadmium and mercury compounds
(inorganic mercury or methylmercury): Uptake and depuration in Corbicula fluminea.
Effects of temperature and pH. Aquatic Toxicology 43(4):273-285.
The kinetics of cadmium, inorganic mercury and methylmercury bioaccumulation and decontamination
were studied in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). The contamination phase was studied over a 14-day
period, and the decontamination phase over 30 days. A further analysis of the decontamination kinetics of
Cd and MeHg was carried out over a 120-day period. Combinations of two modalities, of temperature 12
and 24oC, and of pH 6.0 and 8, enabled us to quantify the actions of these two abiotic factors and also their
interactions on metal depuration. During the exposure period, the concentration changes as a function of
time clearly revealed a plateau tendency for the cadmium, and this was apparent as from time 4 days; in the
case of the Hg(II), however, the trend was almost linear. Against these two results, the methylmercury
revealed no pronounced saturation phenomenon, despite very high mercury concentrations in the soft body
parts. After 30 days of decontamination, no loss of Cd or Hg was observed in the molluscs previously
contaminated with Cd or with MeHg. When this study was continued for 120 days, however, we observed
decontamination rates of 25% for the Cd and 40% for the MeHg. For the inorganic mercury, the average
decrease in burdens measured in the soft body parts was 30% after 30 days decontamination. The
temperature and pH factors had no significant effect on the decontamination processes at the organism or at
the organs levels, despite the wide differences between the modalities of the two factors (12 and 24oC, pH
6.0 and 8.0).
Inza, B., F. Ribeyre, R. Maury-Brachet and A. Boudou. 1997. Tissue distribution of inorganic
mercury, methylmercury and cadmium in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in
relation to the contamination levels of the water column and sediment. Chemosphere 35
(12):2817-2836.
The comparative experimental study of inorganic mercury (HgII), methylmercury (MeHg) and cadmium
(Cd) bioaccumulation in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea was based on a 14 days' exposure to the
water column or sediment compartments, as initial contamination sources. For each contaminant and
exposure source, a five-point concentration range was set up in order to quantify the relationships between
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Corbicula Bibliography
the contamination pressure and bioaccumulation capacity, at the whole soft body level and in five organs:
gills, mantle, visceral mass, kidney and foot. Hg and Cd bioaccumulation at the whole organism level was
proportional to the metal concentrations in the water column or sediment. For similar exposure conditions,
the average ratios between the metal concentrations in the bivalves - [MeHg]/[HgII] and [MeHg]/[Cd] were close to 10 and 5 for the sediment source and 8 and 15 for the water column source. Metal distribution
in the five organs revealed strong specificities, according to the different contamination modalities studied:
kidney and gills were clearly associated with Cd exposure, mantle and foot with MeHg exposure and the
visceral mass with inorganic Hg exposure.
Iqbal, M. W. A. 1969. Mega-fauna from the Ghazij Formation (lower Eocene) Quetta Sharig area,
west Pakistan. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 5:1-32.
Corbicula tangica sp. nov. is described from the lower Eocene Ghazij formation, Quetta Shahriganea, west
Pakistan.
Iredale, T. 1943. A basic list of the fresh-water Mollusca of Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology
10(2):188-230.
All bivalves referred to the genus Corbicula Mühlfeldt occurring in Australia have been referred to the genus
Corbiculina Dall, 1903. The following new combinations are reported and described: Corbiculina angasi
(Prime, 1864) (p. 193), Corbiculina australis (Deshayes, 1830) (p. 193), Corbiculina debilis (Gould, 1850) (p.
193), Corbiculina faba (Bullen, 1904) (p. 193), Corbiculina baronialis (Prime, 1870) (p. 193), Corbiculina
minor (Prime, 1861) (p. 193), Corbiculina prolongata (Prime, 1861) (p. 193), Corbiculina ovalina (Deshayes,
1855) (pp. 193-194), Corbiculina deshayesii (Smith, 1882) (p. 194), and Corbiculina desolata (Tate, 1887) (p.
194). Other new species of Corbiculina [believed to be synonymous with Corbicula by others] are: Corbiculina
finkeana sp. nov. (p. 193), Corbiculina mussoni sp. nov. (p. 194), Corbiculina permena sp. nov. (p. 194),
Corbiculina maroubra sp. nov. (p. 194) and Corbiculina esculenta sp. nov. (pp. 194-195).
Iredale, T. 1943. Guide to the freshwater shells of New South Wales. Australian Naturalist (Sydney)
11(4):85-95.
Iritani, N., E. Fukuda and K. Inoguchi. 1979. Effect of feeding the shellfish Corbicula japonica on
lipid metabolism in the rat. Atherosclerosis 34(1):41-48.
Rats were maintained for 2 weeks on 3 different diets, a basal diet, l containing 0.1% cholate, and 1 containing
0.1% cholesterol and 0.1% cholate. Each dietary group was divided into subgroups whose diet contained 0, 5 or
10% (dry weight) of minced Corbicula japonica. Feeding C. japonica to the rats significantly reduced the
increase of cholesterol levels for those on the cholesterol diet. Though C. japonica contains several sterols,
sterols other than cholesterol were almost not absorbed. Serum and liver triglyceride levels were significantly
reduced by feeding C. japonica meat in all the dietary groups. Activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,
malic enzyme and acetyl-CoA acrboxylase were reduced by feeding C. japonica. The results suggest that C.
japonica is hypolipidemic food.
Iritani, N., E. Fukuda, K. Inoguchi, M. Tsubosaka and J. Tashiro. 1980. Reduction of lipogenic
enzymes by shellfish triglycerides in rat liver. Journal of Nutrition 110(8):1664-1670.
Ishibashi, R. 2000. All maternal chromosomes are extruded as two first polar bodies in the
androgenetic clam Corbicula leana--cytocholasin B treatment. Genetics in Aquaculture
VII, Townsville, Australia, 15-22 July.
Ishibashi, R. and A. Komaru. 2003. Biwako Yodogawa suikei, Yamatogawa suikei ni okeru
Taiwansijimi no syutsugenjoukyou [Invasion of Corbicula fluminea into the Lake BiwaYodo river system]. Venus: Japanese Journal of Malacology 62(1-2):65-70. [Japanese
with English summary]
Corbicula samples were collected and observations made in the Lake Biwa-Yodo river system and Yamato
river system to determine whether invasion of the exotic Corbicula fluminea has occurred. In the Lake
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Biwa-Yodo river system, C. fluminea has invaded, and the indigenous C. leana has disappeared in the
Yodo River. C. fluminea consisted of diploids and triploids. These samples were hermaphrodites and
produced non-reductional sperm, suggesting androgenetic reproduction. We could not find C. fluminea in
the Yamato river system, and only the indigenous C. leana exists. The present study suggests that the
invasion of exotic C. fluminea may result in the extinction of the indigenous C. leana.
Ishibashi, R., A. Komaru, K. Ookubo and M. Kiyomoto. 2002. The second meiosis occurs in
cytochalasin D-treated eggs of Corbicula leana even though it is not observed in control
androgenetic eggs because the maternal chromosomes and centrosomes are extruded at
first meiosis. Developmental Biology 244(1):37-43.
The hermaphroditic freshwater clam Corbicula leana reproduces by androgenesis. In the control
(androgenetic development), all maternal chromosomes and maternal centrosomes at the meiotic poles were
extruded as the two first polar bodies, and subsequently, second meiosis did not occur. But, in C. leana
eggs treated with cytochalasin D (CD) to inhibit polar body extrusion, the second meiosis occurred. At
metaphase-I, the spindle showed the typical bipolar structure and two spheroid centrosomes were located at
its poles. All the maternal chromosomes were divided at anaphase-I, but they were not extruded as polar
bodies due to the effects of CD. After completion of first meiosis, the maternal centrosomes split into four.
At the second meiosis, twin or tetrapolar spindles were formed and two groups of maternal chromosomes
divided into four sets of chromosomes. After the second meiosis, the spindle disassociated and the four
maternal centrosomes disappeared. Four groups of maternal chromosomes transformed into the four female
pronuclei. Male and female pronuclei became metaphase chromosomes of the first mitosis. The present
study clearly indicates that typical meiosis systems still proceed in androgenetic triploid C. leana. It was
concluded that the androgenetic form may have arisen from the meiotic form.
Ishibashi, R., K. Ookubo, M. Aoki, M. Utaki, A. Komaru and K. Kawamura. 2003. Androgenetic
reproduction in a freshwater diploid clam Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae).
Zoological Science 20(6):727-732.
Two shell color types of the exotic bivalve Corbicula fluminea were collected in Kyoto city, Japan. DNA
microfluorometry revealed that both types were diploids with non-reductional spermatozoa. Maternal
chromosomes were found to be extruded as two polar bodies at the first meiosis, and the second meiosis
could not be observed. Only the male pronucleus was present in the egg cytoplasm and became metaphase
chromosomes at the first mitosis. The present study indicates that the diploid C. fluminea in Japan has the
same mode of androgenetic reproduction as the triploid C. leana.
Ishikawa, T. and Y. Tsuruta. 2001. Study on spatial difference of the growth rate of Corbicula
japonica in Lake Ogawara from a hydraulic standpoint. 3rd International Symposium on
Environmental Hydraulics, Tempe, Arizona, 5-8 December.
Ishimichi, M. and A. Baba. 1964. Chemical properties of a glycogen-like substance obtained from
the boiled extract of Corbicula sandai. Reports of Shiga Prefectural Junior College 5:41-46.
Islam, A. and H. A. Hameed. 1982. Some epizoic algae from southern Iraq. Bulletin of the
Basrah Natural History Museum 5:109-115.
Descriptions are given of some epizoic algae collected from the shells of some turtles (Mauremys caspica)
and molluscs (Corbicula fluminalis, Theodoxus jordani and Melanoides tuberculata) from southern Iraq.
The following 7 species were collected: Basicladia chelonum, Cladophora glomerata, C. profunda, Lola
implexa, Oedogonium, Lyngbya lutea, and Nodularia.
Isom, B. G. 1968. The naiad fauna of Indian Creek, Madison County, Alabama. American Midland
Naturalist 79(2):514-516.
Six of 11 naiad species found in Indian Creek, Madison County, Alabama, are of Cumberlandian origin as
defined by Ortmann, 1924. Naiads of Indian Creek are restricted to rather localized habitat between mile 7.75
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Corbicula Bibliography
and 9.0 due to pollution downstream and substratum conditions upstream. Cursory examination of Indian Creek
in November 1966 indicated the naiad fauna may be terminal. There has been some silting of the habitat,
apparently due to highway construction upstream. The only other change noted since 1964 has been an increase
in the Corbicula manilensis population.
Isom, B. G. 1971. Effects of Storage And Mainstream Reservoirs On Benthic
Macroinvertebrates In The Tennessee Valley. IN: Reservoir Fisheries And Limnology,
Special Publication No. 8, American Fisheries Society (Washington, D.C.). pp. 179-191.
Although the literature analyzing benthic macroinvertebrates in the Tennessee Valley over the past 50
years is limited, there are sufficient studies for comparison with postimpoundment research. Virtually all
benthic fauna have been eliminated from storage impoundments in the valley, but some seasonal
colonization of shallow overbank areas has occurred. Below mainstream impoundments the benthic fauna
includes mussels and residual populations of Pleuroceridae. The short plankton-to-fish food chain is
characteristic. The seasonally low oxygen tension below some impoundments may limit benthic fauna.
recent decline of mussel populations is attributed to impoundment and overharvest. Few Unioninae but
significant numbers of Anodontinae and Lampsilinae have colonized postimpoundment mud-sand
shallows. the decline of unionidae may have been caused by fish-host association changes. Habitat
alterations as a result of impoundments are associated with decline of snail populations in the upper
Tennessee River drainage and of Pleuroceridae throughout the valley. The Asiatic clam (Corbicula
manilensis) accidentally introduced, although somewhat of a pest, is utilized by a number of faunal
associates. it has been the most successful invader of impoundments on the Tennessee River and some of
its tributaries.
Isom, B. G. 1971. Evaluation and control of macroinvertebrate nuisance organisms in freshwater
industrial supply systems. Abstracts, 19th Annual Meeting, Midwest Benthological Society.
Isom, B. G. 1971. Mussel fauna in Fort Loudon Reservoir, Tennessee River, Knox County,
Tennessee, in December 1970. Malacological Review 4:127-130.
Four species of Unionidae and Corbicula manilensis were found as compared with 64 species of mussels
reported by Ortmann (1918). Loss of native endemic mussel fauna is evidently due to periodic insufficient
dissolved oxygen as a result of organic enrichment entering the upper reservoir. The Fort Loudon habitat is
similar to that containing Anodonta suborbicularis and Lasmigona complanata in the Chickamauga Reservoir.
These species may eventually become established in Fort Loudon Reservoir.
Isom, B. G. 1972. Mussels of the unique Nickajack Dam construction site, Tennessee River.
Malacological Review 5:4-6.
Seventeen species of unionid mussels and Corbicula manilensis were collected from the dam site. Seventy-six
percent of the mussel species collected were those reported by Ortmann (1925) in the area of Tennessee River
Mile 415.
Isom, B. G. 1973. Mussels of the Elk River Basin in Alabama and Tennessee - 1965-1967. American
Midland Naturalist 89(2):437-442.
Collections of mussels were made in the Elk River basin during 1965-1967. Thirty species of mussels not
previously reported from this drainage were collected in addition to 18 species reported by Ortmann (1925).
Also collected was Corbicula manilensis. Twenty-six Cumberlandian and 35 species of Ohioan or unknown
origin comprise the total mussel fauna reported for Elk River. Species of Cumberlandian origin reported by
Ortmann have declined and species usually associated with larger rivers have increased. Tims Ford Dam (closed
December 1970) will undoubtedly significantly affect the mussel fauna of Elk River.
Isom, B. G. 1974. Mussels of the Green River, Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of
Science 35(1-2):55-57.
Seventy-seven species of unionid mussels and Corbicula manilensis are listed from the Green River, Kentucky,
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Corbicula Bibliography
and an additional species from a nearby pond. These data further confirm the conclusions of Ortmann (1926)
and Clench and van der Schalie (1944) that the mussels in the Green River belong to either the Ohioan or the
interior basin or are of unknown origin. No mussels of Cumberlandian origin were found in the river.
Isom, B. G. 1976. Biofouling - state-of-the-art in controlling Asiatic clams Corbicula manilensis
(Philippi) and other nuisance organisms in power plants. Abstracts, North American
Benthological Society.
A discussion of the findings of a world literature survey and the author's experience in controlling Corbicula
manilensis in power plants, hydrotechnical installations, and industrial water systems, is presented. Presently,
heated water and continuous low level chlorination are the only two methods available for control of C.
manilensis in potable water systems. Either of these methods, combined with screens, traps, and good
maintenance, offer the best opportunity for control. Comments are also presented on molluscicides for clam
control in non-potable water supplies.
Isom, B. G. 1978. Final report bromine chloride bioassay on Asiatic clams (Corbicula
manilensis Philippi). Tennessee Valley Authoirty, Division of Environmental Planning,
Water Quality and Ecology Branch (Muscle Shoals, Alabama). I-WQ-78-11. 10 pp.
Isom, B. G. 1986. Historical review of Asiatic clam (Corbicula) invasion and biofouling of waters
and industries in the Americas. IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula
Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp.
1-5.
Severe biofouling problems with Corbicula were first reported in the United States in 1956. Clam infestations
were reported in 1961 in irrigation canals, and numerous reports of clams biofouling irrigation canals in the
west have appeared in subsequent years. The first verified excursion of Asiatic clams beyond the Rocky
Mountain barrier occurred when they were discovered in the Tennessee River in 1959. Since that time, there
have been numerous reports of range extensions into other river systems, including headwater streams. Clams
have caused severe biofouling problems in water intakes, pumps, and industrial and power plant cooling water
(heat rejection) systems. The current range extension of Corbicula "leana" and "fluminea" to Argentina, in
South America, was reported in 1981.
Isom, B. G., C. F. Bowman, J. T. Johnson, and E. B. Rodgers. 1986. Controlling Corbicula (Asiatic
clams) in complex power plant and industrial water systems. IN: Proceedings of the Second
International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin
Special Edition No. 2. pp. 95-98.
A plan for controlling Corbicula sp. was developed by an interdisciplinary team within the Tennessee Valley
Authority during the 1970's. This plan, which is now in place, has proven very effective in controlling Asiatic
clams over the past three years. Basis for the plan include knowledge of the life history of Corbicula, including
size of benthic veligers at spawning and timing of spawning events. A combination of straining with a 1/32-inch
(0.8 mm) media, chemical injection, and general "housekeeping" has practically eliminated clam problems.
Perhaps even this success could be enhanced and made more economical with more research on optimization/
minimization of chemical concentration and selection of period(s) for application of controls.
Isom, B. G. and C. Gooch. 1986. Rationale and sampling designs for freshwater mussels Unionidae
in streams, large rivers, impoundments, and lakes. American Society for Testing and
Materials, Special Technical Publication 894:46-59.
Corbicula manilensis is reported from the Dixon Island mussel bed, Cumberland River, Tennessee, as a portion
of a study of freshwater mussel sampling techniques and interpretation.
Isom, B. G., C. Gooch, L. T. Neill and J. Moses. 1978. Acute Thermal Effects on Asiatic Clams
(Corbicula manilensis Philippi). Report No. I-WQ-78-12, Tennessee Valley Authority,
176
Corbicula Bibliography
Division of Environmental Planning, Special Projects and Research Program, Water Quality
and Ecology Branch (Muscle Shoals, Alabama).
Isom, B. G. and P. G. Yockley. 1968. The mussel fauna of Duck River in Tennessee, 1965.
American Midland Naturalist 80(1):34-42.
Corbicula manilensis has a wide range in the Duck River Basin and was found at 10 stations on the Duck River
between river miles 71 and 242.3.
Isom, B. G., P. G. Yockley and C. H. Gooch. 1973. Mussels of the Elk River basin in Alabama 1965-1967. American Midland Naturalist 89(2):437-442.
Corbicula manilensis is reported in the Elk River, Giles, Franklin, and Lincoln counties, Tennessee
(1965-1966). Collections were also made in Sugar Creek, Livingston County, Alabama, (1966) and Richmond
Creek, Cecil County, Tennessee (1965).
Issel, A. 1874. Molluschi Borneensi, illustrazione delle specie terrestri e d'acqua dolce raccolte
nell'isola di Borneo dai Signori G. Doria e O. Beccari. Annali Museo Civico di Storia
Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) 6:366-478.
Corbicula dayakorum sp. nov. is described (pp. 473-474) and figured (pl. 7, figs. 25-27) from Marop, Sarawak,
Borneo. Also described are Corbicula dayakorum olivacea ssp. nov. (p. 474) and Corbicula dayakorum
inaequilatera ssp. nov. (pp. 474-475). Distributional and systematic notes are also presented for Corbicula
tumida Deshayes, 1854, and Corbicula ducalis Prime, 1863.
Itaska, O. 1966. Biochemistry of shellfish lipid V. Occurrence of 4-0-methylgalactose in Corbicula
glycolipid. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 60(1):52-55.
The nature of neutral sugar components of the Corbicula sandai glycolipid, GL-3, eluted with
chloroform-methanol (1:1 v/v) from the silicic acid column was investigated. A new sugar, 4-0 methylgalactose,
was found in C. sandai glycolipid and identified by gas chromatography.
Itasaka, O. 1966. Biochemistry of shellfish lipid VI. Occurrence of 3-0 methylfucose in Corbicula
glycolipid. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 60(4):435-438.
The neutral sugar components of Corbicula glycolipid, GL-2, were investigated and the presence of 3-0
methylfucose, xylose, mannose, and glucose was shown by gas chromatography analysis. It was found that
GL-2 and GL-3 has a high hemagglutination inhibition activity with eel serum.
Itasaka, O. 1968. Biochemistry of shellfish lipids VII. Occurrence of mannose-6 phosphate in
Corbicula glycolipid. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 63(3):347-350.
The phosphate component of Corbicula glycolipid, GL-3, was isolated from an acid hydrolyzate of the
glycolipid by column chromatography on Dowex-1, formate form, and was identified as mannose-6-phosphate
by gas chromatography after treatment with alkaline prosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1, E. coli) and by periodic
oxydation. No other phosphorylated sugar was detected.
Itasaka, O. and T. Hashimoto. 1961. The lipids of fresh-water mussels. VI. Phosphalidylpeptide
from Corbicula sandai. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Shiga University of Natural
History 11. [Japanese]
Itasaka, O. and T. Hori. 1979. Studies on glycosphingolipids of fresh water bivalves 5. Structure of a
novel ceramide octa saccharide containing mannose -6 phosphate found in the bivalve
Corbicula sandai. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 85(6):1469-1482.
A ceramide octasaccharide containing mannose-6-phosphate was isolated from the freshwater bivalve
Corbicula sandai by solvent fractionation, followed by two types of silicic acid column chromatography and
QAE (quarternary ammonium ethyl)-Sephadex column chromatography. The structural analysis involved the
following steps: gas-liquid chromatography of the component sugars, fatty acids and long-chain bases;
degradation with CHl and HF to elucidate the sugar sequence; permethylation analysis coupled with gas
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Corbicula Bibliography
chromatography - mass spectrometry to identify the positions of the glycosidid linkages between the sugar units;
chromium trioxide oxidation to determine the anomeric configuration; and Smith degradation to determine the
site of linkage of the ethanolamine residue. The structure of this novel glycolipid is presented. Fucose was
initially linked in the sugar chain. This is the first example of internal fucose in a glycolipid. The ceramide
moiety consisted of normal saturated fatty acids, among which stearic acid was predominant, and contained
C16- and C18-4-sphingine as the major long-chain bases.
Itasaka, O., T. Hori, K. Sasahara, Y. Wakabayashi, F. Takahashi, and H.-I. Rhee. 1984. Analysis of
phospho sphingo lipids and phosphono sphingo lipids by high performance liquid
chromatography. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 95(1): 1671-1675.
A simple and efficient method for the separation of phosphosphingolipids including phosphonosphingolipids
(from several species of shellfish including Corbicula sandai) by high performance liquid chromatography is
described. A mixture of authentic lipids consisting of sphingomyelin, ceramide phosphorylethanolamine,
ceramide 2-aminoethylphosphonate, and ceramide N-methylaminoethylphosphonate was completely separated
using a silica gel (Zorbax SIL) column with acetonitrile-methanol-water 72:40:10 (v/v) as eluting solvent. The
elution of these sphingolipids was monitored directly with an ultraviolet spectromonitor at 207 nm. The
practical limit of detection of each sphingolipid was about 0.2 ìg or 0.3 nmol. Using this method, it was found
that from one to four different phosphono- and/or phosphosphingolipids in freshwater shellfish can be routinely
identified and reproducibly quantified.
Itasaka, O., M. Kosuga, M. Okayama and T. Hori. 1983. Characterization of a novel ceramide
octasaccharide isolated from whole tissue of a freshwater bivalve, Corbicula sandai.
Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 750(3):440-446.
A novel glycosphingolipid containing 2 mannose residues, provisionally named GL-1, was isolated from whole
tissues of Corbicula sandai and structures determined. GL-1 seems to be a biosynthetic precursor of
glycosphingolipid-2 (GL-3), because they have an identical octasaccharide structure, except for the presence of
an aminoethylphosphoryl residue in GL-3. In contrast to GL-3, GL-1 has a more complex ceramide pattern.
This suggests that GL-1 as isolated is not a degradation product of GL-3; it can be presumed that the restricted
molecular species of GL-1 which has the same ceramide constitution as GL-3 may be utilized preferentially for
GL-3 biosynthesis.
Itasaka, O., Y. Okamura, T. Hori, K. Hashimoto and Y. Ohysama. 1971. On the water quality of
Lake Biwa, the Seta River and some rivers in Otsu City and the heavy metal content of
bottom matters of Lake Biwa. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Shiga University of
Natural History 21:12-23. [Japanese with English summary]
The transparency of the water in the northern part of Lake Biwa has fallen to 3/5 and total N (> 0.2 ppm) has
risen, which means that the upper water here is heavily polluted. The heavy metal (Hg, Cd, and Pb) content of
the sediments of Lake Biwa indicates that the sediments of Hama-otsu and Niono-hama are polluted by heavy
metals. The accumulation of calcium in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula sandai increased 1 ppm/yr with the
age of the shellfish.
Itasaka, O., M. Sugita, M. Kawashima and T. Hori. 1980. Distribution of some shellfish in the Seta
River, Japan. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Shiga University of Natural Sciences
30:9-24.
Distribution of shellfish were investigated to estimate the state of eutrophication in the Seta River. Corbicula
sandai, which is an index species of the alpha-oligotrophic zone, decreased to 1.3% of the density in 1960,
while the population of Sinotaia histrica, an index species of the alpha-mesoaprobic zone, increased 12 times
during the last 12 years. S. histrica comprises > 95% of all shellfish. Almost all the S. histrica are living in a
limited area of the river. The state of the Seta River is estimated to be alpha-mesoaprobic from the viewpoint of
the distribution of the shellfish.
178
Corbicula Bibliography
Itasaka, O., M. Sugita, K. Ohmi, H. Yoshizaki, K. Takeda and T. Hori. 1976. The structure of a new
ceramide heptasaccharide-containing mannose-6-phosphate (GL-3) found in bivalve
shellfish. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Shiga University of Natural History
26:8-17. [Japanese with English summary]
Itasaka, O., M. Sugita, Y. Okumura and T. Hori. 1970. On the water quality of Lake Biwa-ko and
the inhabitability of the bivalve, Corbicula sandai, in the Seta River. Memoirs of the Faculty
of Education of Shiga University of Natural Science 20:18-34. [Japanese with English
summary]
Water quality of Lake Biwa-ko and the Seta River was investigated three times during July to September, 1970.
Parameters observed were water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, K-MnO4 consumption, total nitrogen,
NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, SiO2, total phosphorus, PO4-P and transparency. The present investigation showed that
the southern part of the lake was transformed into a eutrophic state in a few years. The survey of bivalve
distribution in the Seta River has been continued since 1960. The population density of Corbicula sandai during
the decade has decreased to about 0.1 /m2.
Itasaka, O., M. Sugita, H. Yoshizaki and T. Hori. 1976. Determination of the anomeric configuration
of Corbicula ceramide di- and trihexide by chromium trioxide oxidation. Journal of
Biochemistry (Tokyo) 80(5):935-936.
The anomeric configuration of Corbicula ceramide dihexose and ceramide trihexose were determined by
chromium trioxide oxidation. The structure of these lipids are presented. The results are compatible with those
obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis reported previously.
Ito, S., H. Yamashita and T. Inoue. 1975. Biochemical studies of alpha amylase isozyme of
Mollusca. Zoological Magazine (Tokyo) 84(4):355.
Ituarte, C. F. 1981. Primera noticia acerca de la introduccion de pelecipods asiaticos en el area
rioplatense (Mollusca: Corbiculidae) [Introduction of Asiatic clams in the La Plata River
area. Its first record.]. Neotropica 27(77):79-82. [Spanish with English summary]
The first record of the genus Corbicula is referred for Argentina and South America. Two species of the genus
are present, tentatively assigned to Corbicula leana and Corbicula fluminea, which occupy exclusively the
littoral sandy bottoms from San Isidro to Magdalena districts. Some spatial relationships with local malacofauna
are considered in order to establish a possible detrimental impact on native bivalves.
Ituarte, C. F. 1984. Aspectos biologicos de las poblaciones de Corbicula largillierti Philippi
(Mollusca: Pelecypoda) en el Rio de la Plata [Biological aspects of the populations of
Corbicula largillierti (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) in the Rio de la Plata between Uruguay and
Argentina]. Revista del Museo de la Plata, Seccion Zoologia 13(143):231-247.
Some aspects of the population dynamics of Corbicula largillieri are described. The life span of this
bivalve is approximately 24-30 months. The species is a functional hermaphrodite. The female and male
tissues are not clearly segregated in the visceral mass. The development of the female portion of the gonad
is greater than the male portion. Two main annual spawning periods are described, one corresponding to
spring and the other to summer. Some peculiarities of the incubation process are included.
Ituarte, C. F. 1984. El fenomino de incubacion branquial en Neocorbicula limosa (Maton, 1809)
(Mollusca: Pelecypoda). Neotropica 30(83):43-54. [Spanish with English summary]
Ituarte, C. F. 1985. Growth dynamics in a natural population of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia
Sphaeriacea) at Punta Atalaya, Rio de la Plata, Argentina. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and
Environment 20(4):217-226.
Annual growth of Corbicula fluminea has been estimated by following the shift in size frequency peaks based
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Corbicula Bibliography
upon shell lengths. Normal curves were fitted to mean length for each generation, or age group. The study was
based upon monthly and bimonthly samples taken from a natural population at Punta Atalaya, Rio de la Plata,
Argentina, colonized in September 1982. The age-length relationship was determined using the Von
Beralanffy's equation. The growth of C. fluminea slows markedly during the fall-winter period, April to August.
Theoretical growth curves were calculated for spring-summer and fall-winter seasons; the equations
corresponding to each seasonal growth rate are respectively: L1 = 31.6(1 - e-0.1268t) and L1 = 21.0(1 - e-0.0727t).
Growth rate diminishes with increasing shell length and age. Water temperature seems to be a determining
factor for the occurrence of differential seasonal growth rates. Reproduction in C. fluminea occurs once a year at
Punta Atalaya, and settlement of juveniles takes place in September. The estimated life span has been calculated
to be 36 months.
Ituarte, C. F. 1994. Corbicula and Neocorbicula (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in the Parana,
Uruguay, and Rio de La Plata Basins. The Nautilus 107(4):129-135.
Corbicula Megerle, 1811 is represented in Argentinean waters by Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) and
Corbicula largillierti (Philippi, 1844). The distribution of Corbicula in the Parana, Uruguay, and Rio de La
Plata basins is reviewed based on published reports and collections at the Museo de La Plata (MLP) and
Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (MACN). Since its introduction about two decades ago, Corbicula
has spread rapidly along the littoral regions of the Rio de La Plata to Punto Indio on the western shore, and
arroyo Cufre (San Jose Department) on the eastern shore. The genus has recently been reported to occur in
the Uruguay River from Gualeguaychu to Rio de La Plata. Additional records from the Parana River Paso
de La Patria, Isla Barranquera and Bella Vista are reported. In order to clarify the status and taxonomy of
the corbiculids of the area, a brief comparative analysis of the morphology of Corbicula and Neocorbicula
Fischer, 1887, is provided.
Iwamori, M., M. Sugita and T. Hori. 1971. Biochemistry of shellfish lipids. Part 10. Isolation and
characterization of ceramide N acylaminoethyl phosphonate and its partial synthesis.
Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Shiga University of Natural Sciences 21:24-30.
[Japanese with English summary]
The naturally occurring N-aceyl derivatives of glycerophospho lipid (e.g., N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine
from plant seeds and N-acylphosphatidylserine from sheep blood) is established but so far as is known in the
case of the derivatives of sphingolipid, no such substance was previously reported. A large amount of
sphingolipid fractions was prepared from the bivalve Corbicula sandai, and separated by Florisil column
chromatography, followed by preparative thin layer charomatography. A notable phospholipid which was
negative with ninhydrin reagent, and gave a fast-moving spot on thin layer chromatography was obtained. The
lipid was practically free from sugar and glycerol, and on hydrolysis liberated only aminoethylphosphonic acid
as phosphorus component. Quantitative analyses of P, N, fatty acid and sphingosine base was in a ratio of
1:2:2:1. The lipid was ceramide N-(acyl)aminoethylphosphonate (N-acyl CAEP). The component fatty acids of
N-acyl CAEP consisted mainly of palmitic and stearic acids, but no unsaturated ones were detected. The partial
synthesis of N-acyl CAEP was studied by using CAEP from the bivalve as a starting material and comparative
examinations were made concerning the chemical nature of the N-acyl derivatives with that of the isolated one.
Similar results were obtained from IR spectra, motilities, on TLC and resistance against phospholipase.
Izumi, T., Y. Itoh, K. Yagita T. Endo and T. Ohyama. 2004. Brackish water benthic shellfish
(Corbicula japonica) as a biological indicator for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in
river water. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 72(1):29-37.
Izzatullaev, Z. 1980. Bivalve mollusks of the family Corbiculidae in central Asia. Zoologicheskii
Zhurnal 59(8):1130-1136. [Russian with English summary]
Some data are given on the ecology and biology of the Corbiculidae and the limits of their distribution in
Middle Asia are established. Of five species of corbiculids in Central Asia, 2 are referred to Corbiculina Dall,
1903, and are ovoviviparous: Corbiculina tibetensis (Prashad) and Corbiculina ferghanensis (Kursalova et
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Corbicula Bibliography
Starobogatov) [both referred from Corbicula]. The other three species are apparently oviparous and belong to
Corbicula Mühlfeldt, 1811, i.e. Corbicula cor (Lamarck), Corbicula fluminalis (Müller) and Corbicula
purpurea Prime. A key is provided for the genera and species of Central-Asian corbiculids.
-- J -Jackson, J. W. and A. Bulleid. 1932. The occurrence of Corbicula fluminalis in the west of England.
Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 99:379.
Recent excavations have exposed considerable sections of shelly sands and gravels in the vicinity of Middlezoy,
Somerset. These beds, known as the Burtle Beds, contain a large series of common and widely distributed
marine shells, together with the bones and teeth of mammals. A few examples of Corbicula fluminalis in these
beds were found associated with marine fauna. This is the first record of C. fluminalis in the west of England. It
has been reported from West Wittering, Sussex, along with similar marine shells, and from to 80-90 ft terrace of
the Warwickshire Avon, at Ailstone, near Stratford. These are the two nearest sites to the Somerset locality. The
species is known from the Red Crag and subsequent deposits up to the middle Pleistocene at Crayford, where it
makes its last appearance. It has been found in some abundance in the terraces of the Thames and Cam, and in
the Oxford gravels; also in the interglacial grvels at Kelsey Hill, Holderness, associated with many marine
shells. In France it has been recorded from the estuarine bed, 24 ft above mean sea level, at Menchecourt, where
it occurred with seven species of marine shells identical with those at Somerset. There is no evidence to suggest
that the Somerset Beds with C. fluminalis are later than Crayford, which is regarded as early Mousterian from its
contained implements.
Jacomini, A. E., W. E. P. Avelar. 2002. Paiva Bioacumulação do herbicida atrazina pelas
espécies de bivalves limnicos Anodontites trapesialis (Lamarck, 1819) e Corbicula
fluminea (Muller, 1774). Masters’s Thesis, Ribeirão Preto. 89 pp. [Portuguese]
Inúmeros pesticidas são usados na agricultura, para controle de pragas e ervas daninhas. Dentre eles
destaca-se o herbicida atrazina, intensivamente utilizado nas culturas de cana-de-açúcar, milho e sorgo, que
ocupam extensas áreas no estado de São Paulo. Grande parcela do herbicida, que é aplicado na agricultura,
entra em contato com o solo, podendo ser lixiviado, atingindo as águas superficiais. Neste sentido, alguns
animais como, por exemplo, moluscos bivalves, podem ser utilizados como monitores biológicos do
ambiente aquático e auxiliar no estudo da ecotoxicologia. Considerando o risco de contaminação do
ambiente aquático pela atrazina, propõe-se no presente trabalho, desenvolver uma metodologia de análise
daquele herbicida nos tecidos nas espécies de bivalves límnicos Anodontites trapesíalis (LAMARCK,
1819) e Corbicula fluminea (Muller, 1789), validar esse método e, finalmente, verificar se ocorre a
bioacumulação do herbicida nas panes moles dessas duas espécies. Como técnica de extração utilizou-se a
extração líquido-líquido e como técnica de análise, a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência.
Jadhav, S., Y. B. Sontakke and V. S. Lomte. 1996. Carbaryl toxicity to freshwater bivalve
Corbicula striatella. Environment and Ecology 14(4):863-865.
The wide scale use of chemical pesticides in agricultural and public health, contaminate the aquatic
ecosystem. It causes harmful effects to non target organisms. Exposure to such pesticides create imbalance
in physiological functioning of the organisms. To study this, acute toxicity tests were carried out by using
carbaryl (carbamate) to the freshwater bivalve Corbicula striatella. The regression equations were
established by using probit mortality and log of concentrations of pesticide. The LC10 and LC50 values were
found to range from 35.9 to 3.3 ppm and from 67.01 to 5.1 ppm respectively for 24 to 96 periods of time.
181
Corbicula Bibliography
Jadhav, S., Y. B. Sontake and V. S. Lomte. 1996. Effect of carbaryl on ascorbic acid content in
the selected tissues of Carbicula striatella. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental
Monitoring 6(2):109-112.
The present study shows variation in ascorbic acid content of bivalve Corbicula striatella were exposed to
median lethal (2.58 ppm) and sublethal (0.51 ppm) concentrations of carbaryl for 1 to 21 days and ascorbic
contents were estimated. The mantle, foot, gill, digestive gland and whole body of C. striatella showed
depletion over control during acute and chronic exposure to carbaryl.
Janech, M. G. and R. D. Hunter. 1995. Corbicula fluminea in a Michigan river: Implications for
low temperature tolerance. Malacological Review 28(1-2):119-124.
Jang, I.-K. and C.-H. Kim. 1992. A study on the changes of the molluscan and crustacean fauna
after the construction of the Naktong Estuary Barrage. Journal of the Korean Fisheries
Society 25(4):265-281. [Korean with English summary]
The materials of this study consist of both specimens and survey records of the mollusks and crustaceans
which were obtained from 30 collection sites in the Naktong Estuary South during August similar to
November, 1991. The mollusks and crustaceans collected identified in this study are 31 and 50 species,
respectively; 2 species of mollusks and 6 species of crustaceans were newly recorded in this area. The
occurrence and distribution of 63 molluscan species and 138 crustacean species were compared in 8 zones,
before and after the construction of the Naktong Estuary Barrage. During this investigation, only a few
species of mollusks occurred in the northern freshwaters off the Barrage. The habitats for the intertidal
species were greatly destructed along the eastern part of the Ulsuk Island and the riverside of Tadaep'o
where the bank was recently constructed. The commercial bivalves including Corbicula fluminea and
Ruditapes philippinarum greatly decreased in number in all the estuarine waters. A freshwater crab
(Eriocheir japonicus) has disappeared in the Naktong River and its neighbouring streams.
Jenkinson, J. J. 1979. The occurrence and spread of Corbicula manilensis in east-central Alabama.
The Nautilus 94(4):149-153.
Corbicula manilensis is reported from the Tallapoosa River, Tallapoosa County, Alabama, Saugahatchee Creek,
Lee County, Alabama, Chattahoochee River, Troup County, Georgia, Uchee Creek, Russell and Lee counties,
Alabama, and Little Uchee Creek, Russell County, Alabama. Ecological notes on substratum preference and
water quality are presented.
Jenkinson, J. J. and S. A. Ahlstedt. 1987. Mussel die-offs downstream from Pickwick Landing Dam,
Tennessee River, 1985 and 1986. IN: Proceedings of the Workshop on Die-Offs of
Freshwater Mussels in the United States, R. J. Neves, Ed. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University (Blacksburg). pp. 29-38.
Corbicula sp. found in association with mussels in a die-off were reported to be infected by Bacillus sp. (very
heavy) and Pseudomonas fluorescens-putida (moderate).
Jenner, H. A. and J. P. M. Janssen-Mommen. 1993. Monitoring and control of Dreissena
polymorpha and other macrofouling bivalves in The Netherlands. IN: Zebra Mussels:
Biology, Impacts, and Control. Lewis Publishers (Boca Raton, Florida). pp. 537-554.
Three fouling bivalves (the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha; the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea; and
the brackish water mussel, Mytilopsis leucophaeta) are present in The Netherlands. Of these three species,
the zebra mussel is the most troublesome and control is often necessary. Settlement, growth, and
effectiveness of control of the zebra mussel within water systems can be detected and followed with a
settlement monitor. In addition, the behavior of zebra mussel valve movements is a useful monitoring
method that shows toxic effects during chemical control. At present, there are six primary methods used to
182
Corbicula Bibliography
control macrofouling bivalves in The Netherlands: chlorination, surface coatings, heat treatment, drying,
water velocity, and microseives. In most instances, control of bivalves at a particular water pumping
facility relies primarily on one of these six methodologies. However, the primary method of control may be
and often is supplemented with additional control methods that are more efficient based on the facility, time
of year, and mussel life stage than the primary control method. This use of integrated control technology
has substantially reduced macrofouling problems caused by bivalves in The Netherlands.
Jickeli, C. F. 1873. Reisebericht. Malakozoologische Blätter 20:1-20.
Corbicula consobrina is discussed.
Jickeli, C. F. 1874. Fauna der Land- und Süsswasser-Mollusken Nord-Ost Afrik'as. Nova Acta der
Kaiserlich Deutschen Akademie der Naturforschenden Dresden 37(1):1-352.
Corbicula zelebori sp. nov. is described (p. 290) and figured (pl. 11, fig. 13) from a freshwater channel near
Suez, Egypt. Corbicula consobrina (Cailliaud), Corbicula cor (Lamarck), Corbicula saulcii (Bourguignat), and
Corbicula crassula (`Mousson' Bellardi) are synonymized with Corbicula fluminalis (Müller). Corbicula
radiata is reported from Sennar and Corbicula pusilla is reported from Aswan, Sennar and the White Nile.
Jobsis, G. J. 2000. Assessment of water quality, crayfish and Corbicula of the Reedy River,
South Carolina following a diesel oil spill. Southern Division of the American Fisheries
Society 2000 Midyear Meeting, Savannah, Georgia, 3-6 February.
Joh, Y.-G., S.-J. Park and C. W. Ahn. 1982. Lipids of fresh water cockle, Corbicula elatior. Bulletin
of the Korean Fisheries Society 15(1):94-98.
The chemical characteristics, lipid composition, fatty acid components and the sterol composition of Corbicula
elatior were studied. The oil content, I value and unsaponifiable matter of the total lipids were 2.17, 119, and
16.6%, respectively. The main components of the total lipids were phospholipids (about 43%), triglycerides and
sterols. The main fatty acids of the total lipids were C-18:0 (48.4%), C-14:0 (10.0%), C-18:3 *8.3%), C-14:1
(5.4%) and C-18:1 (5.3%). Sterols found were 24 methylenecholesterol (14.1%), beta-sitosterol (22.5%),
fucosterol (14.9%), isofucosterol (7) (14.0%), (detla-7-avenasterol)(?) (5.2%) and cholesterol (2.3%).
Johansen, A. C. 1904. Om den Fossile Kvartaere Molluskfauna. (Kobenhavn).
Johnson, K. I., C. H. Henager, T. L. Page, and P. F. Hayes. 1986. Engineering factors influencing
Corbicula fouling in nuclear service water systems. IN: Proceedings of the Second
International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin
Special Edition No. 2. pp. 47-52.
Corbicula fouling is a persistent problem in the service water systems of nuclear power plants. An
understanding of the biological characteristics of Corbicula and the engineering characteristics of service water
systems is important in developing effective detection and control methods. A data base of Corbicula fouling
was compiled from nuclear and non-nuclear power stations and other industrial users of large volumes of raw
water. The data base was analyzed to identify engineering factors common to service water systems that are
conducive to fouling by Corbicula. Bounds on several engineering parameters such as flow velocity and water
temperature which support Corbicula growth are given.
Johns, C., S. N. Luoma and V. Elrod. 1988. Selenium accumulation in benthic bivalves and fine
sediments of San Francisco Bay, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, and selected
tributaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 27(4):381-396.
Spatial distributions of selenium were determined in fine-grained, oxidized, surface sediments and in two
benthic bivalves (Corbicula sp., a suspension-feeding freshwater clam, and Macoma balthica, a depositfeeding brackish-water clam) within San Francisco Bay, the San Joaquin River and three river systems
unlikely to be subject to selenium inputs.
183
Corbicula Bibliography
Johns, C. and S, N. Luoma. 1990. Arsenic in benthic bivalves of San Francisco Bay and the
Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta. Science of the Total Environment 97-98:673-684.
Arsenic concentrations were determined in fine-grained, oxidized, surface sediments and in two benthic
bivalves, Corbicula and Macoma balthica, within San Francisco Bay, the Sacramento/San Joaquin River
Delta, and selected rivers in California, not influenced by urban or industrial activity. Arsenic
concentrations in all samples were characteristic of values reported for uncontaminated estuaries. Small
temporal fluctuations and low arsenic concentrations in bivalves and sediments suggest that most inputs of
arsenic are likely to be minor and arsenic contamination is not widespread in the Bay.
Johnson, P. D. and R. F. McMahon. 1998. Effects of temperature and chronic hypoxia on
survivorship of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and Asian clam (Corbicula
fluminea). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55(7):1564-1572.
The effects of four levels of chronic hypoxic stress at three temperatures on the survivorship of Dreissena
polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea to were examined to assess the efficacy of O2 deprivation as a
macrofouling control treatment and examine if critical hypoxia limits support reported distribution patterns.
At 25oC, the hypoxia tolerance was examined at Po2 = 7.9, 11.9, 15.9, 23.8, and 31.8 Torr (1 Torr =
133.322 Pa) or 5, 7.5, 10, 15, and 20% of full air O2 saturation (Po2 = 159 Torr). At 15oC, the hypoxia
tolerance to 7.9, 11.9, and 15.9 Torr was tested and at 7.9 Torr for 5oC treatments. For both species, Po2 and
temperature influenced survivorship dramatically with increasing survivorship at higher Po2 and decreasing
temperatures. At 25oC, C. fluminea experienced mortality at 7.9, 11.9, and 15.9 Torr, with LT50 values of
144, 216, and 216 h, respectively, versus 288, 384, and 480 h for the 15oC exposures. Dreissena
polymorpha treatments had LT50 values of 120, 216, and 216 h at 25oC for the 7.9-, 11.9-, and 15.9-Torr
treatments versus 26% mortality after 600 h and 28% mortality after 720 h at 15oC. The 7.9-Torr treatments
at 5oC had LT50 values of 480 h for C. fluminea and 1056 h for D. polymorpha. This study showed that
both species displayed broad seasonal variation in hypoxia tolerance and that hypoxia limits may be used to
assess infestation risk.
Johnson, R. I. 1959. The types of Corbiculidae and Sphaeriidae (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, and a biobibliographic sketch of Temple Prime, an early
specialist of this group. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 120:429-479.
Bibliographic citations, institutional locations and catalogue numbers are provided for the following species of
Corbicula: Corbicula adunca Heude, 1880; Cyrena africana Krauss, 1884; Corbicula agrensis Prime, 1860;
Corbicula amazonica `Anthony' Prime, 1870; Corbicula ammiralis Prime, 1870; Corbicula angasi Prime,
1864; Corbicula aquilina Heude, 1880; Corbicula astronomica Heude, 1880; Corbicula aurea Heude, 1880;
Corbicula baronialis Prime, 1870; Corbicula bengalica Deshayes, 1854; Corbicula bensonii Deshayes, 1854;
Corbicula bezauriana Heude, 1880; Corbicula bilineata Heude, 1880; Corbicula blandiana Prime, 1864;
Corbicula borealis Prime Heude, 1880; Corbicula brunea Prime, 1860; Corbicula cantatoria Heude, 1880;
Corbicula castanea (Morelet, 1865); Corbicula chemnitziana Prime, 1864; Corbicula cheniana Heude, 1880;
Corbicula clenchii nom. nov. for Corbicula squalida Heude, 1888, non Deshayes, 1855); Corbicula
colombeliana Heude, 1880; Corbicula colonialis Prime, 1867; Corbicula conica Heude, 1880; Corbicula
conica var. b Heude, 1880; Corbicula consanguinea Prime, 1867; Corbicula consularis Prime, 1870; Corbicula
convexa Deshayes, 1854; Corbicula cordieriana Heude, 1880; Corbicula crosseana Prime, 1864; Corbicula
cumingii Deshayes, 1854; Corbicula cyreniformis Prime, 1860; Corbicula debrixiana Heude, 1880; Corbicula
delavayana Heude, 1880; Corbicula delessertiana Prime, 1870; Corbicula difficilis Prime, 1863; Corbicula
diminuta Heude, 1880; Corbicula ducalis Prime, 1862; Corbicula episcopalis Prime, 1870; Corbicula erosa
Prime, 1861; Corbicula fenouilliana Heude, 1880; Corbicula ferruginea Heude, 1880; Corbicula fluitans
Heude, 1880; Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) Corbicula foukiensis Heude, 1880; Corbicula gentiliana
Heude, 1880; Corbicula globus `Jonas' Prime, 1860; Corbicula gracilis Prime, 1860; Corbicula gravis Heude,
1880; Corbicula gryphaea Heude, 1880; Corbicula gubernatoria Prime, 1870; Corbicula hammalis `Férussac'
184
Corbicula Bibliography
Prime, l869; Corbicula ignobilis Heude, 1880; Corbicula imperialis Prime, 1870; Corbicula inaequilateralis
Prime, 1861; Corbicula indigotina Heude, 1880; Corbicula ingloriosa Heude, 1880; Corbicula insularis Prime,
1867; Corbicula iodina Heude, 1880; Corbicula iridinea Heude, 1880; Corbicula japonica Prime, 1864;
Corbicula kirkii Prime, 1864; Corbicula lamarckiana Prime, 1864; Corbicula lapicida Heude, 1880; Corbicula
largillierti Philippi, 1844; Corbicula leana Prime, 1864; Corbicula leleciana Heude, 1880; Corbicula leviuscula
Prime, 1864; Corbicula linneana Prime, 1864; Corbicula loehensis Kruimel, 1918; Corbicula lutea (Morelet,
1862); Corbicula lydigiana Prime, 1861; Corbicula mahlonensis Kruimel, 1918; Corbicula malaccensis
Deshayes, 1854; Corbicula manchuricum `A. Adams' Prime, 1895; Corbicula masapensis Kruimel, 1918;
Corbicula maxima Prime, 1860; Corbicula mediocris Prime, 1862; Corbicula minor Prime, 1860; Corbicula
moltkiana Prime, 1878; Corbicula montana Heude, 1880; Corbicula moreletiana Prime, 1864; Corbicula
mulleriana Prime, 1864; Corbicula notata Prime, 1860; Corbicula obsoleta Deshayes, 1854; Corbicula
obtruncata Heude, 1880; Corbicula occidens `Benson' Deshayes, 1854; Corbicula ovalis Prime, 1860;
Corbicula papyracea Heude, 1880; Corbicula parva Prime, 1860; Corbicula perplexa Prime, 1865; Corbicula
pexata Prime, 1864; Corbicula pfeifferiana Prime, 1867; Corbicula pisidiiformis Prime, 1866; Corbicula
polychromatica Heude, 1880; Corbicula porcellanea Heude, 1880; Corbicula portentosa var. a, Heude, 1880;
Corbicula praeterita Heude, 1880; Corbicula presseplicata Heude, 1880; Corbicula prolongata Prime, 1861;
Corbicula purpurea Prime, 1863; Corbicula quilonensis `Benson' Prime, 1866; Corbicula quilonica Benson,
1860; Corbicula radiata `Parreyss' Philippi, 1846; Corbicula rathousiana Heude, 1880; Corbicula regularis
Prime, 1860; Corbicula rhomboidea Prime, 1860; Corbicula rotunda Prime, 1860; Corbicula sayana Prime,
1864; Corbicula scholastica Heude 1880; Corbicula semisulcata Deshayes, 1854; Corbicula similis Deshayes,
1854; Corbicula solidula Prime, 1860; Corbicula soriniana Heude, 1880; Corbicula sphaerica Heude, 1880;
Corbicula squalida Deshayes, 1854; Corbicula squalida Heude, 1880; Corbicula stimpsoniana Prime, 1886;
Corbicula striatella Deshayes, 1854; Corbicula subquadrata Heude, 1880; Corbicula subradiata `Kerr' Prime,
1861; Corbicula sulcatina Deshayes, 1854; Corbicula tenuistrata Prime, 1860; Corbicula towutensis Kruimel,
1918; Corbicula triangularis Deshayes, 1854; Corbicula trigona Deshayes, 1854; Corbicula tumida Deshayes,
1854; Corbicula uncinulata Heude, 1880; Corbicula variegata Heude, 1880; Corbicula ventricosa Prime, 1860;
Corbicula venustula Prime, 1864; Corbicula vicina Heude, 1880; Corbicula violacea Prime, 1860; and
Corbicula vulgaris Prime, 1866.
Johnson, T. H. and E. R. Simpson. 1944. Larval trematodes from Australian freshwater molluscs.
IX. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 68(1):125-132.
Cercaria ellisi sp. nov., a 45-spined echinostomid, is described from Limnaea lessoni. The cyst stage occurs in
Amerianna spp., Planorbis isingi Limnaea lessoni, Corbicula angasi, Plotiopsis tatei and in the tadpole of
Crinia signifera. The adult probably occurs in a ralline bird. Cercaria gigantura var. grandior, from Amerianna
pyramidata, differs from the type in the tail and slightly larger cysts.
Jonas, J. H. 1844. Vorläufige diagnosen neuer Conchylien. Zeitschrift für Malakologie 1:185-187.
Corbicula cuneata sp. nov. is described (p. 186), from the Orinoco River.
Jonas, J. H. 1846. IN: Abbildungen und Berchreibungen neuer oder wenig gekannten Conchylien. 2
(Cyrena). Vol. II, R. A. Philippi, Ed.
Corbicula cuneata Jonas, 1844, is discussed (p. 113) and figured (pl. 17, fig. 5), from the Orinoco River.
Corbicula globosus 'Jonas' in litt. is discussed and synonymized with C. cuneata.
Jones, A. W. 1898. The Mentor beds. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 15:111-112.
Corbicula? nucalis (Meek, 1870) and Corbicula? subtrionalis (Meek, 1870) are reported from the Mentor
Comanchean of Kansas.
Joy, J. E. 1985. A 40-week study on growth of the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller), in the
Kanawha River, West Virginia. The Nautilus 99(4):110-116.
A sample population of Corbicula fluminea individuals maintained in cages was monitored over a 40-week
period (12 March to 16 December 1983) to assess growth (in shell length, and overall body weight), percentage
185
Corbicula Bibliography
of total body weight made up to soft tissues (i.e. "condition index"), and mortality rates. There were virtually no
increases in length or weight when water temperatures were below 10oC. Noticeable growth began when water
temperature reached about 14oC. Highest rates of growth (shell length, 0.66 mm/wk; weight, 0.26 gm/wk)
occurred when water temperatures were between 24o and 30oC. "Condition indices" (ranging from a low of
12.6% in June to a high of 21.2% in October) for experimentally caged clams were similar to those found in
natural stream clams. Twenty-five of the 300 (8.3%) clams under experimental conditions died.
Joy, J. E., A. J. Pritchard and D. Danford. 1983. Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) as a
Biological Indicator of Heavy Metals in the Kanawha River, WV. Proceedings of the
West Virginia Academy of Science 55(2/3/4):113-117, 1983.
Two hundred large (16 to 24 mm) Corbicula fluminea individuals were monitored for 10 heavy metals at
four different sites (50 clams at each site) on the Kanawha River over a nine week period. Analysis of the
viscera revealed silver in the smallest concentrations (between 0.1 and 0.2 μg/g) of the metals at all four
sites. Cadmium was also found in low concentrations (between 0.2 and 0.4 μg/g). Iron was found in the
highest concentrations, in some cases surpassing 500 μg/g. Magnesium levels were also high, generally
ranging between 100 and 200 μg /g at all sites. Concentrations of zinc were interesting because of their
virtually unchanging levels (approximately 30 μg /g) at all four sites over the nine weeks. Copper
concentrations were also very constant (between 7.0 and 9.0 μg /g) at all sites with the exception of weeks
7 and 9 at Marmet when copper levels reached 17.0 and 12.0 μg/g, respectively. While generally low,
chromium levels were quite variable, ranging from 0.5 μg/g at London, to a high of 12.0 μg/g at Glen
Ferris. Manganese levels were also quite variable, ranging from a low of 9.2 μg/g at Winfield to a high of
100 μg/g at London.
Joy, J. E. and L. E. McCoy. 1975. Comparisons of shell dimensions and viscera mass weights in
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844). The Nautilus 89(2):51-54.
Relationships of shell weight, size and wet and dry viscera weights were computed for Corbicula manilensis.
The highest coefficient of correlation was recorded for shell length vs. width (0.9993) and the lowest for shell
width vs. viscera dry weight (0.8755). Regression analyses were calculated for each of 10 shells and viscera
comparisons.
Junk, W. J. 1974. The bottom fauna and its distribution in Bung Borapet, a reservoir in central
Thailand. Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 19(3):1935-1946.
The biomass of the bottom fauna of Bun Borapet was largely made up of Bivalvia. These were represented
by the genera Corbicula, Hyriopsis, Unio, Ensidens, Philobryconcha, Scaphula and Limnoperna. In the
most intensively colonized areas, their biomass was as much as 222 g/m2 dry wt, and accounted for > 99%
of the total biomass. The Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera, represented by Eatogenia sp and Dipseudopsis,
were second in importance. The maximum biomass of these latter 2 genera were 0.95 and 0.7 g/m2 dry wt
respectively. Chironomidae, Ostracoda and Oligochaeta were abundant; however, they were too small to
contribute significantly to the biloass. The most important elements of the bottom fauna of Bung Borapet
showed clear zonal distribution. The Bivalvia, except for Scaphula pinna and Limnoperna siamensis,
occurred in greatest numbers in shallow water areas which were kept free of superficial sediment by a wave
action. They did not occur in places where there was a thick layer of coarse detritus. Eatogenia was most
numerous in areas suitable burrowing i.e. those parts of the lake bed covered with a layer of fine sediment.
Dipseudopsis avoids both these areas, preferring to inhabit areas with coarse detritus i.e. along the edges of
the stands of floating vegetation and in protected littoral areas amongst the submerged vegetation. Many
other animal groups occurred amongst this vegetation. These, however, are not considered as bottom fauna,
but are more comparable with the fauna of the floating vegetation. The Bivalvia Scaphula pinna and
Limnoperna siamensis occupied an intermediate position since they occurred widely on the lake bed but
were found in larger numbers in the floating vegetation. The biomass of the bottom fauna of Bung Borapet
is higher than that of other tropical shallow lakes, mainly because of the large numbers of bivalves.
186
Corbicula Bibliography
-- K -Kado, Y. and O. Matsushima. 1976. Some properties of alkaline phosphatase in tissues of brackish
and fresh water clams Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana. Journal of Sciences of the
Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1 (Zoology) 26(2):139-148.
Alkaline phosphatase activity in digestive diverticula, mantle and gills of brackish water Corbicula japonica and
freshwater Corbicula leana were examined. Specific activities of the enzyme in every tissue of C. japonica
were significantly higher than in C. leana, especially in the presence of 450 mM NaCl. Enhancement of enzyme
activity by about 1.3-fold was found in the digestive diverticula of C. japonica and in the mantle of C. leana. In
the presence of 450 mM choline chloride, enzyme activities of mantle and gills were vigorously enhanced
(3.5-fold) while that of digestive diverticula were not enhanced as much, though the enzyme activity increased
in every tissue of both species. The enzyme from mantle and gills of both clams had an optimum pH of 10.0 10.4, but the enzyme from the digestive diverticula had 2 optima, pH 8.3 - 8.8 and 10.0 - 10.8. In C. japonica,
enzyme activity at higher pH optima was major, while in C. leana, the situation was reversed. In the presence of
NaCl, enzyme activities were enhanced when tested at higher optimum pH, while at lower optimum pH, they
were rather inhibited. Difference effects of NaCl upon alkaline phosphatase activities of digestive diverticula
seemed related to the difference of relative amounts of the two isozymes in the two species.
Kado, Y. and O. Matsushima. 1976. Separation of alkaline phosphatase isozymes in digestive
diverticula of brackish and fresh water clams, Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana.
Journal of Sciences of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1 (Zoology)
26(2):149-157.
Two different activities of alkaline phosphatase were separated from the tissue of digestive diverticula of the
brackish water clam Corbicula japonica and the freshwater clam Corbicula leana, by ammonium sulfate
fractionation and identified by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The highest activity of the 30 - 50% ammonium
sulfate fraction, designated alkaline phosphatase A, was found at pH 8.8 in C. japonica and at pH 8.3 in C.
leana, while that of 60 - 70% fraction, designated alkaline phosphatase B, was at pH 10.8 in C. japonica and at
about pH 10.0 in C. leana. Alkaline phosphatase A activity was hardly affected by NaCl and by
L-phenylalanine, while that of alkaline phosphatase B was activated by about 1.4-fold in the presence of 450
mM NaCl and markedly inhibited by L-phenylalanine. The activity of alkaline phosphatase A was dominant
over that of alkaline phosphatase B in C. leana while the situation was reversed in C. japonica.
Kado, Y. and H. Murata. 1974. Responses of brackish and fresh-water clams, Corbicula japonica
and C. leana to variations in salinity. Journal of Sciences of the Hiroshima University, Series
B, Division 1 (Zoology) 25:217-224.
The brackish and freshwater clams, Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana, were acclimated to 50% sea water
and fresh water and then suddenly placed in media of different salinity. The mortality and changes in chloride
and water content of the soft tissues were then examined. Throughout a five day experiment in media varying
from 0 to 100% sea water, it was shown that the highest tolerance to salinity without interruption of the clam's
activity was about 70% sea water for C. japonica and about 15% sea water for C. leana. In both species, the
tissue chloride concentration of the animal in freshwater medium was approximately equivalent to the chloride
concentration of 2% sea water. Therefore, the inner chloride concentration of the two species still maintained
the same hypertonicity, against outer concentrations up to 2% sea water, but, in sea water of higher
concentrations, the chloride concentrations in tissues fell below that of the medium. The relationships between
tissue chloride concentrations and chloride concentrations of the medium differed considerably for the two
species even though no difference in the degree of dehydration could be found between the two species in
various dilutions of sea water.
187
Corbicula Bibliography
Kadolsky, D. 1984. Zur Taxonomie, Nomenklatur und stratigraphischen Bedeutung einiger
Mollusken der Inflaten-Schichten und hochsten Cerithienschten (Tertiar, Mainzer Becken).
Mainzer Geowissenschaftliches Mitteilungen 13:195-203. [German with English summary]
Corbicula faujasi (Deshayes, 1830) is removed from synonymy with Polymesoda (Pseudocyrena) donacina
(Sandberger, 1861) (p. 199.
Kaiser, E. 1905. Erläterung zur Geologischen Spezialkarte von Peussen. Blatt Langula (Berlin)
128:36, 45.
Kaiser, E. and E. Naumann. 1905. Erläterung zur Geologischen Spezialkarte von Peussen. Blatt
Langula (Berlin) 128:55.
Kaiser, E. and E. Naumann. 1905. Über das Diluvium in Nordwest-Thüringen. Jahrbuchen der
Königlich Presse Geologischen Landesanstalt 1:655-656.
Kameyama, H. and S. Kitaoka. 1971. Determination of 2-aminoethyl phosphonic acid by the phenol
sodium hypochlorite method. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 35(13):2127-2129.
The ninhydrin method and the method based on the determination of P in the C-P bond were unsatisfactory for
the determination of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (2-AEP) which occurs widely in lower animals. The
determination of 2-AEP by the phenol-sodium hypochlorite method of Kitaoka and Nakano, is reported.
Corbicula atrata shell lipids were tested.
Karatayev, A. Y., L. E. Burlakova, T. Kesterson and D. K. Padilla. 2003. Dominance of the
Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller), in the benthic community of a reservoir.
Journal of Shellfish Research 22(2):487-493.
Corbicula fluminea dominated the benthic community of Lake Nacogdoches, East Texas, composing 97%
of the total biomass of benthic invertebrates. C. fluminea appears to be restricted to the littoral zone. Lower
depths have lower oxygen, especially during the stratified period, which may restrict the distribution of C.
fluminea. C. fluminea was found only down to a depth of 4 m and had and extremely patchy distribution.
The greatest density within a patch was found at 1 m depth (35.8 ± 13.8 m-2) and the greatest biomass
within a single patch was at 2 m (137.17 ± 69.21 g times m-2). C. fluminea density differed significantly
among substrate types. The maximum density (43 ± 14 m-2) was found in sediments with dead C. fluminea
shells and course detritus, and the lowest density (3.6 ± 3.6 m m-2) was found in silt. The spatial
distributions of C. fluminea and three species of unionids were similar both in depth and across substrates
in the reservoir. No correlation was found between the densities of C. fluminea and other benthic
invertebrates. Finally, the effect of C. fluminea on benthic communities was contrasted to what is known
about the impacts of another invasive bivalve, the zebra mussel.
Karpevich, A. F. 1975. Theory and Practice of Acclimatization of Aquatic Organisms. Pishchevaya
Promyshlennost (Moskva). 432 pp. [Russian]
The introduction of Corbicula fluminea from Asian to North American waters is presented and discussed.
Kasai, A K. and A. K. Nakata. 2005. Utilization of terrestrial organic matter by the bivalve
Corbicula japonica estimated from stable isotope analysis. Fisheries Science 71(1):151158.
Kasymov, A. G. 1963. Hydrofauna of Lower Kura River and the Wingschaur Reservoir. Pakistan
Academy of Azerbaijan S.S.R., Tub. House, Bachelor of Science Thesis. [Russian]
Kasymov, A. G. 1972. Freshwater Fauna of the Caucasus. Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan
S.S.R., Institute of Zoology (Baku). 285 pp. [Russian]
Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) is reported from irrigation canals in Lenkoran, Lake Adzhikabul, Lake
Achala, Lake Sarysu, Salyan Reservoir
The species is reported as distributed through the Caucasus, Iran, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Syria,
188
Corbicula Bibliography
Beludzhistan, Kashmir, and India.
Kasymov, A. G. and S. B. Gadzhiyeva. 1974. The chemical composition and caloric value of
mollusks in the Mingechaur and Varvarino reservoirs. Hydrobiological Journal 10(4):38-42.
[Russian with English summary]
The dry matter, organic and mineral substances, protein and lipid in molluscs of the Mingechaur and varvarino
reservoirs is not the same. Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) exhibits the highest caloric value (1.11 kcal/g
wet wt.) in Mingechaur Reservoir. The nutrient value of C. fluminalis is relatively low; its caloric value being
little more than half that of the mollusc without the shell (2.64 as opposed to 4.84 kcal/g).
Kat, P. W. 1982. Shell dissolution as a significant cause of mortality for Corbicula fluminea
(Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) inhabiting acidic waters. Malacological Review 15(1-2):129-134.
Dissolution of the shell in the umbonal region is a major source of mortality for Corbicula fluminea inhabiting
acidic waters. Resistance to similar dissolution among the Unionidae may be explained in part by greater rates
of compensatory nacre deposition, but seems to occur primarily because of the presence of thick conchiolin
layers within the shell.
Kato, K. 1959. Melanin excretion from the Bojanus organ. Science Reports of Saitama University,
Series B (Biology and Earth Sciences) 3:147-152.
Kato, K. 1960. Excretion of Kato's organ in some lamellibranchs. Science Reports of Saitama
University, Series B (Biology) 3:233-244.
Kauffman, T. A. and N. K. Temnikow. 1976. Proposal for Harvesting and Utilization of the Asiatic
Clam, Corbicula manilensis. California Aquaculture Co. (Unpublished Phamplet). 13 pp.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) has been used as a food source in the culture of the Malaysian prawn
Macrobranchium sp.
Kautsky, N. and M. Kiibus. 1997. Biomass, ecology and production of benthic fauna in Lake
Kariba. IN: Advances in the Ecology of Lake Kariba. University of Zimbabwe
Publications, (Harare, Zimbabwe). pp. 162-182.
The distribution and biomass of the benthic fauna, surveyed in Lake Kariba in November 1984, was found
to be similar to that of the vegetation. The total animal biomass of 118,840 tons dry weight, including
shells, consisted of mussels (95.8%), snails (4.1%) and insect larvae (0.1%). Four species of mussels were
found: Caelatura mossambicensis (von Martens) (81% of mussel biomass), Corbicula african (Krauss)
(9%), Mutela dubia (Gmelin) (5%) and Aspatharia wahlbergi (Krauss) (5%). The most abundant snails
were Melanoides tuberculata (Müller), Cleopatra sp. and Bellamya capillata (Frauenfeld). The biomass
was high compared to that recorded in most other lakes, probably due to a lack of predator. For the
colonizable 0-12 m depth interval and the total lake it was 96.2 g m-2 including shells (15.0 g m-2 shell-free
dry weight) and 22.6 g m-2 including shells (3.4 g m-2 shell free dry weight), respectively. T he annual
production of benthos for the 0-12 m interval was estimated at 11.0 g m-2 yr-1 (shell-free dry weight), and
for the total lake it was 2.70 g m-2 yr-1 (shell-free dry weight). A multivariate direct gradient analysis
showed that the abundance of various species found in Lake Kariba were correlated with environmental
variables such as slope and transparency of the water. A stepwise regression analysis further showed
interdependence between the gastropods Cleopatra sp., Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Lymnea natalensis,
Bellanya capillata and the macrophyte Vallisneria aethiopica on one hand and between the mussel
Caelatura mossambicensis and the macrophytes Lagarosiphon ilicifolius and Najas pectinata on the other
hand. The average respiration, nutrient excretion and water filtration rates for mussels in Lake Kariba at
25.2oC were estimated to about 0.6 mg O2, 85 μg NH4-N, 1.5 mu g PO4-P and 0.5 l water filtered h-1 g-1
shell-free dry weight. This gives that a volume corresponding to the total epilimnion of the lake is filtered
by the mussels annually. It was concluded that the mussels, rather than being an important food source for
fish seem to play a very large role in the nutrient dynamics of Lake Kariba.
189
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Kawabata, J. 1931. Biwakosan Gyokairu [Fishes and Shells in Lake Biwa]. Jinsendo Kawabashi
Press. 98 pp.
Kawahara, T. 1965. Studies on the marine fouling communities III. Seasonal changes in the initial
development of test block communities. Report of the Faculty of Fisheries of the Prefectural
University of Mie 5:319-364.
Kawajiri, M. 1946. On the young of "Mashijimi", Corbicula leana. Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries 49:17-22. [Also available as ORNL-tr-4588]
The larval shell of Corbicula leana Prime, a hermaphroditic bivalve, hatch out and grow in the brachia of the
parent clam up to the D-stage. Immediately after their discharge from the parent, the larvae become benthic. The
season of discharge, though varied depending upon the water temperature, began in May in Gifu Prefecture and
began in June to September in Nagano Prefecture. The discharged larvae, collected in natural waters, are rather
easily raised in the laboratory at least through the first winter. The laboratory tests showed that the rate of
growth does not vary much among larvae collected at four different localities in Gifu and Nagano prefectures
and among those collected near Ueda City, Nagano. The size attained by the end of the year is about 1 mm shell
length. This size is much smaller than that observed in Paphia philippinarum, Meretrix meretrix and Anadara
subcrenata, all important commercial species cultured in shallow sea waters of Japan. Field observations
indicate that a great number of the larvae die in their first winter and that some individuals that survive the first
winter do not show an annulation on their umboes.
Kawanabe, H. 1978. Some biological problems. Proceedings: Congress in Denmark 1977
Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 20(4):26742677.
Dendemism and differentiation of several animal and plant species is discussed, based on microfossil data
of a core sample taken from Lake Biwa, Japan. Endemic organisms include differentiated in-situ, and relic
species. Some fish and crustaceans belong in the differentiated in-situ category, including Cnathopegen
caerulescens and Carassius cuvieri (Cyprinidae), Chaenogobius isaza (Gobiidae), and Daphnia biwaensis
(Daphniidae). Relic lake species include freshwater, warm water organisms (Opsariichthys uncirostris
uncirostris): freshwater cold water organisms (Valvata biwaensis); marine warm water organisms
(Corbicula sandai): and marine cold water organisms (Kamaka biwae). Melosira juergensi, a marine
brackish-water diatom species, is found in several parts of the core, suggesting that the lake was brackish
during several interglacial ages. All Stephanodiscus diatoms abruptly change at 110 m in depth. S.
carconensis and S. pusilla are found only above 110 m, whereas S. astea and S. minutula are found only
below 110 m. Just at 110 m, a large volcanic ash layer 100 mm in thickness occurs. Ash-sorting indicates
that eruption occurred during a rather short time; environmental factors changed greatly and most
organisms were probably on the verge of extinction. At 90 and 100 m depth layers, cell diatom and green
algae numbers are very small. On the contrary, production rate is high due to large amounts of chlorophyll
derivatives, suggesting shallow lake conditions and submerged plant dominance.
Kayser, E. 1913. Lehrbuch der Geologie. (Berlin). II. 5. 705 pp.
Keen, A. M. 1955. A few minor pelecypod groups revised for the "Treatise of Invertebrate
Paleontology". American Malacological Union Annual Report 1955:28. [Abstract]
Keen, A. M. 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America, Marine Mollusks from Baja California to
Peru. Stanford University Press. pp. 11-12.
Keen, A. M. and R. Casey. 1969. Family Corbiculidae Gray, 1847. IN: Treatise on Invertebrate
Paleontology, Part N, Mollusca 6, R. C. Moore, Ed. Geological Society of America
(Boulder, Colorado). pp. 669-670.
Shells of bivalves in the Genus Corbicula are described with notes on the geologic and geographic distribution
190
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of subgenera. Subgenera of Corbicula discussed are: C. (Corbicula); C. (Corbicuella) von Ihering, 1907 [Upper
Miocene, Pliocene - Pleistocene, South America]; C. (Corbiculina) Dall, 1907 [Recent, Orient]; C.
(Cyanocyclas) de Blainville, 1818 [?Eocene, Pliocene - Recent, South America]; C. (Cyrenodonax) Dall, 1903
[Pleistocene - Recent, east Asia]; C. (Donacopsis) Sandberger, 1872 [Palaeocene - Eocene, Europe]; C.
(Leptesthes) Meek, 1871 [Upper Cretaceous, United States]; C. (Loxotycodon) Sandberger, 1872 [Paleocene to
Late Eocene, Europe]; C. (Paracorbicula) Kobayashi and Suzuki, 1939 [Late Cretaceous (Wealden), Japan];
and C. (Tellinocyclas) Dall, 1903 [Paleocene to Eocene, Europe].
Kenmuir, D. H. S. 1980. The mussel resources of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Transactions of the
Zimbabwe Scientific Association 60(2):7-10.
Prior to widespread sampling, the number of species present and the extent of the mussel crop in Lake Kariba
were unknown. Recent research in the eastern basins of the lake showed four species (Aspartharia wahlbergi,
Mutela dubia, Caelatura mossambicensis, and Corbicula africana) comprising a standing crop that could
exceed 160,000 tons. Corbicula africana was found in varying densities in all areas of Lake Kariba during
studies conducted in 1973.
Kenmuir, D. H. S. 1980. Seasonal breeding activity in freshwater mussels (Lamellibranchiata:
Unionacea) in Lake Kariba and Lake McIlwaine, Zimbabwe. Transactions of the Zimbabwe
Scientific Association 60(4):18-23.
The seasonal breeding pattern of three species of mussels in Lake Kariba and one species in Lake McIlwaine, as
indicated by gravidity in females, is described. In Lake Kariba, two species (Caelatura mossambicensis and
Mutela dubia) bred throughout the year, while one species (Aspatharia wahlbergi) bred in summer months
only. In Lake McIlwaine, M. dubia appeared to breed for most of the year, but with possible cessation or
reduction of activity in winter. It is suggested that regional differences in breeding patterns might exist. Similar
studies with Corbicula leana (Fuziwara 1978) indicate temperature differences may play a significant role.
Kennard, A. S. 1944. The Crayford Brickearths. Proceedings of the Geological Association
(London) 55(3):121-169.
Kennard, A. S. and B. B. Woodward. 1926. Note on F. O. (sic) Müller's types of Tellina fluminalis,
fluminea, and fluviatilis. Proceedings of the Malacological Society (London) 17(1-2):
100-101.
The synonymy of Corbicula fluminalis, Corbicula fluminea, and Corbicula fluviatilis (all Müller, 1774) by
Deshayes (1835) is discussed. The authors conclude that all three taxa are valid and distinct species.
Kennedy, A. J. 2003. An ecotoxicological assessment of a treated coal-mining effluent in the
leading creek watershed, Meigs County, Ohio. Master of Science Thesis, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg).
The majority of research studying the ecological impacts of the coal mining industry on freshwater systems
has focused on abandoned-mined land, and the associated acid drainage and metals toxicity. Treated
discharges from active mining and preparation facilities, however, can also impair lotic ecosystems through
total dissolved solids (TDS) toxicity, caused primarily by the reagents used for pH modifications and the
oxidation of reduced sulfur. Such impairment was best detected through application of (1) benthic
macroinvertebrate surveys using metrics of biotic impairment such as relative Ephemeroptera abundance
and Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT) minus the tolerant caddisfly family Hydropsychidae (2)
in situ growth of Corbicula fluminea during 96-d exposure and (3) laboratory testing using Ceriodaphnia
dubia. Traditional metrics such as total taxa richness, EPT, diversity and biotic indices were not sensitive
to elevated TDS levels. (see: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12192002-175616)
Kennedy, A. J., D. S. Cherry and R. J. Currie. 2003. Field and laboratory assessment of a coal
processing effluent in the Leading Creek Watershed, Meigs County, Ohio. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 44(3):324-331.
191
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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has not recommended water quality criteria (WQC) to protect
aquatic life from elevated sodium and sulfate concentrations, such as those associated with the coalprocessing effluent of Meigs County Mine #31. This discharge, received by a tributary of the Leading
Creek Watershed (SE Ohio), had a mean specific conductivity (SC) of 8,109 (7,750-8,750) 7S/cm and total
metal concentrations below acute WQC. The mean 48-h LC50 for Ceriodaphnia dubia in the effluent was
6,713 - 99 7S/cm; mean 48-h survival was 44% for study sites downstream of the effluent. The best
indicators of impairment used in this study were Ceriodaphnia fecundity, in situ Corbicula fluminea
growth, EPT minus Hydropsychidae (richness and relative abundance), and relative Ephemeroptera
abundance. Mayflies, reduced by more than 99% below the effluent, were absent from all but the furthest
downstream study site. SC was strongly correlated with Corbicula growth (r = m0.9755, p = 0.0009) and
EPT minus Hydropsychidae richness (r = m0.8756, p &lt; 0.0001), suggesting the effluent was primarily
responsible for biotic impairment. The results indicated that SC levels, a measure of dissolved solids, in the
Leading Creek Watershed that exceeded similar to 3,700 7S/cm impaired sensitive aquatic fauna.
Kennedy, V. S. 1984. Reproduction, Possible Self-Fertilization, and Substrate Selection Behavior in
a Population of the Introduced Asiatic Clam, Corbicula sp. in Maryland. Maryland
Department of Natural Resources, Power Plant Siting Program (Annapolis). Final Report
UMCEES-83-156-HEPL. 57 pp. [NTIS No. PB85-233096/XAB]
Kennedy, V. S. and J. A. Blundon. 1983. Shell strength in Corbicula sp. (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae)
from the Potomac River, Maryland. The Veliger 26(1):22-25.
Forces required to crack intact shells of Corbicula sp. were determined. They are higher than those which crack
the wedge clam, Rangia cuneata, a globose, strong-shelled, oligohaline bivalve. Asiatic clam shell shape and
strength may explain published data on crayfish predation on this animal in Oklahoma and Tennessee, in which
predation was successful only on clams less than 6 mm in size or those with holes in the shell. Strong shells may
also help prevent damage during periods of high river flow or strong water movement.
Kennedy, V. S., S. C. Fuller and R. A. Lutz. 1991. Shell and hinge development of young
Corbicula fluminea (Müller) (Bivalvia: Corbiculoidea). American Malacological Bulletin
8(2):107-111.
Small specimens of Corbicula fluminea were collected as juveniles newly released from adults, and larger
specimens were extracted from sediment taken from natural beds of adults. Lengths of the prodissoconch I
averaged 196.9 ± 6.7 mu m, the average length for the prodissoconch II was 233.3 ± 5.0 μm. The
dissoconch had strong commarginal sculpturing, with less prominent radial striae also present. A ligament
pit occurred in the posterior region of the shell hinge. Three cardinal and two lateral teeth developed, and
shell tubules were noted in the early dissoconch.
Kennedy, V. S. and L. van Heukelem. 1985. Gametogenesis and larval production in a population of
the introduced Asiatic clam, Corbicula sp. (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae), in Maryland. Biological
Bulletin 168(1):50-60.
Histological assessment of gametogenesis and larval production in monthly samples of Corbicula sp. collected
from December 1981 to October 1983 in the Potomac River, Maryland, revealed that the clams were
simultaneous hermaphrodites. Gametes of both sexes were present year-round, including winter, although male
reproductive tissue was less common that female tissue. Both male and female tissue were found in the smallest
clam examined (9.6 mm long). Eggs and sperm were often produced in the same follicele and occurred together
in the gonoducts of a number of specimens. Stereological analysis was used to quantify tissue change during the
study. No clear cycles of reproductive tissue volume fractions (developing or ripe gametes) were demonstrated,
suggesting that this species may be capable of responding rapidly throughout the year to suitable environmental
conditions by spawning. Larvae were produced over two extended time periods, one in spring and one in fall,
with the months involved varying somewhat from year to year. The smallest clam containing larvae was
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Corbicula Bibliography
13.4mm long.
Kennedy, V. S., L. Van Heukelem and W. F. Van Heukelem. 1984. Reproduction, possible selffertilization, and substrate selection behavior in a population of the introduced Asiatic
clam, Corbicula sp., in Maryland: A Final Report to Power Plant Siting Program.
Prepared for Maryland Power Plant Siting Program by The Horn Point Environmental
Laboratories, University of Maryland (Cambridge). 51 pp.
Kerans, B. L. and J. R. Karr. 1994. A benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) for rivers of the
Tennessee Valley. Ecological Applications 4(4):768-785.
Invertebrate data from rivers in the Tennessee Valley were used to: (1) evaluate the utility of 18
characteristics of invertebrate assemblages (attributes) to assess the biological condition of streams and (2)
develop a comprehensive benthic invertebrate index that reflects important aspects of stream biology and
responds to the effects of human society in detectable ways. Data from the Tennessee Valley Authority's
(TVA) fixed-station monitoring program, established in 1986 to evaluate water resources in the Tennessee
Valley, were used. The streams covered sites with various types and levels of human disturbance. TVA
biologists sampled riffles and pools using quantitative methods. To evaluate attributes determinations were
made of (1) the ability of each attribute to distinguish among sites (analyses of variance), (2) the
associations among attributes (correlation coefficients), (3) the concordance of assessments of sites using
each attribute with two independent site assessments (water quality and analysis of fish assemblages based
on the index of biotic integrity), and (4) the variability of each attribute across habitats (riffles and pools)
and ecoregions. Thirteen attributes (total taxa richness and taxa richnesses of intolerant snails and mussels,
mayflies, caddisflies, and stoneflies; relative abundances of Corbicula, oligochaetes, omnivores, filterers,
grazers, and predators; dominance; total abundance) were valuable in discriminating sites, exhibited
concordance with other methods of assessment, and were relatively uncorrelated among themselves. Five
attributes (sediment-surface taxa richness; relative abundances of shredders, gatherers, detritivores, and
chironomids) were not acceptable for inclusion in the index because they either were not in concordance
with other methods of assessment or were strongly correlated with other attributes. Based on the results of
this evaluation, 13 attributes were included in a benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI). The B-IBI was
evaluated using a more extensive fixed-station data set and was tested using an independent data set where
samples were taken above and below the release of an industrial effluent to the North Fork Holston River.
The fixed-station sites were correctly ranked, although rankings were not always consistent for pool and
riffle habitats. B-IBI also distinguished the industrial impact. The B-IBI has potential as an assessment tool
for streams, although more testing and evaluation of both the attributes and the index are warranted.
Kerans, B. L., J. R. Karr and S. A. Ahlstedt. 1991. Aquatic invertebrate assemblages: Spatial and
temporal differences among sampling protocols. Journal of the North American
Benthological Society 11(4):377-390.
Sampling protocols (different sampling gears used in different habitats) often vary among invertebrate
studies. Three sampling protocols (replicate Hess samples taken in pools, replicate Surber samples taken in
riffles, and one qualitative sample from all habitats) were examined. Differences between Hess and Surber
samples probably reflect differed in organisms found in pool and riffle habitats, whereas the qualitative
protocol different from the others in both habitats sampled and sampling effort. Differences among
protocols for 18 attributes of invertebrate assemblages were determined using data from yearly benthic
samples (1986-1989) in three Tennessee River tributaries: Clinch, Powell, and Sequatchie rivers.
Conditions differed among those rivers as reflected by fish assemblages (using the index of biotic integrity-IBI). Distinct differences were found among the protocols and many of the attributes selected for
evaluation. Ten attributes either did not differ (stonefly and intolerant snail and mussel taxa richness,
dominance, and proportions of omnivores, gatherers, grazers, and predators), or exhibited consistent
differences (proportions of filterers, shredders, and chironomids), between riffles and pools. Of these ten
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attributes, six (stonefly taxa richness, dominance, and proportions of chironomids, filterers, omnivores, and
predators) exhibited trends that coincided with expectations based on fish assemblage condition. Eight
attributes exhibited spatial and/or temporal trends that differed between riffles and pools (total, mayfly,
caddisfly, and sediment-surface taxa richness, proportions of Corbicula, detritivores, and oligochaetes, and
total abundance). When interyear differences among protocols were detected, trends among sites in pools,
but not riffles, matched expectations based on the biological condition of the fish assemblages (exception-the proportion of detritivores). Thus, monitoring programs may reach conclusions that are biased if
biological condition is assessed with many commonly used attributes.
Kesler, D. H. 2004. Influence of a lentic area on condition indices of Corbicula fluminea in the
Wolf River, Tennessee. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 19(3):445-453.
This study tested the hypothesis that filter-feeding organisms have higher condition indices downstream
from a swamp than those upstream at a location not receiving lentic drainage. Sampling was performed
monthly in the Wolf River in western Tennessee from February to August, 2002. Condition of the Asian
clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller), was measured as glycogen concentration, tissue percent water content,
tissue dry mass:shell mass, tissue dry mass:shell cavity volume, ash-free dry mass:shell mass, and ash-free
dry mass:shell cavity volume. All condition indices, except glycogen concentration, were significantly
greater (P<0.05) at the downstream location but converged during the summer. Downstream individuals
also had significantly heavier shells (P<0.05) for a given cavity volume. The most discriminating condition
index was tissue ash-free dry mass:shell cavity volume. The higher condition of individuals immediately
downstream from the swamp, compared to upstream individuals, supports the hypothesis that the swamp
benefits filter-feeding organisms by exporting seston.
Keup, L., W. B. Horning and W. H. Ingram. 1963. Extension of the range of Corbicula fluminea to
Cincinnati Reach of the Ohio River. The Nautilus 77(1):18-21.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) was collected at Cincinnati, Ohio, in the Ohio River at River Mile 465.5 on
6 July 1962. It is noted that specimens were not found in samples taken fromthe river between
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Moundsville, Illinois, in 1960.
Khalanski, M, F. Bergot and E. Vigneux. 1997. Consequences industrielles et ecologiques de
l'introduction de nouvelles especes dans les hydrosystemes continentaux: la moule zebree
et autres especes invasives [Industrial and ecological consequences of the introduction of
new species in continental aquatic ecosystems: the zebra mussel and other invasive
species]. Bulletin Francais de la Peche et de la Pisciculture. 1997.
Surface water is withdrawn from rivers for various industrial uses; among these, power production
accounts for a large proportion. Many aquatic species settle in the raw water circuits of power plants,
disrupting their operation and occasionally putting the whole plants out of use. In certain cases, the arrival
of new species raises a serious problem for the industry. The introduction of two Dreissena species in the
American Great Lakes, followed by their gradual spread southwards in recent years, has generated
industrial damage estimated at five billion US $ per year by the turn of the century. The ecological impact
of the zebra mussel in North America has been widely studied and is thought to be considerable during the
phase of rapid spreading of the species. In Europe as well, the zebra mussel constitutes a threat for
industrial circuits. For this reason, the species has been the object of numerous studies, particularly in
France in the Seine, Rhone and Moselle rivers. Two new invasive species have recently appeared in
European rivers: the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea and an amphipod: Corophium curvispinum, thus
adding to the list of organisms (sponges, hydroids, bryozoans, molluscs) previously found in power plant
circuits on French rivers. To ensure the availability of plant circuits, it is essential to be able to control the
development of these species. This, in turn, implies in-depth knowledge of them in both biological and
ecological terms. This paper presents a brief overview of present industrial methods, or methods now under
study, for checking the spread of such organisms.
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Khlebovich, V. V. and A. Y. Komendantov. 1985. On physiologically freshwater invertebrates of
marine origin. Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii 46(3):331-335. [In Russian with English
summary]
Lycastopsis augeneri Okuda, Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus (Quatrefages) [Polychaeta] and Corbicula japonica
from the estuary zones of the Soviet Far East proved to be capable of surviving for a long time in practically
freshwater conditions due to hyperosmotic regulation. Such physiologically freshwater organisms appear to
have arisen under the influence of monsoon climate with prolonged summer-autumn rains causing a long-term
flow of fully freshwater over the estuary bed. Complete adaptation of the species of such animals to existence in
freshwater is limited during the period of reproduction since the early development stages are unable to exist in
water of decreased salinity. The drift of metamorphosing pelagic larvae in the upper zone of the estuary and
short surges of salt water can result in a settlement of individuals of these species in those places where
freshwater stays during a major part of the year or even during several years. The physiologically freshwater
invertebrates of marine origin can be used for enrichment of freshwater benthos. Being thermophilous, the
species of this complex are to be used preferably in shallow piscicultural ponds and cooling ponds of power
stations. Their rearing in aquaria with controlled salinity will provide these water bodies with innoculation
material.
Khubka, A. N. 1979. Stratigraphic significance of Viviparus triaspolitanus (Mollusca: Vivipariade)
for Quaternary deposits of Dniester Prut Interfluvium, Moldavian S.S.R., U.S.S.R. Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk Modavskoi S.S.R., Seriya Biologicheskikh i Khimicheskikh Nauk 1:63-66.
Kiibus, M, and N. Kautsky. 1996. Respiration, nutrient excretion and filtration rate of tropical
freshwater mussels and their contribution to production and energy flow in Lake Kariba,
Zimbabwe. Hydrobiologia 331(1-3):25-32.
The productivity and ecological role of benthos in man-made Lake Kariba was assessed through the use of
P/B-ratios and by measuring the metabolism (respiration, N and P excretion) of the most abundant mussel
species (Aspatharia wahlbergi, Corbicula africana and Caelatura mossambicensis) in laboratory
experiments. For A. wahlbergi also filtration rate was estimated. The annual production of benthos for the
populated 0-12 m interval was estimated at 11.0 g m-2 yr-1 (shell-free dry weight) of which mussels
contributed for 8.81 g (80%), snails 2.16 g (20%) and insects 0.03 g (0.3%) respectively. The most
important mussel species in the lake were Caelatura mossambicensis (4.97 g m-2 yr-1) and Corbicula
africana (3.33 g). The dominant snail species was Melanoides tuberculata (1.63 g). For the total lake, also
including deeper unpopulated bottoms, the annual production of benthos was 2.70 g m-2 yr-1 (shell-free dry
weight). Respiration and excretion varied with temperature displaying a bell-shaped relationship. Metabolic
rates in Aspatharia wahlbergi increased about 5 x between 16.5oCand the maximum at 34.0 degree C and
then decreased again at 39.0 degree C, when the mussels showed signs of severe stress. Metabolism in
Corbicula africana had a lower optimum with fairly constant activity between 18.6 and 29.2oC, rapidly
decreasing above this temperature. The average respiration, nutrient excretion and water filtration rates for
mussels in Lake Kariba at 25.2oC were estimated to about 0.6 mg O2 85 μg NH4-N, 1.5 μg PO4-P and 0.51
water filtered h-1 g-1 shellfree dry weight. This gives that a volume corresponding to about the total
epilimnion of the lake is filtered by the mussels annually. Further, mussels can be estimated to remineralize
1/4 of the total load of phosphate, and 8 times the total load of nitrogen every year. The population needs
3.5 x 104 tons of organic carbon for its maintenance, which indicates that about 5% of the annual
phytoplankton production is channeled through mussels. It was concluded that the mussels, rather than
being an important food source for fish, seem to play a large role in the nutrient dynamics of Lake Kariba.
Kil, P. 1976. An ecological study on fresh water shellfish distribution and morphological changes.
Korean Journal of Zoology 19(4):189.
Kilian, C. 1925. Au Hoggar Mission de 1922. (Paris). 186 pp.
195
Corbicula Bibliography
Corbicula saharica is reported from the central Sahara.
Kikuchi, T. 1964. Ecology and biological production of Lake Maka-umi and adjacent regions. 3.
Macro-benthic communities of Lake Shinji-ko and Lake Naka-umi. Special Publications of
the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 2(1):21-44.
The distribution of Corbicula japonica in the benthos of lakes Shinji-ko and Naka-umi is presented.
Kim, J. H., H. S. Kim, I. K. Lee, J. W. Kim, H. T. Mun and K. H. Suh. 1982. Studies on the
estuarine ecosystem of the Nagdong River, Korea. Proceedings of the College of Natural
Sciences (Seoul) 7(2):121-164. [Korean]
The structure and function of the estuarine ecosystem of the Nagdong River were studied with special reference
to analyses of environmental factors, communities of terrestrial plants on deltas and sand bars, an communities
of benthic algae and invertebrates on the low tidal mudflat. The productivity of reed stands, benthic algae and
phytoplankton, and the population dynamics of several invertebrates were estimated. Concentrations of soluble
inorganic nutrients of water at ebb were so much greater than those at flood tide, indicating the stream provides
rich nutrients. Seasonal changes of the nutrient contents did not coincide with the pattern of phytoplankton
productivity, but with the amount of stream water. In the reed community on the delta, annual net production
was 64.6 ton/ha/yr, leaf area index (LAI) was 10.2 and the rate of solar energy untility was 3.7% during each
growing season; these were the highest values in the natural vegetation of Korea. Benthic algae (43 spp.) on the
low tidal flat were identified and were distributed homogeneously. Standing crops in chlorophyll a content and
in cell numbers of algae on the surface of the low tidal flat were great but varied with the different sites. The
productivity of phytoplankton in the brackish water was low. Most of the 20 species of invertebrates identified
on the low tidal flat were distributed homogeneously. The low rate of annual mean survival of the Corbicula
japonica population, 0.13 - 0.24, might have resulted from fishing harvest and the predation by birds.
Kimsey, C. D. 1979. The Occurrence and Distribution of the Asiatic Clam, Corbicula, in South
Carolina Estuaries. Master of Science Thesis, East Tennessee State University. vii+57
pp.
King, C. A. 1985. Laboratory Culture, Spawning, and Larval Development of Corbicula fluminea
(Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). Master of Science Thesis, University of Delaware (Newark). ix +
70 pp.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) was fed the estuarine diatom Skeletonema costatus and maintained in a
recirculating laboratory system at 24 to 25oC. Salinity varied from 0 to 8 ppt. Live weight of individual C.
fluminea increased from 3% to 179% of initial weight during 4 months of laboratory culture. The animals then
spawned; sperm were ejected out of the exhalant siphon and fertilized eggs were retained on the gills. The first
three zygotic divisions occurred 1, 3 to 4, and 5 hrs after spawning, and trochophore larvae developed after 14
hrs. Pediveligers were released from parent clams in 4 to 5 days and metamorphosed to juveniles about 12 hrs
later. Studies with fluorescent latex microspheres indicated that released larvae ingested suspended particles, but
brooded larvae did not. Parental brood stock continued to grow under laboratory conditions and six months after
spawning gonad smears revealed gametogenesis taking place. This is the first report of successful culture and
spawning of C. fluminea in the laboratory.
King, C. A., C. J. Langdon and C. L. Counts, III. 1985. Spawning and early development of
Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculacea) in laboratory culture. American Malacological
Bulletin 4(1):81-88.
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) was maintained on the estuarine diatom Skeletonema costatum (Greville) in
a recirculating aquarium system at 24 to 25oC. Salinity varied from 0 to 8 ppt. Live weight of C. fluminea
increased from 3% to 179% of initial weight during four months of laboratory culture. The animals then
spawned; sperm were ejected out of the exhalant siphons and fertilized eggs were retained in the gills. The first
three zygotic divisions occurred 1, 3, and 5 hours after spawning (sperm release), and trochophore larvae
196
Corbicula Bibliography
developed after 14 hours. Pediveligers were released from parent clams in 4 to 5 days, and metamorphosed to
juveniles about 12 hours later. Studies with fluorescent latex microspheres indicated that released larvae were
ingesting suspended particles, but brooded larvae were not. Parental broodstock continued to grow under
laboratory conditions and, six months after the spawning event, gonad smears of broodstock revealed
gametogenesis taking place.
King, R. H. and A. C. Miller. 1982. Proposed man-made lotic habitat in the Tombigbee River near
Columbus, MS. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Science 27(Supplement):63.
[Abstract]
A lotic habitat consisting of riffle and pool communities is being designed for and will be built in a 2.4 km long
experimental section of the Tombigbee River in the vicinity of the Columbus Lock and Dam. The purpose of
this study is to construct a habitat that will support higher densities and diversities of lotic invertebrates with an
emphasis on the naiad mussels. An existing gravel bar in the Buttahatchie River was chosen as a prototype due
to its close proximity to the experimental section and its diverse faunal communities. Many physical, chemical
and biological characteristics of the Buttahatchie River were monitored during August 1981, using universally
accepted limnological techniques. Seventy-one taxa of invertebrates were collected during August 1981 from
the gravel bar. The Insecta were the dominant macroinvertebrates with 43 species followed by the Mollusca
with 19 species. The most abundant insect species were the chironomids Glyptotendipes nr. senilis, Tanytarsus
querla group, and T. glabrescens group, the net spinning caddisflies Chimarra and Cheumatopsyche, and the
mayfly Stenonema spp. The ubiquitous Corbicula fluminea was the most abundant bivalve with nine others
considered to be common. The uncommon mussel Epioblasma penita and Pleurobema descisum were present.
The proposed design of this lotic habitat is primarily based on the physical and biological characteristics of the
Buttahatchie gravel bar.
Kingzett, B. and D. Tillapaugh. 1999. The shellfish culture industry in British Columbia. IN:
Proceedings of the Workshop on Mussel Production Capacity (Part 2) held at
Aquaculture Canada. Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada 99-3:42-44..
The three main species of shellfish cultured in British Columbia are pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas,
Manila clams Corbicula manilensis and Japanese (Pacific) weathervane scallops Patinipecten caurinus.
This report provides a brief overview of the British Columbia shellfish culture industry and covers current
industry initiatives relating to quality assurance and the Farm Practices Protection Act, and recent
discussions on industry codes of practice.
Kijviriya, V., E. S. Upatham, V. Viyanant and D. S. Woodruff. 1991. Genetic studies of Asiatic
clams, Corbicula, in Thailand: Allozymes of 21 nominal species are identical. American
Malacological Bulletin 8(2):97-106.
Freshwater clams of the genus Corbicula, collected from 40 sites up to 1500 km apart in Thailand, and
representing 21 nominal species, show no significant geographic variation at 24 electrophoretically
detected allozyme loci and are most probably all referable to the widespread Asian species, C. fluminea
(Müller, 1774). Thai Corbicula have very little genetic variability. Eighty-eight percent of the samples,
including one referable to Corbicula fluminea, cluster at Nei's genetic distance values of D < 0.01. Only
five samples from northeast Thailand stand slightly apart from the others. Twenty nominal Thai species are
synonymized according with C. fluminea; another seven nominal species are candidates for synonymy.
Kira, S., Y. Nogami, K. Taketa and H. Hayatsu. 1996. Comparison of techniques for monitoring
water-borne polycyclic mutagens: efficiency of blue rayon, Sep-Pak C18, and a biota,
Corbicula, in concentrating benzo(a)pyrene in a model water system. Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 57(2):278-83.
Kira, T. 1961. Colored Illustrations of the Shells of Japan. Hoikusha Publishing Co., Ltd. (Osaka).
The shells of Corbicula leana, Corbicula sandai, and Corbicula japonica are described and illustrated.
197
Corbicula Bibliography
Klippel, W. E. and P. W. Parmalee. 1979. The naiad fauna of Lake Springfield, Illinois: an
assessment after two decades. The Nautilus 94(4):189-197.
A survey of the naiad fauna of Lake Springfield during 1953 produced nine species of freshwater mussels. A
second survey of the identical collection localities conducted in 1977, produced the same species. Patterned
quantitative changes in the fauna were observed. Qualitative changes have resulted from the introduction of four
previously unrecorded species. Of the four species established since 1953, Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) was
found in the greatest frequency. It made up 28% of the total specimens recovered in the 1977 survey and was
second in abundance only to Quadrula quadrula. Variations in the naiad populations have been discussed in
terms of observed changes in other artificially formed lentic habitats as well as unimpounded fluvial systems.
Knowlton, F. H. 1909. The stratigraphic relations and paleontology of the "Hell Creek beds",
"Ceratops beds" and equivalents, and their reference to the Fort Union Formation.
Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Science 11:179-238.
Corbicula subelliptica (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is reported from the Hell Creek beds of Montana and the
Laramie Cretaceous of Colorado.
Kobayashi, T. and K. T. Kurohagi. 1968. A study of the ecology of chum salmon fry, Oncorhynchus
keta (Walbaum), in Abashiri Lake and its protection. Scientific Reports of the Hokkaido
Salmon Hatchery 22:37-71. [Japanese with English summary]
In 1963-1966, the downstream migration of chum salmon fry was from early April to late June and the majority
of fry migrated seaward after the break-up of the lake ice cover. It is highly probable that the downstream
migration closely relates with the low amount of food in the lake and the turbid conditions in the lake waters
during ice break-up. During the period from March to early May, the stomach contents of the salmon fry was
small and their growth rate was very slow. From mid-May to June, feeding was greater and growth rapid. The
condition of the lake is changing as the water is becomming brackish. At the surface the salinity has increased
about 5 times since 1927 and there is undissolved oxygen and high dissolved hydrogen sulfate below 8 m depth.
The number of freshwater plankton in the lake decreased and that of the brackish or salt water increased as a
result of increased salinity. The number of Chironomidae and Corbicula japonica in the lake have increased
since 1936. The Chironomidae were abundant at 1 or 2m depth in the coastal area. The intercepting net set to
protect the salmon fry checks the movement of the fry in the lake before the break-up of the ice cover, but after
the ice melts, the net shows almost no effect.
Kobayashi, T. and K. Suzuki. 1936. Non-marine shells of the Jurassic Tetori series in Japan.
Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography 13(1-2):35-51.
Corbicula amagashiraensis sp. nov. is described (p. 45) and figured (pl. 6, figs. 8-12) from the Tetori Group
(Jurassic), Amagashiradani, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.
Kobayashi, T. and K. Suzuki. 1936. Non-marine shells of the Haktong Wakino series. Japanese
Journal of Geology and Geography 13(3-4):243-257.
Corbicula (Leptesthes) coreana sp. nov. is described (p. 255) and figured (pl. 29, figs. 1-10) from the Naktong
Waikino series (Cretaceous) of the Shinshu area, Korea.
Kobayashi, T. and K. Suzuki. 1939. The brackish Wealden fauna of the Yoshimo Beds in Province
Nagato, Japan. Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography 16:213-224.
The brackish water fauna of the Cretaceous Wealden Yoshimo Formation of Nagato Province, Japan, is
described and discussed. Paracorbicula subgen. nov. is erected with Corbicula (Paracorbicula) sanchuensis
Yabe and Nagao, 1926, designated as the type species.
Kobelt, W. 1873. Nachtrage und Berichtingungen zu meinem catalog der im europaischen
Faunengebiete lebenden Binnenconchylien. Malakozoologische Blätter 21:177-290.
Since the genus Corbicula is distributed throughout the entire Middle East, it must be included in the catalogue
of European fauana. The European types, all belonging to the subgenus Corbicula are: Corbicula fluminalis
198
Corbicula Bibliography
(Müller, 1774) [Near East], Corbicula purpurea Prime [Tigris River], Corbicula saulcyi Bourguignat
[Palestine], Corbicula crassula Mousson [Syria], and Corbicula consobrina Cailliaud [Nile River].
Kobelt, W. 1879. Fauna Molluscorum Extramarinorum Japoniae. Nach den von Professor Rein
Gemachten Sammlungen. Abdruk a. d. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen
Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. 171 pp.
Notes on the distribution, taxonomy, and systematics of the following species are given: Corbicula sandai
Reinhardt, 1878, Corbicula straminea Reinhardt, 1878, Corbicula biformis Reinhardt, 1877, Corbicula
transversa (von Martens, 1877), Corbicula pexata Prime, 1864, Corbicula martensii Clessin, 1877, Corbicula
reiniana Clessin, 1879, Corbicula leana Prime, 1864, and Corbicula japonica Prime, 1864.
Kobelt, W. 1879. Fauna japonica extramarina nach den von Professor Rein gemachten Sammlungen.
Abhandlungen Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 11:284- 455.
See above.
Kobelt, W. 1881. Catalogue der Paläarctischen Binnenconchylien, 2nd Ed.
Corbicula fluminalis consobrina and Corbicula fluminalis saulcyi are discussed.
Kobelt, W. 1895-1897. Iconographie der Land- und Süsswasser-Mollusken von Rossmässler,
Fortgesetzt von Kobelt. N.F. I, Supplementband (Wiesbaden). pp. 60-68.
Kock, K. N. de and J. A. van Eeden. 1969. Die verspreiding en habitatseleksie van die Mollusca in
die Mooirivier, Transvaal. Wetenskaplike Bydraes van die P. U. vir C. H. O., Reeks B:
Natuurwetenskappe No. 8:1-119.
Koel, T. Mm. and K. E. Stevenson. 2002. Effects of dredge material placement on benthic
macroinvertebrates of the Illinois River. Hydrobiologia 474(1-3):229-238.
Since the 1930s, dredge material has been removed from the Illinois River and placed along the main
channel border in shallow depths to maintain a 2.7 m deep main channel for commercial navigation.
Placement of this material changes the sediment composition from primarily silt/clay to primarily sand, and
it buries pre-existing benthic invertebrates. During 1997 and 1998, the benthos of an 125 km reach of the
middle Illinois River (La Grange Reach) was studied by extracting 1065 Ponar samples from randomlyselected sites which had never received dredge material, received dredge material one year previous, or
received dredge material during the current year. Although total numbers of macroinvertebrates collected
was lower in 1998 than in 1997, relative abundances of eight targeted taxa were highly similar between
years. Chironimidae were most abundant and comprised >66% of all macroinvertebrates collected both
years. Differences in densities of Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera, Sphaeriidae, Corbicula fluminea (Muller,
1774), Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771), Odonata, and Gastropoda among the three classes of dredge
material placement were all significant (P< 0.05). For all taxa, densities were highest at sites that had never
received dredge material; and, for all taxa except Chironimidae, densities were lowest at sites that received
dredge material during the current year. No significant recovery by macroinvertebrates was noticed on
dredge areas of this reach after one year (P>0.05). Future operations to maintain a channel for navigation
should consider preexisting densities of macroinvertebrate taxa. Because benthic macroinvertebrates are an
important component of the food web and shifting sand does not support diverse macroinvertebrate
communities, strategic placement of dredge material by avoiding islands or other areas of high
macroinvertebrate diversity could improve overall system productivity and biotic integrity of large riverfloodplains.
Koizumi, Y., I. Nagaike and T. Inoue. 1974. Isolation and purification of amylase isozyme from
Corbicula japonica. Physico-Chemical Biology (Chiba) 18:201-203.
Koizumi, Y., K. Nagaike and T. Inoue. 1975. Biochemical studies of alpha amylase isozyme in the
crystalline style of Corbicula japonica. Report of the Zoological Magazine 84(4):356-357.
199
Corbicula Bibliography
Komaru, A. 2000. All maternal chromosomes are extruded as two polar bodies in the
androgenetic clam Corbicula leana--anti-tubulin immunofluorescence. Genetics in
Aquaculture VII, Townsville, Australia, 15-22 July.
Komaru, A., T. Kawagishi and K. Konishi. 1998. Cytological evidence of spontaneous
androgenesis in the freshwater clam Corbicula leana Prime. Development Genes and
Evolution 208(1):46-50.
Cytological observations and DNA microfluorometry of the hermaphrodite freshwater triploid clam
Corbicula leana revealed unusual androgenetic development as follows: (1) the maternal genome of
zygotes was extruded as two polar bodies just after karyokinesis of the first meiosis, (2) only chromosomes
derived from one male pronucleus constituted the metaphase of the first cleavage of zygotes, (3) DNA
content of 7-day-old veliger larvae was identical to the somatic cells of the parent. This spontaneous
androgenetic process in C. leana zygotes is the first case in the phylum Mollusca and may be related to the
specialized mode of reproduction; i.e. hermaphroditism and self-fertilization.
Komaru, A., K. Komaru and K. Konishi. 1999. Non-reductional spermatozoa in three shell color
types of the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea. Zoological Science 16(1):105.
Komaru, A. and K. Konishi. 1996. Ultrastructure of biflagellate spermatozoa in the freshwater
clam, Corbicula leana (Prime). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 29(3):193197.
In contrast to "primitive" uniflagellate spermatozoa of marine and freshwater bivalves, spermatozoa of the
freshwater clam, Corbicula leana (Prime) have two flagella. One flagellum (50 μm in length) originates
from each of the two centrioles. The axoneme of both flagella exhibit the typical 9+2 pattern. On each side
of the flagellum is a thin membranous wing which originates from the plasma membrane of the flagellum.
The sperm head (17 μm in length) is elongated and tapers with a slight curve. The indistinct midpiece
contains a minimum of five mitochondria and a set of centrioles. The mitochondria form a complex
structure and envelop the posterior end of the nucleus like a calyx. The altered morphology of the
spermatozoa from C. leana is discussed in relation to its specialized mode of reproduction, i.e.
hermaphroditic with possible self-fertilization and brooding of young.
Komaru, A. and K. Konishi. 1999. Non-reductional spermatozoa in three shell color types of the
freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea in Taiwan. Zoological Science 16(1):105-108.
Three distinct shell color types were found in samples of the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea Müller
collected at Hou Don, Keelung, Taiwan. DNA microfluorometric analysis revealed that these three types
consisted of both diploids and triploids. DNA microfluorometry on sperm and somatic cells showed that
both diploid and triploid produced non-reductional spermatozoa. These characteristics are similar to
triploid C. leana Prime sampled in Japan. These findings suggest that Corbicula fluminea at different
ploidy levels may be reproducing by androgenesis as already shown in C. leana from Japan.
Komaru, A., K. Konishi, K. Kawamura and H. Sakai. 1998. Morphological remarks on a
Corbicula species collected in Saga Prefecture, Japan. Bulletin of National Research
Institute of Aquaculture, Japan 27:37-41.
Shell morphology of freshwater Corbicula specimens collected from Saga Prefecture, southern Japan was
considerably different from that of C. leana Prime. The anterior lateral teeth (ALT) of the Saga specimens
is narrow in width and sharp in ridge angle while that of C. leana collected in Mie is wide and blunt: mean
ratio of basal width to height of ALT was 0.69 in Mie and 1.34 in Saga specimens. General morphological
feature of the Saga specimens closely resembles that of a Chinese species C. fluminea (Müller) collected
from Taiwan. Further studies on such as mode of reproduction, chromosome number in Corbicula species
should be required for specific identification.
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Komaru, A, K. Konishi, I. Nakayama, T. Kobayashi, H. Sakai and K. Kawamura. 1997.
Hermaphroditic freshwater clams in the genus Corbicula produce non-reductional
spermatozoa with somatic DNA content. Biological Bulletin 193(3):320-323.
Hermaphroditic freshwater clams in the genus Corbicula produce non-reductional spermatozoa. The DNA
content of spermatozoa was almost identical with that of somatic cells in C. leana from Mie Prefecture,
Japan. Hermaphroditic C. aff. fluminea from Saga Prefecture and C. fluminea from Taiwan also produce
non-reductional spermatozoa. On the other hand, spermatozoa of the dioecious C. sandai had half the DNA
found in somatic cells. Analysis of chromosome numbers suggests that C. leana (3n = 54 in somatic cells
and 18 in meiotic cells) from Mie Prefecture and C. aff. fluminea (2n = 36 in gills and 18 bivalents in
meiotic cells) from Saga Prefecture are triploids and diploids, respectively. C. leana, C. aff. fluminea, and
C. fluminea may lack either first or second meiosis, resulting in non-reductional spermatozoa. It is assumed
that gynogenetic reproduction occurs in both species; maternal chromosomes are also nonreductional, and
spermatozoa activate development of the eggs, but do not contribute to the offspring.
Komaru, A., K. Ookubo and M. Kiyomoto. 2000. All meiotic chromosomes and both
centrosomes at spindle pole in the zygotes discarded as two polar bodies in clam
Corbicula leana: unusual polar body formation observed by antitubulin
immunofluorescence. Development Genes and Evolution 210(5):263-269.
To understand the unusual polar body formation in the androgenetic clam, Corbicula leana, whole-mount
eggs stained with monoclonal antibodies against alpha-tubulin, gamma-tubulin, and 4'-6'-diamidino-2phenylindole were examined. The meiotic spindle was located at the peripheral region of the egg at
metaphase I, and its axis was parallel to the egg surface. After segregation of chromosomes at anaphase I,
cytoplasmic bulges formed at both meiotic spindle pole sites. Centrosomes were located at the apical
portion of the each bulge. From the apical portion of the bulge a bundle of astral microtubules radiated
toward the bulge base in late anaphase resembling a half spindle. Maternal chromosomes and both
centrosomes were all distributed in two first polar bodies and were eventually discarded. After the polar
body formation only one male pronucleus existed in the egg cytoplasm. The present study showed that the
anaphase microtubules originating from a single aster can induce the polar body formation without
overlapping of microtubules from the opposing aster.
Komendantov, A. Y. 1984. Osmoregulation capacities of Corbicula japonica (Bivalvia,
Corbiculidae) in waters of various salinity. Zoologicheski Zhurnal 63(5):769-771. [Russian
with English summary]
Komendantov, A. Y., V. V. Khlebovich, and N. V. Aladin. 1985. Osmotic and ionic regulation in
clams as the function of environmental conditions. Ekologiya 5:39-46. [Russian]
Experiments with freshwater Anodonta piscinalis Nilss., Anodonta subcircularis Clessin, brackish water
Dreissena polymorpha Pallas, Corbicula japonica Prime and euryhaline marine Mya arenaria Linné, Macoma
balthica balthica Linné, Macoma balthica takahokoensis Yamamoto et Habe, and Laternula limnicola Reeve
indicated hyperosmoregulation in all the bivalves, exposed to low salinity exclusive of Laternula limicola.
Osmoregulation and salt tolerance were found to be dependent on ambient temperature and ionic composition.
It is shown that the Na+ concentration in the blood of the freshwater bivalves at low and high salinities remain at
a higher and lower level, respectively, than in plain water.
Kong, Z.-L., L.-C. Chiang, F. Fang, F., K. Shinohara and P. Pan. 1997. Immune bioactivity in
shellfish toward serum-free cultured human cell lines. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and
Biochemistry 61(1):24-28.
The biologically functional effect of eight kinds of hot-water extracts of shellfish on cultured human cell
lines was examined in a serum-free medium model. Meretrix lusoria and Sinonovacula constricta extracts
enhanced IgM secretion of both hybridoma HB4C5 and SI102 cells when cultured with the respective
201
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extracts. The purified principle exhibited remarked activity in the adsorbed fraction in hydroxyapatite and
Concanavalin A columns. The extracts of Corbicula fluminea, Crassostreas gigas, Meretrix lusoria,
Anadara granosa, and Sinonovacula constricta enhanced in nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reducing ability
of macrophage U-M cells. Meretrix lusoria, Anadara granosa, and Sinonovacula constricta were
specifically cytotoxic to both cultures of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and HuH-6KK hepatoblastoma. These
findings imply that the extracts of shellfish that were examined exhibited a differential effect on immune
cells and tumor cells.
Konishi, K., M. Hara, K. Kawamura, H. Furuita and A. Komaru. 1998. Morphological aspects of
spermatozoa in freshwater clams of the genus Corbicula. Aquaculture '98 Book of
Abstracts. p. 305.
Spermatozoa of the hermaphroditic freshwater clam, Corbicula aff. fluminea Müller from the southern part
of Japan are described from light and electron microscopy. The mature spermatozoon consists of an
elongated head with a rod-like acrosome, indistinct midpiece, and two long flagella with thin undulating
membrane. Comparison of the sperm morphology between Corbicula species recognized two distict
groups, uniflagellate and biflagellate. The uniflagellate group includes C. sandai Reinhardt and C. japonica
Prime which are sexually dioecious and have a nonbrooding habit in development. The biflagellate group
contains C. ieana Prime, C. fluminea Müller and the present species which are hermaphrodite and have a
brooding habit. In the biflagellate group, the spermatozoa of C. leana and C. aff. fluminea were
distinguished by their size and the number of mitochondria. Comparison with spermatozoa of other
freshwater and marine bivalves shows various primitive and modified types. In freshwater bivalves, it has
been suggested that the presence or absence of acrosomal structures can be correlated with the brooding of
developing young. The spermatozoa of Corbicula species, however, have prominent acrosomes although
the developmental style is different even in the same genus: i.e., C. leana broods the larvae while C. sandai
releases eggs to the surrounding water. This suggests that the presence or absence of acrosomes in
freshwater bivalves might not be directly related with the developmental style.
Konishi, K., K. Kawamura, H. Furuita and A. Komaru. 1998. Spermatogenesis of the freshwater
clam Corbicula aff. fluminea Müller (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). Journal of Shellfish
Research 17(1):185-189.
Spermatogenesis of the hermaphrodite freshwater clam, Corbicula aff. fluminea Müller was described from
light and electron microscopy. During the spermatogenetic process, difference between primary and
secondary spermatocytes was hardly recognized. Mature spermatozoon consists of an elongated head (13.9
± 0.32 μm in length) with a rod-like acrosome, indistinct midpiece, and two long flagella, 2.5 times as long
as the head, each flagellum with a very thin undulating membrane. Comparison of the sperm morphology
in Corbicula species presents two major groups, uniflagellated and biflagellated. Spermatozoa of C. leana
and C. aff. fluminea, in spite of their close similarity, were distinguished by their size and number of
mitochondria.
Kool, S. P., C. C. Coney, D. H. Stansbery and A. E. Bogan. 1981. Fresh-water mollusks of the Little
Pee Dee River in South Carolina. Bulletin of the South Carolina Academy of Science 43:93.
[Abstract]
New records of freshwater molluscan species in the Little Pee Dee River, a tributary of the Great Pee Dee River,
South Carolina, are presented. Molluscan faunal lists for the Pee Dee River system do not include any records
for the Little Pee Dee River, which has apparently never been researched for Mollusca. Mollusca that can be
found in the Little Pee Dee River are: Elliptio lanceolata - complex form E. fischeriana (Lea, 1838), Elliptio
icterina (Conrad, 1834) - species complex, Elliptio raveneli (Conrad, 1834) - species complex, Uniomerus
obesus (Lea, 1831), Corbicula leana Prime, 1864, Viviparidae - cf. Campeloma sp. and Ancylidae - cf.
Laevapex sp.
Kormos, T. 1910. Uj adatok a balatonmelleki also-pleiztocen retegek geologiajahoz es faunajahoz.
202
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[Neue Beitrage zur Geologie und Fauna der unteren Pleistocänschichten in der Umgebung
des Balotonses]. Resultes Wissenschaftliche Erforschung des Balatonsees I(1). Tiel. Paleont.
Anhang. (Budapest). pp. 42-44.
Kormos, T. 1910. Les preuves faustiniques de changements de climat de l'époque pleistocène et
post-pleistocène en Hongrie. Die Verànderungen des Klimas seit dem Maximum der letzten
Eiszeit (Stockholm). pp. 130, 132.
Kornijow, R., J. A. Szczerbowski, T. Krzywosz and R. Bartel. 2001. The macrozoobenthos of
the Iraqi lakes Tharthar, Habbaniya and Razzazah.. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego/
Archives of Polish Fisheries, Olsztyn 9(1):127-145. [English with Polish summary]
The Polish studies undertaken to evaluate benthic macrofauna as a fish food source were carried out
monthly from March 1982 to February 1983. The total number of taxa of various taxonomic ranks found in
the Iraqi lakes was 40 in Tharthar, 33 in Habbaniya and 13 in Razzazah. Chironomid larvae, oligochaetes
and molluscs were the most numerous components of the zoobenthos. The most abundance chironomids
inpermanently flooded areas belonged to the genera Limnochironomus, Tanytarsus, Cryptochironomus and
Chironomus in Lake Tharthar, to Lauterborniella, Cryptochironomus, Chironomus and Tanypus in lake
Habbaniya, and to Chironomus in Lake Razzazah. Oligochaeta consisted mainly of Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri in lakes Tharthar and Habbaniya and of Paranais in Lake Razzazah. Mollusks were
predominated by Corbicula fluminea in lakes Tharthar and Habbaniya, and by Potamopyrgus antipodarum
and Melanoides tuberculata in Lake Razzazah. The maximum biomass was found in the following
sediments layers: 3-6 cm in Tharthar, 10-15 cm in Habbaniya, 0-1 cm in Razzazah. Patterns of seasonal
changes in biomass were similar in each of the lakes studied; the maximum occurred during winter and
spring and the minimum in summer. Analyses of the zoobenthos suggest that the most suitable condition
for foraging by benthivorous fish in the lakes were in Razzazah, followed by Habbaniya and Tharthar.
Korniushin, A. V. 2001. Favna skoljk v starodavnih jezerih v kontekstu historicne biogeografije
na Balkanu [Bivalve molluscs fauna of ancient lakes in the context of historical
biogeography in the Balkan Region]. Annales An. Istrske Mediter. Stud. (Hist. Nat.)
11(1)14. [Abstract only]
Ancient lakes with their unique plant and animal communities are well known as 'hot spots' of biodiversity
and refuges for relict faunas. Therefore, investigations of these peculiar habitats are important for
biogeographical regionalisation, the reconstruction of faunal history and understanding the mechanisms of
speciation (Stankovic, 1960). Among animal groups, gastropod molluscs are distinguished by the great
diversity of endemics in some ancient lakes (Baikal, Tanganyika and Ohrid) and the presence of high rank
endemic taxa (families/subfamilies in the first two lakes, genera/subgenera in the latter). Bivalve mollusc
taxa seem to be more conservative and widespread, but nevertheless the family Sphaeriidae is represented
by endemic species and subspecies in Baikal, Ohrid, Prespa, Biwa, the African Great Lakes and Titicaca
(see Korniushin et al. (2000) for a review), and a number of endemic Corbicula species are known from the
ancient lakes of Sulawesi, Indonesia. All endemic lacustrine bivalves belong to widely distributed genera,
except the unique cemented bivalve from Lake Poso included in a separate genus (Corbiculidae). At
present, twelve species of bivalves are known from Lake Ohrid and five from Lake Prespa (Dhora WelterSchultes, 1996; Korniushin, unpubl.). Most of them have broad Palaearctic or European ranges, the recent
distribution of Microcondylaea compressa (Menke, 1830) is basically Mediterranean. Two endemic species
(Pisidium edlaueri Kuiper, 1960 from Ohrid and P. maasseni Kuiper, 1987 from Prespa) proved to be close
relatives of the Holarctic P. nitidum Jenyns, 1832 (Korniushin et al., 1998). Pisidium subtruncatumis
represented in Ohrid by an endemic subspecies. Noteworthy, such species as P. amnicum (Müller, 1774),
P. henslowanum (Sheppard, 1823), P. moitessierianum Paladilhe, 1866 (all found in Ohrid), as well as P.
nitidum are now represented in the Balkans by scarce, isolated populations: Composition of the bivalve
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mollusc fauna in Ohrid and Prespa does not contradict the biogeographical concept of Stankovic (1960)
which suggests the origin of the lake's fauna from the freshwater fauna distributed across Eurasia in
Tertiary. However, the group P. (Odhneripisidium) apparently having its roots in this ancient fauna is
represented in Ohrid by only one species -P. tenuilineatum Stelfox, 1918, sporadically distributed in other
European countries, while P. annandalei sensu Kuiper, 1962 (= P. sogdianum Izzatullaev Starobogatov,
1986) is restricted in the Balkans to Greece. The taxonomy of Dreissena in the Balkan region is rather
intricate. In particular, the Ohrid form was once described as a new species and even included in a separate
subgenus (Lvova Starobogatov, 1982), but modern reviewers treat it as a variety of D. polymorpha (Pallas,
1771) (Dhora Welter-Schultes, 1996). While Ponto-Caspian origin of Dreissena is evident, the exact
sources for its invasion in the Balkan region need to be clarified by the further morphological and
molecular studies. Our study shows no testable relationship between the bivalve faunas of Ohrid and
Prespa. Similarity between P. subtruncatum recalvum Kuiper, 1960 from Ohrid and the form of the same
species living in Prespa (Korniushin et al., 2000) can be explained by convergence, since similar characters
(high triangular shell and broad hinge plate) develop independently in many lacustrine taxa. Thus, the
Balkan lakes are rather peculiar in respect of their bivalves, even if compared to the older lakes with the
higher general level of endemism, like Baikal and Tanganyika. However, biogeographic information
provided by these molluscs is limited because of their low diversity and wide distribution. Revision of the
extremely diverse Ohrid gastropods (71 species) by using exact methods of phylogenetic reconstruction
including molecular phylogenetics seems to have great potential in this respect.
Korniushin, A. V. 2004. A revision of some Asian and African freshwater clams assigned to
Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Corbiculidae), with a review of
anatomical characters and reproductive features based on museum collections.
Hydrobiologia 529(1):255-270.
A study of museum specimens of the genus Corbicula from the western Asiatic part of its range (Middle
East, the Caucasus and Central Asia) has provided the following diagnostic anatomical characters for
Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774): siphons narrow with circular apertures; siphonal papillae rather
scarce: about 40 around inhalant siphon (one or two rows) and 12-20 around exhalant siphon (one
incomplete row); ring of dark pigment usually present internally at base of each siphon; papillae of fused
mantle lobes and free mantle edge numerous, the first organized in one or two rows; radial muscles of
mantle edge well developed and arranged in bands. Presence of hermaphroditic specimens, biflagellate type
of spermatozoa indicating lonality, and incubation of D-shaped 190-217 μm long larvae in gills were also
shown for this taxon. Two conchologically different morphotypes referred to in literature as C. fluminalis s.
str. and C. purpurea (Prime, 1864) show also slight differences in size of spermatozoa and may represent
different clonal lineages. The lots from North Africa possess the same characters as one of the Asian
morphotypes, thus taxonomic distinctness of C. fluminalis consobrina (Cailliaud, 1827) is not supported. In
contrast, C. africana (Krauss, 1848) distributed in Lake Malawi and South Africa and treated in some
modern reviews as another subspecies of C. fluminalis differs by the patterns of shell sculpture, the lower
number of siphonal papillae, the absence of pigmentation on the siphons and their papillae, and the size of
spermatozoa; its distinctness is therefore supported, but close affinity to C. fluminalis needs confirmation.
All studied African morphotypes are identical in their mode of reproduction. The new data on the anatomy
and reproduction of C. fluminalis show strong similarities between this taxon and the `eastern' incubating
species C. fluminea (Müller, 1774), but these taxa can be distinguished by their shell characters. The
Chinese estuarine non-incubating Corbicula earlier assigned to C. fluminalis shows different anatomical
and reproductive characters and is re-considered as C.cf. japonica (Prime, 1864). These results are
discussed in the framework of Corbicula phylogeny based on molecular characters.
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Korniushin, A. V. and M. Glaubrecht. 2003. Novel reproductive modes in freshwater clams:
brooding and larval morphology in Southeast Asian taxa of Corbicula (Mollusca,
Bivalvia, Corbiculidae). Acta Zoologica, Stockholm 84(4):293-315.
While the majority of marine bivalves are oviparous, the two freshwater families among the order
Veneroida, i.e. Corbiculidae and Sphaeriidae, comprise species with ovoviviparous and viviparous
reproduction. Within the Corbiculidae, the genus Corbicula, which is well-known for its invasive and, thus,
ecologically important representatives, is characterized by (i) a wide range of limnic habitats, inhabiting
both brackish water and freshwater environments, and (ii) contrasting modes of reproduction, including
`planktonic' development via a freeswimming larva vs. intrabranchial incubation (brooding) of shelled
juveniles. This investigation of five species of Corbicula, from the Indonesian islands Sumatra and
Sulawesi, which were hitherto not studied anatomically, adds to the diversity in reproductive patterns in
this genus. As a unique feature among Corbicula, we here report on two newly observed modes of
brooding in species endemic to Sulawesi, (i) tetragenous brooding (i.e. in both demibranchs) in Corbicula
possoensis, Sarasin, 1898 from Lake Poso, and (ii) prolonged incubation in the maternal gills, with juvenile
shells reaching up to 1.3 mm in length and with a well-developed hinge in C. linduensis Bollinger, 1914
from the Lindu River system. In contrast, a third method is seen in the following taxa that incubate their
young in their inner demibranchs only until the stage of juveniles with straight-hinged shells (D-shaped):
C. matannensis Sarasin, 1898 from Lake Matano and Lake Mahalona, C. loehensis Kruimel, 1913 from
Lake Masapi (all on Sulawesi) and C. moltkiana Prime, 1878 from Lakes Maninjau and Singkarak (on
Sumatra). Details of the anatomical and histological features of ctenidia are described for each type of
brooding, and some trends in the evolution of reproductive strategies within the Corbiculidae are
discussed, comparing them with those known from other limnic molluscs.
Kraemer, L. R. 1976. An evaluation of the effects of dredging within the Arkansas River navigation
system, V. IV. The effects upon the benthic associations. Arkansas WRRC Publication No.
46. pp. 1-357.
Kraemer, L. R. 1977. Corbicula manilensis Philippi in the Arkansas River: should the Corps of
Engineers be concerned? IN: Proceedings of the Ninth Dredging Seminar, J. B. Herbich, Ed.
Texas A. & M. University, Center for Marine Studies (College Station). pp. 127-145. [Also
published as NTIS PB275723]
The distribution and biology of Corbicula manilensis in the Arkansas River is discussed. The dredging activities
of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the river is related to the appearance and abundance of the bivalve.
Kraemer, L. R. 1977. Designation of deposit sites for dredged material at/in the Arkansas River: Are
there biological criteria for appropriate design memoranda? Second International Symposium
on Dredging Technology, Texas A&M University. pp. F2-11 - F2-20.
A major problem regarding evaluation of dredged material disposal criteria has been that many of the standard
tests for water quality are based on the assumption of a relationship between the bulk-sediment composition and
the pollutional tendencies of the sediment. However, if navigational channels are to be maintained in a major
inland river system such as the Arkansas River; if the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is to monitor discharges, to
issue to private companies which mine the river bottom sediments, and to monitor water quality in the river -how are all these things to be done effectively? The results of a study of a 240 mile reach of the Arkansas River,
a study initiated by the Little Rock District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to evaluate the possible effects
of maintenance dredging on the biota of the river, is considered. A rationale is presented to support an argument
that development of protocols including regular collection and evaluation of benthic animals from the river
bottom sediments might be used along with accumulated baseline benthic data so as to provide a cheaper, more
reliable means of determining appropriate sites for deposit of dredged materials and for maintaining water
quality of the river. (The distribution and abundance of Corbicula sp. is discussed).
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Kraemer, L. R. 1977. Aspects of the functional morphology of the mantle/shell and mantle/gill
complex of Corbicula (Bivalvia: Sphaeroacea: Corbiculidae). Bulletin of the American
Malacological Union 1977:25-31.
The gross morphology of the mantle, shell, posterior adductor muscle, and gill is described along with the microscopic
anatomy of the siphonal pocket, siphons and related tissues, and gills of Corbicula sp. A preliminary histological
examination of the embryos is also reported.
Kraemer, L. R. 1978. Discovery of a new kind of statocyst in the Asian clam, Corbicula: histological
analysis and behavioral evaluation. American Zoologist l8(3):647. [Abstract]
In the introduced clam, Corbicula, a pair of small statocysts in a patch of loose connective tissue occupies a
position in the animal's midline, just dorsal to the pedal ganglion. Each statocyst has low epithelium and a single
statolith which nearly fills its lumen. The two statocysts are conjoined by a clearly defined canal. This is
believed to be the first documented report of conjoined statocysts in a mollusc.
In contrast, in indigenous unionacean bivalves such as Lampsilis, each of the pair of statocysts is lateral and
posterior to the pedal ganlion. Each is encapsulated and separately innervated by a statocyst nerve from its
respective (left or right) cerebral ganglion.
Collateral behavioral studies reveal markedly greater mortality of the introduced sphaeriacean Corbicula than
the indigenous unionaceans. It is concluded that the conjoined statocysts of Corbicula facilitate its locomotion.
It is hypothesized that conjoined statocysts may prove to be present in other especially active bivalved molluscs
as well.
Kraemer, L. R. 1978. Discovery of two distinct kinds of statocysts in freshwater bivalves mollusks:
some behavioral implications. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union 1978:24-28.
The statocysts of Lampsilis ventricosa and Corbicula fluminea are described histologically.
Kraemer, L. R. 1978. Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea): the functional morphology of its
hermaphroditism. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union 1978:40-49.
The visceral mass tissues of Corbicula fluminea from the Arkansas and Buffalo Rivers, Arkansas were
examined histologically. The oogenic follicles were found to develop and mature before spermatogenic follicles.
Changes in the digestive glands' epithelium accompany the appearance and gradual development of the visceral
mass stroma and of the oogenic follicles. Development of spermatogenic follicles occurs at branching ends of
the earlier appearing oogenic follicles. Maturation of the spermatogenic follicles is accompanied by
development of "new" structures herein described and named "follicular ganglia". With the development of
follicular ghanglia, masses of mature sperm are present in the surrounding follicles. Oogenic follicles show
female gametes of bizarre shape, stretched from their epithelial attachment sites by long peduncles. Many of the
female gametes are mingled with mature sperm. A number of oogenic follicles then appear empty or spent.
Finally, a number of the follicles contain what appear to be young embryos. The follicular ganglia and the lips
of the gonoducts are innervated by nerves of connectives from the main ganglia of the animal. Early embryos as
well as later pediveligers come to occupy nearly the total length of the interlamellar space in both inner gills.
Kraemer, L. R. 1979. Juvenile Corbicula: their distribution in Arkansas River benthos. IN:
Proceedings of the First International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas
Christian University Research Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 89-97.
The most common and abundant organisms in the sampled Arkansas River bottom were juvenile Corbicula
during three sampling series (October 1974, January 1976, and April 1975). The samples were from 56
collection site distributed among l3 stations along a 240 mile study reach (River Mile 283 near Ft. Smith,
Arkansas, to Mud Lake at RM 43). Many of the collection sites were at or behind revetments in sand.
Characteristics of the juvenile Corbicula population of the Arkansas River are presented with possible
mechanisms for the spread and establishment of the clam in the river. The presence of the byssal thread in
juvenile Corbicula is described. Implications for future Arkansas River management policies are discussed.
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Kraemer, L. R. 1979. Suprabranchial and branchial shelves of bivalved mollusks:
structural-functional context of visceral ganglion osphradium and branchial nerves.
American Zoologist 19(3):959. [Abstract]
Recent studies of Lampsilis (Bivalvia: Unionacea) and Corbicula (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea) reveal that the
animals' osphradia are paired organs intimately associated with the ventral surface of the visceral ganglion, with
the suprabranchial shelf and with the excurrent siphon. These findings call into question earlier studies on
bivalve osphradia which assumed a very different neuroanatomy and anitomical context, and which
hypothesized a role for the osphradia in regulation of gill cilia.
Further study of histology, neuroanatomy and functional context of suprabranchial and branchial shelves of the
aforementioned bivalves allows the conclusions that: (l) the osphradia are more closely associated with the
posterior adductor muscle and with the kidneys than they are with the branchial nerves; (2) the paired branchial
nerves innervate the branchial shelf and longitudinal muscle there as apparent effectors; and (3) osphradia of
gastropods and bivalves probably cannot be homologized.
Kraemer, L. R. 1979. Corbicula (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea) vs. indigenous mussels (Bivalvia:
Unionacea) in the U. S. Rivers: a hard case for interspecific competition? American
Zoologist 19(4):1085-1096.
At a time when populations of indigenous river mussels have been dwindling and/or disappearing, the
introduced Asian clam, Corbicula, has spread through many U.S. rivers from California to Florida. In the
Arkansas River Navigation System, a heavily managed waterway, Corbicula presently has a different
"competitive" presence than it does in the relatively unchanged Buffalo River in Arkansas. Comparative studies
of both Corbicula and indigenous bivalved molluscs reveal biological bases for the contrasting kinds of benthic
faunal change. There are ecologically relevant, distinctive differences between the two kinds of animals: in the
mantle/shell and mantle/gill apparatus, in the reproductive complex and neuroanatomy, and in spawning and
locomotor behaviors. It is argued that the conservative molluscan characteristics of Corbicula enable it to
function in an exclusive, "contradictory" role with indigenous bivalves in a heavily managed waterway, and in a
"contrary" competitive role elsewhere. Rationale is presented for incorporating organismic evaluation into
studies of competition between distantly related taxa.
Kraemer, L. R. 1980. Neuroanatomical correlates of sexual reproduction in monoecious and
dioecious bivalved molluscs. American Zoologist 20(4):89l. [Abstract]
In bivalved molluscs all neuronal soma are not confined to ganglia. Many soma string out along nerves and
often form clusters of unknown function in body tissues. Serial section studies show correlation of some soma
clusters with sexual reproduction in the monoecious bivalve, Corbicula fluminea. Termed "follicular ganglia"
these paired structures are innervated by cerebral or pedal ganglia and invariably appear at confluence of
oogenic and spermatogenic follicles. Other evidence shows correlation of development of a pair of mantle
ganglia in female Lampsilis ovata ventricosa with onset of sexual maturity and the spawning mechanism of
flapping behavior.
Neuroanatomical modifications are clearly shown to be associated with anterior CNS ganglia in the monoecious
Corbicula fluminea and with posterior CNS ganglia in female Lampsilis ovata ventricosa. One function of
neuroanatomical plasticity of bivalves may be to coordinate differentiation of reproductive tissues and
mechanisms.
Kraemer, L. R. 198l. The osphradial complex of two fresh water bivalves: histological evaluation
and functional context. Malacologia 20(2):205-216.
From studies based largely on two species of freshwater bivalves, Lampsilis ventricosa ovata (Barnes), a
unionacean, and Corbicula cf. C. fluminea (Müller), a sphaeriacean, osphradia are seen to be located within the
roof of the exhalant chamber just under the visceral ganglion. In turn the visceral ganglion is positioned
anteroventral to the posterior adductor muscle. Extensive serial section study of the osphradial tissues of C.
fluminea reveals each osphradium to be comprised of (1) a characteristic epithelium of columnar epithelial cells
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which lack a basement membrane, but which are profusely innervated by neuronal fibers from (2) clusters of
nerve fibers which parallel the base of the epithelium and also send fibers into the visceral ganglion, and (3)
clusters of neuronal soma near the base of the epithelium, which send fiber into the visceral ganglion. The
clusters of nerve fibers do not constitute a distinct osphradial nerve nor do the neuronal soma constitute a
discrete osphradial ganglion.
Three-dimensional appearance of the osphradia is that of two narrow, pie-wedge-shaped organs located at right
angles to the longitudinal axis of the animal. The narrowing tips of the organs approach but do not touch in the
midline of the ventral surface of the visceral ganglion. Neuroanatomical context of the osphradia is examined in
order to test some assumptions implicit in a current hypothesis that bivalve osphradia may function as
particle-size sensors which serve to regulate activity of gill cilia. Neuroanatomically, the osphradia are closely
associated with nerves which supply the posterior adductor muscle and with nerves which supply kidney tissue.
The osphradia do not have a close anatomical association with branchial nerves or with the ganglionated roots
of those nerves.
A simple but repeated error may account for the inchoate state of the literature on bivalve osphradia. A
misrepresentation of osphradia in bivalves as inverted from their normal position may stem from an effort by
early workers to homologize bivalve osphradia with those of gastropods. The error may be related to an
incorrect assumption by some authors that the bivalve osphradia are associated with the roof of the inhalant
rather than exhalant chamber. New hypotheses are needed concerning the function of bivalve osphradia.
Hypotheses should incorporate the new information presented here concerning the precise anatomical site,
histological organization, three-dimensional structure and neuroanatomical context of these paired organs. On
the basis of findings presented here, it may be that bivalve osphradia function as light sensors which regulate
seasonal behavior or reproductive physiology. Alternatively, it might be that bivalve osphradia function not only
in control of fluid movement through the exhalant chamber, but also in adduction of the shell valves.
Kraemer, L. R. 1982. Ontogenetic aspects of biflagellate sperm in Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia:
Sphaeriacea). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 102(1):88.
Microscopic studies of living sperm of Corbicula fluminea (Müller), along with SEM studies and serial section
studies of the gonads, provide converging evidence for the probable sequence of appearance of two kinds of
sperm in C. fluminea, and some clues as to their function in the life cycle of the animal. Serial section studies
reveal that spermatogenic follicles appear after development of and peripheral to oogenic follicles in the visceral
mass. Fully differentiated sperm are located in spherical clusters in the lumen of the spermatogenic follicles, or
in hemispheric clusters attached to the follicular epithelium. Studies of living sperm indicate there are two kinds
of sperm, one cell type with a wide, long head and the other with a long, slender curved head. All sperm a
biflagellate. Wide-headed sperm: (l) predominate earlier in a seasonal spermatogenic sequence; (2) are never
seen in tight cluster; and (3) exhibit vigorous jerking movements of the head and flagellar movement of large
amplitude. The two flagella are not typically coordinated in their movement; and one flagellum is often
relatively motionless and extends at an acute angle from the other. Slender-headed sperm: (l) predominate later
in a seasonal spermatogenic sequence; (2) are frequently grouped in spheres, heads pointing inward, from which
individual sperm disengage themselves; and (3) do not show the mobility of the wide-headed sperm. SEM
studies illuminate the presence of an unusual base for the heads of both sperm types, and confirm the presence
of an acrosome in the slender headed sperm. SEM studies further provide evidence that the wide-headed sperm
are a developmental stage preceding the complete differentiation of the sperm cell.
Kraemer, L. R. 1983. Comparative functional morphology of cilia of Corbicula (Bivalvia:
Corbiculidae): possible criteria for effector and putative sensory types. American
Malacological Bulletin 1:13-20.
An outstanding feature of the behavior repertoire of Corbicula fluminea (Müller) considered here is the extreme
mobility and responsiveness (especially to tactile stimuli) of the siphons. Lips of the anal siphon are notably the
most responsive of the siphonal structures. Prolonged microscopic studies of serial sections of the clam's
siphonal tissues revealed elaborate innervation of both siphons, but no indication of any sensory apparatus
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which could in turn be implicated in the distinctive behavior of the siphons. SEM studies of the epithelial
surface of the anal siphon did reveal the presence of distinct, widely separated clusters of l2-20, short, upright
cilia, which were seen to penetrate the "pebbled" nonmicrovillar epithelial surface. Distinctive structure of the
ciliary clusters on the anal siphonal surface is especially evident when compared with SEM of other kinds of
cilia in Corbicula (e.g. from gill, gut, mantle, gonoduct surface). These findings, along with behavioral
evidence, indicate that the newly-discovered, peculiar siphonal cavity tufts may well be the sensory organelles
associated with the highly-developed tactile sensitivity of the anal siphon in Corbicula.
Kraemer, L. R. 1983. Proto-oogamy, embryogenesis and heterochrony in Corbicula fluminea
(Bivalvia: Corbiculacea). American Zoologist 23(4):1005. [Abstract]
Unlike other hermaphroditic bivalved molluscs, Corbicula fluminea initiates oogenesis before spermatogenesis,
in its ontogeny. During seasonal reproductive cycles of C. fluminea, oogenesis is nearly continuous, but
spermatogenesis is episodic and times the cycle. Embryological development follows both self-fertilization and
cross-fertilization, and includes trochophore, veliger, pediveliger and juvenile stages, all of which occur within
the inner gills (of the parent clam). Byssus formation follows spawning. It is argues that the foregoing
embryological sequence constitutes a "reverberating" reproductive pattern in which thousands of fully
differentiated, tiny (250 um) juveniles) are produced. When contrasted with the reproductive and developmental
mode in the Pisiidae (Corbiculacea), it appears that heterochrony is importantly involved in the ubiquitous
distribution and large biomass of C. fluminea in the disturbed habitat of U.S. rivers.
Kraemer, L. R. 1984. Aspects of the functional morphology of some freshwater bivalve nervous
systems. Effects on reproductive processes and adaptation of sensory mechanisms in the
sphaeriacea and Unionacea. Malacologia 25(1):221-240.
The soft bodies of molluscs provide the animals with a neuroanatomical context within which the plasticity and
variability of the molluscan nervous system can be exploited. For the higher taxa of freshwater bivalves,
functional morphology not only of the reproductive systems (in the tradition of Ortmann, 1911), but also of
nervous systems and sensors and effectors can account for much adaptive radiation of freshwater bivalves in
stable and in rapidly changing habitats. Histological/neuroanatomical and behavioral evidence is presented here
concerning several neural entities for (l) the hermaphroditic sphaeriacean bivalve Corbicula fluminea; details of
(a) gonoduct innervation; (b) development of "follicular ganglia" along with maturation of oogenic and
spermatogenic follicles; and (c) peculiar, conjoined statocysts, are evaluated in their neuroanatomical context.
For Lampsilis, details of (a) mante ganglia organization and (b) separate, cislaterally innervated statocysts; and
for Carunculina, innervation and behavior of the "thumb-twiddling" caruncules, are similarly evaluated.
The foregoing tend to corroborate and amplify characteristics of the reproductive process which distinguish the
sphaeriacean and unionacean bivalves. Nervous systems of molluscs do frequently have clusters of neuronal
soma at the periphery of even very small nerves, and some of these clusters can be demonstrated (as in the
present study) to be associated with peculiar reproductive or locomotor behavior. It seems, therefore, that further
investigations of molluscan nervous systems will provide important clues to the environmental past and
phylogenetic history of these organisms and also their adaptational future.
Kraemer, L. R. 1984. Ontogeny of the larval foot of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae).
American Malacological Bulletin 2:87. [Abstract]
Dissemination of Corbicula fluminea (Müller), the Asian clam, has been so rapid through the river systems of
the U.S. in the past two decades that malacologists must confront the question, how? In this regard, locomotion
of the larval stages and the free-living juveniles merits focused study. In the present investigation, microscopic
serial sections, SEM, fresh-tissue dissection and microscopic videotaping were used. It was found that C.
fluminea develops a characteristic, barrel-shaped trochophore larva, replete with apical tuft, which is retained
within the marsupial gill. The longitudinal axis of the body rotates 90 degrees as a pediveliger develops from the
trochophore, and the foot anlage appears near the region of the apical tuft. Pediveligers typically are retained in
the marsupial gills, where they develop into juveniles about 200 micrometers long. The juveniles exhibit clearly
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differentiated statocysts and a conspicuous sock-shaped foot that is very active in the substratum or in the water
column. Sinuses of the juvenile foot are not well developed, and there is no "Hakenform", "Grabstritt", or
"Schwellform" behavior, such as one sees in the adult clam. In contrast, the foot engages in vigorous, rapid
maneuvers, comprised of extension, "hunching" (of the animal forward onto its extended foot), extension, etc.
Alternatively, the comparatively large juvenile foot is quickly withdrawn within the shell valves. SEM
examination of the foot revealed that it has a peculiar structure, comprised of a longitudinal series of
membranous rings about 2 micrometers wide, which are joined to each other by loose connective tissue. It is
quite evidently the "segmenting" rings of tissue that allow the rapid extension and telescoping withdrawal of the
juvenile foot. This study indicates that there is structural basis for the distinctive form of locomotion in the
juvenile C. fluminea, a basis vastly different from that of the adult clam.
Kraemer, L. R. 1986. Biological basis of behavior in Corbicula fluminea, I. Functional morphology
of some trophic activities. IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula
Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp.
187-191.
Understanding the functional morphology of trophic activity of Corbicula fluminea (Müller) provides a useful
basis upon which to design appropriate control protocols for the clams. Accordingly, this paper reports results of
pertinent research. Characteristic, rapid locomotion is accounted for at least in part by (1) the unusual (for a
freshwater bivalved mollusc) structural autonomy of the adductor muscles and the "suturing" of the mantle
lobes so as to provide a pallial foramen for those muscles; and (2) the recently discovered, conjoined statocysts
near the pedal ganglion. Agile locomotion of juvenile clams is produced by (1) precocious differentiation of the
statocysts; (2) well developed retractor muscles; and (3) telescoping "laminae" of the juvenile foot, all recently
interpreted with videotaping and scanning electron microscopy.
Kraemer, L. R. and M. L. Galloway. 1986. Larval development of Corbicula fluminea (M:uller)
(Bivalvia: Corbiculacea): an appraisal of its heterochrony. American Malacological Bulletin
4(1):61-79.
Populations of Corbicula fluminea in intake bays of Arkansas Nuclear One at Russellville, Arkansas, were
subjected to a continuing 2 1/2 year study of their gametogenic and ontogenetic processes. Videomicroscopy
was especially helpful in working out ontogenetic details, though conventional techniques of microscopic serial
sections and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also used. In this proto-oogamous species it was found
that spermatogenesis is synchronously stimulated by temperature rise in the spring and asynchronously
stimulated by temperature decline in the fall. Spermatogenesis, in turn, "times" the process of fertilization and
ontogeny. Corbicula fluminea seasonally develops many thousands of embryos that characteristically
differentiate into blastulae, gastrulae, trochophores, veligers, pediveligers and early and late, straight-hinged
juveniles.
Kraemer, L. R., M. L. Galloway, and M. E. Gordon. 1986. Aspects of comparative embryogenesis in the Pisidiidae and
the Corbiculidae (Bivalvia: Corbiculacea). American Malacological Bulletin 4(1):116. [Abstract]
Microscopical serial sections and freeze-cracked scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sections were prepared
and examined to work out aspects of the comparative embryology of Corbicula fluminea, Sphaerium
striatinum, and Pisidium casertanum, and to investigate events of developmental "timing" in representative
species of corbiculid and pisidiid bivalves. Earlier evidence of heterochrony in C. fluminea was confirmed.
Retention of trochophore, pediveliger, veliger, early straight-hinged juvenile and late straight-hinged juvenile
stages in C. fluminea within the marsupial gill, contrasts strongly, for example, with their suppression in S.
striatinum. In S. striatinum freeze-cracked SEM clearly reveals that developmental stages are compressed from
gastrula to juvenile; that the juvenile is retained and attached by its placental byssus to the marsupial gill wall,
until it attains a size and degree of tissue differentiation very closely approximating that of the parent. SEM
confirms an observation made earlier by Mackie, that the "placenta" is not a "placenta." It is exclusively a
connective tissue outgrowth of the embryonic foot which constitutes a broad, strong, non-vascular holdfast
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Corbicula Bibliography
attachment to the marsupial gill wall. It appears that production of the byssal holdfast and its attachment
constitute the critical embryonic events for pisidiid bivalves, which allow them to veer away from the more
marine/estuarine bivalve-like developmental timing preserved in the embryogenesis of C. fluminea.
Kraemer, L. R. and M. Gordon. 1980. Comparison of mollusks retrieved by crowfoot dredge and
Ponar grab samples from the White River at St. Charles, Arkansas, with comment on
population structure of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea). Bulletin of the American
Malacological Union 1980:63-67.
Evidence is presented to show: (1) that overlapping collection methods used in this study (crowfoot dredge and
Ponar grab) allow community structure of benthic mollusc populations to be fully characterized; (2) that the
White River bottom study site is inhabited by an essentially molluscan fauna, until recently comprised of
indigenous gastropods and mussels, but now conspicuously including the introduced Asian clam, Corbicula
fluminea; (3) that the successful colonization of the site by C. fluminea is associated with disturbance of the
substratum and with a diminution of the indigenous fauna; and (4) that C. fluminea presently comprises a
substantial portion of the small animals (retrieved by Ponar grab) and of large animals (retrieved by crowfoot
dredge). The size range of local populations of C. fluminea now greatly exceeds that of autochthonous molluscs,
a feature which is traceable to developmental, behavioral, reproductive and neurobiological peculiarities of the
introduced species.
Kraemer, L. R. and M. Gordon. 1980. Size and success: Corbicula (Mollusca: Bivalvia) secret?
American Zoologist 20(4):882. [Abstract]
Transects of the White River at a proposed bridge site at St. Charles, Arkansas, were made with a crowfoot
dredge. Size of benthic animals retrieved was from 3.5 - 18.0 cm. Another series of transects was made at the
same site with a Ponar dredge. Size of animals in the Ponar samples was 1.0 - 2.7 cm.
Crowfoot dredge samples included 17 large specimens of Corbicula cf. fluminea. Ponar dredge samples
included 7 species of indigenous gastropods and fingernail clams, and numerous small C. fluminea.
Evidence presented allows the conclusions: (1) for adequate characterization of benthic communities, samples
from use of both crowfoot and Ponar gear must be evaluated; (2) the White River benthos is a mollusc-mollusc
rather than mollusc-arthropod assemblage; (3) prior to 1966 the benthos was comprised of an indigenous
assemblage of small animals (primarily gastropods) and large animals (unionid bivalves); and (4) today, the
introduced bivalve C. fluminea is a conspicuous member of both large and small animal benthic communities.
Kraemer, L. R. and S. Lott. 1977. Microscopic anatomy of the visceral mass of Corbicula (Bivalvia:
Sphaeriacea). Bulletin of the American Malacological Union 1977: 48-56.
Observations are reported on the gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy of the visceral mass of Corbicula sp.
Structures discussed include the external wall of the visceral mass, the pedal muscles, gonadal tissue, digestive
system, musculature, nervous tissues, visceral "pit", foot, and sinuses.
Kraemer, L. R., C. Swanson, M. Galloway, and R. Kraemer. 1986. Biological basis of behavior in
Corbicula fluminea, II. Functional morphology of reproduction and development and review
of evidence for self-fertilization. IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula
Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp.
193-201.
Results reported in this study of the functional morphology or reproduction and development are based on
findings from northwest Arkansas populations of Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Results include verification of
the proto-oogamous development of the reproductive system in C. fluminea and determination of the role of
early innervation of the gonopores and development of follicular "ganglia" which accompany later stages of
spermatogenesis; verification of the developmental sequence in oogenesis and the sequential, changing
appearance of the oogenic follicles in the visceral mass; determination of characteristics of the biflagellate sperm
of C. fluminea as well as evidence that three "kinds" of sperm are not polymorphic sperm but are quite likely
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Corbicula Bibliography
several stages in spermatogenesis; and additional evidence of intrafollicular, self-fertilization of eggs in the
visceral mass of C. fluminea, from sightings of intrafollicular embryos in fixed and fresh tissues.
Krauss, F. l848. Die Sudafrikanischen Mollusken. (Stuttgart).
Corbicula africana sp. nov. is described (p. 8) and figured (pl. l, fig. 8) from the Gauritz River, Zwellendam, Cape Province,
South Africa. Corbicula africana b albida ssp. nov. is described on page 8. Corbicula africana olivacea ssp. nov. is also
described (p. 8) from the Gauritz River, South Africa. These new taxa are described in the genus Cyrena.
Kreiser, B. R. and J. B. Mitton. 1995. The evolution of cold tolerance in Corbicula fluminea
(Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). The Nautilus 109(4):111-112.
Though Corbicula fluminea has become established in numerous northern environments, these locations
are protected from winter temperatures by industrial thermal effluents, usually from power plants. As a
result, Corbicula is now found in association with power plants in Iowa, Minnesota, Michigan, and
Connecticut. Graney et al. (1980) suggested that these thermally protected populations may serve as
stepping stones in further northern expansion. One exception to the association with power plants was a
population reported in Wisconsin on the St. Croix River. However, there have been no further reports on
this location so the success of this population is unknown. These observations suggest that low
temperatures are a major restriction on the distribution of Corbicula in North America. We have
investigated two of these northern locations. In October 1994, one of us (B.K.) examined an irrigation
canal in Lincoln Co., Nebraska (T12N, R26W sec. 30). At that time, a dense population, approximately 120
individuals per square meter, was found in a canal holding only about .3 meters of water. A variety of age
classes was present, with individuals less than or equal to 10-15 mm shell length being more abundant than
older individuals (25-30 mm shell length). In June 1995 we sampled Highline Lake, which is
approximately 30 km northwest of Grand Junction, Colorado, at an elevation of 4697 feet.
Krishnamoorthi, K. P. and S. Rajagopalan. 1969. Survey of mollusk nuisance in some water supplies
of Calcutta. Symposium on Mollusca. pp. 746-754.
Krolopp, E. 1976. A szabadhidvegi alsopleisztocen fauna [The lower Pleistocene fauna of
Szabadhidveg]. Magyar Allami Foldtani Intezet Evi Jelentese 1976:297-310. [Hungarian
with English summary]
The age of the fluviatile formation from gravel and sand pits of Kavicsos Hill, southeast of Lake Szabadhidveg,
was determined on the basis of collected molluscs and vertebrate material. The formation was assigned to the
uppermost Pliocene (Weiss, 1902) or lowermost Pleistocene (Kormos, 1910; Kadic, 1910). Descriptions are
provided for Corbicula fluminalis, Prosothenia sp., Ferrissia pleistocaenica sp. nov., Gastrocopta serotina
Lozek, Gastrocopta morarica (Petrbok), Helicodiscus singleyanus (Pilsbry) and Parmacella kormosi sp. nov.
Krolopp, E. 1978. A Corbicula fluminalis (O. F. Müller, 1774) elofordulasa a magyar-orszagi
pleisztocen uledekekben [Corbicula fluminalis (O. F, Müller, 1774) aus dem ungarischen
Pleistozanablagerungen]. Soosiana 6:3-8.
Corbicula fluminalis is reported from Pleistocene strata in the vicinity of Budapest, Hungary.
Kropf-Gomez, D. M. 1993. The potential of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) for the
artificial production of pearls with special emphasis on techniques of pearl seed
implantation. Master of Science Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington. xvi+172 pp.
Kruimel, J. H. 19l3. Verzeichnis der von herrn E. C. Abendanon. IN: Celebes gesamelten
Süsswasser-Mollusken. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 19:217-235.
Corbicula loehensis sp. nov. is described (p. 232) and figured (pl. 27, figs. 2, 3) from the southeast coast of
Loeha Island, Towuti Lake, Celebes. Corbicula mahalonensis sp. nov. is described (p. 232) and figured (pl. 27,
fig. 4) from Lake Mahalona, southeast Celebes. Corbicula masapensis sp. nov. is described (p. 232) and figured
(pl. 27, fig. 1) from Lake Masapi, southeastern Celebes. Corbicula towutenis sp. nov. is described (p. 232) and
figured (pl. 27, fig. 5) from Lake Towuti, southeast Celebes.
212
Corbicula Bibliography
Krylova, L. I. 1966. Mollusks of the genus Corbicula found in Neogene-Quaternary deposits of the
south-central Transural region. Doklady Akademyii Nauk SSSR l70:l58-l59. [Russian.
English translation 170:48-49]
Corbicula sp. is reported from Neogene deposits in the Transural region of the Soviet Union.
Kubly, D. M. and J. J. Landye. 1984. Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) as a Potential
Commercial Fishery in Arizona. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Project No.
CF-4-56-D, Arizona Game and Fish Department. Final Report. 87 pp.
Corbicula fluminea was collected in the lower Colorado, Gila, Salt and Verde Rivers in Arizona. The clam had
highly clumped distributions and densities and biomass varied considerable among available habitats. Canals
generally contained higher densities and biomasses of C. fluminea than flowing reaches, reservoirs or
backwaters and associated marshes. Flowing reaches with coarse substrata below substrata below Davis, Parker
and Headgate Rock dams contained higher numbers of clams than did downstream riverine sections with fine,
unstable substrata.
Corbicula composed a substantial portion of the macrobenthos biomass in the lower Colorado River and canals.
Other invertebrates, such as chironomids and oligochaetes, were present at low densities in most sampled areas.
Thus, Corbicula potentially provides a valuable food resource to predatory fishes and shorebirds in these areas.
Gametogenesis in lower Colorado River Corbicula appeared to be a nearly continuous process, little affected by
seasonal changes in the water temperature, photoperiod or nutrient supplies. Larval presence in clam ctenidia
varied seasonally, however, suggesting gamete release and fertilization only occurred under favorable
environmental conditions.
Corbicula from several lower Colorado River sites were analyzed for tissue concentrations of heavy metals,
pesticides, herbicides and bacteria. As, Cr, Cd, Pb, Se and Hg levels varied without any apparent relationship to
proximity of municipal or industrial centers. Of seven pesticide and herbicide compounds, only DDT
degradation compounds DDD and DDE were found at detectable levels. Six of ten sampling sites exceeded
recommended standards for either total aerobic are fecal coliform bacterial numbers.
Corbicula densities and biomasses were insufficient to recommend commercial harvest in most reaches of the
lower Colorado, Gila, Salt and Verde rivers. High clam numbers and biomasses were restricted to canals Parker
and the Colorado River and Lower Havasu divisions. Marginal harvest areas were found in the three major
lower Colorado River reservoirs, upper Mohave Valley Division and, possibly, the Salt River reservoirs.
Harvesting methods in river reaches having fish, wildlife and esthetic values should be restricted to the use of
SCUBA, hand collections and related activities. Any methods which negatively impact water quality should be
discouraged.
Kuckyr, R. J. and M. F. Vidrine. 1975. Some clams (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Tensas River in
Madison Parish, Louisiana. Association of Southeastern Biologists, Bulletin 22(2):61.
[Abstract]
Twenty-one species of clams were taken from the Tensas River. Of these, two are important since they have not
been reported from Louisiana in 50 years; Pleurobema cordatum (Rafinesque) and Elliptio dilatatus (Raf.).
Other species are listed. Corbicula manilensis was the most abundant clam in the river.
Kumazawa, N. H. and E. Kato. 1985. Survival of Kanagawa-positive strains of Vibrio
parahaemolyticus in a brackish-water area. Journal of Hygiene 95(2):299-308.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus was observed to overwinter in sediments and to be present in considerable numbers of
sediments and Clithon retropictus (Gastropoda) during summer months at a brackish water area along Hashizu
Creek, Japan. The highest level of the organisms was 9.3x106 and 2.3x107/100 g in sediments and C.
retropictus, respectively. Production of Kanagawa haemolysin was detected in approximately 12% and 20% of
strains isolated from sediments and C. retropictus, respectively, at two stations in Hashizu Creek but were not
detected at the other three stations. Two haemolysin-producing strains were isolated from water samples but
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Corbicula Bibliography
none were isolated from Corbicula japonica. These findings suggest that haemolysin producers are preserved
principally in sediments and some shellfish in the brackish water areas with restricted salinity conditions.
Kumazawa, N. H., E. Kato, and Y. Nakagawa. 1986. Preliminary analysis on persistence of Vibrio
parahaemolyticus in a brackish water clam, Corbicula japonica. Japanese Journal of
Veterinary Science 48(2):267-271.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains with different abilities to produce Kanagawa hemolysin were observed for
persistence in a brackish water clam, Corbicula japonica, held in aquariums with artificial seawater diluted to
60% (60% seawater) and sand bed at 25oC for 20 days. The hemolysin-producer persisted at a level of 103 cfu/g
in the molluscs held in 30 -60% seawater, while it was highest in 60% seawater followed by 50, 40, and 30%
seawater at the 14th day. The producer was detected from the digestive organs in the highest level since the
second day. Three V. parahaemolyticus strains with different productivities for Kanagawa hemolysin persisted
in a level of 103 cfu/g while an Escherichia coli strain decreased to non-detectable levels in 60% seawater.
Kumazawa, N. H. and N. Morimoto. 1992. Chemotactic activity of hemocytes derived from a
brackish-water clam, Corbicula japonica, to Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Escherichia
coli strains. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 54(5):851-855.
Hemocytes from adult and juvenile specimens of a brackish-water clam, Corbicula japonica, were
attracted chemotactically to live cells of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Escherichia coli strains in a balanced
salt solution, which was enhanced significantly in the presence of respective C. japonica plasma.
Chemotactic attractions of adult's and juvenile's hemocytes were seen also in artificial seawater at a similar
level to those in the balanced salt solution. Chemotactic attractions of juvenile's hemocytes to these strains
were lower in level than those of adult's hemocytes. C. japonica plasma seems to facilitate for C. japonica
hemocytes to recognize these organisms.
Kumazawa, N. H., N. Morimoto, T. Tanigawa, Y. Tanaka, N. Kasagi, T. Kameie, K. Funaki and
A. Iino. 1991. Yamato-shizimi no ketsueki-saibo no keitai to raisozomu koso-kassei
[Morphology and activity of lysosomal enzymes in hemocytes of a brackish-water clam,
Corbicula japonica]. Venus: Japanese Journal of Malacology 50(3):211-217. [Japanese
with English summary]
Hemocytes of an estuarine bivalve, Corbicula japonica, were characterized. Most of the hemocytes were
spreading cells similar to those of an estuarine gastropod, Clithon retropictus. C. japonica hemocytes
stained for non-specific esterase, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were 98.7, 35.7 and 55.9%,
respectively. Non-specific esterase-positive hemocytes of C. japonica were similar in rate to those of C.
retropictus and a marine gastropod, Nerita albicilla. Acid phosphatase-positive hemocytes of C. japonica
were lower in rate than those of N. albicilla and higher than those of C. retropictus. Beta-Glucuronidasepositive hemocytes were higher in rate than those of these gastropods. Low activity of acid phosphatase
seems to be characteristic in hemocytes of estuarine molluscs.
Kumazawa, N. H., E. Nakagaki, Y. Yonekawa, K. Ikura and N. Morimoto. 1991. Ecological
cycle of thermostable direct hemolysin-producing strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in a
brackish-water area with special reference to molluscs and attached microalgae. Journal
of Veterinary Medical Science 53(2):263-267.
Prevalences of thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH)-producing strains in communities of a gastropod
mollusc, Clithon retropictus, and a bivalve mollusc, Corbicula japonica, and levels of the strains in
attached microalgae and muddy sediments were investigated at a brackish-water area along Hashizu Creek
and Togo Pond in Japan. V. parahaemolyticus was detected from attached microalgae at Hashizu Creek in
summer months with the highest level of 1.4 x 105 cfu/g. Levels of the organism among 20 animals of C.
retropictus and C. japonica at the area varied between non-detectable level and 103 per mollusc in summer
months. TDH was detected from culture supernatants of 11-16% of strains isolated from the algae,
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Corbicula Bibliography
sediments and C. japonica and 28% of those isolated from C. retropictus at Hashizu Creek. These
evidences suggest that C. retropictus would get TDH-positive strains from the algae.
Kurashige, E. 1945. Study of Korean Corbicula. Part 4. C. fluminea (Müller). Venus, Japanese
Journal of Malacology 14:73-81. [Japanese]
Kurashige, E. 1945. Part 5. Ecology and morphological study of Korean Corbicula. Distribution,
ecology, and shell shape of the Taiwan shijimi Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Venus,
Japanese Journal of Malacology 14:87-96. [Japanese]
Kurelec, B. 1995. Inhibition of multixenobiotic resistance mechanism in aquatic organisms:
Ecotoxic consequences. Science of the Total Environment 171(1-3).
Recent evidence indicates that the inherent presence of multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) mechanism in
sponges, mussel and fish represents a general biological defense mechanism for their protection against
both endogenous and environmental toxins. In aquatic organisms exposed to polluted waters, a P170
glycoprotein pump removes man-made toxic chemicals from cells. Many chemical agents, the
'chemosensitizers', may alter the function of this fragile mechanism. The knowledge that the presence of
one xenobiotic may block the pumping of other xenobiotic(s), and hence accelerate their accumulation,
which may have important implications on environmental parameters like exposure, uptake,
bioaccumulation, and toxicity. In this report we present the results of measurements of MXR-phenotype
expression using the 'accumulation' technique and the modulators of MXR, verapamil and staurosporine,
demonstrating (1) the interpopulation differences in the level of MXR expression in a marine snail
Monodonta turbinata and its induction in specimens exposed to polluted waters, (2) the characteristics of
the MXR-expression in a mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, and (3) how model- or natural-inhibitors of
MXR can modulate the no observed effect concentrations (NOEC) of xenobiotics in a fresh water clam
Corbicula fluminea and a carp Cyprinus carpio to the observed effect concentrations (OEC).
Kurelec, B., P. Waldmann and R. K. Zahn. 1996. The modulation of protective effects of the
multixenobiotic resistance mechanism in a clam Corbicula fluvinea. Marine
Environmental Research 42(1-4):383.
Recent evidence indicates that there is a multixenobiotic resistance mechanism (MXRM) in aquatic
organisms which represents a general biological defense mechanism for protection against both
endogenous and environmental toxicants. In aquatic organisms exposed to polluted waters, this mechanism
is inducible. In this paper we show how the state of induction of MXRM in a clam Corbicula fluminea
modulates the level of accumulation, or the level of toxic outcomes of exposure to vincristine or
acetylaminofluorene (AAF), respectively. Induced clams, i.e. clams freshly collected at a polluted Rhine
River site, or control clams exposed for 3 d either to water experimentally polluted with Diesel-2 oil or to
Rhine River sediments, accumulated significantly less vincristine than control clams, i.e. clams held in
aquaria for 6 weeks. Similarly, the number of single strand breaks (SSB) after AAF-exposure in DNA
isolated from gills was significantly lower in induced clams in comparison with SSB found in control
clams. Thus, clams may protect themselves from toxic effects by inducing their MXRM. This was
supported by evidence that in the presence of staurosporine, the MXRM inhibitor, both found protections
were reversed.
Kurihara, H., T. Saiki and M. Hatano. 1997. Suisan shokuhin seibun no gurukoshidaze sogai
kassei sukuriningu [Screening of seafood for inhibition of glucosidases]. Nippon Suisan
Gakkaishi 63(4):634-635. [Japanese with English summary]
Extract of Japanese seafood was screened for inhibition toward yeast alpha and almond beta -glucosidase
activities. The inhibitory activities were evaluated by the agar plate method [Kurihara, et al., Fish. Sci., 60,
759-761 (1994)] using the extract of 20 mg/paper disk. The extract of a fresh brown alga Undaria
215
Corbicula Bibliography
pinnatifida inhibited both glucosidase activities, while that of dried U. pinnatifida inhibited neither. The
extracts of a dried brown alga Laminaria sp. and dried bonito Euthynnus pelamis also inhibited both
glucosidase activities. The extracts of brackish-water clam, Corbicula sp. and Japanese littleneck Ruditapes
philippinarum inhibited only beta -glucosidase activity. From these results, seafood is a good resource of
glucosidase inhibitors.
Kuroda, T. 1938. Studies on Japanese Corbicula. Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 8:21-36.
[Japanese with English summary]
The systematics and zoogeography of bivalves in the genus Corbicula in Japan are discussed. Corbicula
japonica Prime is reported from Honsyu, Sikoku, Kyusyu, and from Aomori in the north to Satuma in the south.
Corbicula japonica atrata Reinhardt is reported from Yokohama, Honsyu, Sikoku, Kyusyu ranging from
Aomori to Satuma. Corbicula japonica sadoensis Pilsbry is reported from Sado, Hokkaido, and Karahuto.
Corbicula japonica transversa von Martens is reported from Yokohama; Kanagawa, Nagasaki, Hukuoka, and
Saga prefectures. Corbicula sandai Reinhardt is reported from Hyoto; Siga and Kyoto; Siga and Kyoto
prefectures. Corbicula leana Prime is reported from Honsyu; Sikoku; and Kyusyu, ranging from Rikuzen in the
north to Satuma in the south. Corbicula awajiensis Pilsbry is reported from Kasyu-mura, Awazi Island, and is
distributed through Yamaguti; Oita; Okayama; Koti; and Gihu prefectures. Corbicula elatior von Martens is
distributed through Rinsinko; Singetumen, Koyo-gun, and Zenranando. Corbicula producta von Martens is
distributed through Yosyu and Tyuseinando, and throughout Korea. Corbicula papyracea Heude is reported
from Sangju, Keisyohokudo; Urusan; Tokuzan, Keisyonando; Kanko; and Tyoen-gun, Kokaido. Corbicula
fluminea (Müller) is reported from Taiwan ranging from Taihoku to Kosyun. Corbicula subsulcata Clessin is
reported from Tansui-qawa, Taiwan. Corbicula formosana Dall is reported from Tansui-gawa, Taiwan.
Kuroda, T. 1939. Abnormal shells of a Formosan Corbicula. Kiza Geological Notes of Formosa,
Taiwan, Chiga Ku 10(4):17-21.
Kuroda, T. and T. Fujita. 1936. Suwako de Sodatta Setashijimi (Corbicula sandai grown in Lake
Suwa). Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 6(1):60-63. [Japanese]
The growth of Corbicula sandai and Corbicula sandai viola in Lake Suwa is discussed.
Kursalova, V. I. and Y. A. Starobogatov. 1971. Mollusks of the genus Corbicula of Antropogene of
north and west Asia and Europe. IN: Molluscs; Trends, Methods and some Results of Their
Investigations. Academy of Science of the USSR, Zoological Institute (Leningrad). pp.
93-96.
Corbicula lindholmi sp. nov. is described (p. 94) from the Primorie, Sungari River basin, U.S.S.R. Corbicula
ferghanensis is described (p. 95) from the Ferghan River, Uzbeck S.S.R., U.S.S.R.
Kushiro, H. J. Nakamoto, I. Fukui, Y. Yamaguchi, C. Hayashi and Y. Yamumura. 1976.
Identification of cholesterol-like reactants in shellfish. Proceedings of the Symposium on
Chemical Physiology and Pathology 16:221-222.
Kuvajiri, W. 1948. On the young of "Mashijimi", Corbicula leana. Contributions from the Central
Fisheries Station, Japan 26:17-22.
-- L -Labrot, F., J. F. Narbonne, P. Ville, M. Saint Denis and D. Ribera. 1999. Acute toxicity,
toxicokinetics, and tissue target of lead and uranium in the clam Corbicula fluminea and
the worm Eisenia fetida: comparison with the fish Brachydanio rerio.. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 32(2):167-178.
216
Corbicula Bibliography
The general objective of our work was to propose new reference material for chemical toxicity testing and
new sentinel organisms for environmental quality survey programs (freshwater or soils). A basic
toxicological data on the environmental effects of uranium was provided. Thus, a comparative study was
conducted to establish the acute toxicity and toxicokinetics of lead (Pb) and uranium (U) to the bivalve
mollusc Corbicula fluminea and the terrestrial annelid Eisenia fetida andrei and to compare these findings
with those of the well-known teleost fish Brachydanio rerio. The concentration of these metals were
measured in various tissues of the clam and the worm after two periods of exposure (4 and 11 days) to
identify the affinities of these tissues for Pb and U. Results have shown that Pb and U are very toxic to
Eisenia and relatively nontoxic to Corbicula. By comparison, Pb was relatively nontoxic and U appeared to
be very toxic to the fish. The toxicokinetic studies indicated that the three species are able to accumulate Pb
and U, the rate and level of accumulation depending both on the species and the metal. It was also found
that fish and clams depurate the two metals. Data collected for the worm were conflicting: Pb was not
depurated whereas tissue concentrations of U declined after the eighth day of exposure. This study has also
shown that the tissue distribution of Pb in the mollusc and in the earthworm differs significantly from that
of U, both after 4 and 11 days exposure. In conclusion, these three species showed potential as
bioindicators of environmental contamination by metals. Indeed, they could be used in conjunction to test
different compartments of an ecosystem: worms for soils, fish for the water column, and clams for the
water/sediment interface.
Lachner, E. A., C. R. Robins and W. R. Courtenay. 1970. Exotic fishes and other aquatic organisms
introduced into North America. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 59:1-29.
The introduction and dispersal of Corbicula fluminea in United States waters is reviewed. Possible dispersal
mechanisms are presented as well as a brief history of industrial facility fouling.
Lamarck, J. C. P. A. 1806. Annales de Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle Paris 8:420-421.
Cyclas chinensis is described.
Lamarck, J. C. P. A. 1818. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres. Vol. 5. pp. 1-612.
Corbicula trigonella sp. nov. is described (p. 562) from the Orient. Corbicula orientalis sp. nov. is described
(p. 562) from the Orient. Corbicula cor sp. nov. is described (p. 562). Corbicula fuscata sp. nov. is described
(p. 562) from the rivers of China. Corbicula truncata sp. nov. is described (p. 563) from New York State,
North America [This locality is regarded as dubious].
Lamarck, J. C. P. A. 1835. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, 2nd. Edition, G. P.
Deshayes, Ed. Vol. 6.
Corbicula trigonella 'Deshayes' sp. nov. is described (p. 273) from an unknown locality.
Lamy, E. 1913. Note sur le Cyclas australis Lamarck. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle
Paris 19:466-468.
Cyclas australis Lamarck, 1818, is not referable to the genus Corbicula and is referred to the genus Lasaea.
Langdon, C. J. and C. L. Counts, III. 1983. Biogeographic analysis of Corbicula fluminea with
emphasis on environmental factors that may limit successful larval development. IN:
Mid-Atlantic Region Research Planning Workshop, , W. S. Gaither, Ed. Electric Power
Partners Program, University of Delaware College of Marine Studies (Lewes). pp. 42-43.
Lange de Morretes, F. 1949. Ensaio de catalogo dos moluscos do Brasil. Arquiros Museo
Paranaense 7:5-216.
Latendresse, J. 1987. Mussels (Naiades): a renewable natural resource? IN: Proceedings of the
Workshop on Die-Offs of Freshwater Mussels in the United States, R. J. Neves, Ed. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, and Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg). pp. 155-158.
217
Corbicula Bibliography
It is speculated that the effects of Corbicula sp. on native bivalve populations will have negative affects on
recruitment, abundance, and growth rates in some populations.
Lauritsen, D. 1984. Ammonium excretion by the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea. American
Malacological Bulletin 3(1):101. [Abstract]
Ammonium excretion rates of Corbicula fluminea freshly collected from a eutrophic, coastal North Carolina
river vary seasonally, with highest rates in summer. In areas of the river where they are abundant, clam
excretion could supply from one-third to one-half of summer phytoplankton uptake of ammonium, when
allochthonous loading to the river is at a minimum. Laboratory experiments show that with increasing food
concentrations clams are ingesting increasingly more algal nitrogen, but ammonium excretion rates are highest
at lower food concentrations. This suggests that at higher food concentrations, a greater percentage of the
nitrogen ingested will be found in the clam's feces.
Lauritsen, D. D. 1985. Growth plasticity in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea. Ecological
Society of America and American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Joint Annual
Meeting, Minneapolis, MN (USA), 17-21 June.
Lauritsen, D. D. 1985. Filter-Feeding, Food Utilization, and Nutrient Remineralization by
Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) and its Contribution to nutrient cycling in a North Carolina
River. Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University (Raleigh). 134 pp.
Corbicula fluminea is quite prolific, and since it is a filter feeder, it can be expected to influence the cycling of
nutrients within its habitat as a result of its feeding and excretory activities. Factors affecting filtration rates,
food utilization, and excretion of metabolic wastes (ammonia and phosphate) were determined by laboratory
experiments, and these physiological processes were then extrapolated to field estimates of C. fluminea found
in the upper Chowan River, North Carolina, to obtain an estimate of the potential impact the clams can have
on nutrient cycling in the river.
Corbicula fluminea filtration rates are low at winter temperatures, and many clams appear to be inactive
during this season. Clam filtration rates were inversely related to food concentration although the total volume
of food ingested increased significantly with increasing food concentrations. Extrapolation of clam
size-filtration rate relationships to a population of C. fluminea in the upper Chowan River indicate that the
average number of clams found in a square meter of river bottom (350) could filter a volume of water
equivalent to the overlying water column every 1-1.6 days in summer, depending on seston concentrations.
Clam-filtration rates of four different 14C-labeled algae species (two greens, a blue-green, and a diatom) were
similar, although partitioning of the ingested isotope showed significant differences between the algal foods.
The diatom species was the most efficiently utilized by the calms, with more than 80% of the isotope ingested
recovered in clam tissues.
Corbicula fluminea freshly collected from the Chowan River excreted substantially more ammonia than
phosphate, and rates of excretion of both nutrients were highest in summer. Clam excretion rates were much
higher than sediment fluxes, and as a source of recycled nutrients, these clams could provide about one-third
of the nitrogen and phosphate requirements of phytoplankton in the upper Chowan. Estimates of removal of
particulate nitrogen by clam filter-feeding were about eight times greater than ammonium excretion rates
while estimates of particulate phosphate removal were about equal to phosphate excretion rates.
Lauritsen, D. D. 1986. Assimilation of radiolabeled algae by Corbicula. IN: Proceedings of the
Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological
Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 219-222.
Despite its abundance in many aquatic systems, little is known about the feeding biology of Corbicula
fluminea. Because C. fluminea is now found in several coastal North Carolina rivers that have periodic
summer blue-green cyanobacterial blooms, this study compared the potential for the clams to use C-14 labeled
cultures of the filamentous green algae Chlorella vulgaris and Ankistrodesmus sp. Although there were
significant differences in the use of the algal foods by the clams, assimilation and net production efficiencies
218
Corbicula Bibliography
of clams fed the blue-green were not significantly different from efficiencies of the two green algae. The
significance was a result of the lower assimilation of Ankistrodesmus (47%, compared to 50% of Anabaena
and 56% for Chlorella). Also, net production efficiencies were significantly higher for Ankistrodesmus (78%)
than for other foods (61% for Anabaena and 59% for Chlorella).
Lauritsen, D. D. 1986. Filter-feeding in Corbicula fluminea and its effect on seston removal.
Journal of the North American Benthological Society 5(3):165-172.
Factors affecting filtration rates of Corbicula fluminea were studied in controlled laboratory experiments and
the data were then used to illustrate the importance of clam filtering in a North Carolina river. Both
temperature and food concentration significantly affected filtration rates. Rates measured at winter
temperatures were significantly lower than summer rates, while food concentrations and filtration rates were
inversely related. Filtration rates were compared among clams collected from several different habitats in
North Carolina and although shell length (SL)-dry flesh weight (DFW) relationships differed between
locations, filtration rate-size relationships were not significantly different when SL was used as a measure of
clam size. Extrapolation of the above relationships to a population of C. fluminea in the upper Chowan River,
North Carolina, indicated that the average number of clams in a square meter of river bottom (350) could filter
a volume of water equivalent to the overlying water column (mean depth 5.25 m) every 1-1.6 days in summer,
depending on seston concentrations.
Lauritsen, D. D. and S. C. Mozley. 1983. The freshwater Asian clam Corbicula fluminea as a
factor affecting nutrient cycling in the Chowan River, N.C. Water Research Institute,
University of North Carolina, Report No. 192. iii + 60 pp.
Corbicula fluminea in the Chowan River are reached stable population densities (200 per square meter) in the
northern part of the river and major tributaries. Because the river experiences periodic summer blue-green
algal blooms, Corbicula assimilation efficiencies of blue-green (Anabaena) and green algae (Chlorella and
Scenedesmus) were compared. Anabaena was assimilated with the highest efficiency (33%), although
Chlorella was filtered faster by the clams. Excretion rates of ammonium and phosphates were determined
from clams freshly collected from the river seasonally in 1982, and were highest in summer. Estimates of NH4
and PO4 excretion, based on 1980 Corbicula biomass in the river (357 - 8642 micromoles/m2/day for NH4 and
161 - 3924 micromoles/m2/day for PO4), indicate that the clams can make a significant contribution to nutrient
cycling in the river, at a time when allochthonous loading is at a minimum.
Lauritsen, D. D. and S. C. Mozley. 1989. Nutrient excretion by the Asiatic clam Corbicula
fluminea. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 8(2):134-139.
The freshwater Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller) because of its abundance, has the potential to
influence nutrient cycling by excretion of metabolic wastes, including NH3 and PO4. Excretion rates of
ammonia and orthophosphate were estimated seasonally in Corbicula freshly collected from the Chowan
River, a large coastal plain river in eastern Virginia-North Carolina. Excretion was expressed as a function
of clam dry weight, and was highest in May and September for both nutrients. Using Corbicula population
estimates from an earlier benthic survey of the Chowan to calculate excretion volumes per square meter
suggests that the clams can have a substantial effect on nutrient cycling in summer in the upper Chowan
River and a large tributary, the Blackwater River, with ammonia excretion ranging from 357 to 8642
μmoles m-2 d-1, and orthophosphate excretion ranging from 161 to 3924 μmoles m-2 d-1.
Laury, R. L. and C. C. Albritton, Jr. 1975. Geology of Middle Stone Age archaeological sites in the
Main Ethiopian Rift Valley. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 86(7):999-1011.
Corbicula sp. shells are reported in sediments of Galla Lake, Ethiopia, and are dated at 9330 + 100 BP. Other
specimens found in an upper lacustrine sequence exposed on the west side of the Bul Bulla River date to
26,780 + 440 BP.
Laville, A. 1898. Le gisement chell'eo-moust'erien `a Corbicules de Cergy. Bulletin de la Société
Anthropologique (Paris), 4e S'erie, 9.
219
Corbicula Bibliography
Laville, A. 1899. Coups de poing avec talon et poig'ee r'eserv'es, disque, coin et dents d'Asiniens
des couches `a Corbicules de Cergy. Bulletin de la Société Anthropologique (Paris), 4e
S'erie, 10.
Lea, I. 1831. Observations on the naiads. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
4:63-121.
Corbicula woodiana sp. nov. is described in the genus Cyrena (p. 110) and figured (pl. 18, fig. 55) from Canton, China.
Lea, I. 1834. Observations on the Genus Unio, I. 233 pp.
Cyrena woodiana Lea, 1831 is discussed (p. 222) and figured (pl. 18, fig. 55).
Leard, R. L. and B. J. Grantham. 1973. Organochlorine pesticide residues in selected freshwater
Pelecypoda of Mississippi. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 19:181.
[Abstract]
Leard, R. L., B. J. Grantham and G. F. Pessoney. 1980. Use of selected freshwater bivalves for
monitoring organo-chlorine pesticide residues in major Mississippi stream systems.
Pesticide Monitoring Journal 14(2):47-52.
Seven species of freshwater Pelecypoda, Amblema costata, Corbicula manilensis, Elliptio crassidens,
Lampsilis claibornensis, Megalonaias gigantea, and Plectomerus dombeyanus were collected and monitored
for pesticide content during 1972 and 1973. Thirteen collection sites, representing five major river basins in
the state of Mississippi [Coldwater River, Sunflower River, Steel Bayou, Big Black River, Tombigbee River,
Pearl River, Chunky River, Chickasawhay River, Leaf River, Pascagoula River, Black Creek] were sampled
and compared. During the 24-month study, 26 water samples and 58 clam samples from the five basins were
analyzed. Individual samples weighed from 8 g to 20 g and consisted of 1 - 30 clams, depending on size.
Residues of toxaphene and methyl parathion were found only in 1973 water samples. The study shows that
freshwater clams are effective monitors of pesticide content. The tendency of freshwater clams to concentrate
pesticides and their corresponding ability to eliminate them varies with species. Significant reductions in DDT
and a corresponding buildup of p,p'-TDE were noted in 1973, following the limitations on the use of DDT and
large-scale flooding throughout the state.
Lee, E.-H. and W.-D. Heo. 1980. Taste compounds of Corbicula elatior. Bulletin of the National
Fisheries University of Busan (Natural Sciences) 29(1):31-46. [English with English and
Korean summaries]
Taste compounds including free amino acids, nucleotides and their related compounds, trimethylamine oxide,
betaine and total organic acid in fresh meat, boiled meat and broth of Corbicula elatior were analyzed and the
changes, distribution and their roles in taste were investigated.
The identified nucleotides and their related compounds were hypoxanthine, inosine, AMP, ADP, and ATP.
The contents of hypoxanthine, inosine, AMP, ADP and ATP in fresh meat were 1.42 micromole/g, 0.27
micromole/g, 1.82 micromole/g, 1.74 micromole/g and 0.61 micromole/g, respectively; while 1.69
micromole/g, 0.25 micromole/g, 2.36 micromole/g, 2.19 micromole/g and 0.28 micromole/g, respectively in
boiled meat. In broth, ADP and ATP were not detected and the contents of hypoxanthine, inosine and AMP
were 0.11 micromole/g, 0.04 micromole/g, and 0.05 micromole/g, respectively.
Results of an omission test revealed the role of free amino acids was predominant in the taste of the clam
followed by total organic acid and nucleotides and their related compounds, while those of TMAO and
Betaine were not obvious.
Lee, H. H. and A. Lemma. 1992. Towards mitigation of zebra mussels and Asiatic clams: The
use of endod, Phytolacca dodecandra. Journal of Shellfish Research 11(1):229.
Experiments using a static bioassay system as a basis to develop a focal control method for Dreissena and
Corbicula illustrate the potential usefulness of plant molluscicides, Lemmatoxins, from Phytolacca
dodecandra or Endod. Endod at a dose > 15 mg/L is lethal to adult zebra mussels and Asiatic clams, while
220
Corbicula Bibliography
at lower doses prevent adhesion and aggregation of the mussels. In addition to being noncarcinogenic and
nonmutagenic, Endod is biodegradable. Since Endod plants have been successfully grown as culture,
demands on large quantities of Endod usage in water intakes should stimulate further agricultivation. Since
infestations of zebra mussels and Asiatic clams are long-term problems and waterworks vary in design and
environment, a conceptual methodology for mitigation is suggested using Endod as the primary agent in
combination with mechanical and chemical means to remove adult mussels and Asiatic clams from and to
prevent aggregation in water intake pipes.
Lee, K. Y. and S. C. Park. 1974. Studies on lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes RNase and RNase
inhibitor activities in various animals including parasites and in cancer tissues. Seoul
Journal of Medicine 15(3):224-234. [Korean with English summary]
The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme and RNase activities of hepatic or hepatopancreatic and muscle
tissues from varying species of animals were studied. The animals examined were the echinoderm (Stichopus
japonicus), the molluscs Haliotis gigantea discus, Turbo cornutus, Venericardia coreensis, Corbicula
orientalis, Meretrix lamarcki, Viviparus japonicus, and Octopus vulgaris, the urochordate Cynthia noretzi, and
the vertebrates Anguilla japonica, Cyprinus carpio, Ophicephalus argus, Misgurnus fossilis, Amyda japonica,
and Carassus auratus). LDH and RNase activities were also examined in parasites such as ascaris and liver
fluke along with their host tissues with reference to host-parasite relationship, and also with stomach and
cervical cancers. The total activities of LDH from the hepatopancreatic and muscle tissues of molluscs were
extremely low and the electrophoretic patterns quite different from those of equivalent tissues in mammals.
The electrophoretic separation of LDH isoenzymes in fishes was not clear with heavy tailing, compared to that
of mammalian tissues. The specific activities of LDH seem to increase as the animal evolves. The specific
activities of muscle LDH were generally higher than those of hepatic or hepatopancreatic tissues. The RNase
patterns of the hapatopancreas and muscle of molluscs were quite different from those of equivalent tissues of
mammals. The total RNase activities were much lower than the free RNase activities in the sea cucumber and
most in the molluscs, unlike most of the higher animals. This was determined using the sulfhydryl (SH)
reagent p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (pHMB) which suppresses the RNase inhibitor. pHMB inhibited RNase
activity or activated RNase inhibitor activity in lower animals in contrast with higher animals. The total RNase
activities were generally higher in the hepatopancreas or liver than in muscle, contrary to LDH activities. The
LDH isoenzymes in bovine liver fluke were electrophoretically separated into 5 bands, in contrast with lower
animals, evidencing a close parasite-host relationship. The specific activity of LDH in liver fluke, however,
was very low, as in other lower animals. The LDH isoenzymes in the muscle of swine ascaris were clearly
fractionated into 3 bands on electrophoresis, unlike lower animals. The total RNase activity of the liver fluke
was much lower than that of the host liver, but the RNase inhibitor activity was similar to that of the host
tissues; the activities of total RNase and RNase inhibitor in ascaris muscle were low. pHMB suppressed the
ascaris RNase inhibitor, in contrast with other lower animals. The total activities of LDH and RNase inhibitor
activities were higher in the stomach and cervical cancer tissues than in other tissues, and the electrophoretic
patterns of LDH isoenzymes of these cancer tissues were slightly different from the controls. The LDH-1
fraction was prominent in stomach cancer tissue, and the activity of LDH-4 in cervical cancer tissue was
higher than in the control.
Lee, N. E., W. R. Haag and R. L. Jolley. 1981. Cooling water pollutants: Bioaccumulation by
Corbicula. IN: Water Chlorination Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 4, Part 2, Environment,
Health, and Risk, R. L. Jolley, et al., Eds. Ann Arbor Science Publishers. pp. 851-870.
Chemical analysis of tissue extracts derived from Corbicula manilensis collected from influent water supplies
and chlorinated outfalls of electric generating plants has resulted in the identification of several classes of
compounds. Some of the compounds are identified as priority pollutants and, as such, are of toxicological
significance. Some are LCHs or LCH derivatives such as acids, esters, and alcohols, which may promote
mutational and carcinogenic activity. Some fatty acid esters were identified as weak socarcinogens.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Fifty-eight compounds were identified in tissue extracts of Corbicula manilensis taken from chlorinated
outfalls at two coal-fired steam plants, and 42 compounds were in the corresponding extracts of C. manilensis
taken from the outfall in the Arkansas Nuclear One generating station. Approximately 39% of the identified
compounds were common to two or more sampling sites and some were unique to an individual site,
indicating a possible source of contamination not associated with antifoulant chlorine.
Ninety-four compounds were identified in the tissue extracts of control Corbicula manilensis samples (not
exposed to chlorine residuals) collected at the coal-fired steam plant sites, and 46 compounds were in
corresponding samples from Lake Dardanelle at Arkansas Nuclear One. Three of the compounds in tissue
extracts of control C. manilensis collected at coal-fired plant sites were halogenated, whereas four of those in
samples collected from Lake Dardanelle appear to be chloroorganics. These results seem to imply that C.
manilensis collected from influent-water sampling sites could have been exposed to higher concentrations of
chlorine (from unknown sources) than those collected from waters receiving antifoulant-treatment chlorine
residuals. No phthalates were found in clam tissues collected from Lake Dardanelle, but phthalates were
present in water and sediment samples taken at the same time. Correspondingly, no phthalates were in clam
tissues exposed to chlorine residuals from one coal-fired plant collection site; however, they were found in the
tissue controls from both coal-fired plant sites. Although this study has been limited in the number of sampling
sites used and in the number of analyses performed, the data indicate that C. manilensis bioaccumulate some
toxic materials that could contribute to possible health effects in man. The population of C. manilensis is
expanding in lakes, rivers, and streams across the United States and may be used for human consumption in
some areas. In some Oriental countries, Corbicula spp. is already an economically important food source.
Only qualitative identification of compounds in the tissue extracts of Corbicula manilensis were done by this
study; no quantitative comparisons were made, but concentrations of some of the compounds appear to exceed
1 ppm when compared to the pure compound standards used.
Lee, N. E., W. R. Haag and R. L. Jolley. 1983. Cooling Water Pollutants: Bioaccumulation by
Corbicula. Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 4, Part 2,
Environment, Health, and Risk. Ann Arbor Science (Ann Arbor, Michigan). pp. 851-870.
Samples of Corbicula, water, and sediment were collected in discharge areas of coal-fired and nuclear
powerplants before and after chlorine exposure. About 50 compounds were qualitatively identified in
Corbicula at each chlorinated outfall site, 39% of which were common to two or more sampling sites. Most
of the compounds were carbohydrates, fatty acids, and hydrocarbons. Four chlorine compounds were listed.
In the control Corbicula samples 94 compounds were identified. Several were halogenated. Phthalates were
found at some sites. Data indicated that Corbicula accumulates toxic materials. However, the premise that
chloroorganics are accumulated from the chlorinated antifoulants cannot be supported conclusively.
Lee, T. Y. and E. Y. Chung. 1980. Reproductive cycle of marsh clam Corbicula fluminea.
Publications of Institute of Marine Sciences National Fisheries University of Busan
12:47-54. [Korean with English summary]
The histology of the gonads during gametogenesis and the reproductive cycle of the marsh clam, Corbicula
fluminea, of Korean waters were studied by means of photomicrography. Monthly samples from brackish
waters of Myungji and Hadan from March 1979 to February 1980. C. fluminea is dioecious, and
ovoviviparous. The gonads are irregularly arranged from the sub-region of the mid-intestinal gland in the
visceral cavity to the treticular connective tissue of the foot. The ovary is composed of a number of branched
arborescent ovarian sacs. Oogonia actively proliferate along the germinal epithelium of the ovarian sac in
which oocytes grow. The testis is composed of a number of seminiferous tubules, and the epithelium of the
tubules functions like germinal epithelium along which the spermatogonia actively proliferate. A great number
of undifferentiated mesenchymal and pigmented granular cells are abundantly distributed between the
growing oocytes and spermatocytes in early development stages. With further development of the ovary and
testis, three cells gradually disappear. Undifferentiated mesenchymal and pigmented granular cells are then
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Corbicula Bibliography
considered to be related to the growth of oocytes and spermatocytes. After spawning, undischarged ripe eggs
and spermatozoa remain in the ovary and testis respectively for some time. They finally degenerate and
proliferation of new oogonia and spermatogonia occurs along the germinal epithelium of a newly formed
gonad in the reticular connective tissue of the foot. The reproductive cycle of C. fluminea can be classified
into five successive stages: multiplicative, growing, mature, spent, and degenerative stages. Spawning occurs
from late June to October with a peak from August to September.
Lee, W. T. 1912. Coal fields of Grand Mesa and the West Elk Mountains. Bulletin of the U.S.
Geological Survey, No. 510. 237 pp.
Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported from the Bowie Shale member of the
Mesaverde Cretaceous, 3 mi north of Paonia and 0.5 mi northwest of Paonia and Hubbard Creek, Colorado.
Corbicula fracta (Meek, 1870) is reported from the Mesaverde Cretaceous 4 mi west of Meeker, Colorado.
Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is reported from the Bowie Shale member of the Mesaverde
Cretaceous 0.5 mi north of Bowie, Colorado. Alos, Corbicula sp. is noted from the Bowie Shale of the
Mesaverde Cretaceous near Bowie, Hubbard Creek, Paonia, and Coal Creek Canyon, Colorado.
Leff, L. G., J. L. Burch and J. A. McArthur. 1990. Spatial distribution, seston removal, and
potential competitive interactions of the bivalves Corbicula fluminea and Elliptio
complanata in a coastal plain stream. Freshwater Biology 24(2):409-416.
Within the past 10 years the introduced exotic bivalve, Corbicula fluminea , has spread from the Savannah
River through a riverine swamp into a third-order blackwater tributary on the Savannah River Site (SRS).
The effects of this invasion on a native bivalve, Elliptio complanata, and on seston concentration in the
stream were exsamined. Corbicula fluminea has not yet colonized the entire stream and its distribution limit
is coincident with the occurrence of gravel beds. Corbicula fluminea appears to cause localized reduction
of seston concentration and may rapidly clear the sediment boundary layer of food. There was no evidence
of a negative impact on the distribution of the native bivalve in spite of high measured rates of water
clearance by C. fluminea.
Leff, L. G. and A. A. Leff. 2000. The effect of macroinvertebrates on bacterial distributions in
freshwater microcosms. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 147(2):225-240.
Bacterial distributions among biofilms and the water column may be altered by a variety of abiotic and
biotic factors including feeding and physical activities of macroinvertebrates. The purpose of this study was
to examine the effect of macroinvertebrates on abundances and distributions of three species of bacteria
that differ in their surface properties and niches. Eight invertebrate genera were examined; functional
feeding groups included predators, shredders, filter feeders, and collector-gatherers. The three bacterial
species responded to the presence of the macroinvertebrates in generally similar ways, although the species
with the most developed ability to attach to surfaces (Burkholderia cepacia) apparently resisted
dislodgment by macroinvertebrates. Bacillus thuringiensis, a relatively species-specific insecticidal
bacterium, achieved higher abundances on invertebrate exteriors than did B. cepacia and Pseudomonas
fluorescens. Orconectes reduced abundances of introduced bacteria on leaves and shifted distributions; a
greater percentage of the bacterial populations was found in the sediments of the Orconectes microcosms
than in microcosms lacking macroinvertebrates. These alterations were probably the result of consumption
of bacteria from epiphytic biofilms and subsequent deposition in feces. Corbicula shifted distributions of
two of the bacterial species so that a greater percentage of the populations was in the water column,
perhaps as the result of burrowing activity. Both of these invertebrate species are common stream residents
and may affect the distribution and persistence of natural and introduced bacteria.
Leiker, T. J., J. E. Madsen, J. R. Deacon and W. T. Foreman. 1994. Methods of analysis of the
U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory - determination of chlorinated
pesticides in aquatic tissue by capillary-column gas chromatography with electron-
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Corbicula Bibliography
capture detection. U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center (Denver,
Colorado), Open-file Report: 94-710.
A method for the determination of chlorinated organic compounds in aquatic tissue by dual capillarycolumn gas chromatography with electron-capture detection is described. Whole-body-fish or corbicula
tissue is homogenized, Soxhlet extracted, lipid removed by gel permeation chromatography, and
fractionated using alumina/silica adsorption chromatography. The extracts are analyzed by dissimilar
capillary-column gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. The method reporting limits are 5
micrograms per kilogram (μg/kg) for chlorinated compounds, 50 μg /kg for polychlorinated biphenyls, and
200 μg /kg for toxaphene.
Leistikov, A. 1995. On the composition of species of the Asian clams Corbicula in the lower
Rhine Mollusca: Bivalvia: Corbiculidae. Decheniana, Bonn 148:111-114.
Lemaire-Gony, S. and A. Boudou. 1997. Mantle and gill fine structure in the freshwater Asiatic
clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Annales de Limnologie 33(3):163-178.
Lenat, D. R. and C. M. Weiss. 1973. Distribution of benthid macroinvertebrates in Lake Wylie,
North Carolina - South Carolina. Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of
North Carolina (Chapel Hill), Publication No. 331. 75 pp.
Lenzen, J. D., III. 1999. Mercury bioaccumulation in Corbicula fluminea associated with water
hyacinth beds. Master of Science Thesis, California State University at Hayward. viii+76
pp.
Leschke, M. 1914. Zur Molluskenfauna von Java und Celebes. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden
Museum Hamburg 31:205-283.
Lesson, R. P. 1830. Zoologie. IN: Voyage Autour de Monde Execute .. sur la Corvette de S. M. La
Coquille, Pendand les Ann'ees 1822-1828, L. J. Duperry. Vol. 2, Part 2. pp. 1-471.
Corbicula nepeanensis is described (p. 428) and figured (pl. 13, fig. 14) from the Nepean River, New Holland
[Australia].
Levèque, C. 1967. Mollusques aquatiques de la zone Est du lac Tchad. Bulletin de l'Institut
Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Serie A, Sciences Naturelles 29(4):1494-1533.
Corbicula africana (Krauss) biomass and density in Lake Chad is reported.
Levèque, C. 1972. Mollusques benthiques du Lac Tchad: ecologie, 'etude des peuplements et
estimation des biomass. Cahiers de la Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique
Outre-Mer, Serie Hydrobiologie 6(2):3-45.
The study of some ecological factors allowed the identification of the influence of bottom characteristics upon
the benthic mollusc populations (including Corbicula africana) in Lake Chad, as well as the existence of a
threshold conductivity (600 micro mhos) limiting the presence of molluscs in the northern part of the lake. The
rather shallow depth does not appear to have any effect upon the bathymetric distribution of organisms.
After defining a number of biotops in the lake, depending upon the bottom characteristics and geographical
position, average population per sample for each biotope was calculated from the data resulting from two
expeditions that took place in 1968 and 1970. For each biotop, the stock of the species, generally obey
Motomura's abundance distribution law. A number of "nomocenoses" characterized by the number of
constituting species, Motomura's constant (identical to a diversity index), and density of populations were
defined. Homogeniety and validity of samples were studied using Taylor's law. As a rule, molluscs have a
moderate tendency towards aggregation. This tendency is more pronounced for mobile Prosobranchia than for
lamellibranchia whose distribution is closer to random.
A study of population's affinities indicates the existence of two main population's areas on the entire lake:
biotops of the central area on the one hand, and biotops of the eastern and southern areas on the other hand.
224
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The "Grande Barriere" constitutes a junction between the two main areas and represents a geographical as well
as biological boundary between the northern and southeastern basins.
Although populations remained relatively stable from 1968 to 1970, one could nevertheless observe the
existence of an evolutionary phenomenon in the Bol area where Melania have taken the place of Cleopatra on
muddy sediments. This phenomenon is not limited to Bol but was also observed on the part of the eastern
archipelago in 1970.
The total number of molluscs was estimated to be 3,640,000,000,000 individuals in 1970 with a biomass of
775,000 tons (alcoholic weight, shells included). Prosobranchia (90% of the total and 83% of biomass), and
particularly Bellamya unicolor (45% of biomass) predominate. Biomass is not equally distributed, since 3/4 of
them are concentrated in the "Grande Barriere" area and contiguous biotops (45% of the available zone).
There is a strong decrease in biomass towards the eastern part and especially towards the northern part of the
lake.
Levèque, C. 1973. Dynamique des peuplement biologie et estimation de la production des
mollusques benthiques de Lac Tchad. Cahiers de la Office de la Recherche Scientifique et
Technique Outre-Mer, Serie Hydrobiologie 7(2):117-147.
In accordance with periodical samplings, populations of benthid molluscs in Lake Chad were observed for
more than 1 year in three localities (Samia, Bol and baga Kawa). The evolution of the demographic structure
(size structure) of the populations during successive samplings has provided the opportunity to study the
biology of certain species and, more particularly, reproductive periods and longevity. Bellamya unicolor and
Melania reproduce year round, but during the cool season there is a decrease in the birth rate. Corbicula
africana have a heavy reproduction during the cool season. The normal one year life span of C. africana can
be extended to 3 years or more under certain environmental conditions. After a brief explanation of two
methods of production calculation in the case of cohorts (Bojsen Jensen method and method of instantaneous
growth rate), one method is suggested which is available as well for populations with complex age structure.
This method requires using both the average weight increase of one individual and the demographic structure
of populations. With this method, the instantaneous growth rate of the population (G) may be obtained and the
instantaneous production estimated with the formula p = G x Biomass. This method was bested before it was
applied to benthic mollusc populations from Lake Chad. With the cohorts of C. africana and Bellamya in
experimental in situ rearings, the results with this method or with more classical ones are very similar. It is the
same for the B. unicolor populations in experimental rearings. The annual production (for dry organic weight
and shell weight) of natural populations of Melania, Cleopatra, B. unicolor, and C. africana was estimated in
localities where the studies of demography and dynamics were effected. The annual production/biomass (P/B)
ratio was calculated. According to the species and localities, t varies between 3 and 6. The use of
instantaneous growth rate (G) of the population is discussed. The presence of a relation between G and the
average weight of an individual of the population (W) is pointed out for different species. This relation is valid
only within certain limits of W. On the other hand, another fairly good relation exists between G and average
longevity for different species of aquatic molluscs.
Levèque, C. 1973. Bilaus energetiques des populations naturelles de mollusques du Lac Tchad.
Cahiers de la Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Serie
Hydrobiologie 7:151-156.
Levèque, C., J.-R. Durand and J.-M. Ecoutin. 1977. Relations entre le rapport P/B et la longevitie
des organismes. Cahiers de la Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer,
Serie Hydrobiologie 6(1):17-31.
The life span of Corbicula africana is calculated to be 2 years.
Levèque, C. and M. Gaborit. 1972. Utilization of the factorial analysis of the correspondences for
the study of the population of benthic molluscs in Lake Chad. Cahiers de la Office de la
225
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Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Serie Hydrobiologie 6(1):47-66.
After a brief account of basic principles necessary for a correct interpretation of the method used, factorial
analysis of correspondences was applied to samples taken during two missions in the Bol area (1967 and
1970) and two missions on the whole of Lake Chad (1968 and 1970). Individuality of populations for each
type of bottom recorded in the Bol area was shown. In the lake as a whole and for the same geographical zone,
the nature of the sediments has some influence on the composition of populations. Populations of the central
part of the lake differ fundamentally from the populations of other biotopes of Melania and importance of
Bellamya unicolor in their specific profile. On the other hand, Cleopatra are dominant in the eastern part of
the lake where Corbicula africana are also of importance. Presence of intermediate populations between the
the preceding units, in which the relative importance of Melania and Cleopatra is quite the same, leads to the
conclusion that they are two vicariantes species; that is to say that one species can be substituted for the other
species under particular conditions. The phenomenon could be observed in 1970 for populations living on the
mud in the Bol area, as well as for some biotopes from the eastern zone of the lake. Apart from this evolution,
stability is usually observed within a two year period for the average samples of one biotope. There is no
specific affinity between the seven species studied.
Lewis, R. B. and J. R. Brice. 1980. A comparison of the past and present mussel fauna of the
Kankakee River in Illinois. Natural History Miscellania, Chicago Academy of Science No.
211. 7 pp.
The freshwater mussels of the Kankakee River were surveyed at five locations in Illinois during 1976 and
1978. A total of 20 species were collected in this study compared to 22 species from the same sites in 1909.
Actinonaias carinata, the "mucket", was the dominant species observed at most sampling locations during
1976 and 1978. Although the diversity and relative abundance of the freshwater mussels have declined
slightly since 1909, the fauna of the lower Kankakee River has not changed drastically during this time period.
Corbicula fluminea, which recently entered the Illinois River basin, was also recorded.
Liao, C. M., L. J. Jou and B. C. Chen. 2005. Risk-based approach to appraise valve closure in the
clam Corbicula fluminea in response to waterborne metals. Environmental Pollution
135(1):41-52.
A risk-based approach was developed to assess how the valve closure behavior of Asiatic clam Corbicula
fluminea responds to waterborne copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd). We reanalyzed the valve closure response
data from published literature to reconstruct the response time-dependent dose-response profiles based on
an empirical three-parameter Hill equation model. Probabilistic exposure profiles of measured
environmental Cu and Cd concentrations in the western coastal areas of Taiwan were integrated with the
reconstructed dose-response relationships at different integration times of response to quantitatively
estimate the valve response risk. The risk assessment results implicate exposure to waterborne Cu and Cd
may pose no significant risk to clam valve activity in the short-time response periods (e.g., <30 min), yet a
relative high risk for valve closure response to waterborne Cu at response times greater than 120 min is
alarming. Reconstructed dose-response profiles and EC50-time relationships associated was linked with the
fitted daily valve opening/closing rhythm characterized by a three-parameter lognormal function to predict
the time-varying bivalve closure rhythm response to waterborne metals. The proposed predictive model
that should encourage a risk-management framework was parameterized for discussion of future design of
biological monitoring systems.
Liddle, R. A. and K. V. W. Palmer. 1941. The geology and paleontology of the Cuenca - Azogues Biblian region provinces of Canar and Azuay, Ecuador. Bulletins of American Paleontology
26(100):1-62.
Corbicula cojitamboensis sp. nov. is described (p. 53) and figured (pl. 9, fig. 6) from a four inch seam of
highly bituminous limestone 400 m south, 25 degrees west from Cojitambo, a prominent andesite hill in
Arroyo Potero, Cuenca vicinity, Ecuador.
226
Corbicula Bibliography
Lin, Y. 2004. Distribution of wetland organisms on Jinjiang River mouth and Qunazhou Bay.
Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait/Taiwan Haixia 24(2):183-188. [Chinese with
English summary]
Since Quanzhou Bay is under the strong influence of the runoff from Jinjiang River mouth, there is a close
relationship between the horizontal distribution of wetland organisms and spatial difference in salinity. The
wetland organisms are largely divided into outside bay and outer bay species, inner bay low salinity
species, and tidal river brackishwater species. Mictyris longicarpus, Arachnoides placenta and
Branchiostorna beicheri are only distributed in the sandy sediments outside the bay and in outer bay. Three
mangrove species, Spartina alterniflora, fiddler crabs and Periophthalmus cantonensis are dominant
species on the mudflats in inner bay. Cyperus malaccensis is the indicator for tidal river freshwater species.
Corbicula fluminca is a brackishwater species, but also distributes in the river section with low salinity.
Lin, Y., W. Zhang and Y. Wang. 1980. Bivalves - Mollusca of the Tai-hu and its surrounding
waters Jiangso Province, China. Acta Zoologica Sinica 26(4):365-369.
Tai Hu, one of the five great lakes of China, is located in the southwestern Yangtse delta. Specimens were
collected from the different regions of the lake and its surrounding waters in April and May 1973. Thirty-one
species belonging to five families (Mytilidae, Unionidae, Solecurtidae, Corbiculidae, and Sphaeriidae) and
sixteen genera (Limnoperna, Lamprotula, Acuticosta, Schistodesmus, Hyriopsis, Unio, Lanceolaria,
Cuneopsis, Arconaia, Lepidodesma, Cristaria, Solenaia, Anodonta, Novaculina, Corbicula, and Sphaerium)
were determined. Seventeen species are endemic to China.
Lindholm, W. A. 1914. Uber Mollusken aus dem Delta-Gebiete des Amu-Darja. Annales du
Muséum Zoologique de la Academie des Sciences USSR 19:340-348.
Corbicula fluminalis oxiana von Martens is discussed.
Lindholm, W. A. 1924. Einige neue mollusken (Pelecypoda und Gastropoda) aus den gewassern
Sudost-Siberiens. Comptes Rendues Academie des Sciences USSR 28:302-306.
Lindholm, W. A. 1925. Ueber des Vorkommen der Gattung Corbicula im Ussuri-Gebiet. Comptes
Rendues Academie des Sciences USSR A:29-32.
Corbicula suifuensis sp. nov. is described (p. 29) and figured (pl. 32, figs. 1a, b) from the Suifun River near
Razdolnaja, southeastern Siberia).
Lindholm, W. A. 1927. Zur Kenntnis der Corbicula-formen (Lamellibrachiata) Sudost-Siberiens.
Annales du Muséum Zoologique de la Academie des Sciences USSR 28(4):550-554.
Corbicula fluminalis extrema ssp. nov. is described (p. 550). Corbicula suifuensis is discussed and Corbicula
suifuensis finitima ssp. nov. is described (pp. 553-554) and figured (pl. 32, figs. 2a, b) from the estuary of the
Mai-che River, southeastern Siberia.
Lindholm, W. A. 1930. Molusken aus der Stadlt Alt-Buchara und ihrer nachsten Umgebung.
Annales du Muséum Zoologique de la Academie des Sciences Leningrad 31:129-134.
Corbicula fluminalis is discussed.
Lindholm, W. A. 1933. Eine verschollene Muschel aus Zentralasien. Archiv für Molluskenkunde
65(6):264-268.
Corbicula minima is discussed from central Asia.
Linstow, O. von. 1922. Beitrag zue Geschichte und Verbreitung von Corbicula fluminalis. Archiv
für Molluskenkunde 54:113-144.
The paleontology of Corbicula fluminalis in Europe is reviewed. Other data for Australia, North, Central, and
South America, and Asia are presented.
Liteanu, E., T. Bandrabur and G. Baltac. 1961. Presence de l'espece Corbicula fluminalis O. F.
Müller dans le Holocene du bassin inferieur de Danube. Comunications de la Academie
227
Corbicula Bibliography
Bueuresti 11:81-87.
Corbicula fluminalis is reported from Holocene sediments in the lower Danube River basin.
Liu, Q., H. Shen, H. Zhou and W. Lu. 1999. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretory rate
of the freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea. Journal of the Shanghai Fisheries
Univiversity/Shanghai Shuichan Daxue Xuebao 8(4):298-303. [Chinese with English
summary]
Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ammonia excretory rate (AER) of different size, well fed fresh water
clam, Corbicula fluminea under various water temperature are measured. The results indicate that both the
water temperature and size of the clam have significant effects on OCR and AER. An exponential decrease
occurs for both OCR and AER as the clam grows, while OCR and AER increase when water temperature
rises within a certain range. Over the upper limit of that range (about 28 degree C), both OCR and AER
decrease as water temperature continues to rise. Besides, an evident diurnal rhythm in the respiration of the
clam is also found, i.e, OCR of the clam is higher during the day than that at night, and there is no such
diurnal rhythm AER.
Llabador, F. 1962. Resultants malacologiques de la Mission Scientifique du T'en'er'e (November
1959-Janvier 1960). IN: Documents Scientifiques Mission Berliet Ténéré Tchad,
1959-1960.
Subfossils of Corbicula fluminalis are reported from Lake Chad. Corbicula lacoini is considered a form of
Corbicula fluminalis.
Lo, C. T. 1995. Echinostoma macrorchis: life history, population dynamics of intramolluscan
stages, and the first and second intermediate hosts. The Journal of Parasitology
81(4):569-576.
Eggs of Echinostoma macrorchis were laid at the 1-cell stage and took 9 days (26-27oC) or 6 days (30oC)
to hatch. The following accounts are based on studies undertaken at 24-26oC. Maximum survival of
miracidia was 7 hr. Miracidia reached the ventricle of Gyraulus chinensis 15-20 hr after penetration and
transformed into sporocysts. The earliest degeneration of sporocysts occurred 20 days postinfection (DPI),
but some survived for 120 days. Mature mother rediac were first seen inside the sporocyst at 7 DPI, then
were released to the ventricular cavity and migrated to other anatomical locations of the host. Among the
germ balls present in a sporocyst, 1-3 developed concurrently to the mother redia stage. Young daughter
rediae first appeared at 15 DPI and mature ones at 19 DPI. Snails of larger size produced more daughter
rediae and cercariae than smaller ones. Initial shedding of cercariae from infected snails occurred between
25 and 48 DPI, with a mean of 34 DPI. The cercariae were phototactic and each snail shed a daily average
of 34 cercariae. Gyraulus chinensis was proven to be the only snail capable of serving as the first
intermediate host. Tadpoles of Rana latouchi and Bufo bufo, 9 species of gastropods, the bivalve Corbicula
fluminea, and 1 unidentified planarian species served as experimental second intermediate hosts.
Locard, A. 1883. Malacologie des lac de Tiberiadeem d'Antioche et d'Homs. Archives du Muséum
d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon 3:195-293.
Corbicula henraica sp. nov. is described (p. 259) and figured (pl. 22, figs. 27-29) from Lake Antioch and
Corbicula syriaca sp. nov. is described (p. 228) and figured (pl. 22, figs. 22-24) from lakes Tiberius, Antioch,
and Homs. Corbicula feliciana 'Bourguinat' is proposed as a new name for Corbicula orientalis (Lamarck) (p.
257) and is figured (pl. 22, figs. 19-21).
Logan, W. N. 1897. The Upper Cretaceous. University of Kansas Geological Survey 2:202-234.
Corbicula (?) subtrigonalis (Meek, 1870) is reported from the upper Cretaceous of Kansas.
Lomte, V. S. 1971. Studies on the fresh water mussels of Marathwada Region. Marathwada
University Journal of Science, Section B, Biological Sciences 10(3):143-153.
A detailed systematic study of the freshwater mussels of the Marathwada region, Maharashtra State, India,
228
Corbicula Bibliography
was made. Two families of freshwater mussels, Unionidae and Corbiculidae, are represented. The Unionidae
includes three genera (Lamellidens, Parreysia, and Indonaia) while the Corbiculidae is represented only by
two species of Corbicula.
Lomte, V. S. and M. L. Jadhav. 1982. Effects of toxic compounds on oxygen consumption in the
freshwater bivalve, Corbicula regularis (Prime, 1860). Comparative Physiology and
Ecology 7(1):37-38.
Data on the oxygen consumption of Corbicula regularis kept in freshwater of various oxygen contents
revealed that consumption decreased immediately as the oxygen supply was lowered. The respiratory rate of
C. regularis was much reduced in different concentrations of toxic compounds.
Long, D. P. 1989. Seasonal variation and the influence of thermal effluents on the bioenergetics
of the introduced Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Master of Science Thesis,
University of Texas at Arlington. xvii+212 pp.
Long, D. P. and R. F. McMahon. 1987. High temperature inhibition of growth and reproduction
in a natural field population of Corbicula fluminea. American Society of Zoologists, 1987
Meeting, New Orleans,Louisiana, 27-30 December.
Looby, T. L. 1999. The behavioral monitoring of zebra mussels and Corbicula fluminea under
the stress of control measures. Master of Science Thesis, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. vii+150 pp.
Lopez, G. R. and I. J. Holopainen. 1987. Interstitial suspension-feeding by Pisidium spp.
(Pisidiidae: Bivalvia): A new guild in the lentic benthos? American Malacological Bulletin
5(1):21-30.
Passing reference is made to suspension-feeding by Corbicula.
Lorié, J. 1913. Beschrijving van eenige nieuwe grondboringen. VIII. Verhandlingen van de
Koninklijke Akademie voor Wetenschappen (Amsterdam) 1913:65-72.
Lott, S. L. 1977. Corbicula manilensis Philippi (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae): some aspects of the
functional morphology of the reproductive system, and a preliminary study of shell
composition. Master of Science Thesis, University of Arkansas (Fayetteville). ix+49 pp.
Lubinski, K. S. 1987. Community and population characteristics of mussels in the bed at Illinois
River Mile 3.0-L. IN: Proceedings of the Workshop on Die-Offs of Freshwater Mussels in
the United States, R. J. Neves, Ed. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Upper Mississippi River
Conservation Committee, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(Blacksburg). pp. 104-114.
Mussel density, species composition, and height frequencies of commercial species were quantified in the
mussel bed at Illinois River Mile 3.0-L to determine if changes have occurred in this river reach during the
past twenty years and to provide a data base for interpreting future impacts of barge fleeting, commercial
mussel harvesting, die-offs, or chemical contamination. Quadrats (0.25m2) were searched in two nearshore
zones (WZ1, WZ2) by wading and deeper water (DZ1) using SCUBA methods. Mean densities of live
mussels (16 species) were much greater in DZ1 (25.6/ m2) where substrata included gravel and cobbles in a
sand/clay matrix, than in WZ1 (1.3/ m2) or WZ2 (1.1/ m2) where a layer of silt between 1 and 5 cm in depth
covered the substratum. The maximum density in DZ1 (33.6/ m2) was similar to densities reported for
Mississippi River beds. From an estimated bed size of 15,000 m2, the total number of live mussels in the bed
was calculated to be approximately 360,000. Species-area curves indicated that thresholds were reached in
WZ1 and WZ2 but not in DZ1. Species composition was similar to that reported for the river reach in 1966.
Exceptions included the presence of Corbicula fluminea and Ligumia recta, which had reportedly been
229
Corbicula Bibliography
eliminated, and the absence of Obovaria olivaria. Live/dead ratios in WZ1, WZ2, and DZ1 were 0.67, 0.56,
and 0.69, respectively. Height frequencies of the three major commercial species, Amblema plicata,
Megalonaias gigantea, and Quadrula quadrula were similar to those reported in 1966. Increased annual
harvests during the 1980's, particularly by diving, have not resulted in measurable changes in either species
composition of the community or size structure of commercial species. A recent dead/old dead ratio calculated
for 8 quadrats in DZ1 was low (0.04), suggesting that recent summer die-offs have not occurred in the Illinois
River, as those reported in the Mississippi River.
Luis, E. S., A. H. Balagot, A. C. Villaflor, F. C. Sanchez and E. N. Develles. 1989. Pb, Cd and
Hg contents of bivalves collected during the different seasons of the years. Food
Chemistry 32(4):239-255.
Levels of lead, cadmium and mercury were determined in Ostrea malabonensis, Perna viridis, Arca spp
and Corbicula manilensis , and the seawater where the saltwater bivalves were harvested. The heavy metals
were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The average concentration of Pb, Cd and Hg in the
bivalves ranged from 0 multiplied by 64 to 2 multiplied by 24 ppm, 0 multiplied by 06 to 0 multiplied by
66 ppm and 0 multiplied by 62 to 11 multiplied by 68 ppb, respectively. The variations due to sample and
season of the Pb and Cd contents in the bivalves were found insignificant. The saltwater bivalves exhibited
low bio-accumulation factors for the three metals studied. Overall, the findings demonstrated that the four
bivalves are safe for human consumption and that the ecosystems where they were harvested do not pose
any hazard to man or to marine life.
Luoma, S. N., P. V. Cascos and R. Dagovitz. 1984. Trace Metals in San Francisco Bay,
California, near the Proposed San Luis Drain Discharge Site: A Preliminary Report.
U.S.G.S. Water Resources Division (Sacramento, California), U.S.G.S. Water Resources
Investigatons Report 84-4170. 35 pp.
A 5-month partial study (February to July 1983) was completed in Suisun Bay, a shallow embayment of
San Francisco Bay, California, to determine characteristic heavy metal concentrations present in sediments
and organisms (Corbicula clams) prior to possible discharge of San Luis Drain irrigation tile return water.
Preliminary results show sediments are typical of other San Francisco Bay study sites, ranging from coarse
sands to fine silt-clays. The sediments are enriched in manganese and low in organic carbon; iron is
moderately enriched, with acid-extractable iron concentrations of 162-3,521 μg/g. Sediment concentrations
of silver, zinc, lead, and cadmium measured between April and July are reported. Previous area studies
have shown increased concentrations during autumn and winter, a period not covered in this data set. Due
to insufficient data, interpretations are incomplete. Clam-tissue burdens for silver and zinc are similar to
those found in Corbicula from pristine areas. Lead concentrations are typically below the 2 μg/g detection
level. Corbicula do show indications of more tissue enrichment for cadmium and copper at estuarine
stations than at riverine stations.
Luoma, S. N., R. Dagovitz and E. Axtmann. 1990. Temporally intensive study of trace metals in
sediments and bivalves from a large river-estuarine system: Suisun Bay/Delta in San
Francisco. Science of the Total Environment 97/98:685-712.
Distributions in time and space of Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in fine-grained sediments
and in the filter-feeding bivalve Corbicula sp. of Suisun Bay/delta at the mouth of the Sacramento and San
Joaquin Rivers in North San Francisco Bay. Samples were collected from seven stations at near-monthly
intervals for 3 years. Aggregated data showed little chronic contamination with Ag, Zn and Pb in the river
and estuary. Substantial chronic contamination with Cd, Cu and Cr in Suisun Bay/delta occurred, especially
in Corbicula, compared with the lower San Joaquin River. Salinity appeared to have secondary effects, if
any, on metal concentrations in sediments and metal bioavailability to bivalves. Space/time distributions of
Cr were controlled by releases from a local industry. Analyses of time series suggested substantial inputs of
Cu might originate from the Sacramento River during high inflows to the Bay, and Cd contamination had
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Corbicula Bibliography
both riverine and local sources. Concentrations of metals in sediments correlated with concentrations in
Corbicula only in annually or 3-year aggregated data. Condition index for Corbicula was reduced where
metal contamination was most severe. The biological availability of Cu and Cd to benthos was greater in
Suisun Bay than in many other estuaries. Thus small inputs into this system could have greater impacts than
might occur elsewhere; and organisms were generally more sensitive indicators of enrichment than
sediments in this system.
Lupton, C. T. 1916. Geology and coal resources of Castle Valley, in Carbon, Emery and Sevier
counties, Utah. Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey No. 628:1-88.
Corbicula sp. (related to Corbicula durkeei [Meek, 1869]) is reported from the ferron sandstone member of
the Mancos Cretaceous, Castle Valley, Utah.
Lutz, R. A., M. J. Kennish, A. S. Pooley and L. W. Fritz. 1994. Calcium carbonate dissolution
rates in hydrothermal vent fields of the Guaymas Basin. Journal of Marine Research
52(5):969-982.
Analysis of bivalve shell fragments that were embedded in epoxy blocks, mounted on titanium stakes, and
deployed by DSRV Alvin at 5 sites in the Southern Trough of the Guaymas Basin (27o00'N, 111o24.55'W;
depth 2012 m) indicates significant variation of calcium carbonate dissolution in in situ exposures of more
than 900 days. Arrays of shell fragments of six bivalve species (i.e., Bathymodiolus thermophilus,
Calyptogena magnifica, Calyptogena sp., Corbicula fluminea, Crassostrea virginica and Mytilus edulis)
were positioned -17 cm, -7 cm and -2.5 cm below the sediment-water interface and 2.5 cm, 7 cm and 17 cm
above the sediment-water interface in hydrothermal vent fields of the basin. Maximum dissolution rates for
both calcite (mean = 86 μm/yr) and aragonite (mean = 312 μm/yr) were found in epoxy blocks located at
the deepest point sampled in the sediment column (depth = 17 cm). Minimum dissolution rates of calcite
and aragonite were found 7 cm (mean = 26 μm/yr) and 2.5 cm (mean = 96 μm/yr) above the sedimentwater interface, respectively. Intermediate rates of dissolution were recorded 17 cm above the sedimentwater interface (mean = 40 μm/yr for calcite and 126/yr for aragonite). Mean rates of aragonite dissolution
ranged from 59 μm/yr (site 5; clam area) to 227 μm/yr (site 3; clam area), and those of calcite dissolution
ranged from 13 μm/yr (site 3; clam area) to 94 μm/yr (site 4; bacterial mat area). Dissolution rates were
consistently highest in the bacterial mate area μm/yr (site 4; mean = 94 μm/yr for calcite and 223 μm/yr for
aragonite). Rates of calcium carbonate dissolution reported here for hydrothermal vent fields of the
Guaymas Basin compare favorably with those of Rose Garden (Galapagos Rift) and 21oN (East Pacific
Rise) hydrothermal vent sites. These results have important implications for assessing biological rate
processes in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments.
Luz, K. D. G. 2002. Alterations in the Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes, 1833)
(Osteichthyes, Doradidae) diet due to the abundance variation of a bivalve invader
species in the Itaipu Reservoir, Brazil. Acta Scientiarum 24(2):427-432.
The effect of the population fluctuations of the introduced bivalve Corbicula fluminea on the diet of the
freshwater fish Pterodoras granulosus, was studied. It was observed that during the years with higher
population levels of the bivalve, the fish diet was based mainly on this species, while during the years of
lower population the fish fed mainly on algae and vascular plants.
Lynde, S. R., D. S. Cherry, A. L. Buikema and J. L. Lauth. 1993. Comparison on invertebrate
impairment and microbial colonization of leaves in river sediment exposed to copper.
14th Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry- Ecological
Risk Assessment: Lessons Learned? Houston. Texas, 14-18 November. Abstract Book.
It has been demonstrated that sediments act as both a source and sink for contaminants in the environment.
The need for reliable, reproducible test methods and organisms is apparent. Four invertebrates (Daphnia
magna, Chironomus riparius, Corbicula fluminea, and Hyalella azteca) were exposed to sediments dosed
with copper and their responses compared to determine which organism is best suited for bioassays, using
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Clinch River sediment. Also examined was the colonization of microbes on leaf material. Sediment was
collected from the Clinch River at Cliffield, Virginia, sieved on site and brought back to the laboratory for
dosing. Sediments were dosed with copper (as CuCI2.2H2O) with concentrations ranging from 30 to 3000
mg Cull sediment. Water column and sediment concentrations were determined by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. Ten-day chronic endpoints for D. magna and C. riparius included survival and
reproduction /growth. Survival, growth and tissue water concentration of the Asian clam (Corbicula
fluminea) was tested using 24-48 hour old and less than or equal to 10 mm juveniles. Corbicula tissue
water concentrations did not show significant increases as a response to copper concentration. Survival and
growth in the amphipod (Hyalella azteca) was examined in 28-day bioassays. Leaf disks placed on
sediments in 10-day bioassays were examined under fluorescent microscopy for microbial colonization.
These data show impairment in chronic endpoints at concentrations higher than 300 mg Cu/L sediment.
-- M -Mabille, J. 1887. Sur quelques mollusques du Tonkin. Bulletin Société Malacologique France
4:163.
Corbicula baudoni is discussed.
Mabille, J. 1889. Contributions a la Fauna Malacologique du Tonkin. (Paris). p. 17.
Corbicula ovatella sp. nov. is described (p. 17) and Corbicula vericunda sp. nov. is described from Tonkin
(Vietnam).
Mabille, J. 1901. Testarus novarum diagnoses. Bulletin du Société Philomathique Paris 3(9):56-58.
Corbicula foai sp. nov. is described (p. 58) from Lake Tanganyika.
Mabille, J. and G. LeMeste. 1866. Observations sur la faune malacologique de la Cochinchine et du
Cambodje comprenant a la description des especes nouvelles. Journal de Conchyliologie
14:117-138.
Corbicula largillierti is reported from Cochinchina (Vietnam) and Cambodia.
Mac, M. J., C. C. Edsall, R. J. Hessleberg, and R. E. Sayers, Jr. 1984. Flow Through Bioassay for
Measuring Bioaccumulation of Toxic Substances from Sediment. Final Report, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency EPA-905/3-84-007. 26 pp. [Also published as NTIS
PB85-1755457AS]
A bioassay was developed for testing the solid phase of dredged material that measures the survival of
organisms, and the bioaccumulation of toxic substances. This bioassay is intended to estimate the
bioaccumulation potential from sediments that are not acutely toxic to test organisms, but are suspected of
containing persistent contaminants. Two species of fish, Pimephales promelas and Perca flavescens, and two
invertebrate species, Octalasion tyrtaeus and Corbicula fluminea were used in the evaluation of the
flow-through bioassay. Although not intended as a toxicity test per se, the test enables interpretation of any
mortality that may occur during bioassays.
The results suggest that Corbicula fluminea's suitability as a test organism for measuring bioaccumulation is
questionable due to several factors: (a) it may cease feeding in certain sediments, (b) it had the lowest BCF of all
species tested, and (c) the presence of the shell causes confusion as to what to use as an analytical sample.
Although these bivalves accumulate metals in their shells, the ecological and toxicological significance of this
metal accumulation is unknown. This leads to uncertainty as to whether shells should be included in the
contaminant analysis. Both organic and inorganic analyses are often conducted on samples taken from the same
preparation, but the inclusion of shells in the organics analysis could result in analytical problems.
Macarovici, N. G. 1929. Nota preliminara asupra depozitel or Pliocene din Sudul Modovei.
Memoires Sect. Stiin. Acad. Romana (Bucharesti) III. 6:1-18. [Romanian with a French
232
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summary]
MacDonald, D. G. 1978. Effects of Commercial Entanglement Gear on Striped Bass. Part 3: Life
History Studies of the Smallmouth Buffalo, Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque),in Watts Bar and
Chickamauga Reservoirs, Tennessee. Master of Science Thesis, Tennessee Technological
University (Cooksville). 64 pp. [also published as NTIS PB-80-126105]
Certain aspects of the life history of the smallmouth buffalo in Watts Bar Reservoir and Chickamauga
Reservoir were investigated from February to November 1977. Food habits, age, growth, length-weight
relationship, condition, fecundity and sex ratios were studied. Bivalve molluscs, particularly Corbicula sp,
were the dominant food item found in the diet of smallmouth buffalo from both reservoirs. Other important
food items included Cladocera, Copepoda, and Bryozoa. Age Class 6 was the dominant age class of fish
collected from both reservoirs. Growth was average when compared to published studies on smallmouth
buffalo from other waters. Length-weight relationship for smallmouth buffalo from Watts Bar Reservoir
was LogW = -3.164 + 2.400 LogL while the length-weight relationship of smallmouth buffalo from
Chickamauga Reservoir was LogW = -3.792 + 2.632 LogL. Condition in smallmouth buffalo from both
reservoirs decreased with length and then leveled off.
MacFarland, V. A., A. B. Gibson, and L. E. Meade. 1984. Application of physicochemical
estimation methods to bioaccumulation from contaminated sediments. II. Steady-state from
single time-point observations. IN: Proceedings of a Seminar Applications in Water Quality
Control, G. Willey, Ed. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Committee of Water Quality
(Washington, D.C.). [Also published as NTIS 85-523123 (or AD-A155 514)]
Corbicula fluminea and Pimephales promelas were simultaneously exposed to industrially contaminated river
sediments. A simple kinetics model and physicochemical estimation methods were applied to bioaccumulation
of PCB as total di- and total tri-chlorobiphenyls. Results show that residues measured after a short exposure
period together with elimination rate constants (k2) estimated from octanol/water partition coefficients (Eow) can
be used to approximate steady-state nonequilibrium tissue concentrations (Css). The estimated Css values
obtained using tissue residues (CT) measured after seven days of exposure (t = 7), in the equation
Css = CT/(1 - e-2kt)
agreed with Css values obtained using longer exposures and larger data sets at the a < 0.01 level. Normalization
of residue data on tissue lipid content made comparisons of bioaccumulation between these dissimilar species
possible.
Machena, C. n.d. Macrophyte -- Mollusc Relationship in Lake Kariba. Project Rreport. Lake
Kariba Fisheries Research Institute.
Five species of submerged vegetation Lagarosiphon ilicifolius, Najas pectinata, Vallisneria aethiopica,
Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton octandrus; 7 species of gastropods Melanoides tuberculata,
Bellamya capillata, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bullinus tropicus, Cleopatra sp, and Lymnaea natalensis and 4
species of bivalves Corbicula africana, Caelatura mossambicensis, Mutela dubia and Aspatharia
wahlbergii are correlated with environmental variables particularly slope and transparency, in Lake Kariba.
A stepwise regression analysis further revealed interdependence between (Cleopatra sp., B. pfeifferi, L.
natalensis, B. capillata, and V. aethiopica as well as between as between C. mossambicensis and L.
ilicifolius and N. pectinata. The dependence of B. pfeifferi, L. natalensis, B. capillata, Cleopatra sp. on V.
aethiopica and C. mossambicensis on L. ilicifolius and N. pectinata implies that a change in the biomass of
the vegetation species may affect distribution and biomass of the faunal species.
Mackenthun, K. M. and W. M. Ingram. 1967. Biological Associated Problems in Freshwater
Environments - Their Identification, Investigation and Control. U. S. Department of the
Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 287 pp.
Mackie, G. L. 1978. Shell structure in freshwater Sphaeriacea (Bivalvia: Heterodonta). Canadian
233
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Journal of Zoology 56(1):1-6.
Scanning electron microscope studies of shell fragments of 23 species of freshwater Sphaeriacea (including
Corbicula fluminea) reveal the occurrence of two basic structural types, complex crossed lamellae and pallial
myostracum, throughout the group. X-ray diffraction analyses show that the calcified layers consist of
orthorhombic aragonite. Shell structure and crystal type show little or no variation with different environmental
conditions and are presumably under genetic control.
Mackie, G. L. 1981. Nearctic freshwater Sphaeriacea (Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American
Malacological Union 1981:49-52.
Of thirty-eight sphaeriacean species (including Corbicula fluminea) in Nearctic North America, only Pisidium
ultramontanum, a relict species found living only in northeastern California and south-central Oregon, is
considered an endangered species. Two other species, Sphaerium patella and Pisidium cruciatum, are
considered rare species, being found only in a few small populations in four adjacent west coast states and the
Great Lakes drainage system, respectively. The endangered and rare species status are based on a frequency
distribution of the number of species in 62 states, provinces andterritories in Nearctic North America.
Mackie, G. L. 1984. Bivalves. IN: The Mollusca, Vol. 7, Reproduction, A. S. Tompa, N. H.
Verdonk and J. A. M. van den Biggelaar, Eds. Academic Press (New York). pp. 351-418.
Mackie, G. L. 1986. Functional morphology of the mantle of North American Corbiculacea.
American Malacological Bulletin 4(1):116. [Abstract]
The mantle edges of twenty-one species of freshwater Corbiculacea were examined for differences in
morphologies of mantle folds to determine their taxonomic value and functional significance. The only apparent
familial feature is the presence of three distinct distal folds in the mantle edge of Corbiculidae and two in
Pisidiidae. Within the Pisidiidae the relative lengths of the middle and outer mantle folds and the presence or
absence of cilia and the extent of ciliation on the inner fold appear to be of taxonomic value at the species level.
The cilia probably help circulate water in the mantle cavity, especially in species characteristic of standing
waters.
Mackie, G. L. 1986. Adaptations of Pisidiidae (Heterodonta: Corbiculacea) to freshwater habitats.
IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed.
American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2.
pp. 223-229.
The Pisidiidae have representatives in virtually all types of freshwater habitats, from temporary ponds and
roadside ditches to the deep, cold profundal zones of oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes. A review of the studies
reported to date suggests that there are peculiarities in the structure, composition and morphology of the shell,
and in the anatomy of the gills, siphons and byssal apparatus, as well as in the physiologies and ecologies of
many species that have made the Pisidiidae one of the most common and widely distributed groups of
freshwater invertebrates in all parts of the world.
Mackie, G. L. 1987. Effects of acidifying environments on freshwater mollusks in southern Ontario,
Canada. American Malacological Bulletin 5(1):31-39.
Laboratory and field studies on freshwater Mollusca in several low-alkalinity lakes of south-central Ontario
indicate that neither the hydrogen ion concentration nor the metal (cadmium, lead, aluminum) concentrations in
the lake are lethal as independent of joint toxicity factors. However, changes in the calcareous composition of
the shell and changes in shell morphometry can be related to low alkalinity and/or pH of the environment. These
changes are accompanied by a decreased growth and reproduction that have depressed the production and
species diversity of the molluscan communities. As lakes acidify, the epifaunal grazers (gastropods) in the
molluscan community are replaced by infaunal filter feeders (Pisidiidae). The molluscs can play an important
role in the sources and cycling of carbonates in acidifying environments. Corbicula fluminea shell, which lacks
several layers of conchiolin, dissolve more readily in acidic waters and may act as a buffer.
Mackie, G. L. and D. G. Huggins. 1983. Sphaeriacean clams of Kansas. Technical Publications of
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the State Biological Survey of Kansas No. 14. v + 92 pp.
Notes on the identification, biology, life history, ecology, and distribution of Corbicula fluminea are presented.
Corbicula fluminea is reported for the first time in Kansas at Perry, Wilson, Cedar Bluff, and Cheney reservoirs
and in the Kansas River from Kansas City to Eudora.
MacPhee, D. D. 1986. A mechanical strainer design for Corbicula fouling prevention in the service
water system at Arkansas Nuclear One, Unit 2. IN: Proceedings of theSecond International
Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition
No. 2. pp. 59-61.
Reduced flow in small safety-grade lube oil coolers was found to be caused by accumulations of Corbicula sp.
in the service water supply lines. Installation of conventional, nuclear grade strainers was the preferred solution,
but the twelve month delivery schedule on vendor-designed nuclear components forced consideration of other
means of obtaining strainers. In response, Arkansas Power and Light Company contracted qualified consultants
and welders to design and fabricate "clam traps" from standard piping components. Strainers were completed
within nine months and installed during the next refueling outage. These strainers were designed with
provisions for periodic flushing and cleaning as well as passive removal of clams and debris. This design with
plant specific modifications may be applied to other utilities with similar problems.
Maeda, Y. 1976. The sea level changes of Osaka Bay from 12000 BP to 6000 BP. Environmental
changes during the Holocene. Part I. Journal of Geosciences Osaka City University
20:43-58.
Trace fossils found in sediments of the Nanko Bed were Corbicula leana, Corbicula japonica, Barnea
manilensis and Phragmites sp. The Umeda Bed fossils were C. leana, C. japonica, Crassostrea gigas,
Cipangopaludina sp., Meretrix lusolia and Tegillarca granulosa.
Magoulick, D. D. and L. C. Lewis. 2002. Predation on exotic zebra mussels by native fishes:
effects on predator and prey. Freshwater Biology 47(10):1908-1918.
Exotic zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, occur in southern U.S.waterways in high densities, but little
is known about the interaction between native fish predators and zebra mussels. Previous studies have
suggested that exotic zebra mussels are low profitability prey items and native vertebrate predators are
unlikely to reduce zebra mussel densities. These hypotheses were tested by observing prey use of fishes,
determining energy content of primary prey species of fishes, and conducting predator exclusion
experiments in Lake Dardanelle, Arkansas. Zebra mussels were the primary prey eaten by 52.9% of blue
catfish, Ictalurus furcatus; 48.2% of freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens; and 100% of adult redear
sunfish, Lepomis microlophus. Blue catfish showed distinct seasonal prey shifts, feeding on zebra mussels
in summer and shad, Dorosoma spp., during winter. Energy content (joules g-1) of blue catfish prey
(threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense; gizzard shad, D. cepedianum; zebra mussels; and Asiatic clams,
Corbicula fluminea) showed a significant species by season interaction, but shad were always significantly
greater in energy content than bivalves examined as either ash-free dry mass or whole organism dry mass.
Fish predators significantly reduced densities of large zebra mussels (>5 mm length) colonizing clay tiles in
the summers of 1997 and 1998, but predation effects on small zebra mussels ( ≤5 mm length) were less
clear. Freshwater drum and red ear sunfish process bivalve prey by crushing shells and obtain low amounts
of higher-energy food (only the flesh), whereas blue catfish lack a shell-crushing apparatus and ingest large
amounts of low-energy food per unit time (bivalves with their shells). Blue catfish appeared to select the
abundant zebra mussel over the more energetically rich shad during summer, then shifted to shad during
winter when shad experienced temperature-dependent stress and mortality. Native fish predators can
suppress adult zebra mussel colonisation, but are ultimately unlikely to limit population density because of
zebra mussel reproductive potential.
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Mahajan, A. Y. and S. P. Zambare. 2001. Ascorbate effect on copper sulphate and mercuric
chloride induced alterations of protein levels in freshwater bivalve Corbicula striatella.
Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 3(1-2):95100.
Freshwater bivalves, Corbicula striatella were exposed to acute and chronic doses of copper sulphate and
mercuric chloride with and without ascorbic acid. Protein contents from mantle, foot, gill, gonad and
digestive glands were estimated. Depletion in protein contents in different tissues caused due to heavy
metal stress was much more as compared to those exposed with ascorbic acid and heavy metals.
Makiyama, J. 1923. Some Pliocene mollusks from Maiko, near Kobe. Japanese Journal of Geology
and Geography 2:19-26.
Maksuniv, V. A. 1973. The utilization of the Kayrakkum Reservoir for fisheries. Voprosy
Ikhtiologii 13(4):618-625. [Russian]
On the basis of size-weight and age composition of catches of the most important commercial fish of the
Kayrakkuma water storage basin (Tadzhik SSR, USSR), an analysis of stocks and migration routes is
presented. Abramis brama, Pelecus cultratus, Rutilus rutilus aralensis and Capoetobrama kuschakewitschi
are emphasized. An increase in fattening of certain species of fish was noted after settling of Mysidae in
1963. The prognosis for reserves over the next 5 yr is given. the primary measures for ensuring the
indicated growth of the fish productivity of the reservoir should be: prevention of catching young valuable
fish with an enclosed structure; acclimatization in the water storage basin of crustacea (e.g., Cumacea)
mollusks (Monodacna, Corbicula, etc.) and fish (Chalcalburnus chalcoides and possibly Ictiobus
cyprinellus); selective catching of unprotected species of fish in the shallow upper reaches of the water
storage basin; and introduction of new instruments and fishing methods.
Mandahl-Barth, G. 1954. The fresh-water mollusks of Uganda and adjacent territories. Sciences
geologiques. Annales du Museum Royale du Congo Belge, Tervuren 32:1-206.
Corbicula africana albertina ssp. nov. is described (p. 32) and figured (fig. 86b) from Lake Albert between
Butiaba and the Nile, Uganda.
Mandahl-Barth, G. 1972. The freshwater Mollusca of Lake Malawi. Revue de Zoologie et de
Botanique Africaines 86(3-4):257-289.
A key to the corbiculid species found in Lake Malawi is given.
Mandahl-Barth, G. 1974. New or little known species of fresh water Mollusca from Zaire and
Angola with remarks on the genus Serraia. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 88(2): 352-362.
Corbicula gabonensis is reported from the rivers of lower Zaire around Mimosa Island. The specimens are
compared with Corbicula africana, Corbicula fluminalis and Corbicula fluminalis consobrina. Since little is
known of the Corbiculidae from Zaire and Gabon, it was considered best to regard them a distinct species.
Mandryka, O. N. 1981. Populations of the bivalve Corbicula japonica from brackish water lakes on
the shore of the Sea of Japan. Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta Biologiya 15(3):18-25.
Two populations of Corbicula japonica were studied on the shore of the Sea of Japan. The age-size structure of
alive and dead units of the population was analyzed as well as statistical parameters of linear growth. The shells
from populations of Mramoruoe and Duchovskoe lakes are heterogenous; two groups of characteristic relations
between length and height of the shells were noted. The periodical fluctuations of salinity may cause this
subdivision.
Mansur, M. C. D., C. Schulz, M. G. O. Silva and N. M. R. Campos-Velho. 1991. Moluscos
bivalves limnicos da Estacao Ecologica do Taim e areas adjacentes, Rio Grande do Sul,
Brasil [Limnic bivalve molluscs from Taim Ecological Station and adjacent areas, Rio
236
Corbicula Bibliography
Grande do Sul, Brazil]. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia 71:43-58. [Spanish with English
summary]
A survey of mussel fauna within the Taim Ecological Station and surrounding area located at the plain
coast between the Atlantic Ocean and Mirim Lagoon, extreme South Brazil, was conducted from October
1985 to January 1987. Thirteen native species and the asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea were recorded; nine
reported for the first time for the Station and five for the Mirim Lagoon basin. The habitat preference of
each species is described, as well as the variability concerning Unionoida shell forms of a same clam
species inhabiting adjacent lagoons and also between the population of the Taim and those of others
neighboring basins in the Uruguay and those in the Guaiba and Patos Lagoon, in South Brazil.
Mansur, M. C. D., R. M. Valer and N. C. M. Aires. 1994. Distribuicao e preferencias ambientais
dos moluscos bivalves do acude do Parque de Protecao Ambiental Copesul, Municipio de
Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil [Distribution and environmental preferences of the
freshwater bivale molluscs from Parque de Protecao Ambiental Copesul, Triunfo, Rio
Grande do Sul State, Brazil]. Biociencias 2(1):27-45. [Portuguese with English summary]
From March 1989 until April 1990, qualitative and quantitative surveys on freshwater bivalve molluscs
were carried out on a dam and the outlet channel, a small tributary from Cai River at Parque de Protecao
Ambiental Copesul, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Physical and chemical conditions of the water and the
sediment granulometry of the dam were investigated in order to characterize the habitat preferences of the
mollusks species. The survey revealed the presence of 3 species of Veneroida: 1 Corbiculidae and 2
Sphaeriidae in the dam and 2 species of Veneroida: 1 Sphaeriidae, 1 Corbiculidae and 7 species of
Unionoida: 2 Hyriidae and 5 Mycetopodidae in the channel. The introduced Asiatic clam Corbicula
fluminea (Müller, 1774) reached a maximal population density of 4173 i/m2 in the channel. It is also the
predominant species in the dam with a maximal population density of 2752 i/m2 and it showed a marked
preference for well oxygenated waters, presence of sand and shallow waters. Eupera klappenbachi Mansur
and Veitenheimer, 1975, reached a maximal population density of 2948 i/m2 fixed at the roots of marginal
grass of the dam. Pisidium punctiferum (Guppy, 1867) occurred only in the dam and reached the highest
population density of 1021 i/m2 at a higher depth than Corbicula which probably established a space
competition with Pisidium in lower depths. The following species are reported for the first time to Cai
River basin: Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), Castalia martensi (Ihering, 1891), Monocondylaea
minuana Orbigny, 1835, Andontites iheringi (Clessin, 1882), A. trapezeus (Spix, 1827) and A. trapesialis
(Lamarck, 1819).
March, P. C. and C. R. Stinemetz. 1983. Benthic invertebrates of the earthen Coachella Canal,
California. California Fish and Game 69(2):77-83.
At least 19 taxa of invertebrates inhabited the Coachella Canal, California, in October-November 1980.
Dominants were Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea; a hydropsychid caddisfly, Smicridea utico;
oligochaetes, Aelosoma sp. and Chaetogaster sp.; and chironomid dipeterans. Mean densities were from
158 to 3,678 individuals/m2, and biomass was 2.02 to 7.63 g dry wt/ m2 in mid-channel and near-shore
habitats, respectively. Invertebrate distributions reflected substrate size and stability, and the presence of
organic matter. Concrete structures supported populations of S. utico) and lepidopteran larvae,
Paragyractis confusalis, of 25,000 and 1,500/ m2, respectively, far greater than densities of any
invertebrate on natural substrates.
Marcou, J. B. 1885. Bibliographies of American naturalists. Part 3. Publications relating to the
collection of fossil invertebrates in the United States National Museum including complete
lists of the writings of Fielding B. Meek, Charles A. White, and Charles D. Walcott. United
States National Museum, Bulletin 31. 333 pp.
A listing of the writings of many prominent paleontologists with citations of corbiculid species described, their
237
Corbicula Bibliography
localities, and geologic strata.
Marcou, J. B. 1885. A list of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic types in the collection of the U. S. National
Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 8:290-344.
Corbicula nucalis is reported from the Cretaceous of North America. Corbicula (Veloritina) durkeei, Corbicula
berthoudi White, 1882, Corbicula (Leptesthes) cardinaeformis White, 1877, Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek
and Hayden, 1860), Corbicula (Leptesthes) fracta, Corbicula nebrascensis (Meek and Hayden, 1856),
Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856), Corbicula (Leptesthes) planumbona Meek, 1875, Corbicula
(Leptesthes) subelliptica (Meek and Hayden, 1856), Corbicula subelliptica moreauensis (Meek and Hayden,
1856), Corbicula umbonella `Meek' White, 1883, and Corbicula augheyi White, 1882, are reported from the
Laramie beds. Corbicula (Leptesthes) macropistha White, 1878, is reported from the Laramie Cretaceous.
Corbicula powelli White, 1876, is reported from the Eocene of North America.
Marcou, J. B. 1889. Jura Neocomian and chalk of Arkansas. American Geologist 4:357-367.
Corbicula pikensis Hill, 1888, is referred to the genus Astarte (pp. 36l, 363), a marine genus.
Marcovic-Marjanovic, J. 1975. On the limit Upper Pliocene Lower Pliocene in Yugoslavia.
Giornale di Geologia (Bologna) 41(1-2):179-185.
Markham, S. L., C. H. Hocutt and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980. The crayfish (Decopoda: Astacididae and
Cambaridae) and the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) of the lower New River,
Virginia and West Virginia. Natural History Miscellania, Chicago Academy of Science No.
208. 11 pp.
A survey in the summer of 1979 produced six species of crayfish and six species of freshwater clams.
Cambarus sciotensis was the most abundant crayfish species collected. The introduced species, Oronectes
virilis, has increased its distribution in the New River accounting for three new county records in West Virginia.
Corbicula manilensis was the most abundant clam species present, occurring at 9 of 11 sites. Cyclonaias
tuberculata was the most abundant unionid species present.
Marking, L. L., T. D. Bills and J. H. Chandler, Jr. 1977. Toxicity of furanace to fish, aquatic
invertebrates and frog eggs and larvae. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Investigations in Fish
Control No. 76. 6 pp.
Furanace was toxic to Corbicula leana (LC50 and 95% confidence interval (mg/l) at 24 hrs was >20.0 and for 96
hrs was 11.6 with a range of 8.75 to 15.4 mg/l.
Marking, L. L. and J. H. Chandler, Jr. 1978. Survival of two species of freshwater clams, Corbicula
leana and Magnonaias leokiniana, after exposure to antimycin. U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service Investigations in Fish Control No. 83. 5 pp.
Marking, L. L., J. H. Chandler, and W. P. Dwyer. 1978. Survival of two species of freshwater
clams, Corbicula leana and Magnonaias boykiniana, after exposure to antimycin .
Investigations in fish control 83-85. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
(Washington, D.C.). 5 p.
Markiyama, J. 1927. Vorlaufige bemerkungen über die Tertiarien fossilien von Kamiminoti-gun,
Prov. Sinano. Chikyukagaku 8(3):186.
Corbicula sakensis sp. nov. is described (p. 183) and figured (pl. 3, fig. 3) from Kamiminoti-gun, Sinano
Provence, Tertiary of Japan.
Mars, J. E. 1920. The pleistocene deposits around Cambridge. Quarterly Journal of the Geological
Society 75:204-244.
Marsh, P. C. 1981. Food of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in the Coachella Canal,
California. Journal of the Arizona - Nevada Academy of Science 16(3):91-95.
238
Corbicula Bibliography
Ictalurus punctatus (75 - 414 mm total length) in the Coachella Canal, California, fed primarily upon
Trichoptera (Smicridea utico, Nectopsyche sp.), Odonata, filamentous algae, chironomids and aquatic
Lepidoptera (Paragyractis confusalis). The high use of Lepidoptera larvae is unreported. Threadfin shad
(Dorosoma petense) and Corbicula fluminea, although locally abundant, were not primary food items. These
results emphasize the omnivorous, opportunistic nature of channel catfish feeding habits.
Marsh, P. C. 1985. Secondary production of the introduced Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, in a
central Arizona canal. Hydrobiologia 124(2):103-110.
Corbicula fluminea is often a serious pest where introduced and established outside its native range. This
includes many canals of the southwestern United States. Because of its potential role in organic matter
processing, nutrient dynamics, and sedimentation, the clam is an important component of the benthic
community and of the aquatic ecosystems which it inhabits. To better understand the ecology of C. fluminea in
canals, secondary production and life history of an introduced population of clams in a small, earthen canal in
the Phoenix metropolitan area, central Arizona, were studied over a 12 month period in 1981 - 1982. Clams had
a monthly mean density of 2,255 m-2, single annual spawning, 2 yr life span, and overlapping cohorts. Annual
secondary production (site-frequency method) was 25.62 g dry mass (DM) m-2 and cohort production
(composite Allen curve) was 29.32 DM m-2, with turnover ratios of 2.70 and 5.81, respectively. These are
among the highest known single-species estimates for molluscs, and illustrate the importance of clams in these
unique southwestern aquatic systems.
Marsh, P. C. and C. R. Stinemetz. 1983. Benthic invertebrates of the earthen Coachella Canal,
California. California Fish and Game 69(2):77-83.
At least 19 taxa of invertebrates inhabited the Coachella Canal, California, in October-November 1980.
Dominants were Corbicula fluminea; a hydropsychid caddisfly, Smicridea utico; oligochaetes, Aelosoma sp.
and Chaetogaster sp.; and chironomid dipterans. Mean densities were from 158 to 3,678 individuals/m2, and
biomass was 2.02 to 7.63 g dry weight/m2 in mid-channel and near-shore habitats, respectively. Invertebrate
distributions reflected substratum size and stability, and the presence of organic matter. Concrete structures
supported population of S. utico and lepidopteran larvae, P. confusalis, of 25,000 and 1,500/m2, respectively, far
greater than densities of any invertebrate on natural substrata.
Marshall, B. E. 1975. Observations on the freshwater mussels (Lamellibranchia: Unionacea) of Lake
McIlwaine, Rhodesia. Arnoldia 7(16):1-16.
Five lamellibranch species were stranded on the exposed mud around Lake McIlwaine when the lake dropped
to its lowest level in 1973. Mutela madili was the commonest species, followed by Unio mossambicensis.
Corbicula africana was less numerous while one specimen only of Unio caffer and Aspataria wahlbergi was
found. These species appear to be essentially riverine animals as their greatest densities and largest individuals
occurred in the Hunyani River section of the lake. Mutela had three length-frequency modes, suggesting
different age classes but not enough is known of growth and aging in this species to establish this with any
certainty.
Marshall, W. B. 1924. New Uruguayan mollusks of the genus Corbicula. Proceedings of the U. S.
National Museum 66(2552). 12 pp.
Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) Circularis sp. nov. is described (p. 3) and figured (pl. 2, figs. 1-3) from the Uruguay
River, Uruguay. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) compacta sp. nov. is described (p. 4) and figured (pl. 2, figs. 10-12)
from Paysandu, Uruguay. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) delicata sp. nov. is described (pp. 4-5) and figured (pl. 2,
figs. 4-5) from the Department of Paysandu, Uruguay. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) exquisita sp. nov. is described
(pp. 5-6) and figured (pl. 1, figs. 9, 19, 12) from the Department of Colonia, Uruguay. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas)
felipponei sp. nov. is described (pp. 6-7) and figured (pl. 1, figs. 1, 7, 11) from the Uruguay River, Nueva
Palmira, Department of Colonia, Uruguay. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) fortis sp. nov. is described (pp. 7-8) and
figured (pl. 2, figs. 7-9) from the Department of Colonia, Uruguay [Other specimens are noted in the collection
of the USNM from Arroyo de Pando, Department of Canelones, and Paysandu, Department of Paysandu,
239
Corbicula Bibliography
Uruguay]. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) oleana sp. nov. is described (pp. 8-9) and figured (pl. 1, figs. 2-4) from
Arroyo de Malvin, Department of Montevideo, Uruguay [Other specimens are noted in the collection of the
USNM from the Uruguay River, Paysandu, Uruguay]. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) paysanduensis sp. nov. is
described (pp. 9-10) and figured (pl. 1, figs. 5, 6, 8) from the Uruguay River, Paysandu, Uruguay.
Marshall, W. B. 1927. New species of mollusks of the genus Corbicula from Uruguay and Brazil.
Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum 72(2699). 7pp.
Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) teisseirei sp. nov. is described (pp. 2-3) and figured (pl. 1, figs. l, 1) from Arroyos in
the Department of Colonia, Uruguay. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) simplex sp. nov. is described (pp. 3-4) and
figured (pl. 1, figs. 3, 4) from Arroyos in the Department of Colonia, Uruguay. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas)
quahybensis sp. nov. is described (pp. 4-5) and figured (pl. 1, figs. 9, 10) from the Guahyba River, Rio Grande
do Sul, Brazil. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) undulata sp. nov. is described (p. 5) and figured (pl. 1, figs. 5, 6) from
the Bay of Colonia, Rio de la Plata, Uruguay. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) iheringi sp. nov. is described (p. 6) and
figured (pl. 1, figs. 11, 12) from S. Leopols, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) platensis sp.
nov. is described (pp. 6-7) and figured (pl. 1, figs. 7, 8) from the Bay of Colonia, Rio de la Plata, Uruguay.
Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) circularis, Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) compacta, Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) delicata,
Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) exquisita, Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) felipponei, Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) fortis,
Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) oleana, and Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) paysanduensis are also discussed.
Martens, E. von. 1860. Verzeichniss der von Prof. Peters in Mossambique gesammelten Land- und
Süsswasser-Mollusken. Malakozoologische Blätter 6:211-22l.
Corbicula astartina sp. nov. is described (pp. 219-220) and figured (pl. 3, figs. 6, 7) from tette in the Zambeze
River, Lorenzo Marques, Africa. Corbicula africana (Krauss) is also discussed.
Martens, E. von. 1860. De Japanesischen
Malakozoologische Blätter 7:32-61.
Binnenschnecken
im
Leidener
Museum.
Examples of Corbicula largillierti and Corbicula fluminea in the Leiden Museum are discussed with regard to
morphology and distribution.
Martens, E. von. 1860. On the Mollusca of Siam. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1860:6-18.
Cyrena (Corbicula) orientalis Lamarck is redescribed and shell measurements are provided.
Martens, E. von. 1864. Fossile Süsswasser-Conchylien aus Siberien. Zeitschrift der Deutschen
Geologischen Gesellschaft 16:345-351.
Corbicula fluminalis is discussed.
Martens, E. von. 1866. Uebersicht der Land- unde S:usswasser-Mollusken des Nil-Gebiets.
Malakozoologische Blätter 13:1-21.
Corbicula cor, Corbicula consobrina and Corbicula pusilla are reported from the Nile River of Egypt.
Martens, E. von. 1869. Uebersicht der Land- und Süsswasser-Mollusken der Ostafrikanischen Kuste
von Cap Guardafui bis Port Natal nebst den Nachstliegenden Inseln. pp. 140-161.
Corbicula astartina is reported from Tette in Zambeze and Lake Nyassa. Corbicula radiata is reported from
Tette, Zambeze and the Orange Free State. Corbicula pusilla is reported from the Orange Free State. Corbicula
kirkii is reported from Mosambique.
Martens, E. von. 1869. Conchologische Notizen. -1. Westafricanische Conchylien von G. Rohlfs. 2.
Noch eine Himalaya-schnecke. 3. Die australische Gruppe der Helix pomum. 4. Die
Unionen der Mark 1767. 5. Zustaz zu den Nil-Mollusken. 6. Ueber Helix marginata.
Malakozoologische Blätter 16:72-88.
Corbicula variegata (Orbigny) is synonymized with Corbicula limosa (Maton). Corbicula obsoleta (Deshayes)
is perhaps Corbicula paranensis (Orbigny).
240
Corbicula Bibliography
Martens, E. von. 1871. Ueber einige Schnecken von Palastina. Malakozoologische Blätter 18:53-61.
Corbicula fluminalis is reported from Jordan. Corbicula fluviatilis reported by Mousson and Tristram from the
same area is identified as C. fluminalis.
Martens, E. von. 1871. Die ersten Landschnecken von Samarkand. Malakozoologische Blätter
18:61-69.
Corbicula fluminalis from Egyptian waters is discussed and compared with Corbicula consobrina.
Martens, E. von. 1873. Die Binnenmollusken Venezuela's. Fred. Dummlers Verlagsbuchhandlung
(Berlin). 69 pp.
Corbicula cuneata (Jonas, 1844) is reported from the Orinoco River, Venezuela.
Martens, E. von. 1874. Fossile Süsswasser-Conchylien aus Siberien. II. Zeitschrift der Deutschen
Geologischen Gesellschaft 26:741-751.
Martens, E. von. 1874. Ueber Vordisiatische Conchylien, nach den Sammlungen des Prof.
Hausknecht. (Cassel). 127 pp.
Cyrena (Corbicula) fluminalis is reported from Syria. Cyrena (Corbicula) saulcyi is also discussed.
Martens, E. von. 1874. Mollusca. IN: Puteschestvie v Turkestan, ii. Zoogeographicheskia
Izsledovania, Tschast 1, Slisnjaki [Researches in Turkestan, Vol 2, Zoological Observations,
Part 2, Mollusks], A. Fedchenko, Ed. St. Petersburg and Moscow. 66 pp.
Corbicula minima `Clessin' sp. nov. is described (p. 35) and figured (pl. 3, fig. 30) from Samarkand.
Martens, E. von. 1876. Binnen-Mollusken von Chiwa. Jahrbucher Malakologische Gesellschaft
3:334-337.
Corbicula fluminalis oxiana ssp. nov. is described (p. 337) and figured (pl. 4, f. 15) from a dry bed of an arm of
the Amu Daria, China.
Martens, E. von. 1876. Transkaukasische Mollusken von Dr. O. Schneider gesammelt. Jahrbucher
Deutschen Malakozoologische Gesellschaft 3:364-370.
Corbicula fluminalis is reported from Saljan.
Martens, E. von. 1877. Uebersicht :uber die von Hilgendorf und Donitz in Japan gesammelten
binnenmollusken. Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Berlin
1877:97-123.
Corbicula transversa is described (p. 120) from Yokohama, Japan.
Martens, E. von. 1879. Subfossile S:usswasser-Conchylien aus dem Fajum. Sitzungsberichte
Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Berlin 1879:100-102.
Martens, E. von. 1882. Centralasiatische Mollusken. Memoirs de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences
de St.-Petersbourg. VII Serie 30(11):1-65.
Corbicula fluminalis oxiana is figured (pl. 4, fig. 15) from China.
Martens, E. von. 1883. Die Weich- und Schaltiere (Leipzig and Prague). 201 pp.
Martens, E. von. 1886. Subfossile S:usswasser-Conchylien aus Aegypten. Sitzungsberichte
Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Berlin 1886:126-129.
Martens, E. von. 1891. S:usswasser Mollusken des malayischen Archipels im Allegemenen und
einen neuen Unio aus Borneo. Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin
1891:109-112.
The ecology of bivalves in the genus Corbicula in Malaya is briefly discussed.
Martens, E. von. 1897. Beschalte Weichthiere, Deutsch Ost-Afrikas, IV, 308 pp.
Corbicula astartina is discussed.
241
Corbicula Bibliography
Martens, E. von. 1897. S:uss- und Brackwasser Mollusken der Indischen Archipels. IN: Zoologische
Ergebnisse einer Reise in Nederlandisch Ost Indien 4:1-331.
Corbicula subplanata sp. nov. is described (p. 112) and figured (pl. 7, figs. 7-10) from the Minrang River,
Celebes. Corbicula celebensis sp. nov. is described (pp. 113-114) and figured (pl. 7, figs 11-13) from Makassar,
south Celebes. Corbicula trapezoidea sp. nov. is described (pp. 115-116) and figured (pl. 7, figs. 14-19) from
Lake Danau, Sumatra. Corbicula angulifera sp. nov. is described (p. 116) and figured (pl. 7, figs. 28-31) from
Lake Danau, Sumatra. Corbicula lacustris sp. nov. is described (pp. 118-120) and figured (pl. 7, figs. 20-24)
from Lake Singkarah, Sumatra. Corbicula gibba sp. nov. is described (p. 121) and figured (pl. 7, figs. 25-27)
from Lake Danau, Sumatra.
The systematics and zoogeography of the following species of Corbicula are also discussed: Corbicula
javanica, Corbicula moltkeana, Corbicula tumida, Corbicula ducalis, Corbicula sulcata, Corbicula pullata,
Corbicula rivalis, Corbicula compressa, and Corbicula pulchella.
Martens, E. von. 1899. Conchologische Miscellen. III. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 56:27-48.
Corbicula regularis (non-Prime, 1860) is described from the northern Shan States. Corbicula notlingi sp. nov. is
described (p. 47) and figured (pl. 4, figs. 7-9) from Hpaung, Burma, Northern Shan States in a small pool.
Other species discussed include Corbicula larnaudiei and Corbicula irawaddica.
Martens, E. von. 1900. Ueber Land- und S:usswasser-Schnecken aus Sumatra. Nachrichtsblatt der
Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 32:3-18.
Corbicula gustaviana sp. nov. is described (p. 16) from Lake Danau, west Sumatra. Corbicula tobae sp. nov. is
described (p. 17) from Lake Toba near Tongging, Sumatra. Corbicula moltkeana and Corbicula sulcata are also
reported from Sumatra.
Martens, E. von. 1903. S:usswasser - conchylien von Sudfur der Tsad-Sees. Sitzungsberichte
Gesellschaft Naturforschender Fruende zu Berlin 1903:5-10.
Martens, E. von. 1904. Conchylien von Urmia See. Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender
Fruende zu Berlin 1904:18-19.
Corbicula crassula is discussed.
Martens, E. von. 1905. Koreanische S:usswasser-Mollusken. Zoologischen Jahrbuchen, Supplement
8:23-70.
Corbicula elatior sp. nov. is described (p. 65) and figured (pl. 2, fig. 5) from "Mittlerer Arm des Naktonggang,
Hauptfluss de Proviz Kyongsango, zwischen Tongnai und Kimhai." Corbicula producta sp. nov. is described
(p. 66) and figured (pl. 2, fig. 8) from "Keumgang bei Kongju, Provinz Chhunghhongdo." Corbicula papyracea
colorata ssp. nov. is described (pp. 67-69) and figured (pl. 2, fig. 10) from "Uslan, nordlich von Tongdosa in
derselben Provinz".
Other species discussed are Corbicula papyracea, Corbicula aquilina, Corbicula fluminalis, Corbicula
fluminea, Corbicula orientalis, Corbicula jodina, Corbicula portentosa var. b, Corbicula transversa, Corbicula
donitziana, and Corbicula ovata.
Martens, E. von. 1908. Beschribung einiger in ostlichen Borneo von Dr. Martin Schmidt
gesammelten Land- und Süsswasser-Conchylien. Hrsg. von John Thiele Mitteilungen aus
dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4:249-292).
Corbicula bitruncata sp. nov. is described (p. 290) from Sungai Golek, eastern Sungkulirang, east Borneo.
Martin, P. R. and A. L. Estebenet. 2002. Spread of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea in
Southern Pampas and Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Freshwater Ecology
17(2):331-334.
The presence of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1778) was recorded in three streams during an extensive
malacological survey in southern Buenos Aires province. The observed high densities and large sizes
242
Corbicula Bibliography
suggest an introduction date earlier than 1995. Downstream spread from its first records in the Colorado
River and the Negro River has also been registered.
Martin, S. G. 1971. An Analysis of the Histopathologic Effects of Copper Sulfate on the Asiatic
Freshwater Clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of
Washington (Seattle). 132 pp.
Corbicula fluminea was exposed to various concentrations of CuSO4 and the histopathological and behavioral
responses were studied. Based on the histological findings, several mechanisms of toxicity were proposed
following external contact of Cu with the mantle or gills or internal contact with the digestive tract epithelial
tissues. The capacity for tissue recovery was high in clams exposed to 12 ppb, but incomplete in those initially
exposed to higher concentrations.
Martin, S. G. and A. K. Sparks. 1971. Histopathological effects of copper sulfate on the Asiatic
clam, Corbicula fluminea. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 61:10.
[Abstract]
Corbicula fluminea were exposed to various concentrations of copper sulfate and their histopathological and
behavioral responses studied. In addition, the tissue recovery potential and starvation effects were analyzed. For
low exposure levels (12-50 ppb), the first tissues showing changes were the digestive diverticula, with increased
intracellular vacuolization, then the gills, with hemocytic infiltration and increased mucocyte production, and
the mantle epithelium, with fragmentations, necrosis, and tissue sloughing. At medium levels of exposure
(125-250 ppb), the gills were first affected, followed by the digestive tubules and collecting ducts. For high
concentrations (above 250 ppb), the digestive tubules were first affected, followed by the gills and mantle
epithelium.
Clams held in concentrations above 250 ppb for more than 14 days showed effects of starvation, and no clams
were observed actively siphoning at concentrations of 500 ppb and above. Tissue recovery was complete in
clams exposed to 12 ppb, then placed in copper-free water, but was incomplete or only partially complete after
exposure to higher concentrations. The mantle epithelium showed the highest recovery potential. Copper was
found primarily in the mantle and gill epithelium, the digestive tubules and in the hemocytes.
Martinez E. R. 1987. Corbicula manilensis molusco introducido en Venezuela [Corbicula
manilensis Asiatic mollusc introduced in Caripe and San Juan rivers, Monagas,
Venezuela.] Acta Cientifica Venezolana 38(3):384-385. [Spanish with English summary]
Several specimens of Corbicula manilensis were collected in the Caripe and San Juan rivers, close to the town
of Caripito, Monagas State, Venezuela. This finding is the first reported for the country and deal with the
introduction and dispersal of this exotic Asian species.
Martinson, G. G. 1961. Mesozoic and Cenozoic molluscs in continental deposits of the Siberian
Platform, Transbaikal and Mongolia. Trudy Baikal Limnological Station 19:1-332. [Russian]
Corbicula triangularis sp. nov. is newly described from the upper Cretaceous of Mongolia.
Maru, K. 1981. Reproductive cycle of the brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica in Lake
Abashiri, Japan. Scientific Reports of Hokkaido Fisheries Experimental Station 23:83-95.
Corbicula japonica is a principal brackish water bivalve commercially harvested in Japan. Histological
observations were made to determine the reproductive cycle and biological minimum size of this species. The
materials were collected from Lake Abashiri, northeastern Hokkaido, at monthly intervals from May 1978 to
December 1979. The developmental stages of the germ cells were classified as follows: Female germ cells (1)
oogonium stage, (2) early oocyte stage, (3) yolkless stage, (4) early yolk-formation stage, (5) late
yolk-formation stage, and (6) maturation stage. Male germ cells (1) spermatogonium stage, (2) primary
spermatocyte stage, (3) secondary spermatocyte stage, (4) spermatid stage and (5) spermatozoon stage. On the
basis of cytological characteristics in the development of the germ cells, the maturational processes of the gonad
were classified as (l) undifferentiated stage, (2) resting stage, (3) early growing stage, (4) late growing stage, (5)
243
Corbicula Bibliography
maturing stage, (6) breeding stage, and (7) spent stage. From the histological observations, seasonal changes in
gonad development are summarized as follows. Female: resting stage, September-May; early growing stage,
May and October-December; late growing and maturing stage, June; breeding stage, July-September; spent
stage, September. Male: resting, September-May; early growing and late growing stage, May-June and
October-March; maturing stage, June-July; breeding stage, July-September; spent stage, September. Sexual
differentiation began at a shell length of 10 mm and most individuals reached first maturity at 15 mm in shell
length after the lapse of three years since they were hatched. The biological minimum sizes observed were shell
length of 10.5 mm in female and 14.3 mm in male.
Marwoto, R. M. and M. Djajasasmita. 1986. Competition and population density of the molluscan
fauna in Lake Singkarak, West Sumatra. Berita Biologi 3(6):292-295. [Indonesian with
Indonesian and English summary]
A study of the composition and density of the molluscan fauna of coastal waters in Lake Singkarak, West
Sumatra, Indonesia, was performed in October 1982. The molluscs consisted of four thiarids (Brotia costula,
Melanoides granifera, Melanoides tuberculata, and Thiara scabra), two planorbids (Gyraulus feunerborni and
Gyraulus sumatranus), one bulimid (Emmericiopsis lacustris) and Corbicula moltkeana). The stony and sandy
coastal water substrata is dominated by B. costula (59/0.09 m2) followed by C. moltkeana (32/0.09 m2), E.
lacustris (31/0.09 m2), M. tuberculata (21/0.09 m2) and the other species 1 - 10/0.09 m2. The water quality
(temperature 27.7oC, pH 6.3, alkalinity 88.5 ppm, and dissolved oxygen 7.95) and food (detritus and
periphyton) seems to be adequate to support molluscan life.
Massengill, R. R., J. M. Vozarik, D. E. Morgan and M. Keser. 2004. Comparison of benthic
community structure in the lower Connecticut River before, during, and after operation of
the Connecticut Yankee Power Plant. American Fisheries Society Monograph No. 9:441454.
This study was conducted in 2002, 6 years after the Connecticut Yankee Nuclear power plant (CY) was
permanently retired, to characterize the post-operational benthic community around CY and compare it to
the preoperational (1965-1967) and early operational (1968-1972) communities described in the original
Connecticut River Ecological Study. Benthic communities in the lower Connecticut River were dominated
by annelids in the preoperational and early operational periods. Mollusks were the numerically dominant
phylum in the 2002 post-operational sampling year, primarily due to high abundance of Asiatic clams (also
known as Asian clams) Corbicula fluminea introduced to the Connecticut River in the 1990s. Trend
analyses of total annual abundance and numbers of species showed no significant trend during the 19651972 period at stations with silt or sand sediment types. Total annual abundance and number of taxa were
highest in 2002 when compared to data from 1965 to 1972. Communities were also more diverse in 2002,
with 71 taxa identified compared to 29 and 34 in the preoperational and operational periods, respectively.
More insect taxa were identified in both preoperational (11) and operational (16) periods than any other
taxonomic group. Insects (38 taxa) were also the dominant taxonomic group in 2002. Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) revealed no significant differences between preoperational and operational periods in total
annual abundance and numbers of taxa at sand stations. There was no significant difference between
preoperational and operational data for the number of taxa at silt stations, but there was a significant
increase for total annual abundance. The shift in community structure toward higher numbers of taxa, and
total annual abundance during 2002, when compared to data from the preoperational and operational
periods, was attributed to improvement of water quality in the Connecticut River during the last 30 years,
recovery of the submerged aquatic plant genus Vallisneria, and the introduction of Corbicula fluminea in
the early 1990s.
Massoud ,J. and M. Hedayeti-Far. 1979. Freshwater mollusk fauna of the Khuzestan and
Khorram-Abad areas in southwestern Iran. Malacological Review 12(1-2):96.
244
Corbicula Bibliography
Khuzestan and Khorramabad areas of southwestern Iran have a good variety of aquatic snails, and a high
incidence of snail-borne trematode infections in man and other animals. The species of aquatic snails found
in the Khuzestan area were: Bulinus truncatus, Gyraulus intermixtus, G. euphraticus, Lymnaea (Radix)
auricularia, L. (Fossaria) truncatula, Physa acuta, Melanoides tuberculata, Melanopsis costata, M.
praerosa, M. nodesa, Viviparus bengalensis, Corbicula fluviatilis, Theodoxus euphraticus, T. cinctellus,
and Unio sp; and in the Khorramabad area: Gyraulus convexiusculus, Melanopsis buccinoides, Theodoxus
doriae, Bithynia rubens, Physa acuta, Lymnaea (Radix) auricularia, L. (Fossaria) truncatula and Pisidium
nitidum . A table showing parasites, intermediate host and final host is also presented.
Masumi, Y. and I. Koike. 1993. Nitrogen metabolism of the filter-feeding bivalve Corbicula
japonica and its significance in primary production of a brackish lake in Japan.
Limnology and Oceanography 38(5):997-1007.
Mathiak, H. A. 1979. A River Survey of the Unionid Mussels of Wisconsin 1973-1977. Sand Shell
Press (Horicon, Wisconsin). 75 pp.
Corbicula fluminea is reported from the St. Croix River, Wisconsin.
Maton, W. G. 1809. Descriptions of seven new species of Testacea. Transactions of the Linnean
Society (London) 10:325-332.
Corbicula limosa sp. nov. is described (p. 325) and figured (pl. 24, figs. 8-10) from "the rivers of South
America."
Matsuda, H. and K. Nishimori. 2003. A size-structured model for a stock-recovery program for
an exploited endemic fisheries resource. Fisheries Research, Amsterdam 60(2-3):223236.
The size of harvests temporarily decreases following stock-recovery programs for overexploited resources.
The process of stock recovery is quite uncertain, because of unknown life-history parameters, changes in
environmental conditions, and human impact. To project future stock recovery, we considered a sizestructured matrix model of a stock-recovery program, in which the minimum body size in the first harvest
is increased. Some common concepts were applied, including yield per recruitment, spawning per
recruitment, and reproductive value, to a size-structured matrix model that incorporated economic
discounting. The size-structured model predicted the following characteristics in stock-recovery processes:
several years must pass for the harvest to increase, and the time-lag between the inception of the
management program and the increase in the catch is caused by intergenerational momentum in
demography. The effects on the recovery process of temporal environmental fluctuations were also
investigated and applied to a model stock-recovery program of the corbiculid Seta clam (Corbicula sandai)
in Lake Biwa, Japan.
Matsuoka, K., T. Kimura, S. Kimura and K. Yamaguchi. 1999. Takayasu, Katsumi Molluscan
fauna of the lower reaches of the Toyogawa River. Science Report of the Toyohashi
Museum of Natural History 9(Supplement):15-24. [Japanese]
The Toyogawa River is a typical river in Higashimikawa area, and flows to the eastern part of Mikawa
Bay, central Japan. Samples for water quality and molluscan fauna analysis were taken from 20 stations on
May 31 and June 1, 1997. Salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, current velocity, and bottom
sediments were measured. The salt wedge reaches up to about 10km from the river mouth. The bottom
sediments of the lower reaches mainly consist of sand. The molluscs are identified to 15 genera and 17
species of gastropods, and 11 genera and 12 species of bivalves. These molluscs are composed of
freshwater species, brackish water species, and marine species. The freshwater species are a stenohaline
freshwater species, Semisulcospira reiniana and a euryhaline freshwater species, Corbicula leana. The
brackish water species are Clithon retropictus, Assiminea japonica, and Corbicula japonica. A typical
euryhaline gastropod, Clithon retropictus is distributed from freshwater to seawater area. The molluscan
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assemblage dominated Corbicula japonica is widely distributed over the brackish water area. Reticunassa
festiva, Scapharca subcrenata, Musculista senhousia, and Ruditapes philippinarum are a dominant species
during the polyhaline to sea water. Musculista senhousia was found to tolerate exposure to low salinity
more than other marine species. The salinity is the dominant factor affecting the changes in the distribution.
Matsushima, O. 1980. The efflux and tissue content of ninhydrin positive substances in brackish and
freshwater clams Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana with special reference to osmotic
responses. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonensis 53(2):77-88.
Total amount of ninhydrin positive substances (NPS) in the whole tissue and excised foot muscle of brackish
and freshwater clams, Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana was determined with the course of time after the
transfer from freshwater to 30% sea water. NPS content of the C. japonica increased more than that of the
freshwater C. leana, although it remained the same in both species when they were maintained in fresh water.
When C. japonica was transferred from 30% sea water to various salinities, NPS efflux from the bivalves
increased and its content in the whole tissue decreased with decreasing salinity. The highest rate of efflux was
found at 8 hrs. after the transfer. Water content in the tissue of C. japonica decreased within 3 hrs. after the
transfer from fresh water to 30% sea water and the dehydrated condition lasted for at least a week. The tissue of
the same species exposed to the reverse osmotic stress at first became swollen and then resumed the initial
hydration within a few days.
Matsushima, O. 1982. Comparative studies on responses to osmotic stress in brackish and
freshwater clams. Journal of Science of Hiroshima University, Series B, Division I
(Zoology) 30(1):173-192.
Osmotic responses of brackish and freshwater clams, Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana, were
comparatively studied in an attempt to ellucidate the physiological characteristics underlying their salinity
tolerance. In C. japonica exposed to hypoosmotic stress, rapid decreases in osmotic pressure of the mantle fluid
and concentration of tissue ninhydrin positive substances (NPS), and temporary elevations in hemolymph NPS
concentration, tissue ammonia concentration and ammonia excretion rate were found. When the excised foot
tissue of C. japonica was exposed to hypoosmotic stress, it released a large amount of NPS. The cells exposed
to hypoosmotic stress probably release intracellular free amino acids into the hemolymph. The amino acids are
degrade and their amino groups are excreted as ammonia. When the clams were exposed to hyperosmotic stress,
the concentration of tissue NPS increased but the time relationship was different between the two species.
Ammonia concentration in a whole soft tissue decreased in C. japonica but increased in C. leana in response to
hyperosmotic stress. Glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) activities were a few times higher in C. japonica than in
C. leana. In C. japonica, the enzyme activity of the clam acclimated to 30% seawater was significantly higher
than that of the clam acclimated to freshwater. The difference in ammonia fixing capacities through GDH action
may account for the difference to salinity tolerance between the two species.
Matsushima, O. 1988. Accumulation and conservation of free amino acids in isolated bivalve
foot muscle exposed to hyperosmotic conditions. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology, Part A 90A(2):349-353.
The ionic requirements for the accumulation and conservation of free amino acids (FAA) within cells were
investigated using hyperosmotically-stress foot preparations from a brackish-water bivalve, Corbicula
japonica. These results suggest that a FAA increase during the initial stage of high salinity adaptation
requires only an external osmolarity increase, but that both external divalent cation and transmembrane Na
gradient are essential for conservation of hyperosmotically-accumulated FAA within cells.
Matsushima, O. 1990. Uptake of L- and D-alanine by a brackishwater bivalve in relation to
salinity. Zoological Science 7(6). [Abstract]
The brackish-water bivalve, Corbicula japonica, contains high concentrations of L- and
D-ala (20-40 mM each) as intracellular osmolytes, which fluctuate remarkably with
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Corbicula Bibliography
external salinity. Uptake of L- and D-ala by C. japonica was studied in relation to
external salinity and the transport pathways. The animals acclimated to 250 mOsm (1/4
SW) took up L-ala at external concentration as low as 10 μM and showed much higher
uptake rates than the freshwater-acclimated animals. The results suggest that the
transport mechanism may play an important role in maintaining the steep concentration
gradients of ala between environment and intracellular fluid.
Matsushima, O. and Y. S. Hayashi. 1988. Uptake and accumulation of amino acids in the
brackish-water bivalve Corbicula japonica Prime during high salinity acclimation.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 123(3):201-210.
L-alanine in the external medium was taken up more rapidly by intact animals of the brackish-water
bivalve Corbicula japonica transferred from freshwater to 250 mOsm than to mOsm. The animals
transferred to 250 mOsm took up L-alanine at a rate comparable to that of elevation of the concentration of
ninhydrin positive substances (NPS) in tissues. Augmentation by exogenous L-alanine was not found in the
tissues incubated under the isosmotic condition. Uptake of amino acids appears to contribute, at least
partly, to intracellular osmoregulation during high salinity acclimation.
Matsushima, O. and Y. S. Hayashi. 1992. Metabolism of D- and L-alanine and regulation of
intracellular free amino acid levels during salinity stress in a brackish-water bivalve
Corbicula japonica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 102A(3):465471.
High salinity-induced accumulation of free amino acids (FAA) in tissues of a brackish-water calm
(Corbicula japonica) was compared between animals incubated in the presence or absence of externally
added amino acids, of which concentration and composition roughly mimicked those occurring in the
habitat. Most FAA were accumulated without significant difference between the two groups with or
without added FAA. D-alanine appeared to be metabolized through conversion to L-alanine by the action
of alanine racemase.
Matsushima, O., Y. Hayashi, H. Katayama, K. Yamadam and Y. Kado. 1984. Effect of metabolic
inhibitors on hyperosmotically induced free amino acid accumulation in the isolated foot
muscle of the brackish-water bivalve Corbicula japonica. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology A, Comparative Physiology 79(4):685-690.
Accumulation of free amino acids (FAA) in the isolated foot muscle of Corbicula japonica during the initial
stage of hyperosmotic stress was quantitatively and qualitatively similar to that of the foot of the intact animal.
Aminooxyacetate (AOA), a transaminase inhibitor, markedly inhibited alanine accumulation and promoted
ornithine accumulation in the isolated foot. Iodoacetate (IAA), a glycolytic inhibitor, caused no significant
alteration in the alanine level and the TLC pattern of FAA. Both the inhibitors scarcely influenced the pool size
of total ninhydrin positive substances (NPS). A major part of the carbon of accumulated FAA during the initial
stage of hyperosmotic stress did not seem to arise from glycolysis. Free D-alanine as well as L-alanine
accumulated in isolated foot muscle exposed to hyperosmotic stress.
Matsushima, O., H. Katayama, and K. Yamada. 1987. The capacity for intracellular osmoregulation
mediated by free amino acids in three bivalve molluscs. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology 109(1):93-99.
The capacity for intracellular osmoregulation mediated by free amino acids was examined using isolated foot
preparations from three bivalves: the oligohaline Corbicula japonica, freshwater euryhaline Corbicula leana,
and freshwater stenohaline Anodonta woodiana. In response to a salinity increase in the incubation medium,
ninhydrin-positive substances accumulated in the isolated foot of the oligohaline and freshwater euryhaline
species, but not in the freshwater stenohaline species. Possible explanations for such a difference were
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considered along with its evolutionary significance regarding the entrance of bivalves into the freshwater
environment.
Matsushima, O. and Y. Kado. 1979. Changes of free amino acid concentration in hemolymph and
tissue cells of Corbicula (Bivalves). Zoological Magazine (Tokyo) 88(4):524. [Abstract in
Japanese]
Matsushima, O. and Y. Kado. 1983. Effect of adenine nucleotides on glutamine dehydrogenase
activities of the brackish and freshwater clams, Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana.
Annotationes Zoologicae Japonensis 56(1):3-9.
The effects of adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP, and ATP) on glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities of
Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana were investigated. GDH of both species was activated by ADP or
AMP but not by ATP. The enzyme of both species was strongly affected by adenylate energy charge, (ATP +
l/2 ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP). The activity increased more sharply in C. japonica than in C. leana when the
energy charge was decreased in the reaction mixture. This effect of the energy charge may be physiologically
important for regulation of GDH activity.
Matsushima, O., H. Katayama and K. Yamada. 1987. The capacity for intracellular
osmoregulation mediated by free amino acids in three bivalve molluscs. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 109(1):93-99.
The capacity for intracellular osmoregulation mediated by free amino acids was examined using isolated
foot preparations of the three bivalve molluscs, Corbicula japonica, C. leana, and Anodonta woodiana. In
response to a salinity increase in the incubation medium, ninhydrin-positive substances accumulated in the
isolated foot of the oligohaline and freshwater euryhaline species, but not in the freshwater stenohaline
species. Possible explanations for such a difference were considered along with its evolutionary
significance regarding the entrance of bivalves into the freshwater environment.
Matsushima, O., H. Katayama, K. Yamada and Y. Kado. 1984. Effect of external salinity change on
the adenylate energy charge in the brackish bivalve Corbicula japonica. Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology 77A(1):57-62.
The energy charge in the brackish water clam Corbicula japonica changed within the range of 0.6-0.8 during
exposure to osmotic stress. The energy charge elevated transiently at the initial day of hypoosmotic stress and at
the third day of hyperosmotic stress. Exposure to anoxia resulted in a small but significant decline in energy
charge. The transient elevation during osmotic tress may be a reflection of aerobic metabolism. During exposure
to these stresses, activities of key enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism may be regulated by the energy
charge.
Matsushima, O., H. Katayama, K. Yamada and Y. Kado. 1984. Occurrence of free D-alanine and
alanine racemase activity in bivalve mollusks with special reference to intracellular
osmoregulation. Marine Biology Letters 5(4):217-226.
Free D- and L-alanine in tissues of brackish water or intertidal bivalves were separately measured by enzymatic
methods. Corbicula japonica, Tapes philippinarum, and Meretrix lamarckii contained D- and L-alanine in
about equal amounts, but Mytilus edulis and Crassostrea gigas had only L-alanine. Crude supernatant from foot
tissues of C. japonica and M. edulis was examined for alanine racemase activity in both directions (D-alanine to
L-alanine and L-alanine to D- alanine). Although no alanine racemase activity was detected in M. edulis, C.
japonica showed a fair enzyme activity in both directions. Participation of D-alanine in intracellular
osmoregulation was species-specific and dependent on alanine racemase activity.
Matsushima, O., F. Sakka and Y. Kado. 1982. Free amino acid involved in intracellular
osmoregulation in the clam, Corbicula. Journal of Science of Hiroshima University, Series
B, Division I (Zoology) 30(2):213-220.
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Corbicula Bibliography
Major constituents of amino acid pool in total soft tissue of the brackish (Corbicula japonica) and freshwater
(Corbicula leana) clams were investigated by column and paper chromatography. Concentrations of the total
ninhydrin positive substances (NPS) in C. japonica acclimated to 35% seawater and to freshwater were 72.2
and 12.1 micro-moles/g wet tissue, respectively; 81% of the difference in total NPS was accounted for by
alanine. When C. leana was transferred from freshwater to 10% seawater, the NPS concentration increased
from 7.4-16.8 micro-moles/g wet tissue in 19 days; alanine accounted for 66% of the increase in total NPS.
Difference in tolerance to increased salinities between the two species of clams seems to be related to capacities
of the saline accumulation.
Matsushima, O., N. Shiga, Y. Omura, H. Katayama, and K. Yamada. 1986. Effect of metabolic
inhibitors on hypoosmotically induced free amino acid efflux from the isolated foot of the
brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A,
Comparative Physiology 84(1):169-174.
The isolated foot of Corbicula japonica was incubated with or without various inhibitors of energy metabolism
under the hypoosmotic and isoosmotic conditions. The efflux and the tissue content of ninhydrin-positive
substances (NPS) were determined. The NPS efflux increased and their content left in the tissue decreased with
decrease in osmotic concentration of the incubation medium. The total sum of NPS released and left in the
tissue was not constant; it decreased with decrease in osmotic concentration. A part of the free amino acids
(FAA) seems to be metabolically transformed into other substances during hypoosmotic stress. The inhibitors of
energy production increased NPS efflux from the isolated foot during incubation under hypoosmotic conditions,
but not under the isoosmotic. These inhibitors did not change the NPS content left in the tissue during both the
hypo- and isoosmotic incubations. These results suggest that intracellular FAA levels are determined according
to external osmotic concentrations, irrespective of the intracellular energy level.
Matsushima, O. and A. Yamada. 1992. Uptake of L- and D-Alanine by a brackish-water bivalve,
Corbicula japonica, with special reference to their transport pathways and the salinity
effect. Journal of Experimental Zoology 263(1):8.
Matthews, M. A. and R. F. McMahon. 1995. Survival of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha)
and Asian clams (Corbicula polymorpha) under extreme hypoxia. U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Environmental
Laboratory, Zebra Mussel Research Program. Technical Report EL-95-3. iv+19 pp.
Matthews, M. A. and R. F. McMahon. 1999. Effects of temperature and temperature acclimation
on survival of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and Asian clams (Corbicula
fluminea) under extreme hypoxia. Journal of Molluscan Studies 65(3):317-325.
Following acclimation to 5o, 15 o or 25oC for 14 days, samples of 30 Dreissena polymorpha (zebra
mussels) and Corbicula fluminea (Asian clams) were held in either aerated (control) or extremely hypoxic
N2 gassed water (PO2 < 3% of full air saturation). Mortality was negligible in all aerated controls. Mean
hypoxia tolerance in D. polymorpha ranged from 3-4 days at 25oC to 38-42 days at 5oC. Hypoxia tolerance
time of zebra mussels increased significantly with declining test temperature (P < 0.001) and increasing
acclimation temperature (P < 0.001). Larger zebra mussels were more tolerant than smaller individuals.
Asian clams were 2-7 times more tolerant of hypoxia than zebra mussels, surviving a mean of 11.8 and
35.1 days at 25oC and 15oC, respectively, and without mortality for 84 days at 5oC, and were not influenced
by temperature acclimation. At 25oC, larger specimens of Asian clams were less tolerant of hypoxia than
smaller individuals. Both species are amongst the least hypoxia tolerant freshwater bivalve molluscs,
reflecting their prevalence in well-oxygenated shallow water habitats. Prolonged exposure to extreme
hypoxia may provide an efficacious control strategy, particularly for D. polymorpha.
Mattice, J. S. 1977. Interactions of Corbicula Sp. With Power Plants. U.S. Department of
Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division (Oak Ridge,
249
Corbicula Bibliography
Tennessee). 39 pp.
Mattice, J. S. 1979. Interactions of Corbicula sp. with power plants. IN: Proceedings of the First
International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University Research
Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 119-138.
A future shift in consideration of power plant - Corbicula and power plants: (1) as a fouling agent; (2) as an
important part of the natural ecosystem; and (3) as a potential species for use in waste heat aquaculture.
The first two of these interactions are essentially negative in character, since they involve avoidance of impacts
either of Corbicula on power plant operation or of power plant operation on Corbicula. Condenser fouling by
these clams has been controlled by mechanical means or by continuous chlorination. Our data support the
potential for using heated water to control fouling and a model for determining required thermal dosing is
presented. Exposure of clams to 43oC for 30 min. is predicted to result in 100% mortality. Preliminary data also
indicate potential for control by combining simultaneous short-term exposure to hot water and chlorine. A
thermal tolerance parallelogram is used to define limits of acute and chronic thermal exposures which will
protect Corbicula in discharge areas. These limits are related to operational specifications which should be
applied to power plants to prevent thermal impact.
The third of the interactions is essentially positive in character; determining the ability of Corbicula to increase
utilization of the energy released during generation of electricity. There is a potential for Corbicula to contribute
to waste heat polyculture systems based on filtration rate and growth studies. The high filtration rate (1 l/hr for
clams about 25 mm shell length at 24oC), rapid growth (1 g tissue wet weight/yr), and potential to exist at high
densities support an optimistic projection for the use of Corbicula in aquaculture systems and substantiate the
need for more extensive research into these areas.
Mattice, J. S. 1983. Freshwater macrofouling and control with emphasis on Corbicula. IN:
Symposium on Condenser Macrofouling Control Technologies: The State of the Art, I. A.
Diaz-Tous, M. J. Miller and Y. G. Mussalli, Eds. Electric Power Research Institute CS-3343
(Palo Alto, California). pp. 4.1 - 4.30.
Although macrofouling control has been viewed primarily as a marine or estuarine problem, significant
incidents of macrofouling have occurred at power plants sited on freshwater bodies. One category of fouling
results when organisms are swept onto traveling screens and interfere with water flow. Such problems, which
have involved algae, aquatic plants, and fish are generally treated as trash or impingement problems and are thus
not discussed in detail. The second category of fouling results when organisms enter the plant and then grow to
a size large enough to interrupt or impede power plant operation. Such problems in freshwaters have been
caused almost exclusively by Corbicula. Corbicula (1) has an early life history stage which is subject to long
range transport, is small, and has a byssus for attachment, (2) grows rapidly to fouling size, (3) matures at an
early age, (4) is fecund, (5) feeds by filtering particles from the water and (6) can isolate itself from the
environment by closing its shell so that it can survive relatively long exposure to pernicious environmental
conditions or toxicants. These characteristics enhance its fouling ability. Fouling control has been attempted
using physical/mechanical and chemical techniques, but no foolproof combination has been developed.
Evidence also suggests that biological techniques (e.g., control by pathogens) may have some potential for
development. Ultimate control of the clams may involve a blend of all three techniques, following Integrated
Past Management strategies developed for agriculture.
Mattice, J. S. and W. Bosworth. 1979. Modified venturi suction sampler for collecting Asiatic clams.
Progressive Fish-Culturist 41(3):121-123.
A device for collecting quantitative samples of Corbicula sp. is described. The sampler is a modified venturi
that is normally operated by a diver using SCUBA. Constriction of the water flow in the sampler supplies a
pressure differential, causing water to be sucked in through a side arm. Water to operate the venturi is supplied
by a gasoline-powered pump on a boat, and is conducted to the sampler by a flexible fire hose 7.6 cm (3 in) in
diameter. The sampler is constructed of PVC. Suction lifts the substratum and associated clams from a sampling
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Corbicula Bibliography
frame placed upon the bottom and the main water stream carries the clams through a discharge arm to a mesh
collection bag. The sampler is efficient in gravel or rocky substrata, is not depth-limited, is inexpensive and easy
to construct, and permits the collection of large samples (0.25 m2). Its use permits the accurate density estimates
required for population and community studies.
Mattice, J. S. and L. L. Dye. 1975. Thermal Tolerance of the Adult Asiatic Clam Corbicula
manilensis (Mollusca: Bivalvia). United States Energy Research and Development
Administration, NTIS No. CONF-750425-5. 32 pp.
Mattice, J. S. and L. L. Dye. 1975. Thermal tolerance of the adult Asiatic clam. IN: Thermal
Ecology II, G. W. Esch and R. W. McFarlane, Eds. National Technical Information Service
CONF-750425 (Springfield, Virginia). pp. 130-135.
Aspects of high- and low-temperature tolerance of Corbicula manilensis acclimated to temperatures ranging
from 5 to 32oC were studied. Groups of 20 adult clams were exposed (l) continuously to high temperatures (24
to 39oC), (2) continuously to lower temperatures between 37 and 43oC. Mortality was determined by lack of
response to prying open the valves. Exposure to temperatures between 40oC (5oC acclimation) and 43oC (30oC
acclimation) for 30 min caused 100% mortality. For continuous exposures, upper tolerance limits (50%) were
between 24oC (5oC acclimation) and 34oC (30oC acclimation) and lower tolerance limits were between 2oC
(15oC acclimation) and 12oC (30oC acclimation). Relationships between acclimation and resistance temperatures
were linear. The upper incipient lethal temperature was 34oC. use of results at 24 and 48 hr (and 96 hr for
long-term heat stress) yielded significant overestimates of tolerance limits.
Mattice, J. S., L. L. Eng and B. N. Collier. 1979. Corbicula 1979: A bibliography. IN: Proceedings
of the First International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian
University Research Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 289-313.
An international bibliography of papers concerning bivalves in the genus Corbicula. The papers are keyed by
subject area.
Mattice, J. S., R. B. McLean and M. B. Burch. 1982. Evaluation of short-term exposure to heated
water and chlorine for control of the Asiatic clam. Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Publication No. 1748, Environmental Sciences Division. xi + 34 pp. [Also NTIS No.
DE82010333]
Based on results of preliminary observations and on the need for development of efficient procedures for
prevention or control of fouling by Corbicula fluminea, their response to chlorine in combination with rapid
increases in water temperature was examined. Small clams (6.9-l7.6 mm shell length [SL] were acclimated to 10
and 25oC, and large clams (23-35 mm SL) were acclimated to 25oC. Experiments with each of these acclimation
groups consisted of a replicated 4 x 4 block design with variables of total residual chlorine concentration (0, 5,
7.5, and 10 mg/L target concentrations) and test temperature (ambient and 3 test temperature in the
flow-through system was shifted 10 min before chlorine application was initiated so that periods of exposure to
increased temperature and chlorine were 40 and 30 min respectively. Behavior of clams was observed
periodically before and during the exposures to heated water and chlorine.
Clam mortalities were related to water temperature but not to chlorine exposure. At high temperatures (41-42oC
for small clams acclimated to 10oC; 43oC for small clams acclimated to 25oC; and 39-42oC for large clams
acclimated to 25oC) at least 50% of the clams remained open through the entire chlorine exposure period. At
higher temperatures all of the clams remained open. Even in cases in which clams remained open for the entire
30 min chlorine exposure period, all clams were not killed. However, virtually all clams exposed to 41-43oC
water temperatures were killed whether open or closed during the exposure period. Death due to temperature
shock is the logical conclusion from these data. Combined application of heated water and chlorine
concentrations that we used is not more effective in killing C. fluminea than is heated water alone. Current
regulations of the USEPA on both the concentration of chlorine in power plant effluent and the total time that
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Corbicula Bibliography
chlorine can appear in these effluents indicate that further studies of control of C. fluminea using chlorine offer
little likelihood for success.
Mattice, J. S. and L. L. Wright. 1985. Aspects of growth of Corbicula fluminea with supporting field
and laboratory growth data. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Publication No. 2427,
Environmental Sciences Division. 64 pp.
Studies of caged Corbicula fluminea in Watts Bar Reservoir (Clinch River) indicate that interaction of intrinsic
and extrinsic factors affects the rate of increase in shell length. Measurements of marked and unmarked clams
were made at two sites with water temperature differing by about 5oC in both 1976 and 1977, and at lower
temperature sites in 1978 and early 1979. The growth season in Watts Bar began in April and continued through
October. From November through March, growth virtually ceased. Increase in shell length was an inverse linear
function of initial shell length; (i.e., small clams grew faster than large ones). Rate of shell length increase
differed between the two sites. Growth rate also varied during the growth season. Comparison of these rates for
a single site during the year indicated that temperature plays a major role in growth rate determination. A
decline in growth rate in spring, at about the time of peak reproduction, indicates that intrinsic factors are also
important. Nevertheless, both laboratory and field studies suggest that the temperature for optimum growth
occur in the mid-20oC range. Because of this relationship between growth and temperature, estimates of both
growth and life cycle length will vary depending on the natural annual temperature regime. Such differences
could influence decisions regarding initiation of control procedures at industrial facilities. Tables of individual
shell length measurements, calculated growth rates and statistical evaluations from laboratory and field tests are
included in appendices to encourage comparison of those data with that collected in other temperature regimes.
Mattice, J. S. and L. L. Wright. 1986. Aspects of growth of Corbicula fluminea. IN: Proceedings of
the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological
Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 167-178.
Studies of caged Corbicula fluminea in Watts Bar Reservoir (Clinch River, Tennessee) indicate that interaction
of intrinsic and extrinsic factors affects the rate of increase in shell length (SL). Measurements of marked and
unmarked clams were made at two sites differing by about 5oC in both 1976 and 1977, and at lower temperature
sites in 1978 and early 1979. The growth season in Watts Bar began in April and continued through October.
From November through March growth virtually ceased. Increase in SL was an inverse linear function of initial
SL; i.e., small clams grew faster than large ones. Rate of shell length increase differed between the two sites.
Growth rates also varied during the growth season.
Maury, C. J. 1925. A further contribution to the paleontology of Trinidad (Miocene Horizon).
Bulletins of American Paleontology 10(42):1-250.
Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) comparana sp. nov. is described (pp. 173-174) and figured (pl. 30, figs. 1, 4, 8, 10-12)
from a lower Pliocene horizon, 0.5 mi on Comparo Road near Sangre Grande, northeast Trinidad and from the
shore near Cedros Point, southwest Trinidad. Corbicula (Cyanocyclas) coubarilla sp. nov. is described (p. 174)
and figured (pl. 30, fig. 7) from Point Coubaril, Brighton, Trinidad lower Pliocene horizon. Corbicula
(Cyanocyclas) caroniana sp. nov. is described (pp. 174-175) and figured (pl. 30, fig. 9) from Freeport-Tood's
Road at 0.5 mile post; also 0.25 mi south of 6 mi post, Trinidad, upper Miocene.
McAllister, R. 1976. California fish landing for 1974. California Fish and Game Bulletin 166:1-53.
In 1974, 553,889 lbs of bait clams were sold for $83,689 in the Sacramento, California, area. These included
Corbicula fluminea.
McCabe, G. T., Jr., S. A. Hinton and R. L. Emmett. 1998. Benthic invertebrates and sediment
characteristics in a shallow navigation channel of the lower Columbia River, before and
after dredging. Northwest Science 72(2):116-126.
Little is known about the impact of dredging on benthic invertebrates in navigation channels of the lower
Columbia River. To help fill this informational void, we conducted benthic invertebrate and sediment
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studies in a shallow navigation channel in the river before and after dredging. Benthic invertebrate and
sediment samples were collected with a 0.1-m2) Van Veen grab sampler at seven stations in the
Wahkiakum County Ferry Channel, Washington (River Kilometer 70), and at an upstream reference area in
1993-1995. No significant effects (P > 0.05) of the ferry channel dredging project on Corbicula fluminea,
Ceratopogonidae larvae, Corophium spp., or total benthic invertebrate densities were detected in the
statistical analysis, although benthic invertebrate densities were significantly different (P < 0.05) between
surveys and areas for some organisms. During all eight surveys, Corbicula fluminea, Corophium spp., and
Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) larvae were generally the most common benthic invertebrates in both the ferry
channel and the reference area. Two measures of community structure, Diversity (H) and Equitability (E),
were calculated for each area for each survey. No significant effects (P > 0.05) of the ferry channel
dredging project on the benthic invertebrate community structure, as measured by H and E, were detected.
No significant effects (P > 0.05) of the ferry channel dredging project on sediment median grain size or
percent volatile solids were detected. Results from this study will provide information to aquatic resource
agencies that assess the potential environmental effects of dredging in similar habitats of the lower
Columbia River.
McCabe, G. T., Jr., S. A. Hinton, R. L. Emmett and B. P. Sandford. 1997. Benthic invertebrates
and sediment characteristics in main channel habitats in the lower Columbia River.
Northwest Science 71(1):45-55.
Benthic invertebrate communities in the Columbia River between the lowermost dam and the upper estuary
have been little studied. We describe the abundance of benthic invertebrates and sediment characteristics in
main channel habitats in the lower Columbia River and examine the relationships between densities of
specific benthic invertebrates and sediment characteristics and water depth. Using a 0.1-m2 Van Veen grab
sampler, we collected benthic samples in seven areas of the river from River Kilometer (RKm) 121 to 211
in April and September 1988 and 1989. Common taxa collected, included Turbellaria, Oligochaeta, the
bivalve Corbicula fluminea, the amphipod Corophium salmonis, Chironomidae larvae, and
Ceratopogonidae larvae. Overall, Corbicula fluminea and Ceratopogonidae larvae were consistently the
most abundant benthic invertebrates. The relationship of benthic invertebrate densities between and within
years, months, and areas varied substantially between the six predominant taxa. The effect of water depth
and sediment characteristics on benthic invertebrate densities, after accounting for the influence of year,
month, and area, varied between the six predominant taxa in this study. Water depth was significant (P ≤
0.05) for densities of three of the six taxa, sediment percent silt/clay significant for four, and sediment grain
size and percent volatile solids significant for one each. Results from our study are probably applicable to a
large area of main channel habitats in the Columbia River downstream from the lowermost dam. Because
benthic invertebrates, particularly Corophium salmonis, are primary prey for many fishes, the sustained
health of benthic invertebrate populations in the lower Columbia River is of concern.
McCloskey, J. T. and M. C. Newman. 1992. Effect of metal contaminated sediment on the
burrowing and avoidance behavior of the asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) and
freshwater snail (Campeloma decisum). 13th Annual Meeting Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, Cincinnati, Ohio, 8-12 November. Avstracts.
Many organisms avoid contaminated sediment if given the choice of a less contaminated sediment. The
purpose of the study was to perform sediment preference experiments using the Asiatic clam (Corbicula
fluminea) and freshwater snail (Campeloma decisum). Three sediment types with relatively high (ASH),
medium (STD) and low (LTR) levels of metal contamination were paired in aquaria. Clams and snails were
placed in aquaria along the interface between two sediment types. Location and burial status were recorded
daily for a period of two weeks. Corbicula spent a greater percentage of days in uncontaminated sediment
(L TR) when paired with contaminated sediments (ASH, STD). Campeloma spent a greater percentage of
days in contaminated sediment (ASH, STD) when paired with uncontaminated sediment (L TR). Corbicula
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moved less per day (approximately 2 cm less) and moved a fewer percentage of days ( approx