Fig 1. Experiment configuration top view. M1, M2, M3 are protected silver mirrors, S1 is a
wedged BK7 beam splitter. The beam height is constant through the optical system.
Leaves: Total Relative Scattering
0.7
Relative Scattering
0.6
0.5
0.4
A thal.
0.3
F benj.
Q robur
0.2
0.1
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm]
Fig 2. Total scattering relative to Spectralon for three leaf samples
A. thaliana PI
1
0.9
Fractional Polarization
0.8
0.7
-V(s)
0.6
-Q(s)
0.5
-V(L)
0.4
-Q(L)
0.3
-U(s)
0.2
-U(L)
0.1
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm]
Fig. 3a. Measured scattering from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, magnitudes using the PI
technique. Error bars are ±1 std. See text for the notation. V(R), V(L) are not distinguishable
at this scale except for a sign difference.
Q. robur (Oak) PI
1
0.9
Fractional Polarization
0.8
0.7
-V(s)
0.6
-Q(s)
0.5
-V(L)
0.4
-Q(L)
0.3
-U(L)
0.2
-U(s)
0.1
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm]
Fig 3b. Measured scattering from English Oak leaves, Quercus robur, magnitudes using the
PI technique. Error bars are ±1 std.
F. benjamina PI
1
0.9
Fractional Polarization
0.8
0.7
-V(s)
0.6
-Q(s)
0.5
-V(L)
0.4
-Q(L)
0.3
-U(L)
0.2
-U(s)
0.1
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm]
Fig 3c. Measured scattering from Ficus benjamina leaves, magnitudes using the PI
technique. Error bars are ±1 std.
Leaves TAU
0.25
Scattering Coefficient
0.2
A thal. m41
F benj. m41
0.15
Q robur m41
A thal. m21
0.1
F benj. m21
Q robur m21
0.05
A thal. m31
F benj. m31
Q robur m31
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm]
Fig 4. Measured scattering from all leaf samples using the TAU technique. Error bars are ±1
std.
Derived Coefficents - A. thaliana
1
Scattering Coefficient
0.9
0.8
m41
0.7
m44
0.6
m42
0.5
m21
0.4
m24
0.3
m22
0.2
m31
0.1
m34
0
m32
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm]
Fig 5. Derived coefficients for A. Thaliana using the PI data of Fig 3a, magnitudes only.
Leaves PI m41, m21
0.3
Scattering Coeffient
0.25
0.2
A thal. m41
F benj. m41
0.15
Q robur m41
A thal. m21
0.1
F benj. m21
0.05
Q robur m21
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm]
Fig 6a. Derived PI scattering coefficients m41, m21 for all leaves. Magnitudes
Leaves PI m24, m42
0.8
Scattering Coefficient
0.7
0.6
A thal. m42
0.5
F benj. m42
0.4
Q robur m42
0.3
A thal. m24
0.2
F benj. m24
0.1
Q robur m24
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm]
6b. Derived PI scattering coefficients m42, m24 for all leaves. Magnitudes.
A. thaliana PI/TAU comparison
0.3
Scattering Coefficient
0.25
0.2
m21 pi
m31 pi
0.15
m41 pi
m41 tau
0.1
m21 tau
0.05
m31 tau
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm]
Fig 7. TAU and PI measured coefficients for A. Thaliana, different sample for each
technique. Q. robur (Oak) and F. benjamina are similar with the same blue/UV
characteristics but show smaller m21 values at wavelengths >700nm.
Fig 8. Total scattering with respect to Spectralon for the cyanobacteria and lichen samples.
Rocks PI V(L) Scattering
0.7
Rock D
Fractional Polarization
0.6
Beer 1
Nostoc
0.5
Rock A
0.4
Atacama
1980
0.3
1913
0.2
GypArc
0.1
CC0709-8
Tile
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm]
Rock D
Beer 1
Fig 9. Measured (left circular) PI scattering V(L) for the cyanobacteria and lichen samples.
Magnitudes. Error bars are ±1 std.
Fig 10. Measured (s) PI scattering Q(s) for the cyanobacteria and lichen samples.
Magnitudes. Error bars are ±1 std.
Group 1
0.8
D
0.7
Scattering Coefficient
B
0.6
Nostoc
0.5
A
Atacama
0.4
1980
0.3
1913
0.2
GypArc
0.1
Tile
1980 m41
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1913 m41
1980 m21
Wavelength [nm]
Fig 11. Scattering coefficients m41 and m21 for samples exhibiting large polarization
scattering at <370nm. Error bars are ±1 std.
Group 2
0.07
Scattering Coefficient
0.06
0.05
0.04
D m21
A m21
0.03
A m41
0.02
D m41
0.01
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm]
Fig 12. Scattering coefficients m41 and m21 for samples with multiple scattering peaks and
low polarization peaks at ~680nm. Error bars are ±1 std.
Group 3
0.14
Scattering Coefficient
0.12
Nostoc m21
0.1
GypArc m21
0.08
Atacama m21
Nostoc m41
0.06
GypArc m41
0.04
Atacama m41
B m41
0.02
B m21
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm]
Fig 13. Scattering coefficients m41 and m21 for samples with broad features from 630-700nm
and blue/UV polarization scattering peaks at ~400nm. Error bars are ±1 std.
Total Rel. Scattering - Substrates
0.6
Relative Scattering
0.5
0.4
Rock D
Red Paint
0.3
altacama
1980
0.2
CC0709-8
Iron Oxide
0.1
-8 fungus
0
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
Wavelength [nm]
Fig 14. Total scattering relative to Spectralon of substrates and non-biological samples
Substrates TAU m41
0.035
Scattering Coefficient
0.03
Spectralon
0.025
(-)Red Paint
Atacama
0.02
1980
0.015
Iron Oxide
8 fungus
0.01
5 fungus
0.005
Rock D
CC709-8
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm]
Fig 15. Scattering coefficient m41 measured with the TAU technique for substrate and
selected lichen samples. Note the sign of the Red Paint sample indicating right elliptical
scattering. Error bars are ±1 std.