Table of contents
List of figures and tables .................................................................................
Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................
6
7
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................
1. Preliminary remarks on informants and word lists....................................
2. Our lexical reference data..........................................................................
3. Analysing the informants’ responses.........................................................
3.1 Non-intended/non-expected readings .................................................
3.2 Non-recall of appropriate item............................................................
3.2.1 Blank entries .............................................................................
3.2.2 Semantically close, but not quite right......................................
3.2.3 Potential “on-the-spot” creations ..............................................
3.3 Foreign-language (Swahili) influenced responses ..............................
3.3.1 Lexicosemantic influence from Swahili (and English) .............
3.3.2 Haya word forms influenced by Swahili...................................
3.3.3 Brief summary of Swahili influences .......................................
3.4 Foreign-language (Swahili) interference ............................................
3.4.1 What is Swahili interference (in the present context)? .............
3.4.2 Hayaization of Swahili words ...................................................
3.4.3 Brief summary of Swahili interference in our data ...................
3.5 Individual characteristics of the informants........................................
3.5.1 Idiosyncratic spelling choices ...................................................
3.5.2 Idiosyncratic grammatical forms ..............................................
3.5.3 The informants’ ages.................................................................
3.6 Certain list traits and their consequences............................................
3.6.1 Minor blunders in our word lists...............................................
3.6.2 Responses molded in accordance with our list items................
3.6.3 “Selective reading”, or: ignoring English items in List B.........
3.6.4 Differences between the two sets of responses .........................
3.6.5 Swahili items in List B: are they helpful or not? ......................
4. A few general remarks and concluding comments....................................
4.1 The effects of Swahili, Tanzania’s lingua franca................................
4.2 Informant-idiosyncracies ....................................................................
9
9
11
11
16
19
19
20
21
22
22
27
28
29
29
36
36
37
37
43
45
47
47
49
50
51
53
54
55
56
4.3 The structure of the questionnaires .....................................................
4.4 From spontaneous spelling to a practical orthography .......................
4.5 A final remark .....................................................................................
56
58
58
BIBLIOGRAPHY & REFERENCES .........................................................
59
ANNOTATED WORD LISTS .....................................................................
78
INDEXES .......................................................................................................
English index...................................................................................................
Swahili index...................................................................................................
Haya index ......................................................................................................
260
260
266
269
List of figures and tables
FIGURES
1.
2.
3.
The location of Haya, with neighbouring languages ..........................
Approximate distribution of Haya dialect areas .................................
From intentions via elicitation to analyses..........................................
8
12
13
TABLES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Overview of the Haya informants .......................................................
Number of blank entries......................................................................
List of Swahili influenced items .........................................................
The amount of Swahili influence ........................................................
List of Swahili interferences ...............................................................
The amount of Swahili interference....................................................
Numerical break-down of spelling choices (token-counts) ................
The distribution of the graphemes ‹l› and ‹r›......................................
Response behaviour correlated with age -- I.......................................
Response behaviour correlated with age -- II .....................................
The total amount of Swahili effects ....................................................
10
19
23
28
30
37
38
40
46
46
52
Acknowledgements
The present book is based on material collected during two brief visits to Tanzania,
one in March and another one in November/December 2004. We met with both
Haya- and Nyamwezi-speaking informants. The present book is a summary of the
material we received from our Haya informants. We extend our unbounded
gratitude to all the informants we worked with.
In Tanzania, we received invaluable help also from Prof. Henry Muzale, who
helped us finding informants and arranged for a locale during the data elicitation
session. He further provided us with an advance copy of his draft lexicon of Haya,
which we have used extensively during the analyses of our informants’ responses.
Prof. Muzale has also commented and clarified many (to us) enigmatic parts of the
collected data.
As our informants wrote their responses by hand, it became necessary for us have
our informants’ responses transformed into an electronically readable format. This
painstaking job was performed by Mr Florian Kimolo at the University of
Daressalaam, to whom we owe our deepest gratitude.
At the University of Daressalaam, we received further help and comments from
Prof. Mugyabuso Mulokozi, Prof. Yunus Rubanza, Prof. Josephat Rugemalira, and
Ms Georgia Barongo, all of whom are primary speakers of either Haya or Nyambo.
We are eternally grateful for all their help.
In Göteborg, Mrs Flora D. Rutta-Nilsson, a primary speaker of Haya resident in
Sweden, has helped us translate and interpret some of the enigmatic responses, for
which we are greatly thankful.
We would also like to extend our gratitude to the participants of two seminars, one
at the Department of Oriental and African Languages, Göteborg University,
November 2004, and another at the Institute for Kiswahili Research, University of
Daressalaam, December 2004. We received many helpful and constructive
comments during these seminars, and we have tried our best to incorporate them
into the text below.
Our work was originally conceived of as a pilot study, but it was never properly
followed up. It was financed through a grant from Vetenskapsrådet, which was
administered our way by Prof. Karsten Legère, Department of Oriental and African
Languages, Göteborg University.
All errors and wrong-doings are, of course, our own responsibility.1
Jouni F. Maho & Abdulaziz Y. Lodhi
Sweden, March 2007
1
While JFM has been the main author and compiler of this book, the data collection and its
subsequent analysis was performed jointly by JFM and AYL.
NKORE-KIGA GANDA
Bukoba
NYAMBO
HAYA Lake Victoria
RWANDA
Musoma
RUNDI HANGAZA
Mwanza
ZINZA
SHUBI
SUMBWA
SUKUMA
Shinyanga
HA
NYAMWEZI
Kigoma
Lake Natron
Arusha
TANZANIA
Moshi
Lake Eyasi
Lake
Manyara
Singida
Tabora
Tanga
Lake Sagara
Zanzibar
Town
Dodoma
Mpanda
Morogoro
Lake
Tanganyika
Sumbawanga
Wete
Daressalaam
Iringa
Lake Rukwa
Mbeya
Lindi
HAYA
language
Dodoma
capital
Bukoba
major town
Lake Malawi
Mtwara
Songea
Lake Sagara major lake
Figure 1. The location of Haya, with neighbouring languages
Introduction
The present study centres around a set of word lists collected from 10 mothertongue speakers of Haya, one of the many Bantu languages spoken in Tanzania.
Our overall goal has been to look at how the informants’ responses differ from that
found in available descriptions of Haya. In short, we have tried to identify and
explain how the informants’ responses differ or deviate from what the literature
defines as Haya, here referred to as authoritative Haya. These differences (or
deviations) can be explained in a number of ways. They may, for instance, be
colloquial or dialect-specific forms not usually found in descriptions of Haya, or
they may be items of influence or interference from foreign languages (such as
Swahili). They may even be the results of misreadings and/or misunderstandings.
Our aim has been to analyse and categorize these deviations best we can, and offer
explanations for why they occur. This is, in other words, a methodological study
looking specifically at informant behaviour.
This introduction comprises the theoretical and analytical bulk of our work, that is,
there are presentations of and discussions about the informants, the data, with
analyses and explanations of various kinds, and so forth. This is followed by a
fairly complete Haya (linguistic) bibliography. After that comes the empirical bulk,
that is, the actual word lists, complete with annotations. These annotations are
referenced extensively throughout this introduction. At the end, there are also three
indexes.
1. Preliminary remarks on informants and word lists
Our data consists of lexical material collected by way of distributing word lists to
ten mother-tongue speakers of Haya, a Bantu language spoken in the north-western
parts of Tanzania (see figures 1 and 2). The informants, however, are MA students
at the University of Daressalaam and residents of Daressalaam, the heavily
Swahili-dominated former capital of Tanzania.
The word lists were collected at the campus of the University of Daressalaam
during March 2004. The whole enterprise took some three hours, including an
intermittent power cut that forced us to change locale.
The ten Haya informants are here referred to as H01, H02, H03, etc. (see table 1).
Eight informants are born in Bukoba District, two in Daressalaam. All of them
have attended primary and secondary schools in Bukoba. Furthermore, most of
them claim to read Haya texts on a regular basis, in particular the Haya Bible.
10
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Inf.
Informant characteristics
In Daressalaam
H01
H02
H03
H04
H05
H06
H07
H08
H09
H10
Female, 27 years, born/raised in Bukoba
Male, 37 years, born/raised in Bukoba
Male, 24 years, born/raised in Bukoba
Male, 50 years, born/raised in Bukoba
Female, 26 years, born in Dar., raised in Bukoba
Female, 30 years, born/raised in Daressalaam
Male, 33 years, born/raised in Bukoba
Female, 41 years, born/raised in Bukoba
Male, 46 years, born/raised in Bukoba
Male, 28 years, born/raised in Bukoba
n/a
3 years
1 year
20 years (on and off)
17 years
n/a
14 years
2 years
n/a
8 years
Table 1. Overview of the Haya informants.
All have attended primary and secondary schools in Bukoba, and were at the time of study
students at the University of Daressalaam.
We used two word lists (List A and List B) containing 687 and 616 entries,
respectively.2 List A contained only English entries, while List B contained both
Swahili and English entries. Otherwise they were virtually identical (see below).
The informants were asked to fill in the word they would normally use in
conversations at home, with parents, family, relatives. They were also asked “not
to think too long”.
When constructing the English List A, we first deleted all Swahili items from the
Swahili/English List B. Some of the entries in the Swahili/English List B contained
several English items, which were thus placed in separate entries on the English
List A. For example, entry (82) in the Swahili/English List B corresponds to
entries (82) and (621) in the English List A. This procedure accounts for the
discrepancy in number of entries in the two lists.
2
List B
List A
82
82 to go
621 to move
enda; to go/move
Our word lists were based on similar lists originally prepared for the Tanzanian Language
Survey (cfr Nurse & Philippson 1975/99).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
11
Informants H01 to H05 filled in List A, while the other five informants, i.e. H06H10, filled in List B. 3
2. The lexical reference data
In order to analyse and understand our informants’ responses, it has been necessary
for us to use some sort of reference data, with which to compare our material. For
this, we have used a number of published and unpublished sources. We have also
consulted Haya authorities at the University of Daressalaam, in particular Prof.
Henry Muzale, as well as Mrs Flora D. Rutta-Nilsson, a native Haya-speaker
resident in Göteborg, Sweden.
Whenever we refer to “our main Haya source materials”, we mean Henry Muzale’s
draft lexicon (dated 2004) and Shigeki Kaji’s Haya vocabulary (publ. 2000). In
addition to these, we have consulted briefer lexicons/word lists by Byarushengo
(1977c), Rehse (1915), Nurse et al. (1970s), Rascher (1958), as well as material
appearing in the Tanzanian Language Survey by Nurse & Philippson (1975/99).
We have also had at our disposal two unpublished collections of lexical material.
One of these comprises a set of assorted glossaries compiled and/or collected by
Hans Cory (which are located in the Hans Cory Collection at the library of the
University of Daressalaam), one of which is dated 1939, the others being undated.
The second set comprises a multi-part handwritten Swedish-Haya word list
compiled during the early 1950s by the Swedish missionary Kurt Löfgren. These
are currently in the care of Abdulaziz Y. Lodhi, at Uppsala University. Other
consulted sources are referred to where appropriate.
3. Analysing the informants’ responses
Our methodological strategy has been to compare our informants’ responses
(output) to our lexical reference data. The aim has been to identify differences or
deviations, and offer explanations for why they occur.
Some responses deviate from our written sources because they are the result of
misreadings and/or misunderstandings. Others deviate because they are dialectspecific forms, colloquialisms, (legitimate) neologisms, etc., that is, forms that are
not always found in descriptive works (unless we are dealing with highly welldescribed languages such as, say, English). There are in fact many reasons for why
any particular informant responds in any given way. We do not pretend to
understand all processes involved. Nor do we think it is possible to do so without
access to the inner workings of the minds of the informants, which by definition
would be impossible. Thus we have to reconstruct events as best we can.
3
Note that the entries are given in a slightly inconsistent order in the annotated lists that
follow further below. However, the lists were presented to the informants with all entries listed
in a consistent order. Thus entries (617) to (687) in the English List A, which comprises entries
that derive from broken-up List B entries, originally appeared at the end of List A.
12
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
UGANDA
Missenyi
Kiziba
=N
we
rag
( Ka
Lake
Mujunju
Kyamutwara
Bukoba Town
Lake Ikimba
o)
mb
ya
RWANDA
Bugabo
Bukara
Kihanja
Bumbire Isl.
Ihangiro
Iroba Isl.
Lake
Victoria
National borders
Dialect borders
Lake
Burigi
Figure 2. Approximate distribution of Haya dialect areas.4
(cfr Mors 1955:703, Byarushengo 1977, Nurse et al 1970s, Tibazarwa 1994, Kaji 2000)
Figure 3 gives a simple overview of the process that leads from list-making, via
elicitation sessions, to analysis of data. The arrows represent the spots in the
process where some sort of interpretations occur. These are also the places where
various types of errors are likely to happen. The top-most downwards-pointing
arrow at (1) represents the difference between the (idealized) lists we intended or
wanted to use and the lists that we actually ended up using, which contained minor
amounts of (unintended) errors and mistakes. The informants’ reading and
interpreting of these lists is represented by the upwards-pointing arrows at (2), and
their responding is represented by the downwards-pointing arrows at (4). Having
4
In current classifications, Haya is assigned to the Rutara sub-group, which also includes
Nyambo, Zinza, Kerebe, Nyoro, Tooro, and Nkore-Kiga (cfr Nurse & Philippson 1980, and
Muzale 1998:1-6). “Internally, the dialects of Haya are very highly mutually intelligible, with
their boundaries normally running along lines of former chiefdoms” (Byarushengo 1977a:1). “A
speaker of any one of these dialects [including Nyambo] has little trouble understanding any of
the others” (Nurse et al 1970s:7).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
13
RESEARCH INTENTIONS
↓
1
2
3
4
List construction, incl. choice of items, unintentional blunders, etc.
↓
ENGLISH LIST A
SWAHILI/ENGLISH LIST B
↑
↑
Informants H01-H05
↓
Informants H06-H10
↓
INFORMANTS’ OUTPUT
↑
5
Our analyses, interpretations, comparisons, etc.
↓
OUR REFERENCE DATA
Figure 3. From intentions via elicitation to analyses
The big box (drawn with thick lines) represents the actual elicitation session, while
the smaller boxes (drawn with thin lines) represent sets of lexical material. The
arrows represent interpretative stages. The numbers are there for ease of
reference (see text).
received the informants’ output (responses), we then embarked on trying to analyse
them, which is represented by the arrows at (5).
The informants’ responses can be accounted for by reference to any of the arrows,
boxes and lines in figure 3. For instance, misreadings could be said to occur at the
arrows at (2), spelling errors would occur at the arrow at (4), etc. Sociolinguistic
factors, such as age, sex, educational background, etc., would be referred to (3).
There is one particularly important factor that accounts for a sizeable chunk of the
informants’ responses, but which is not explicitly represented in figure 3. This is
the over-arcing influence that Swahili has on all Tanzanian languages. For all
practical purposes, we can see this as part of cultural and personal “baggage” that
the informants take with them into the elicitation session, and thus treat it on par
with such factors as the informants’ age, sex, sociocultural and educational
background, etc. Thus we can refer all these things to (3) in figure 3.
14
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Below follows a brief overview of how we have chosen to categorize the responses
we got:5
(1)
The nature of our word lists and some consequences
Some of the response behaviour that we got can be correlated with
particular features inherent in our word lists. Obviously, all responses are
list-induced in one way or another, but some seemed to be more so than
others. For instance, some of the response behaviour can be explained by
the fact that one of our word lists had items in English only (List A)
whereas the other had items in both Swahili and English (List B). Some
types of responses, such as blank entries, were more common to the
English List A, which is likely caused by the informants not understanding
our English list items.
In some cases, the informants filling in the Swahili/English List B made a
“selective reading” of what was presented to them. In other words, they
chose to translate an aspect of the Swahili item that was/is not covered by
the English item.
There were also responses that were seemingly “molded” in accordance
with our list items beyond the mere act of translating. If the English item
happened to be a phrase, some informants occasionally chose to reply with
a phrase, even if a single lexical item would have been available as well as
more idiomatic.
Our word lists also contained a minor amount of mistakes/blunders, e.g.
misspelled entries, badly chosen entries, etc. These were not many, and we
cannot see that they had any serious effects on our material. However, their
occurrence did produce interesting things to discuss.
Above issues are discussed in §3.6 below.
(2)
Non-intended and/or unexpected readings
One particular type of response behaviour can be accounted for by the
informants’ having, for whatever reason, read/interpreted our word lists in
ways that we had not intended or expected. Occasionally, the informants
seemingly misread/misinterpreted our items. This was mostly common
with English items in List A, e.g. reading ‹breathe› instead of ‹beard›, but it
happened with a few Swahili items in List B, too, e.g. reading ‹fungasha›
instead of ‹zungusha›.6
These things are discussed in §3.1 below.
(3a)
Various informant characteristics
This refers to response behaviour that can be attributed to particular
characteristics of the informants, such as their age, sex, sociocultural
background, residence histories, etc. We include here also such things as
idiosyncratic choices of spelling and grammatical form. For instance, one
5
6
The numbers below refer to the bold-printed numbers on the left-hand side of figure 3.
See entries (11) and (361), respectively.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
15
informant would respond with imperative forms in entries where others
would give infinitives (the latter being the ones we had expected/intended).
These are discussed in §3.5 below.
(3b)
Foreign-language influence and/or interference
One important type of response behaviour is that which can be labelled as
foreign-language influence and interference (jointly: effects). In our
material, the foreign language is almost exclusively Swahili (and little
English). For present purposes, we have made a simple distinction between
foreign-language (or Swahili) interference, i.e. Swahili words/roots
adapted to Haya, and foreign-language (or Swahili) influence, which
comprises Haya words/roots influenced by Swahili structures, such as
calque-translations, semantic shifts, as well as such subtle things as
Swahili-influenced spellings.
Influences and interferences are discussed in §3.3 and §3.4, respectively.
Note that the focus here is not on Haya words that trace their historical
origin to Swahili, as these can be deemed to have been incorporated into
the Haya lexicon.7 They do, of course, constitute an interesting study in
their own right, especially for historical-cultural analyses of the language
(cfr Lodhi 2000). However, this has not been our major concern here.
Instead, we have paid attention to foreign-language (largely Swahili) words
which we cannot substantiate as being incorporated into the Haya lexicon,
that is, words which we feel are due to some sort of synchronic
interference, be it current in modern Haya, a momentary (idiosyncratic)
behaviour caused by the elicitation session, or whatever.
(4)
Apparent non-recall of Haya items
This covers responses that were seemingly due to the informants not
knowing or recalling the appropriate Haya word. Thus they either left a
blank entry, gave a semantically close word, or made what looks like an
on-the-spot creation/neologism. (We exclude here such that we deemed
were due to Swahili interference; for which see above category.)
These are discussed in §3.2 below.
(5)
Potentially erroneous analyses
There are no doubt erroneous analyses and interpretations here and there,
which correspond to the arrows at (5) in figure 3. Some apparent response
behaviour, as described by us here, could be the result of such erroneous
analyses. Known mistakes have naturally been corrected, but undetected
errors are not, and they cannot be discussed nor categorized in any obvious
way. However, potential errors are touched upon and discussed where
deemed relevant.
7
This applies also to words that trace their historical origin to languages other than Swahili,
such as Arabic, Persian, etc., most, if not all, of which have entered Haya via Swahili.
16
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
In the discussions that follow below, reference will be made to all of the abovementioned categories when analysing our informants’ output, although not
necessarily in the above-given order.
All examples given below derive from the annotated list that follows this
introduction. There, a full entry is structured according to the following format: 8
No. English item as it appears on List A
H01’s response H02’s response H03’s response H04’s response H05’s
response
Swahili and English items as they appear in List B
H06’s response H07’s response H08’s response H09’s response H10’s
response
Our comments and annotations.
Note that the examples used in this introduction are not always complete entries,
that is, they are not necessarily given here as they appear in the annotated word
list. We have chosen to extract only that piece of information which we deem
necessary in order to make one or other point. The reader is continually advised to
check the full commentaries and annotations in the annotated list for more
exhaustive comments.
3.1 NON-INTENDED AND/OR UNEXPECTED READINGS
In some cases, the informants read and/or understood our list items in ways that we
had not intended or anticipated. (Some of the responses exemplified in the
previous sub-section could justifiably also have been discussed here.)
In several cases, the informants clearly misread one or other item in our word lists.
8
8
cheek
H01 — H02 eitama H03 eitama H04 eitama H05 kifuba
shavu; cheek
H06 eitama H07 eitama H08 itama H09 oluba H10 eitama
11
beard
H01 ebireju H02 ebileju H03 ebileju H04 ebileju H05 kuikya
ndevu; beard
H06 ebileju H07 ebileju H08 ebileju H09 ebileju H10 ebireju
The entry number refers to the consecutive numbering of entries in our word lists.
Underlined responses in the annotated list indicate (potential) foreign influence/interference. In
the overwhelming majority of cases, this refers to Swahili, though there is a marginal amount of
English-derived effects, too. The use of square brackets in our informants’ responses indicate
(hand-written) responses that were difficult to read, while the use of “—” (em-rule) instead of a
lexical response indicates no response given, i.e. a blank entry.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
26
17
elbow
H01 enkokora H02 enkokola H03 enkokola H04 enkokola H05 ahansi
kivi; elbow
H06 ekiwi H07 — H08 — H09 okwijwi H10 enkorora
368 to carve wood
H01 okuzinga H02 kushweeka enkwi H03 okuchonga H04 okubaija
H05 kushemba ekihere
chonga; to carve wood, to sharpen a pencil
H06 — H07 okubaija H08 — H09 okubaija H10 kushongola
In (8), H06’s response corresponds to ekifûba ‘chest’ in Muzale’s draft lexicon,
and is clearly due to having misread ‹cheek› as ‹chest›. In (11), H05 has misread
‹beard› as ‹breathe› = kwikya ‘to breathe’ (Muzale MS). In (26), the same
informant misread ‹elbow› as ‹below› = ahánsi ‘below, on the ground, underneath’
(Muzale MS). In (368), H02 has presumably misread our ‹carve› as ‹cover› =
okushwe:ka ‘to cover’ (Kaji 2000:291). These examples constitute only a sample.
Occasionally, also Swahili items were subject to misreading:
40
ankle
H01 akagongoijoli H02 ekigele H03 — H04 akakongolito H05 —
fundo la mguu; ankle
H06 okujwi H07 — H08 — H09 akasinjoigolyo H10 enfundo
361 to turn something
H01 kuhindura H02 kuhindula ekintu H03 okuhindula H04 okuhindula (ekintu)
H05 kugarura ekintu
zungusha; to turn something
H06 indula H07 zingola H08 kukomelela H09 kuzingoza H10 indula
In (40), H10’s entry corresponds to enfûndo ‘calf (of leg)’ (Muzale MS).
Presumably H10 misread the Swahili item simply as ‹fundo›, meaning ‘joint’
(which by itself cannot be used for ‘ankle’). In (361), H08’s entry seemingly
corresponds to kukómeerera ‘to pack’ (Muzale MS). Most likely he misread the
Swahili item ‹zungusha› as ‹fungasha› ‘to pack’.
There are occasional responses where we simply cannot understand what may have
prompted the informant to reply as s/he has done. Thus we find partly or wholly
obscure responses like the following:
319 fox
H01 ekinyawawa H02 omushega/embwoigola H03 — H04 omuha H05 —
bweha; fox, jackal
H06 — H07 empuni H08 — H09 omushega H10 omushega
18
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
548 to remember
H01 okwijuka H02 kwijuka H03 okwi[ju]ka H04 okwijuka H05 kwijuka
kumbuka; to remember
H06 kwijuka H07 — H08 kwiijuka H09 okwijuka H10 kwinuka
665 silver
H01 eningiri H02 efweeza H03 — H04 — H05 —
In (319), H01’s response corresponds to ekiñawâ:wa ‘species of crane’ (Kaji
2000:58). In (548), H10 has either misread/misunderstood what we were asking
for, or simply misspelled his response, as it seemingly corresponds to kwinuka ‘to
stop working’ in Muzale’s draft lexicon. H01’s entry in (665) is equally obscure to
us. Muzale (pc 2004/12) reads her response as referring to a musical instrument
known as marimba in Swahili.
Presumably these responses have trivial causes even though we have not been able
to deduce them (at this point). Some/many may well be attributed to a non-perfect
command of the English lexicon, but potential misunderstandings are found also
among the responses to the Swahili/English List B.
In some cases we can offer tentative speculations, but still without being too sure
about our informants’ actual intentions:
151 to give
H01 okuha H02 kuha H03 okuha H04 okuha H05 kua
pa; to give
H06 lushelo H07 eleza H08 kuha H09 okuwa H10 kua
H06 has either misunderstood/misread the Swahili/English items or made a
somewhat strange association (or both). Her response seemingly corresponds to
orushero, which refers to a tray hanging above a fire on which things are laid to
dry (Muzale, pc 2004/12). If H06 misread Swahili ‹pa› ‘to give’ as ‹paa› ‘roof’,
she may have made an association from ‘roof’ to a tray hanging from the roof
(read: ceiling). Although, at this point we have to admit to not being quite sure
how to interpret this particular entry.
In (325) below, H01 has responded with a word that seems to mean ‘swallow’, and
which appears as orutaratámba in Muzale’s draft lexicon; cfr also Nyambo
entaratâmbi ‘sparrow’ (Rugemalira 2002:119), Nkore-Kiga entaratâmbi ‘swallow’
(Taylor 1959:191).
325 bat
H01 ekitaratamba H02 oluhugahugu H03 ekihugahugu H04 oruhugahugu
empugaugu
popo; bat
H06 — H07 ekihugahugu H08 empugahugu H09 entalatabi
H10 oruhuguhugu
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
English List A
19
Swahili/English List B
H01
H02
H03
H04
H05
12.9%
2.0%
15.9%
2.5%
26.8%
(89)
(14)
(109)
(17)
(184)
H06
H07
H08
H09
H10
2.9%
6.0%
7.1%
0.3%
0.0%
(24)
(29)
(44)
(2)
(0)
In toto:
12.0%
(413)
In toto:
3.4%
(99)
Table 2. Number of blank entries.
There is a total of 687 items on List A and 616 on List B. (Note that H07 stopped the
elicitation session when he had come to the 480th item. Thus his percentage has been
calculated on the basis of a different total than the others.)
The only association we can make between bats and swallows is that both animals
are small flying things.
3.2 APPARENT NON-RECALL OF APPROPRIATE ITEMS
There were many instances where our informants did not recall (or know?) the
correct Haya item. Occasionally this evoked a blank entry, but more often it
evoked a Haya item that was semantically close, but not quite on the spot. In many
cases, this is likely due to the informants’ non-perfect mastery of English, which
may or may not have caused them to misunderstand what we were looking for.
Irrespective of that, however, there is a curious methodological problem for us as
analysers here. When the given item is semantically completely off, we have
analysed it as a non-intended reading, or more specifically, a misunderstanding
(discussed in §3.1 above). When the given item was semantically close to what we
asked for, it is more difficult for us to know (post hoc) what exactly prompted that
particular response. For better or for worse, we have deemed such “near-misses” as
cases of non-recall, not misunderstandings (or non-intended readings). Thus we
also discuss them in a section of their own further below.
3.2.1 Blank entries
The English List A contains 687 entries, while the Swahili/English List B contains
616 entries. As these were filled in by 5 informants each, that gives us a logical
total of 6 515 responses (687x5 + 616x5). However, not all entries in our word lists
evoked actual lexical items. All in all, there are 648 (or c. 10%) blank entries
among the informants’ responses. Thus our response ratio was appr. 90 %, which
seems like a fairly good figure, all things considered.
20
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
There were only three entries in our word lists which did not evoke any responses
from any informants. All appear on the English List A, namely, items ‹to mash›
(647), ‹rifle› (655) and ‹voluptuous woman› (684). Their presence in List A is due
to the fact that some entries in the Swahili/English List B were broken up when
creating List A (cfr the remarks about the origin of our lists above).
Interestingly, the English List A evoked a total of 413 (or c. 12%) empty entries,
while the Swahili/English List B evoked “only” 99 (or c. 3.4%) blank entries. 9
Obviously, an English-only list is not an ideal working tool for collecting lexical
data (at least not in a context similar to ours).
Looking at individual informants, we can note that H09 and H10 had the least
blank entries (2 and 0, respectively). H09 is our second-oldest informant while
H10 is among the younger half. Nonetheless, age is clearly an influencing factor
here, as the four oldest informants (H02, H04, H08 and H09) are also the ones with
least blank entries. We return to this issue further below (in §3.5).
3.2.2 Semantically close, but not quite right
Many responses, if translated back to English (or even Swahili), would not
correspond to the original items used in the questionnaires. This concerns in
particular English items which lack obvious matches in Haya.
100 to drill
H01 — H02 — H03 — H04 okuhilingita H05 —
kwata; to drill/parade
H06 kutela amagulu H07 twala H08 kulibatilila H09 okukoza ebyamani
H10 kubonabonya
This seems to have been a difficult word to translate. Muzale’s MS has nothing
corresponding to the English item ‹to drill›, nor does Kaji (2000). Four of the
informants gave up on this, some gave a semantically close word, while the rest
apparently misunderstood what we were looking for. H04’s entry corresponds to
either okuhílingita ‘to roll down; to tumble’ (Kaji’s 2000:226) or okubíligita ‘to
run noisily’ (idem:227). H06’s entry translates literally as ‘to beat/hit the legs’. It is
possibly an ad hoc calque-translation of the Swahili phrase chapa miguu or piga
miguu, a common phrase used for ‘to drill, parade’ in Swahili. H07’s entry
corresponds to kutwâra ‘to rule, lead, govern, lead over’ (Muzale MS). Obviously
drilling involves a “leader”. H08’s entry corresponds to okuliba:tilila ‘to keep on
putting the foot on’ (Kaji 2000:228). H09’s entry contains a bit of a mistranslation
meaning ‘to apply strength’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12), being composed of kukôza ‘to
use, apply; to make/cause someone to do something; to help/assist someone to
do/work’ and máàni ‘strength’, given as amâ:ni by Kaji (2000:217). H10’s entry
seemingly corresponds to kubónabon(y)ia ‘to punish’, which Muzale (pc 2004/12)
specifies as an act of mental and/or physical torture. Drilling was(is) used much in
9
As a matter of fact, the real amount of blank entries in List B was 235 (or c. 7.6%).
However, this is a misleading figure, as one informant stopped filling in the word list at item
480. After 3 hours of elicitation, all but H07 had finished their word lists, at which point H07
decided to do so, too. Hence, if we deduct these 136 blank entries (items 481-616), we arrive at
an alternate total of 99 (or c. 3.4%) blank entries for the Swahili/English List B.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
21
the Tanzanian (Military) National Service, and may well at occasion be seen as
punishment.
Another example is the following:
188 to punish
H01 kutambya H02 kubonabona H03 okuha eadhabu H04 okubonaboni(y)a
H05 kusindika
adhibu; to punish
H06 eadhabu H07 — H08 kuhana H09 okushasa H10 kubonabonya
Despite the fact that there is a Haya equivalent for English ‘to punish’, namely,
kubónabonia/kubónabonyia (Muzale MS), three informants nonetheless gave
replies that were semantically a bit off. H01’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s (MS)
kutâmbya ‘to chase out, expel, divorce’. H08’s entry seemingly corresponds to
kuhana ‘to cause trouble or inconvenience to’ as well as ‘to warn’ (Muzale MS).
H09’s entry corresponds to okusha:sha ‘to have a pain; to suffer; to be sad, feel
sorrow; to have a hard time, suffer hardships’ (Kaji 2000:252+318+320).
Many of the responses, such as those in (188), which were semantically close but
not right-on-target, so to speak, can clearly be accounted for by the elicitation
situation itself, which involved a time limit of three hours. This was likely a cause
for stress on the part of the informants. Given more time and a less inhibiting
setting, they may well have produced the expected words.
3.2.3 Potential “on-the-spot” creations
There are a handful of potential on-the-spot creations which are not made up of
loan words. These are different from the semantically close replies only in that
they are forms not found in (real or imaginary) dictionaries.10
The clearest example would be the following:
253 blunt knife
H01 omuyo ogukurubile H02 omuhyo gutaina bwogi H03 omuyo
ogutaikushala H04 omuhyo gukuru bi¯le H05 muyo ogutaikushara
kisu (ki)butu; blunt knife
H06 omuyo ogutaikushala H07 omuyo gutakushara H08 — H09 omuyo
ogutalikushala H10 omuyo gukurubile
The entries of H01, H04 and H10 involve a perfect form of the verb kukúruba ‘to
become blunt’, and thus their responses would mean something like ‘blunted knife’
(assuming, for the moment, that “blunted” is taken as idiomatic English).
Most informants, however, responded with a negative verb form. H03, H05, H06,
H07 and H09 used complements involving the verb kushâra ‘to become sharp’ and
a negative marker -ta-. Their responses are likely to be understood as ‘nonsharpened knife’ or ‘knife not sharpened’.
10
This may possibly, in the long run, prove to be a useless distinction.
22
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
H02 has responded with a phrase meaning roughly ‘knife that does not have a
cutting edge’, or omuhyo ‘knife’ + gu-ta-i-na = REL-NEG-TMA-‘have’ + bwogi
‘cutting edge’.
Another example is the following:
64
dumb
H01 omutita H02 omutita H03 omutita H04 omutita H05 —
bubu; dumb
H06 omutita H07 mtita H08 — H09 atagamba H10 omutita
In Muzale’s MS we find omutita ‘dumb person’, which most of the informants
have replied with. However, H09 has responded with an inflected form the verb
kugamba ‘to say’, or a-ta-gamba = 3SG-NEG-‘say’.
3.3 FOREIGN-LANGUAGE (SWAHILI) INFLUENCED RESPONSES
We have made a simple (simplistic?) distinction between Swahili influence and
Swahili interference. The distinctive difference lies in the fact that the former
concerns Haya words/roots molded/influenced by Swahili structures, while the
latter involves actual Swahili words/roots. The latter type is discussed in the next
section.
Note initially that certain types of Swahili influence are also discussed in other
sections, e.g. “selective” reading (see under §3.6). Also, we make a distinction
between lexicosemantic influences and influences of form, which we discuss them
separately below.
3.3.1 Lexicosemantic influence from Swahili (and English)
There are several clear and/or possible instances of lexicosemantic influence from
Swahili, or even English.
475 fruit
H01 — H02 eitunda H03 eitunda H04 ekilaba H05 itunda
tunda; fruit
H06 eitunda H07 eitunda H08 — H09 ekilaba H10 eitunda
Six informants gave a word obviously derived from Swahili tunda. In Swahili,
tunda can refer to any kind of fruit, being glossable as ‘fruit (in general)’. In Haya,
however, eitúnda can mean only ‘passion fruit’, while omutúnda refers to ‘passion
fruit tree’ (Kaji 2000:71). Thus, although the root is a legitimate Haya item, its use
here is presumably due to lexicosemantic influence from Swahili.
123 son
H01 mutabani H02 mutabani H03 omutabani H04 mutabani H05 mwojo
mwana wa kiume; son
H06 omwana wa bwojo H07 omwana mwojo H08 mutabani H09 omwojo
H10 mutabani-wa
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Item
English List A
Swahili/English List B
33
—
ubavu; rib
H06 embavu
40
—
fundo la mguu; ankle
H10 enfundo
51
—
ini; liver
H06 eini
52
—
figo; kidney
H06 eini
53
—
mate; saliva
H07 amachwanta
65
—
kiziwi; deaf
H07 kigaramatwi
620
to pain
H05 kutaa omunda
—
78
—
ponya ugonjwa; to cure
H07 okukiza oburwaile
97
to send (something)
H02 kutuma
H03 okukituma
H04 okutuma
H05 kutuma
—
100
—
kwata; to drill/parade
H06 kutela amagulu
114
husband
H03 omwami
—
115
(my) father
H01 tata wange
H02 tata wange
baba (yangu); (my) father
H06 tata yange
H07 tatai wange
117
(my) mother
H02 mae/mawe wange
mama (yangu); (my) mother
H06 mae wange
122
—
mwanangu; my child
H10 mwanawa
123
—
mwana wa kiume; son
H06 omwana wa bwojo
H07 omwana mwojo
628
sound
H01 eiraka
H02 eilaka
H03 eilaka
H04 eiraka
—
Table 3. List of Swahili influenced items.
23
24
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Item
English List A
Swahili/English List B
138
to cry (of sadness)
H05 kurila muno
—
160
to write
H01 okuandika
H02 kuandika
H03 okuandika
H05 kuandika
andika; to write
H07 andika
H08 kuandika
H09 okuandika
H10 kuandika
635
to dismiss from work
H01 kubinga
H03 okubinga
H04 kubinga
—
173
to hide
H05 kulinda
—
214
charcoal
H02 omukara
H05 omukara
kaa/makaa; charcoal
H06 omukala
H07 omukara
225
earthen pot
H02 emuga
mtungi; earthen pot
H06 emuga
H10 emuga
232
—
changanya; to mix
H10 tabanganya
245
basket
H02 ekikapu
H05 kigega
kikapu; basket
H06 ekikapu
H07 ekikapu
H10 ekikapu
248
—
nyundo; hammer
H08 enyundo
308
stick
H04 ekiti
fimbo; stick
H06 ekiboko
322
hyena
H01 empisi
H04 empisi
fisi; hyena
H07 empisi
H08 empisi
343
spider
H05 empubi
buibui; spider
H06 embubi
357
to work
H03 okukola (omulimo)
H04 okukola omulimo
fanya kazi; to work
H06 kola emilimo
H07 kola emilimo
H08 kukola omulimo
H09 okukola omulimo
H10 kukola emilimo
368
to carve wood
H03 okuchonga
—
(Table 3 continued.)
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Item
English List A
Swahili/English List B
662
to sharpen a pencil
H01 okuchonga
H03 okuchonga
—
375
to squeeze
H03 okwilila (yo)
—
383
to drip/trickle
H04 okutontona
—
386
market
H01 esoko
—
411
mango
H02 einembe
H03 einembe
embe; mango
H06 einembe
H07 einembe
H08 einembe
H09 einembe
475
fruit
H02 eitunda
H03 eitunda
H05 itunda
tunda; fruit
H06 eitunda
H07 eitunda
H10 eitunda
485
much/many
H04 nyingi
H05 nyingi
ingi; much/many
H06 zingi
486
group (of people)
H05 eikundi lya abantu
—
487
—
chache; few
H06 zike
513
—
chache; few
H06 nke
H08 kake
559
death
H03 ekifo
—
572
—
dogo; little, small
H06 nke
592
weak
H05 mnafu
dhaifu; weak
H06 mnafu
602
—
kimanjano; yellow (also manjano)
H08 kachungwa
606
moist, humid
H02 amaizi maizi
a maji; moist, humid
H06 amazi
608
—
a kale; of very long time ago
H10 kala
(Table 3 continued.)
25
26
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Muzale’s MS has omutábani ‘son’ and omwójo ‘boy’. H06 and H07 have given
constructions roughly analysable as ‘boy-child’, possibly being calque translations
of Swahili mwana wa kiume. (Note also that H06’s ‹bwojo› could well be an
influence from English boy.)
As we cannot probe into the minds of the informants, there are many problematic
entries which may or may not be cases of Swahili influence.
40
ankle
H01 akagongoijoli H02 ekigele H03 — H04 akakongolito H05 —
fundo la mguu; ankle
H06 okujwi H07 — H08 — H09 akasinjoigolyo H10 enfundo
In (40), H10’s entry corresponds to what appears as enfûndo ‘calf (of leg)’ in
Muzale’s MS. Either H10 has misinterpreted English ankle, or else he has reinterpreted Haya enfûndo in lines with Swahili fundo ‘joint’.
322 hyena
H01 empisi H02 empuni H03 — H04 empisi H05 engo
fisi; hyena
H06 — H07 empisi H08 empisi H09 empuni H10 empumi
In (322), four informants (H01, H04, H07, H08) have given a word that seemingly
corresponds to empîsi ‘leopard’ in Muzale’s MS. The informants may, of course,
have misinterpreted English hyena, but it seems more likely that they were
influenced by Swahili fisi, and thus confused Haya empisi with the meaning of
Swahili fisi.
The line between Swahili-influenced Haya words and Hayaized Swahili items
proper (Swahili interference) is not always easy to draw.
620 to pain
H01 okushaasa H02 kushasa H03 okuluma H04 kushasa H05 kutaa omunda
In (620), H05’s entry is seemingly made up of kúta ‘to put’ and omunda ‘inside’.
However, kuta may have been used here to mean ‘to hit/beat’, which is an attested
older meaning of Swahili kuta. Thus, possibly, her entry means something like ‘to
hit inside’ ≈ ‘to pain’. In this instance, then, H05’s use of ‹kutaa› could be
interpreted as either a lexicosemantic influence (Haya word with Swahili meaning)
or a case of Swahili interference (Swahili word+meaning).
While almost all instances of identified lexicosemantic influence can be attributed
to Swahili, there is at least one seemingly clear case of lexicosemantic influence
from English. This is partly surprising, as we could well have expected more.
Those informants who filled in the Swahili/English List B gave the same reply for
‘hand’ in (23) as they did for ‘arm’ in (24), corresponding to omukôno ‘arm, hand’
in Muzale’s MS. This is in accordance with the lexical semantics of Haya, Swahili,
and most other Bantu languages.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
23
hand
H01 ekiganja H02 ekiganja H03 omukono H04 ekiganja H05 upande
mkono; hand, arm
H06 omukono H07 omukono H08 — H09 omukono H10 omukono
24
arm
H01 omukono H02 omukono H03 omukono H04 omukono H05 —
mkono; arm, hand
H06 omukono H07 — H08 omukono H09 omukono H10 omukono
27
Three of the informants who filled in the English List A, however, seem to have
been influenced by the structuring of the English lexicon. That is, they have given
different replies for ‘hand’ and ‘arm’, respectively. Thus in (23), H01, H02 and
H04 have given words for ‘palm (of hand)’ (ekiganja in Muzale’s MS). This we
interpret as a lexicosemantic interference from English. Moreover, since the
attested English influence is so marginal (only one case!), we will disregard it from
the present discussion.
3.3.2 Haya word forms influenced by Swahili
Some of the Haya responses were written in a form that in one way or other
deviates from what we can find in our main Haya source materials. Occasionally
there is a simple (phonetically motivated?) spelling difference, while in some cases
there is a clear grammatical difference. Thus Swahili influences on Haya word
forms covers in fact several types of influences: grammatical/morphological,
phonetic/phonological as well as orthographical(/graphemic). The latter two are, in
the present context, virtually impossible to distinguish, as the following example
illustrates:
245 basket
H01 ekikapo H02 ekikapu H03 ekikapo H04 ekikapo H05 kigega
kikapu; basket
H06 ekikapu H07 ekikapu H08 olugega H09 olugega H10 ekibo/ekikapu
In (245), informants H02, H06, H07 and H10 have seemingly used Swahiliinfluenced spellings (final -u instead of -o) of the cognate Haya word ekikâpo
‘basket’ (Muzale MS). Whether this reflects actual pronunciation we cannot tell.
248 hammer
H01 enyondo H02 enyondo H03 enyondo H04 enyondo H05 —
nyundo; hammer
H06 enyondo H07 enyondo H08 enyundo H09 enyondo H10 enyondo
In (248), most responses match with enyondo in Muzale’s MS. The form given by
H08, however, displays an -u- instead of -o-, and looks like having been influenced
by the Swahili form nyundo.
28
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
English List A
Swahili/English List B
H01
H02
H03
H04
H05
1.0%
1.6%
1.7%
1.2%
1.7%
(7)
(11)
(12)
(8)
(12)
H06
H07
H08
H09
H10
3.4%
2.3%
1.1%
0.5%
1.5%
(21)
(11)
(7)
(3)
(9)
In toto:
1.5%
(50)
In toto:
1.7%
(51)
Table 4. The amount of Swahili influence.
There is a total of 687 items on List A and 616 on List B. (Note that H07 stopped the
elicitation session when he had come to the 480th item. Thus his percentage has been
calculated on the basis of a different total than the others.)
Most of the grammatical influences concern nouns that appear with unexpected
noun class prefixes.
245 basket
H01 ekikapo H02 ekikapu H03 ekikapo H04 ekikapo H05 kigega
kikapu; basket
H06 ekikapu H07 ekikapu H08 olugega H09 olugega H10 ekibo/ekikapu
559 death
H01 enfu H02 olufu H03 ekifo H04 orufu H05 yafa
kifo; death
H06 okufa H07 — H08 olufu H09 olufu H10 orufu
In (245), H05 has used a class 7 prefix, instead of the expected class 11 prefix (cfr
Muzale’s orugega ‘basket of open wicker-work’). She has likely been influenced
by Swahili kikapu, which is a class 7 noun.
In (559), H03 has used an unexpected class 7 prefix; cfr olúfu, which is a class 11
noun, with plural énfu in class 10 (Kaji 2000:265). Again, this is likely influenced
by Swahili kifo, a class 7 noun.
3.3.3 Brief summary of Swahili influences
Table 4 gives a numerical summary of Swahili influences in the informants’
material. Table 3 lists all the actual items, be they real or potential.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
29
When looking at the totals for each list, there seems to be no significant difference
at all between the two lists. If we look at the type of Haya items that have been
influenced by Swahili, we can see that there are slightly more verbs in the column
for List A in table 4. Whether this has any significance we cannot say, at present.
Also, there is a weak correlation between the amount of Swahili influence and the
informants’ ages, an issue we return to further below (in §3.5).
3.4 FOREIGN-LANGUAGE (SWAHILI) INTERFERENCE
One of our intended aims has been to study lexical Swahili interference in the
informants’ responses, and hopefully also correlate that with whatever other factor
may seem reasonable. For this reason, we have deliberately tried to separate
historical loans, i.e. such words which are fully incorporated into the Haya lexicon
(and can thus be regarded as “legitimate” Haya items), from those which we
cannot justify as being incorporated Haya items. Hence the distinction between
incorporated (historical) loans and non-incorporated (foreign) words. The latter
category qualifies as interference, the former does not (at least not synchronically).
3.4.1 What is Swahili interference (in the present context)?
Our operational procedure when determining whether or not a word is a
“legitimate” Haya item is based on a concept that we label authoritative Haya. The
bulk of this consists of Muzale’s draft lexicon and Kaji’s (2000) vocabulary. Other
sources used include Byarushengo’s various publications (see bibliography),
Rascher’s (1958) grammar, Rehse’s (1915) brief vocabulary, as well as Cory’s and
Löfgren’s unpublished glossaries. Thus any word listed in these materials will
automatically be regarded as being “legitimate” Haya, irrespective of historical
origins.
Occasionally we have considered some words as “legitimate” Haya even when
they are not mentioned by our main sources, especially if cognate roots seem to be
frequent in neighbouring languages, as in the following example:
73
wound
H01 — H02 eihuta H03 ekilonda H04 eihata H05 ekiere
jeraha; wound
H06 enkoju H07 orubale H08 olubale H09 obuhuta H10 ekironda
In (73), the entries of H07 and H08 contain a word not listed by our main sources.
However, near-identical words are found in neighbouring languages, e.g. Nyambo
orubáare ‘wound (esp. on the head)’ (Rugemalira 2002:135), Ganda olubale
‘wound, scar, [...]’ (Murphy 1972:282). Thus our two informants have likely given
proper Haya words, albeit they seem to be lacking in the descriptive literature.
There are several problematic cases in our material. The difficulty in drawing a
clear line between Swahili-influenced Haya words and proper Swahili interference
has already been noted above.
30
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Item
English List A
Swahili/English List B
6
—
kipaji; forehead
H06 ekipaji
9
—
taya; jaw
H06 etaya
20
—
koo; throat
H06 ekoo
26
—
kivi; elbow
H06 ekiwi
H09 okwijwi
42
skin
H02 engozi
—
61
a dream
H01 endoto
—
70
—
tapika; to vomit
H10 kutabika
77
scar
H03 ealama
—
99
to take away
H05 kugila mbali wagya
—
102
—
chupa; to jump
H06 echupa
107
race/tribe/clan
H01 ekabila
kabila; race, tribe, clan
H06 ekabila
108
old man
H03 omuzee
—
120
uncle
H03 omujomba
mjomba; maternal uncle
H07 mjomba
121
aunt
H03 shangazi
shangazi; paternal aunt
H07 shangazi
125
brother
H03 kaka
—
126
sister
H03 dada
—
629
to make noise
H03 okutela ekelele
—
139
language
H03 elugha
—
148
to help
H03 okusaidia
—
Table 5. List of Swahili interferences.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Item
English List A
Swahili/English List B
153
a present
H02 ezawadi
H03 ezawadi
—
156
to explain
H03 okufafa[nua]
—
630
to describe
H03 okuelezea
—
633
to knock
H03 okutela hodi
—
174
to condemn
H02 kulaumu
H03 okulahumu
—
177
law
H03 esheria
sheria; law
H06 eshelia
178
judge
H05 hakimu
—
180
to accuse
H03 okutuhumiwa
—
188
to punish
H03 okuha eadhabu
adhibu; to punish
H06 eadhabu
190
to dance
H02 kuzana omuziki
H03 okuzana omuziki
H05 kuzana omuziki
—
638
music
H01 omuziiki
H02 omuziki
H03 omuziki
H04 omuziki
H05 omuziki
—
194
to sing
H03 okuimba
imba; to sing
H10 kuimba
207
—
ua; fence, compound, backyard,
frontyard
H06 ita
209
garden
H01 obustani
H02 omubustani
bustani; garden
H10 bustani
210
stove
H05 stovu
—
215
smoke
H05 esigara
—
(Table 5 continued.)
31
32
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Item
English List A
Swahili/English List B
222
to boil/be boiling
H01 okuchemsha
H03 okuchemsha
—
223
to boil (something)
H03 okuchemsha
—
224
saucepan
H02 akasosi
H03 akasosi
—
230
to filter
H03 okuchuja
—
232
to mix
H01 okuchanganya
H03 okuchanganya
—
238
to grind/pulverize/mill
H02 kusa omumashini
—
244
plastic bag
H02 shangazi
—
648
paper bag
H04 ekifuko
H05 shangazi
—
254
broom
H01 ekifagizo
—
255
to sweep
H01 okufagia
—
259
—
tundika; to hang (something)
H06 kutundiika
653
cattle
H05 zizi
—
276
to keep cattle
H01 okufuga
H03 okufuga ente
fuga; to keep cattle/animals
H10 kufuga
654
to keep animals
H03 okufuga
H05 kufuga
—
278
—
mfugaji; cattlekeeper/pastoralist
H10 omufugi
301
arrow
H03 omushale
—
331
crocodile
H01 emamba
H02 emamba
H04 emamba
—
(Table 5 continued.)
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Item
English List A
Swahili/English List B
332
cobra
H02 eaina [...]
—
352
pigeon
H01 ekasuuku
njiwa; pigeon, dove
H10 enjiwa
661
to work with clay
H03 okufyatua amatofali
—
368
to carve wood
H05 kushemba ekihere
—
394
finance
H03 omutaji
—
413
vegetables
H01 emboga
H02 emboga
mboga; vegetables
H06 emboga
430
air
H02 ehewa
hewa; air
H06 ehewa
440
—
vuma; to blow (of wind)
H10 kuvuma
468
plant
H03 omumea
mmea; plant
H06 emimea
472
—
tawi; branch
H10 eitabi
486
group (of people)
H05 eikundi lya abantu
—
516
border
H03 omupaka
mpaka; border, till/untill
H06 mbali
H08 mbali
520
different
H03 etofauti
—
524
—
wakati; time, when
H06 omuda
538
desire
H03 okutamani
tamaa; desire
H06 etamaa
539
to wonder
H03 okushangaa
—
675
to be surprised
H01 okushangaza
H03 okushangaa
—
540
suspecion
H02 amashaka
shaka; suspecion
H06 amashaka
(Table 5 continued.)
33
34
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Item
English List A
Swahili/English List B
543
pain
H03 amaumivu
—
546
bad smell
H03 ealufu(mbi)
—
552
noise
H03 ekelele
—
557
life
H03 amaisha
—
560
corpse
H03 omuzoga
—
562
grave
H03 ekaburi
—
680
magician
H02 omutambi we kienyeji
—
578
light
H03 omwanga
—
581
clean
H02 kisafi
H03 ekisafi
—
585
wisdom
H01 obusara
hekima; wisdom
H06 obu[ei]ewa
595
to be enough
H03 okutosha
—
601
green
H02 kyagruni
—
602
yellow
H02 kyayelo
H05 njano
kimanjano; yellow (also manjano)
H06 gwa njano
603
same, equal
H03 sawasawa
—
609
(to be) straight
H01 kunyooka
H03 okunyoka
—
610
of cylindrical shape, round
H01 omviringo
H03 omviringo
H05 kuzungukya
mviringo; of cylindrical shape, circle,
round thing
H06 kuzunguka
H10 omviringo
687
circle, round thing
H03 omuduara
—
(Table 5 continued.)
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
35
562 grave
H01 enyanga H02 enyanga H03 enyanga/amalaro/ekaburi H04 entaana
H05 —
kaburi; grave
H06 kitulo H07 — H08 entaana H09 enyanga H10 enyanga
In (562), we simply do not know why H03 has added a (Hayaized) Swahili item, as
he has already given two fully legitimate Haya words in response. Presumably
there are more Hayaized Swahili items in use in Daressalaam Haya than in Bukoba
Haya (which would be the basis of most descriptive works).
We have found only four entries with words derived from English (cfr Rubanza
1979:81).
210 stove
H01 eijiko H02 eijiko H03 eijiko H04 eijiko H05 stovu
jiko; stove, kitchen
H06 obuchumbilo H07 eijiko H08 eijiko H09 ichumbilo H10 eijiko
394 finance
H01 kulipira H02 obuhanika H03 omutaji H04 eikani H05 —
fedha; finance, silver
H06 ebijegejege H07 ensimbi H08 amahela H09 amaela gesiliva
H10 amahela
601 green
H01 — H02 kyagruni H03 ekibabi kibisi H04 kibabi H05 kibisi
kijani; green
H06 kibisi H07 — H08 nyalubabi H09 kibabi kibisi H10 kibabi kibisi
602 yellow
H01 — H02 kyayelo H03 ekibabi kihile H04 — H05 njano
kimanjano; yellow (also manjano)
H06 gwa njano H07 — H08 kachungwa H09 kibabi kiile H10 orwonge
In (210), we find ‹stovu› which is clearly derived from English stove. In (394),
there is ‹amaela gesiliva›, in which the second part derives from English silver. In
(601), we find ‹kyagruni› from English green, and in (602) there is ‹Kyayelo› from
English yellow. We are certain ‹stovu› comes via Swahili, where that word is well
established, at least colloquially. As for the colour terms, we are less certain. We
can find -a guríìni ‘green’ in neighbouring Nkore-Kiga (Taylor 1959:167), so it
seems to be in (colloquial) use in at least one of the northwestern Tanzanian
languages.
It could be that the English-derived colour terms are fully incorporated into the
Haya lexicon, but are considered as belonging to the spoken language, and thus not
used in writing (wherefore they might also be excluded in descriptive works). Our
main concern here is, in any event, the immediate donour language, which we take
to be Swahili in most (if not all) cases in our material.
36
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
3.4.2 Hayaization of Swahili words
Swahili items, when used, are almost invariably Hayaized (= adapted to Haya
grammar/morphology) in one way or other:
6
forehead
H01 omumaisho H02 ensongo H03 — H04 obuso H05 —
kipaji; forehead
H06 ekipaji H07 — H08 oluba H09 obumanyi H10 obuso
153 a present
H01 egemuro H02 ekibego/ezawadi H03 ezawadi H04 elongoolo H05 kubao
zawadi; a present
H06 kigemulo H07 ebigemulo H08 ekigemulo H09 ekigemulo H10 ekigemulo
In (6), H06 has responded with a Swahili word prefixed with a Haya augment.
(Swahili does not make use of any augments.) This is also the most common
Hayaization of Swahili nouns, i.e. a Haya augment on a Swahili word/stem, and
often (though not always) without an overt noun class prefix. In (153), informants
H02 and H03 have done the same thing.
There is a marginal amount of overtly non-Hayaized Swahili words.
178 judge
H01 omulamuzi H02 omulamuzi H03 omulamuzi H04 omulamuzi H05 hakimu
hakimu; judge
H06 omulamuzi H07 omulamuzi H08 omugerezi H09 omulamuzi
H10 omulamuzi
210 stove
H01 eijiko H02 eijiko H03 eijiko H04 eijiko H05 stovu
jiko; stove, kitchen
H06 obuchumbilo H07 eijiko H08 eijiko H09 ichumbilo H10 eijiko
In (178) and (210), H05 has replied with Swahili words (the latter of which even
traces its origin to English). The expected Hayaized forms would at least have
included augments. As for ‹hakimu› in (178), she may have given it a class 1a
belonging, which is characterized by a zero-augment as well as zero-prefix.
Similarly, a few Swahili-derived kin-terms in (121) ‘aunt’, (125) ‘brother’ and
(126) ‘sister’ have also likely been given as class 1a nouns, thus accounting for the
lack of prefixes as well as augments.
3.4.3 Brief summary of Swahili interference in our data
Table 6 gives a numerical summary of Swahili interference, while table 5 lists all
the items in question.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
English List A
37
Swahili/English List B
H01
H02
H03
H04
H05
2.3%
2.6%
7.1%
0.4%
1.9%
(16)
(18)
(49)
(3)
(13)
H06
H07
H08
H09
H10
3.2%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
1.5%
(20)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(9)
In toto:
2.9%
(99)
In toto:
1.1%
(33)
Table 6. The amount of Swahili interference.
There is a total of 687 items on List A and 616 on List B. (Note that H07 stopped the
elicitation session when he had come to the 480th item. Thus his percentage has been
calculated on the basis of a different total than the others.)
There is a clear difference between the two lists when we look at the amount of
Swahili interference. Specifically, the English List A evoked more than double the
amount of interference, than did the Swahili/English List B. This is hardly
unexpected and should surprise no one, especially when we compare this with the
amount of blank entries which are also over-represented on the English List A.
Clearly, we can attribute this to the list being an English-only list, which causes
more misunderstandings and non-understandings than the Swahili/English List B.
We cannot, of course, with absolute certainty say if single examples of lexical
interferences are long-term (stable) features of Daressalaam Haya, or simply onthe-spot creations made by individual informants. This latter scenario is likely in
some/many cases.
3.5 INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INFORMANTS
The informants’ responses are naturally influenced by a variety of sociolinguistic
factors, such as age, sex, educational background, residence histories, etc., etc.
These are only briefly touched upon below, however, as the number of informants
is not quite sufficient for making too strong claims. However, having worked with
ten informants simultaneously, we have been able to detect certain idiosyncracies
of individual informants, especially spelling preferences, and occasionally also
choices of grammatical form.
3.5.1 Idiosyncratic spelling choices
Although Haya has been used in writing for some years, e.g. in a Bible translation,
there is still no officially adopted or even accepted orthography for it, yet.11 In fact,
11
Incidentally, most of our informants were familiar with the Haya Bible.
38
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
H01
H02
H03
H04
H05
H06
H07
H08
H09
H10
Totals
TLS
‹l›
‹r›
‹chw›
‹jw›
‹aa›
‹ee›
‹ii›
‹oo›
‹uu›
156
315
245
203
120
248
87
235
283
184
121
28
23
143
131
7
119
42
3
80
4
4
4
5
10
4
3
3
5
3
6
6
5
4
0
5
2
4
6
4
32
3
4
34
6
4
1
19
2
1
12
6
1
25
1
0
2
10
2
0
18
3
1
25
4
2
4
18
10
0
11
5
0
11
0
1
0
6
0
0
7
1
1
3
2
1
0
2
1
0
2 076
697
45
42
106
59
85
34
18
362
177
6
7
74
29
54
27
23
Table 7. Numerical break-down of spelling choices (token-counts).
Bold-printing indicates numerical bias (column-wise for ‹l›~‹r› and ‹chw›~‹jw›, row-wise
for long vowels).
“ TLS” refer to data extracted from the Tanzanian Language Survey (Nurse & Philippson
1975/99), and has been added here for comparison.
when reviewing the linguistic-descriptive works on Haya, the orthographical
choices seem to vary considerably. Thus we cannot expect our informant to follow
a common orthographical practice. However, there is clearly some reason behind
their spelling choices, and a few regularities can be noted.
One simple way of displaying the informants’ spelling trends is to count the actual
number (tokens) of specific graphemes used.12 Admittedly, this is a very simple
method, but we judge it to be fairly indicative of the informants’ spelling habits.
Table 7 shows the frequencies for three different spelling choices: ‹l›~‹r›,
‹chw›~‹jw›, and whether long vowels are marked or not.
THE GRAPHEMES ‹L› AND ‹R›
The graphemes ‹r› and ‹l› represent one single phoneme in the Haya sound system.
Different authors use different orthographical rules for when to use one or the
other grapheme. For instance, in Muzale’s draft lexicon ‹l› is used in contexts
12
We have avoided counting type occurrences, as our material is not properly lemmatized.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
39
which can be summarized as “(a,o,u) __ (e,i,y)”. That is, when the phoneme in
question is preceded by any of the vowels /a, o, u/ and is immediately followed by
any of the vowels /e, i, y/, Muzale spells it ‹l›. In all other inter-vocalic contexts, he
spells it ‹r›. Following nasals, it is spelled ‹d›.
It is obvious that the informants do not follow any such rule. Thus where Muzale
would spell ‹enkórora›, our informants offer a variety of spellings, i.e. ‹kolola›,
‹nkolora›, ‹enkorola›, ‹enkorora›.
71
cough
H01 kolola H02 ekikololo H03 enkorolo H04 enkolola H05 nkolora
kikohozi; cough
H06 enkololo H07 enkorora H08 ekikololo H09 enkololo H10 enkorola
There is a statistical preference for the letter ‹l› in most of our informants’
responses, as can be seen in table 7. This is most prominent in the spelling choices
of informants H02, H03, H06, H08 and H09. Informant H07 is the only informant
who shows a preference for the letter ‹r›, while H01 and H05 show no clear
preference either way.
From a more holistic point of view, the informants choice of ‹l› or ‹r› is not
completely random. Thus the context __‹u› (possible also __‹o›) seems to evoke a
higher frequency of ‹r›-spellings than any other context. This is evident from table
8, where we have lumped together all our informants’ responses and made simple
frequency counts of occurring letters and letter combinations involving ‹l› and ‹r›.
The table clearly shows the overwhelming preference for ‹l›, which breaks up only
in contexts where it is immediately followed by ‹u›, and possibly ‹o›.
THE USE OF ‹CHW› AND ‹JW›
Informant H05 showed a clear preference by consistently spelling ‹chw› where
others would use ‹jw›.
37
knee
H01 ekijwi H02 okujwi H03 okujwi H04 okujwi H05 kichwi/okuchwi
goti; knee
H06 okujwi H07 okwijiwi H08 okujwi H09 okujwi H10 okujwi
216 ash, ashes
H01 eijwi H02 eijwi H03 eijwi H04 eijwi H05 eichwi
majivu; ash, ashes
H06 eijwi H07 eijiwi H08 eijwi H09 eijwi H10 eijwi
423 to wear
H01 okujwara H02 kujwala H03 okujwala H04 okujwaala H05 kuchwara
vaa; to wear
H06 jwala H07 jwala H08 kujwala H09 okujwala H10 kujwala
40
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
L
tokens
(types)
~
R
tokens
(types)
‹lw›
‹ly›
73
37
(33)
(15)
~
~
‹rw›
‹ry›
35
1
(22)
(1)
‹la›
‹le›
‹li›
‹lo›
‹lu›
908
280
337
260
180
(452)
(156)
(152)
(127)
(99)
~
~
~
~
~
‹ra›
‹re›
‹ri›
‹ro›
‹ru›
284
44
53
107
172
(206)
(30)
(32)
(65)
(105)
‹ala›
‹ela›
‹ila›
‹ola›
‹ula›
215
180
194
90
218
(93)
(77)
(110)
(55)
(108)
~
~
~
~
~
‹ara›
‹era›
‹ira›
‹ora›
‹ura›
107
36
52
28
48
(67)
(29)
(39)
(22)
(39)
‹ale›
‹ele›
‹ile›
‹ole›
‹ule›
27
96
76
12
50
(10)
(56)
(47)
(7)
(24)
~
~
~
~
~
‹are›
‹ere›
‹ire›
‹ore›
‹ure›
5
33
5
0
0
(2)
(23)
(4)
(0)
(0)
‹ali›
‹eli›
‹ili›
‹oli›
‹uli›
25
23
121
13
143
(18)
(10)
(53)
(7)
(53)
~
~
~
~
~
‹ari›
‹eri›
‹iri›
‹ori›
‹uri›
9
2
32
1
9
(3)
(2)
(19)
(1)
(7)
‹alo›
‹elo›
‹ilo›
‹olo›
‹ulo›
22
7
77
85
58
(14)
(6)
(27)
(47)
(26)
~
~
~
~
~
‹aro›
‹ero›
‹iro›
‹oro›
‹uro›
13
4
34
34
20
(6)
(2)
(18)
(21)
(16)
‹alu›
‹elu›
‹ilu›
‹olu›
‹ulu›
15
3
9
71
71
(11)
(3)
(8)
(33)
(35)
~
~
~
~
~
‹aru›
‹eru›
‹iru›
‹oru›
‹uru›
14
3
11
70
68
(9)
(3)
(6)
(38)
(43)
Table 8. The distribution of the graphemes ‹l› and ‹r›.
The type-token distinction refers to graphemic words.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
41
In Muzale’s draft lexicon, the above-exemplified words are given as
‹okújwi›~‹ekíjwi›, ‹éíjwi› and ‹kujwâra›, respectively. Whenever any of the other
informants chose to spell ‹chw›, this would conform to Muzale’s spelling. In fact,
H05 may display a dialectal peculiarity in which the respective phonological
sequences represented by ‹jw› and ‹chw› have merged.
THE SPELLING OF LONG VOWELS
Another idiosyncrasy regarding spelling concerns whether or not to mark long
vowels. This is written with double vowel characters. There are some minor
inconsistencies in our reference material regarding the marking of long vowels in
Haya, especially in choice of symbolization. Those published sources that do mark
long vowels (Kaji 2000; Byarushengo 1977c; Rascher 1958) seem to agree with
each other, as far as we can see.13
Three informants, H01, H04 and H10, were fairly consistent in marking long
vowels. This does not mean that they wrote long vowels in every single case where
our reference material did so. It does mean, however, that whenever they wrote
long vowels, this was in most cases substantiated also by our main source materials
on Haya. There were 14 exceptions to this, though.
(76)
(190)
(197)
(219)
(253)
(259)
(284)
(352)
(509)
(523)
(543)
(609)
(620)
(638)
H08 ‹kuziimba›
H04 ‹okugaana›
H08 ‹kwoombeka›
H05 ‹haa›
H04 ‹gukurubi¯le› 14
H06 ‹kutundiika ›
H08 ‹kuchuunda›
H01 ‹ekasuuku›
H08 ‹nshaanju›
H08 ‹anziindo›
H05 ‹kutaa›
H01 ‹kunyooka›
H05 ‹kutaa›
H01 ‹omuziiki›
kuzîmba (Muzale MS)
kugana (Muzale MS)
kwómbeka (Muzale MS)
aha (Muzale MS)
perfect of kukúruba (cfr Rascher 1958:49ff)
Swahili tundika
kuchûnda (Muzale MS)
Swahili kasuku
enshanju (Muzale MS)
enzindo (Muzale MS)
kúta (Muzale MS)
Swahili kunyoka
kúta (Muzale MS)
Swahili muziki
The fact that most of the examples above derive from informants H04 and H08
may well reflect a dialectal trait not usually described in available reference
materials on Haya. Moreover, the responses in (259), (352), (609) and (638) are
Hayaized Swahili words (i.e. not regarded as Haya items by any of our reference
sources), so we have no idea how these would be spelled in a standardized Haya
13
The marking of long vowels differs slightly in Muzale’s draft lexicon, but as this is a work
in progress we make no big point of it.
14 H04 occasionally uses a macron to mark long vowels. Curiously, he also uses double
vowel signs (though not simultaneously).
42
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
orthography (if at all). That leaves only (219) and (543/620) unaccounted for, all of
which derive from one informant, namely, H05. Her response in (219) may be a
simple spelling error. We have found no good explanation for her use of double
vowels in ‹kutaa› (543/620). However, the fact that both items contain
monosyllabic roots may have something to do with the matter.
PHONETICALLY MOTIVATED SPELLINGS
There are some more or less obvious cases of phonetically motivated spellings
among the informants’ responses.
The most obvious cases are those where some informants chose a phonetically
based spelling when a morphologically based spelling would have been expected.
266 hoe
H01 enfuka H02 enfuka H03 emfuka H04 enfuka H05 enfuka
jembe; hoe
H06 emfuka H07 enfuka H08 enfuka H09 enfuka H10 emfuka
329 fish
H01 enfuru H02 enfulu H03 emfulu H04 enfuru H05 enfuru
samaki; fish
H06 emfulu H07 enfuru H08 enfi H09 enfulu H10 enfulu
In both examples above, the non-expected spelling ‹emf›, instead of the expected
‹enf›, has been used by three informants (H03, H06, H10). The underlying form of
the prefix in question is eN-, which is normally spelt ‹en›. Phonetically, however,
the nasal assimilates with a following consonant, so that in actual pronunciation
eNfuka becomes something like [emfuka].15
Another case of phonetic, rather than morphological, spelling occurs in (674):
674 daylight
H01 ommushana H02 omu mushanai H03 — H04 — H05 —
The noun in the above example occurs as omushâna ‘day (not night)’ in Muzale’s
draft lexicon. Kaji (2000:154) has omushána ‘day time’. The entries of H01 and
H02 include also a locative class 18 marker omu-. Note how H02 has responded
with a morphological spelling, while H01 has given what appears to be a
phonetically based spelling.
The fact that some informants respond with a phonetically based spelling, rather
than a morphological one, is presumably derivative of the fact that Haya lacks a
standardized, and for our informants internally stable, orthography.
In addition to the above, there are also a few cases of less obvious phonetically
motivated spellings. It concerns the spelling of intra-vocalic ‹w› or ‹h›. Informant
15
In (415), H06 shows further evidence of a phonetically based spelling. His entry looks like
‹EM ENFUMA› in which he obviously started out writing ‹EM› before correcting himself.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
43
H08 has a slight tendency to use ‹VhV› where others would often use either
‹VwV› or ‹VV›. H05 and H06 show a slight tendency towards preferring ‹VV›
205 to enter
H01 okutaamu H02 kutahamu H03 okutaha/okutahamu H04 okutahamu
H05 kutaamu
ingia; to enter
H06 taamu H07 tahamu H08 kutaha H09 okutaamu H10 kutaamu
225 earthen pot
H01 enyungu/esefulia H02 emuga H03 — H04 enyungu/ekilika H05 kimuga
mtungi; earthen pot
H06 emuga H07 enshua H08 enshuha H09 enshuwa H10 emuga
418 flour
H01 obuunga H02 obuhunga H03 obuunga H04 eunga/obudaaga
H05 buunga
unga; flour
H06 eunga H07 buhunga/ensano H08 obuhuunga H09 ensano
H10 obuhunga
Muzale (pc 2004/12) interprets H08’s choice of ‹VhV› as probably being
dialectally influenced, i.e. based in actual pronunciation. Alternatively, it could
also be an idiosyncratic spelling preference. Our material is not enough to favour
either interpretation, though.
3.5.2 Idiosyncratic grammatical forms
A few informants displayed a notable, though not fully consistent, preference for
certain grammatical forms. Thus H05 often gives nouns without augments,
whereas other informants often give augmented forms.
1
body
H01 omubili H02 omubili H03 — H04 omubili H05 mbili
mwili; body
H06 ombili H07 omubili H08 omubili H09 omubili H10 omubili
3
head
H01 omutwe H02 omutwe H03 omutwe H04 omutwe H05 mtwe
kichwa; head
H06 omutwe H07 omutwe H08 omutwe H09 omutwe H10 omutwe
Verbal nouns (or infinitives) occur more often without augments than other nouns.
This seems to be a fairly consistent trait for informants H02, H05 and H10, while
informants H06, H07 and H08 often drop the entire prefix from their infinitives.
44
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
185 to decide
H01 okulamula H02 kulamula H03 okulamula/okuamua H04 okulamula
H05 kulamula
amuru; to decide
H06 jubula H07 ramura H08 kulamula H09 okulamula H10 kulamula
186 to prohibit
H01 okutanga H02 kutanga H03 okutanga H04 okutanga H05 —
kataza; to prohibit
H06 tanga H07 okutanga H08 kutanga H09 okutanga H10 kutanga
220 to cook
H01 okuchumba H02 kuchumba H03 okuchumba H04 okuchumba
H05 kuchumba
pika; to cook
H06 chumba H07 chumba H08 chumba H09 okuchumba H10 kuchumba
231 to fill
H01 okutekamu H02 kwijuza H03 okwijuza H04 okwijuza H05 kusangila
jaza; to fill
H06 ijuza H07 ijuza H08 ijuza H09 okwijuza H10 kwijuza
However, there is so much variation with regard to the use/non-use of augments
and prefixes on nouns that not too big a point should at present be made of it.
Two informants displayed the occasional preference for responding with inflected
forms, instead on non-inflected forms as would have been expected. Consider the
following:
90
to stand
H01 okwemelela H02 kwemelela H03 okwemelela H04 okwemelela
H05 kwemerela
simama; to stand/come to a stop
H06 oyemelele H07 yemerela H08 kwemelela H09 yemelela H10 yemelela
While most informants replied with an infinitive or bare verb stem, H06 chose to
respond with an imperative form based on the so-called subjunctive stem, that is,
o- (= 2SG SUBJ) + verb stem + -e (cfr Lehman 1977:144) No other informant has
responded with this particular verb form. H06, on the other hand, has done so
repeatedly; see (57), (86), (88), (96), (119), (137), (138), (158), (160), (187), (383),
and (391) in the annotated word lists.
H04 also displays an preference for certain inflected forms.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
45
595 to be enough
H01 kumala H02 kumala H03 okumala/okutosha H04 nikimala H05 kumala
tosha; to be enough
H06 mala H07 — H08 eikumala H09 eikumala H10 kumala
Note that H04’s entry ‹nikimala› contains a ni-prefix followed by a subject marker
-ki- of class 7 (inanimate). The ni-prefix marks the ‘immediate present’, as well as
a sense of “general state or condition” (Rascher 1958:15) H04 used this inflected
form on several occasions, though only when translating words referring to
states/qualities, such as ‘different’ (520), ‘hard’ (583), ‘soft’ (584), ‘white’ (589),
‘sweet’ (591), ‘to be enough’ (595), and ‘to be suitable’ (596).
3.5.3 The informants’ ages
In order to do a proper sociolinguistic study, we would have needed more varied
data and more informants, as well as a detailed sociolinguistic profiling. However,
the ten informants that we did have allow us nonetheless to look briefly at a few
sociolinguistic factors, especially age (cfr also Rubanza 1979:74).
There is, for instance, a clear correlation between Swahili effects (i.e. influences
and interferences jointly) and the informants’ ages, as seen in table 9.
Table 10 suggests that this correlation is most clear when looking at Swahili
interference (= number of Swahili items). Thus our oldest informants (H04 and
H09) show least traces of Swahili interference, while our youngest informant, H03,
has the largest amount of Swahili interference. Even though the correlation is most
clear in the responses to the English List A, it does appear to be a factor involved
also in the responses to the Swahili/English List B. Note also that H03 is the
informant who has lived the shortest time in Daressalaam, and so the number of
lived years in Daressalaam seems to have had no effect in this regard.
As for Swahili influence (i.e. Haya words influenced by Swahili form or
semantics) the correlation is less obvious, as seen in table 10.
A second correlation involving the informants ages concerns number of blank
entries (see table 9). This is only attestable among the responses to the English List
A, which must certainly be due to the fact that our informants are more fluent in
Swahili than English. Thus an all-English word list causes more misunderstandings
and/or non-comprehension.
It is worth noting that both of these correlations — informants’ ages versus amount
of Swahili effects, on the one hand, and blank entries, on the other — are visible
only when the two lists are kept separate. If we combine the data from both lists,
the correlations would be much less visible. This has interesting implications for
studies attempting to compare results from different studies. Unless one knows
what types of word lists have been used in data collecting, in any given study, it
would seem impossible to come to any judicious conclusion about the
comparability of results. Had we used only English List A, we would have
concluded that older informants are seemingly more reliable (as their responses
display less Swahili effects). Had someone else then done a similar study with a
46
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Inf.
Age
Sex
In Dar.
H03
H05
H01
H10
H06
H07
H02
H08
H09
H04
24y
26y
27y
28y
30y
33y
37y
41y
46y
50y
M
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
M
M
1y
17y
n/a
8y
n/a
14y
3y
2y
n/a
c.20y
Swahili effects
List A
List B
Blank entries
List A
List B
8.9%
3.6%
3.3%
15.9%
26.8%
12.9%
2.9%
6.7%
2.7%
0.0%
2.9%
6.0%
4.2%
2.0%
1.3%
0.6%
7.1%
0.3%
1.6%
2.5%
Table 9. Response behaviour correlated with age -- I.
High counts (column-wise) appear bold-printed, while low counts are italicized.
‘Swahili effects’ refers to Swahili influences and interferences jointly.
Inf.
Age
Sex
In Dar.
H03
H05
H01
H10
H06
H07
H02
H08
H09
H04
24y
26y
27y
28y
30y
33y
37y
41y
46y
50y
M
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
M
M
1y
17y
n/a
8y
n/a
14y
3y
2y
n/a
c.20y
Swahili influence
List A
List B
Swahili interference
List A
List B
1.7%
1.7%
1.0%
7.1%
1.9%
2.3%
1.5%
3.4%
2.3%
1.6%
1.5%
3.2%
0.4%
2.6%
1.1%
0.5%
1.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.4%
Table 10. Response behaviour correlated with age -- II.
High counts (column-wise) appear bold-printed, while low counts are italicized.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
47
list similar to the Swahili/English List B, their study would quite rightly have been
able to conclude that such results cannot be supported. This is a simple, but clear,
example of data gathering methods influencing or even determining the final
results.
3.6 CERTAIN LIST TRAITS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
There are three sub-categories of responses here: (1) such that were caused by
belatedly noticed blunders on our part, (2) such that were “molded” in accordance
with our list items, and (3) such that can be correlated with the fact that one of our
lists had items in Swahili, while the other had not. These are all explained in detail
below.
3.6.1 Minor blunders in our word lists
Our original word lists contained a few minor blunders, which we noticed only too
late for correction. For instance, there were misspelled items, cfr entries (249),
(305), (389), (424), (429), (444), (540). Most of these caused no apparent problems
for the informants, but a few did, as explained more fully in the annotations.
A few of our items were badly chosen or phrased. For instance there appears an
unnecessary addition in item (60) in List B which we neglected to delete.
(from List B)
60
ota; to dream (also: to grow)
The parenthetical information is a commentary on the preceding Swahili item, and
was put there originally for own use, rather than anything we wished to elicit from
the informants.
A few entries were duplicated by mistake. Some of these were caused by how List
A was created (cfr previous notes above). Thus in List A, items (16) and (617) are
identical, as are the following pairs: (100)=(625), (289)=(292), and (487)=(513).
Items (50) and (385) are identical in both word lists.
Still, a couple of duplicate entries gave interesting responses. For instance, items
(50) and (385) were mistakenly given as identical. One of them was supposed to
have been a noun and the other one was supposed to have been a verb. Instead,
both entries were given as verbs. Still, the responses given were not entirely
identical.
50
to breathe
H01 okwikya H02 kwikya H03 okwikya H04 okwikya H05 kukya
pumua; to breathe
H06 ikya H07 okwikya H08 kuhikya H09 okwikya H10 okwikya
48
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
385 to breathe
H01 okwiikya H02 kwikya H03 okwikya H04 okwikya H05 kwiikya
pumua; to breathe
H06 ikya H07 okwikya H08 kwiikya H09 okwikwa H10 kwikya
In particular, note the spelling deviations in the replies of informants H01
‹okwikya›~‹okwiikya›, H08 ‹kuhikya›~‹kwiikya› and H09 ‹okwikya›~‹okwikwa›.
Another example concern the English items in (289) and (292). What should have
been ‹kid› in (289) appears erroneously as ‹lamb›. This caused (289) and (292) to
appear as identical in the English List A. Despite this, however, the informants’
responses were not identical.
289 lamb
H01 akabuzi H02 entaama (omwana) H03 enyana H04 akataama H05 —
mwana mbuzi; lamb
H06 aka[n]a kembuzi H07 akana kembuzi H08 akabuzi H09 omuhalagazi
H10 embuzi
292 lamb
H01 omwana gwe entaama H02 omwana gwe ntama H03 enyana
H04 entaama H05 —
mwana kondoo; lamb
H06 katama kamungu H07 akana kentama H08 akataama H09 entama ento
H10 akatama
H01 probably gave ‹akabuzi› ‘little goat’ in (289) because this items follows other
entries referring to goats. For similar reasons, she presumably wrote ‹omwana gwe
entaama› ‘child of sheep’ in (292) because this follows other entries referring to
sheep.
Another confusion appears in item (516) in List B, where the Swahili item contains
(for present purposes) an unnecessary polysemy. We ought to have restricted the
semantics only to one of the meanings, not both (as reflected in the English part).
516 mpaka; border, till/untill
A few entries were not sufficiently discriminatory. Thus the English item in entry
(578) was intended to elicit a word for ‘light’ as in ‘not heavy’. However, as it was
written in our word list, a couple of informants interpreted it as the opposite of
‘dark’.
578 light
epesi; light
In the Swahili/English List B, this was not a problem as the Swahili item ‹epesi›
does not have this second reading.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
49
Anoher similar effect can be seen in the following example:
481 bark
H01 — H02 kubwoigola H03 — H04 okuboigola H05 —
gome; bark
H06 ekibanzi H07 — H08 — H09 ekishushu H10 ekijuju
Here we can clearly see how an ambiguous English item caused two of the
informants to perform (from our perspective) non-intended readings. Our intention
was to elicit a noun for ‘bark (of tree)’ (= Swahili gome), but those filling in List A
read the English item ‹bark› as a verb referring to the barking of dogs.
All of the above noted blunders point clearly and loudly at the necessity of
carefully preparing questionnaires. We can only regret that our word lists
contained the blunders they did, while on the brighter side we can note that their
numbers and their noted effects did not have serious consequences for the collected
material, nor the analyses thereof. Still, they have prompted us to produce severely
revised word lists for future use. These have, for instance, a consistent meaning
equivalence between the Swahili and English items, the specific intention being
that the lists (English, Swahili, Swahili/English), when used separately, would
potentially elicit identical responses in any given target language. This entails
removing all spelling errors and, more importantly, eliminating any potential for
ambiguous readings. Many of these may seem like trivial errors in hindsight, but
some become obvious only when analysing actual informant behaviour.
3.6.2 Responses molded in accordance with our list items
Occasionally our choice of list items seems to have caused the choice of word
forms given by the informants, as the following example illustrates:
425 to undress
H01 okujuura H02 kujuula H03 okujula H04 okujuula H05 kujura
vua nguo; to undress
H06 jula omwendo H07 jula emyenda H08 kujula H09 okujuula H10 kujula
emyendo
Note how H06, H07 and H10 have added nominal complements to the verbs (cfr
omwendo ‘garment, clothes, dress’; Kaji 2000:108). The fact that they added
nominal complements, while none of the informants filling in the English List A
did so, is presumably due to the fact that the Swahili item is a verb+noun
construction while our English item is a single word expression.
A similar effect can be seen in the following example:
271 to pick up from the ground
H01 okunyukura H02 kulonda ansi H03 okulonda H04 okulonda ahansi
H05 kwiya ahansi
okota; to pick up from the ground
H06 londo H07 ronda H08 kulonda H09 okulonda H10 kulonda
50
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Three of the informants filling in the English List A added locative complements
to the verb, thus mimicking our English item, while none of the informants filling
in the Swahili/English List A did so. Presumably informants H06 through H10
translated on the basis of the Swahili item.
We can also note a choice of grammatical form due to forms appearing in our
list(s).
419 maize
H01 ekichoori H02 ekicholi/ebicholi H03 ekicholi H04 ekicholi H05 kicholi
mahindi; maize
H06 ebicholi H07 bicholi H08 ebicholi H09 ebicholi H10 ebicholi
In Muzale’s draft lexicon this is listed as ekichooli. Kaji (2000:85) gives ekicho:li
(sg) and ebicho:li (pl). Note how all informants who filled in the Swahili/English
List B chose to respond with a plural form, while all informants using the English
List A gave singular forms (but see H02). Most likely this is due to the fact that
Swahili mahindi is a plural noun.
3.6.3 “Selective reading”, or: ignoring English items in List B
One partly surprising effect caused by one of our word lists being bilingual is the
fact that some informants chose to read only the Swahili item, while partly or
wholly ignoring (or perhaps not understanding?) the English item. Thus we find
several responses like the following:
83
to leave
H01 okugenda H02 kwimukya H03 okugenda H04 okurugaho H05 kuruga
acha; to leave
H06 leka H07 leka H08 kusiga H09 leka H10 kuleka
Of special interest here, are the entries of H06, H07, H09 and H10, which contain a
verb that corresponds to kuleka ‘to stop’ in Muzale’s MS. As a Haya translation of
English to leave, it is clearly erroneous. However, the Swahili item, (ku)acha
covers the meanings ‘to leave (someone)’ as well as ‘to stop doing (something)’.
Apparently these four informants translated this latter semantic aspect of Swahili
(ku)acha, presumably without even reading the English item (as we have no reason
to assume they would not understand it); cfr also the remarks about unnecessary
polysemy noted above.
Note also the following example:
97
to send (something)
H01 kutwekela H02 kutuma ekintu H03 okukituma H04 okutuma H05 kutuma
(ekintu)
peleka; to send
H06 twala H07 twekela H08 kutwalila H09 twala H10 kutwala
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
51
In (97), the verb given by H06, H09 and H10 corresponds to kutwâra ‘to take
(somewhere/away), carry away’ in Muzale’s MS. H08’s entry contains an
applicative derivation of the same verb. These informants most probably did their
translating on the basis of Swahili (ku)peleka, which covers both ‘to send’, in
which the agent causes someone else to do the carrying, and ‘to carry away’, in
which the agent does the carrying (≈ someone takes something away). Thus while
Swahili (ku)peleka is an acceptable translation of both English to send and Haya
kutwára, the Haya item would not be an appropriate translation of the English
item.
3.6.4 Differences between the two sets of responses
If we compare the responses received by the two lists, we can see a few interesting
differences, several of which have already been mentioned and discussed above.16
If we ignore informant-specific traits (such as age) and look at the responses as two
lumps of data, we can see that the English List A clearly caused more Swahili
effects that did the Swahili/English List B, as seen in table 11.
This is hardly surprising, as the informants are more fluent in Swahili than English.
This is visible also in the amount of blank entries (see previous discussion under
§3.2 above) and the amount of non-intended readings (see §3.1), which are
noticeably higher among the responses to the English List A.
Most differences between the responses to the two lists can be accounted for by the
absence/presence of Swahili.
481 bark
H01 — H02 kubwoigola H03 — H04 okuboigola H05 —
gome; bark
H06 ekibanzi H07 — H08 — H09 ekishushu H10 ekijuju
In (481) the reason for the difference in responses is plain and clear. H02 and H04
interpreted the English item as a verb referring to the barking of dogs, while our
intention was that of for bark of trees, as understood by H06, H09 and H10. In the
English List A, ‹bark› is ambiguous between these two readings. In the
Swahili/English List B, the combination of ‹gome› and ‹bark› is not.
377 to shut/close
H01 okukinga H02 kukinga olwigi H03 okukinga H04 okukinga H05 kukinga
funga; to shut/close/lock
H06 koma H07 koma H08 kukoma H09 okukoma H10 kukoma
In (377), all who filled in the English List A responded with okukînga ‘to close,
shut (door or window)’, while those who filled in the Swahili/English List B
responded with okukôma ‘to close, tie, fasten’ (cfr Kaji 2000:296). Swahili
16
See discussions in §3.1 on non-intended readings, §3.2 on blank entries, and §3.5 on
correlations between our informants’ ages and the amount of Swahili effects and blank entries.
52
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
English List A
Swahili/English List B
H01
H02
H03
H04
H05
3.3%
4.2%
8.9%
1.7%
3.9%
(23)
(29)
(61)
(12)
(27)
H06
H07
H08
H09
H10
6.7%
2.7%
1.3%
0.8%
3.1%
(41)
(13)
(8)
(5)
(19)
In toto:
4.4%
(152)
In toto:
2.9%
(86)
Table 11. Total amount of Swahili effects (interference plus influence).
There is a total of 687 items on List A and 616 on List B. (Note that H07 stopped the
elicitation session when he had come to the 480th item. Thus his percentage has been
calculated on the basis of a different total than the others.)
kufunga is closer in semantics to the latter. There are also a handful grammatical
differences, though these are less obviously influenced by the absence/presence of
Swahili.
419 maize
H01 ekichoori H02 ekicholi/ebicholi H03 ekicholi H04 ekicholi H05 kicholi
mahindi; maize
H06 ebicholi H07 bicholi H08 ebicholi H09 ebicholi H10 ebicholi
In (419), the responses to the English List A are overwhelmingly singular, while
all responses to the Swahili/English List B are plural. Presumably they were
influenced by Swahili mahindi, which is a class 6 noun (= formally plural).
16
mouth
H01 omunwa H02 omunwa H03 omunwa H04 akanwa H05 munwa
kinywa; mouth
H06 omukanwa H07 omunwa H08 akanwa H09 omukanwa H10 omukanwa
In (16), List A evoked four responses containing the omu-prefix of noun class 3,
while List B evoked four responses with the diminutive (a)ka-prefix of class 12.
This may or may not be an influence caused by the presence of Swahili kinywa, i.e.
Swahili kinywa ≈ Haya -kanwa.
It is significant to note that these (grammatical) influences have only occurred
when a Swahili item is explicitly present, i.e. the informants’ filling in the allEnglish List A have not been similarly influenced.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
53
3.6.5 Swahili items in List B: are they helpful or not?
Occasionally, the presence of the Swahili items in List B helped the informants to
pin down what we were actually asking for. Thus we find several examples where
those filling in the English List A had apparent problems finding good translations,
while those filling in the Swahili/English List B did not. Consider the following
example:
32
back
H01 enyuma H02 omugongo H03 omugongo H04 omugongo H05 enyuma
mgongo; back
H06 omugongo H07 omugongo H08 omugongo H09 omugongo
H10 omugongo
Muzale’s draft lexicon gives omugongo ‘back (of body)’ and enyuma ‘behind, at
the back of, at rear’, both of which are appropriate responses to our English
‹back›., even though the former was our intended target word. The fact that none
of the informants filling in the Swahili/English List B gave the latter word, while
two of those filling in the English List A did, is clearly due to the presence of the
more specific Swahili item ‹mgongo› (which can only refer to the back of a body).
Another effect caused by the presence of the Swahili items is more difficult to
judge whether it is good or bad:
367 to knead
H01 — H02 kutela amajwi H03 — H04 okukanda H05 —
finyanga; to knead, to work with clay
H06 enda H07 bumba bumba H08 kubumba H09 okubumba H10 kubumba
566 sooth saying
H01 kuraguza H02 — H03 — H04 okuholeleza H05 kugamba mpola
piga bao (ramli); to devine, sooth saying
H06 kulaguza H07 — H08 kulaguza H09 kulaguza H10 kulaguza
Note the variation among the responses of those who filled in the English List A.
In contrast, those who filled in the Swahili/English List B show almost no variation
at all. Obviously the presence of the respective Swahili items have steered the
informants’ responses in a certain direction, and thereby also made our Haya
material look more similar to Swahili than had we only used an English word list.
There are two potential interpretations of this. Either the informants did not fully
understand the English items (in which case the addition of Swahili items is a clear
advantage), or else the presence of a Swahili item has a levelling effect on the
informants’ responses, whereby it obscures “true” lexical variation (in which case
the presence of a Swahili item is a disadvantage). We cannot, of course, generalize
this too far. This has to be judged on a case-to-case basis. There are cases where
the Swahili item is a clear help to our informants (see previous subsection for
examples), while there are also cases where it’s presence seems to be a clear
disadvantage.
54
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
One clear disadvantage of having had Swahili items as elicitors is the fact that they
may have prompted some informants into choosing cognate words, even where the
meanings may differ.
490 to be full/filled
H01 — H02 kwijula H03 ebijwile H04 kwijula H05 kuijura
jaa; to be full/filled
H06 ijula H07 — H08 kuijula H09 okwijula H10 enjala
In (490), H10’s response corresponds to enjara ‘hunger, famine’ in Muzale’s draft
lexicon. This is pretty much the opposite of what we were looking for. However,
the informant seems to have been influenced by the presence of Swahili ‹jaa›, and
confused or misread it as Swahili njaa ‘hunger, famine’. These cases seem to be
rare, however.
4. A few general remarks and concluding comments
We have looked at the response behaviour of ten Haya-speaking informants as
reflected in lexical material collected via two different questionnaires, one with
eliciting items in English only (List A) and another with eliciting items on Swahili
and English (List B).
We have compared this material to established and authoritative descriptions of the
Haya lexicon and tried to find explanations for the differences that we have found
between our informants’ responses and that found in these latter sources. Our
material is based on the lexical performance of Haya-speakers resident in
Daressalaam, the heavily Swahili-dominated metropolis of Tanzania. To our
surprise, the Swahili effects were less than we had initially anticipated.
Besides being a commented descriptive study of the Haya-lexicon of Daressalaamresident Haya-speakers, our study has simultaneously been a study of
methodology, in that we have examined what kind of effect, in particular, our two
different word lists have had on our informants’ output.
We have speculated and theorized extensively on the material in the preceding
sections. Here we will round off the discussion with a few selected issues.
In particular, what accounts for the various differences between our informants’
responses and the corresponding material found in our main source material?
Many differences are due to trivial causes, such as informants not knowing or recalling the item in question, or simply because they speak a different dialect than
that found in descriptions.
Other reasons can be sought in the elicitation session itself. Collecting data by way
of questionnaires is highly formal, and has various forms of effects on informants.
We are not going to ponder deeply on the theoretical aspects of questionnaire
usage here, but merely mention that one of the hypothesized effects are that many
colloquialisms have presumably been missed/avoided by not recording interviews
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
55
or conversations. From a more practical point of view, we can note that the
elicitation session was time-limited to 3 hours. It was also interrupted by a brief
power-cut which caused a momentary chaos and forced us to move locale. Some of
the blank entries are surely due to this.
More importantly from our point of view, however, are reasons that can be sought
in three main areas: (1) the dominating position of Swahili in Tanzania; (2)
informant-idiosyncracies; and (3) the structure of our questionnaires. These will
briefly be discussed below, together with some other issues.
4.1 THE EFFECTS OF SWAHILI, TANZANIA’S LINGUA FRANCA
In an earlier study, Rubanza (1979:115) concluded that “there is a great influx of
Kiswahili borrowings into Kihaya not only for new concepts but also for everyday
terms.” His study was based on interviews with 50 informants in and around
Daressalaam (idem:6). The interviews were performed in Haya.
In the recorded answers, Rubanza found that ‘lexical innovations’ accounted for
almost 30% of all the data (idem:66). In our material, we have found c.4% Swahili
effects, i.e. including both influences and interferences. This is a huge difference,
which to a large extent can be explained by two factors. Firstly, Rubanza’s data
derives from interviews (i.e. spoken texts) while our material derives from elicited
word lists, a nuch more formal and language-awareness-inducing situation.
Secondly, Rubanza’s figure includes words that we have deemed to be part of the
Haya lexicon, i.e. historical loans (or “crystalized loans”, as Rubanza calls them).17
Interestingly, when we look at the Swahili items exemplified by Rubanza (1979),
there are few correspondences in our material. Thus while one of Rubanza’s
interviewees uses daktari ‘doctor’, our informants use omutambi. This might
indicate that most of the visible Swahili interference in our material (and
presumably also Rubanza’s) is susceptible to fashions (i.e. they are short-term and
instable), and/or confined to specific types of communicative situations
(interviews, elicitation sessions), particular topics, and so on. Also, while
Rubanza’s material indicate that Haya-speakers resident in Daressalaam display
much Swahili effects in their speech behaviour, our material indicates that this is at
least not an effect of poor mother-tongue competence, but either a matter of choice
or (temporarily) non-accessed passive knowledge (cfr also Rubanza 1979:83f). On
a pessimistic note, this culd be interpreted that Haya is currently in a state of flux
and thus easily susceptible to foreign (Swahili) influences, while on a more
optimistic note, it could be interpreted that while Haya may be in a state of flux,
the future of Haya need not be one of linguistic doom.
17
Rubanza’s ‘lexical innovations’ refers to “crystallized loans, recent borrowings which are
still in the process of being assimilated, or they might be items used by bilingual speakers and
not necessarily part of Kihaya as yet” (1979:64). Thus he includes items (“crystallized loans”)
that we have excluded from our definition of Swahili interference. Moreover, ‘lexical
innovations’ includes words that we define as Swahili influences, i.e. Haya words influenced by
Swahili structures, such as using the Swahili form kunywa instead of the full Haya form
okunywa (idem:66).
56
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
4.2 INFORMANT-IDIOSYNCRACIES
Two of our informants were born in Daressalaam. Our initial expectation was that
these would also be the informants who would show the largest amount of Swahili
effects in their responses. However, this was not the case. Rather, we found a
correlation between Swahili effects and age (cfr also Rubanza 1979:74), but none
between Swahili effects and, say, number of years resident in Daressalaam. Thus
we received the largest amount of Swahili effects from our youngest informant
(H03) who had, incidentally, resided the least number of years (one) in
Daressalaam.
Idiosyncrasies of individual informants can have a devastating effect on collected
materials, especially if one works with single informants for a brief time. For
instance, there are informants who more or less regularly chose inflected verb
forms where others would chose non-inflected ones (see §3.5 above). Sometimes
this can be correlated with lexical semantics (as when H04 gives immediate
present forms for words referring to states/qualities), sometimes it can not. Had we
worked with a single informant of a hitherto undescribed language, with no
reference data to compare with, we would likely have been either baffled or misled
in our analyses by some of the results.
Older lexical material, especially such found in travelogues and brief journal
articles, may well be affected by undetected informant idiosyncracies to extents
that may or may not be impossible to assess.18 This may seem like a redundant
point to make, but we feel it is important to verbalize it since such data is used in
the academic literature, sometimes without explicit problematizations.
4.3 THE STRUCTURE OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES
One of our lists had words in English only (List A) while the other had both
Swahili and English items (List B). There were clear advantages and disadvantages
with both.
The biggest disadvantage with an English lists is clearly the fact that some, or even
many, informants have a non-fluent competence in English, which can cause
misunderstandings and misreadings.
Having Swahili items present on the list does not seem to cause as many problems
as not having them, but there are a few (putatively) negative effects with those,
too. While a Swahili/English list can rectify poor understanding of English items, it
has a disadvantage of its own, as evident in the following example:
271 to pick up from the ground
H01 okunyukura H02 kulonda ansi H03 okulonda H04 okulonda ahansi
H05 kwiya ahansi
okota; to pick up from the ground
H06 londo H07 ronda H08 kulonda H09 okulonda H10 kulonda
18
This is particularly a problem when the data comes from little-described extinct languages,
such as some of the extinct “South Khoesan” languages.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
57
Note the varied responses of those filled in the English List A, which is obviously
a result of a similarly varied understanding of the English item. In contrast, those
who filled in the Swahili/English List B show almost no variation at all. Obviously
the presence of the Swahili item has steered our informants’ responses in a certain
direction. Is this good or bad? If the result is a more precise translation, then
obviously this is good, even though lexical variation is hardly uninteresting.19
However, we can only arrive at a good decision by virtue of having good reference
materials to check with.
In §3.6, we noted some grammatical differences in the responses to the two lists. If
we would dare a generalization, the grammatical number given on nouns among
responses to the Swahili/English List B, tend to conform to that of the Swahili
item. Thus if the list has a plural Swahili noun, the Haya response is more likely
than not a plural noun. Similar effects are not detectable among the responses to
the English List A. The interesting implication is that these grammatical influences
occur only when a Swahili item is explicitly present, meaning that those who filled
in the all-English list did not let themselves be similarly influenced; something that
they theoretically could have. The theoretically important implication here is that
the presence of Swahili has, in some/many cases, conformed our informants’
responses in accordance with Swahili structures.
In §3.5, a correlation was made between Swahili effects and the informants’ ages.
Here we want to reiterate the fact that this is most conspicuous when looking at the
responses to the English List A, and less so when looking at the responses to the
Swahili/English List B. This has interesting implications for studies attempting to
compare results from a variety of sources. Unless one knows what kind of word
lists have been used in data collecting, it would seem impossible to come to a
judicious conclusion about the comparability of the results from several studies
ostensibly studying the same thing. In our case, had we used only the English List
A, we would rightly have concluded that older informants are more reliable. Had
someone else then done a similar study with a list similar to our Swahili/English
List B, their study would have been able to conclude, also quite rightly, that such
results cannot be supported. This is a simple, clear and perhaps also jarring
example of how data gathering methods can influence or even determine final
results.
As a generalization, we may conclude that the English list caused relatively more
non-intended readings, more blank entries, and more Swahili interferences, while
the Swahili/English list caused a relative increase of Swahili effects (both
influences and interferences), but only when correlated with the informants’ ages.
In more abstract terms this could be generalized as: if the list-language is too close
to the target language, then this is likely to increase levelling effects, while if the
list-language is less familiar to the informants (and far removed from the target
language, structurally speaking), it increases non-intended readings/answers and,
if applicable, lexical interference from a lingua franca.
19
Note that none of the responses in (271) are wrong in any serious sense. Muzale’s MS has
kurônda ‘to pick up, select’, kunyukura ‘to uproot, pull up’, and kwiya ‘to extract, remove from’.
Thus depending on context, they are all acceptable translations of our English item.
58
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
4.4 FROM SPONTANEOUS SPELLING TO A PRACTICAL
ORTHOGRAPHY
There is as of yet no officially adopted orthography for Haya. In fact, all sources
that we have consulted have used different orthographical principles. Hence we
cannot expect our informants to conform to any common standard in this respect.
Still, there are interesting points to be made about our informants’ spelling choices,
which seem far from random. The informants’ spelling preferences should be taken
as valuable data to ponder about for orthography developers. For instance,
attention could be drawn to the use of the letters ‹l› and ‹r›. Phonologically, these
letters denote the same sound.20 Both letters are nonetheless used in most Haya
orthographies, with their respective distributions being confined to mutually
exclusive contexts (cfr §3.5.1). Our informants also use both letters, and they tend
to follow a fairly simple rule of use. In short, they show an overwhelming
preference for ‹l›, except in front of the vowel ‹u›, and possibly also ‹o› (cfr table 8
in §3.5 above).
We feel that any suggested orthography for Haya should take trends like these into
account when deciding on orthography matters. If both letters are to be used in a
Haya orthography, their distribution could, and perhaps should, be defined as the
just-mentioned preferences indicate, i.e. use ‹r› in the context __‹u,o›, elsewhere
use ‹l›. Such a rule is not only appealingly simple, but it is also a spontaneously
made choice by mother tongue speaker/writers of Haya, at least the ones we have
worked with.21
4.5 A FINAL REMARK
In this brief study, we have offered a simple typology for sorting out and
understanding our informants’ lexical responses, which were elicited with
questionnaires, in writing. Our study is certainly not perfect, and nor is it the final
say on any matter of import, but we are offering these analyses as a reminder that
methodological issues are important. We are not, of course, suggesting that
linguistic fieldworkers are unaware of problems and issues related to data
gathering, but it is our impression that discussions and problematizations of
collected data are seldom presented in published works. Hence we hope to
stimulate more explicit analyses regarding real or putative reasons for why
collected data looks the way it does. Elicited data cannot be treated as Holy
Gospel. Rather, it should be explained and justified.
20
See Byarushengo (1977b) on this issue, as well as some related complications.
Note also that this spelling preference cannot be derived from our informants’ familiarity
with Swahili. This would in any case be a moot point, since we are not suggesting to use the
Swahili orthography for Haya. Rather, we want to point out that an orthography has to start
somewhere. It is impossible to use a Roman-based script without dragging a lot of previous
history with it, be it English, French, German, or Swahili.
21
Bibliography & references
In the below bibliography, which is based on the ones that appears in Maho &
Sands (2002:99-106, 223-225), we have sought to include all references (known to
us) which deal with Haya as well as Nyambo linguistics. In much of the older
literature, Haya and Nyambo are often treated jointly as variants of the same
language.
[Anonymous]. 1960. Endagano empya. London: British and Foreign Bible Society.
Pp 500.
—————. 2001. Ebibulia: ey’ebitabo bya deterokanoni. Translated by Elisha
Buberwa, Odilo Kajwahura, and Bernard Ryamanywa, with illustrations by
Horace Knowles. Dodoma: Bible Society of Tanzania. Pp vi, 912, 175, 304.
—————. MS. Vocabulaire kihaya, kinyarwanda, kigwe. Bukoba (Tanganyika):
Church of Sweden Mission.
Referred to by Hendrix (1982:165).
—————. MS13. Luhaya: Wortschatz und Redewendungen. Mimeograph
compiled at/for the Bethel Mission, ref. EAF CORY 13. Hans Cory Collection.
University Library of Dar es Salaam. Pp 56.
Authenrieth, H. 1908. Recht der Kisibaleute. Zeitschrift für Rechtswissenschaft, v
21, p 354-392.
Baijukya, F. P.; Piters, B. de Steenhuijsen. 1998. Nutrient balances and their
consequences in the banana-based land use systems of Bukoba District,
northwest Tanzania. Agriculture, ecosystems, and environment, v 71, p 147-158.
Barchiese, Alessandro [Dr]. 1939. Comments and annotations to Hans Cory’s
glossary of Haya medical terms. Hans Cory Collection, ref. EAF CORY 94.
University Library of Dar es Salaam. Pp 5.
Handwritten notes appended to Hans Cory’s typewritten manuscript (see Cory MS94).
Bennett, Tina L. 1977. Interrogatives. In: Haya grammatical structure: phonology,
grammar, discourse, p 171-188. Edited by Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo,
Alessandro Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California occasional
papers in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics,
University of Southern California.
Betbeder, Paul; Jones, John. 1949. A handbook of the Haya language. Bukoba
(Tanganyika): White Fathers’ Printing Press. Pp 83.
Bickmore, Lee Stephen. 1989. Kinyambo prosody. PhD thesis. University of
California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Pp xiii, 229.
60
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
—————. 1989b. Tone in Kinyambo. In: Current approaches to African
linguistics 6: proceedings of the 18th annual conference on African linguistics,
Montréal, p 19-26. Edited by Isabelle Haïk & Laurice [Anne] Tuller.
Publications in African languages and linguistics (PALL), v 9. Dordrecht:
Mouton de Gruyter; Foris Publications.
—————. 1990. Branching nodes and prosodic categories: evidence from
Kinyambo. In: The phonology-syntax connection, p 1-17. Edited by Sharon
Inkelas & Draga Zec. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
—————. 1991. Compensatory lengthening in Kinyambo. Afrikanistische
Arbeitspapiere (AAP), v 25, p 75-103. (Theme issue: ‘Lacustrine Bantu
phonology’, edited by Francis X. Katamba.)
Bona-Baisi, Ignace J. 1960. Ikani-Ngambo: Oruhaya. Limburg/Lahn (Germany) &
Bukoba (Tanganyika): Pallottine Fathers. Pp 186.
Monolingual Haya dictionary.
—————. 1960b. Amateca g’oruhaya (gramatica).
Haya grammar, referred to by Rubanza (1979:123). Unclear if it is a manuscript or “proper”
publication.
Bugingo, T. B. M. 1980. Some dependency relations between verbs and nouns in
Haya. MA thesis. Legon: Department of Linguistics, University of Ghana.
Byarushengo, Ernest Rugwa. 1975. An examination of the segmental phonology of
Haya. MA thesis. University of Dar es Salaam.
—————. 1976. Strategies in loan phonology. Proceedings of the annual
meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, v 2, p 78-89.
—————. 1977. Preliminaries. In: Haya grammatical structure: phonology,
grammar, discourse, p 1-15. Edited by Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo, Alessandro
Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California occasional papers in
linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics, University
of Southern California.
—————. 1977b. On the phonological status of p/h and d/l. In: H a y a
grammatical structure: phonology, grammar, discourse, p 17-34. Edited by
Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo, Alessandro Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman.
Southern California occasional papers in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los
Angeles: Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California.
—————. 1977c. Word list. In: Haya grammatical structure: phonology, grammar, discourse, p 205-213. Edited by Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo, Alessandro
Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California occasional papers in
linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics, University
of Southern California.
Byarushengo, Ernest Rugwa; Duranti, Alessandro; Hyman, Larry Michael. (Ed.)
1977. Haya grammatical structure: phonology, grammar, discourse. Southern
California occasional papers in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles:
Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California. Pp 213.
This is not a grammar as such, but a collection of papers dealing with various aspects of Haya
language and linguistics. The individual contributions have been listed separately.
Reviews and related: Leo Sibomana, Journal of African languages and linguistics, v 1
(1979), p 132-133.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
61
Byarushengo, Ernest Rugwa; Hyman, Larry Michael; Tenenbaum, Sarah. 1976.
Tone, accent and assertion in Haya. In: Studies in Bantu tonology, p 183-205.
Edited by Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California occasional papers in
linguistics (SCOPIL), n 3. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics, University
of Southern California.
Byarushengo, Ernest Rugwa; Tenenbaum, Sarah. 1976. Agreement and word
order: a case for pragmatics in Haya. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the
Berkeley Linguistics Society, v 2, p 89-99.
Byarushengo, Ernest Rugwa; Turuka, U. A.; Yahya-Othman, Saida. 1973. Some
notes on force and instrument in Swahili and Haya: a comparative survey.
Kiswahili, v 42/43, p 51-61.
Carlson, Robert Geoffrey. 1989. Haya worldview and ethos: an ethnography of
alcohol production and consumption in Bukoba, Tanzania. PhD thesis. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Pp xvii, 440.
Césard, Edmond [Révérend] [Père]. 1927. Comments les Bahaya interprètent leurs
origines: pages d’histoire des royaumes de l’Ihangiro et de l’Usswi, d’après les
traditions des familles régnantes. Anthropos: internationale Zeitschrift für
Völker- und Sprachenkunde, v 22, 3/4, p 440-465.
—————. 1928. Proverbes et contes Haya [parties 1-2]. Anthropos: internationale Zeitschrift für Völker- und Sprachenkunde, v 23, p 494-510, 792-816.
—————. 1929. Proverbes et contes Haya [partie 3]. Anthropos: internationale
Zeitschrift für Völker- und Sprachenkunde, v 24, p 565-586.
—————. 1931. Histoire des rois du Kyamtwara d’après l’ensemble des
traditions des familles régnantes. Anthropos: internationale Zeitschrift für
Völker- und Sprachenkunde, v 26, 3/4, p 533-543.
—————. 1934. Dictionnaire kihaya-français. Manuscrit incomplet.
Referred to by Schoenbrun (1997:20).
—————. 1935. Devinettes et observances superstitieuses haya. Anthropos:
internationale Zeitschrift für Völker- und Sprachenkunde, v 29, 3/4, p 461-462.
—————. 1935b. Le Muhaya (l’Afrique orientale) [parties 1-2]. Anthropos:
internationale Zeitschrift für Völker- und Sprachenkunde, v 30, p 75-106, 451462.
—————. 1936. Le Muhaya (l’Afrique orientale) [parties 3-5]. Anthropos:
internationale Zeitschrift für Völker- und Sprachenkunde, v 31, p 97-114, 489508, 821-849.
—————. 1937. Le Muhaya (l’Afrique orientale) [partie 6]. Anthropos: internationale Zeitschrift für Völker- und Sprachenkunde, v 32, p 15-60.
Chagas, Jeremy E. 1977. The preprefix. In: Haya grammatical structure: phonology, grammar, discourse, p 35-44. Edited by Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo,
Alessandro Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California occasional
papers in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics,
University of Southern California.
62
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Clark, A. 1937. The Buhaya women. Catholic citizen, v ?, p ?
Not sure which journal is referred to. There is (or was?) a Catholic newspaper based in the
US called Catholic citizen, established in 1878, and which continued an earlier newspaper
called Catholic vindicator. Not sure if this is it.
Cory, Hans [Koritschoner]. 1939. Glossary of Haya medical terms, Bukoba 1939:
English-Haya & Kihaya-English. Hans Cory Collection, ref. EAF CORY 94.
University Library of Dar es Salaam. Pp 11, 13.
Cory’s glossary is bundled with 5 handwritten pages of comments and annotations by Dr
Alessandro Barchiese of the White Fathers Hospital Kagondo. (See separate entry.)
—————. 1956. Buhaya and the African explorer. Tanganyika notes and
records, v 43, p 20-27.
—————. 1959? Historia ya wilaya ya Bukoba / History of the Bukoba District.
Mwanza (Tanganyika): Lake Printing Works. Pp 188.
Referred to without a date by Rubanza (1994:87). Taylor (1962:149) cites an undated report
titled History of the Buhaya district, which may be the same as this.
—————. MS57. Plant names in Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Nyiramba, Nyaturu,
Taturu, Gogo, Masai, Shambala, Swahili, Nyambo, Luguru, and their use. Hans
Cory Collection, ref. EAF CORY 57. University Library of Dar es Salaam. Pp
63.
—————. MS248. Emizo! Hans Cory Collection, ref. EAF CORY 248. University Library of Dar es Salaam. Pp 132.
Written entirely in Haya. Includes proverbs and explanations of what they mean. Pages 57-91
seem to be missing.
—————. MS284. Unpublished/incomplete Haya-English glossaries. Hans
Cory Collection, ref. EAF CORY 284. University Library of Dar es Salaam. Pp
9, 9, 49.
Contains several glossaries, many annotated by various handwritings. The second glossary is
unpaginated. The third one has handwritten page numbers on it, with pages 16, 19, 20, 23, 27,
32 missing.
—————. MS285. Unpublished English-Haya vocabulary. Hans Cory Collection, ref. EAF CORY 285. University Library of Dar es Salaam. Pp 34.
Cory, Hans [Koritschoner]; Hartnell, Mary M. 1942. Tribal structure in Uhaya.
Tanganyika notes and records, v 14, p ?
—————; —————. 1945. Customary law of the Haya tribe, Tanganyika
territory. London: Percy Lund, Humphries & Co. for the International African
Institute (IAI). Pp vi, 299.
Reprinted 1970 by Negro Universities Press in Westport CN; and 1971 by Frank Cass & Co.
in London (Cass library of African studies, library of African law, n 7; ISBN-10 0-71462476-4; different pagination).
Reviews and related: G. M. Gulwick, African affairs, v 45 (1946), p 50; Malcolm Guthrie,
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, v 12 (1948), p 484-485; Ben G.
Blount, African studies review, v 15 (1972), p 535-536.
Coupez, André. 1978. Linguistic taboo concerning cattle among the interlacustrine
Bantu. In: Proceedings of the 2nd African languages congress of UNISA /
Tweede Afrikatale-kongres van UNISA, p 217-232. Edited by Ernst J. M.
Baumbach. Miscellanea congregalia UNISA, n 5. Pretoria: University of South
Africa (UNISA).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
63
Curtis, Kenneth R. 1992. Cooperation and cooptation: the struggle for market
control in the Bukoba District of colonial Tanganyika. International journal of
African historical studies, v 25, 3, p 505-538.
Dalgish, Gerard Matthew. 1977. Past tense formation on (Oru)Haya. African
languages/Langues africaines, v 3, p 78-92.
—————. 1977b. Towards an explanation of diachronic and synchronic
exceptions on OluTsootso and Kyamutwara (Haya). In: Language and linguistic
problems in Africa: proceedings of the 7th conference on African linguistics,
Gainesville, 1976, p 412-425. Edited by Paul François Amon Kotey & Haig
Der-Houssikian. Columbia SC: Hornbeam Press.
Dauer, Sheila A. 1977. Greetings. In: Haya grammatical structure: phonology,
grammar, discourse, p 189-204. Edited by Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo,
Alessandro Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California occasional
papers in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics,
University of Southern California.
—————. 1984. Haya greetings: the negotiation of relative status. PhD thesis.
Pittsburgh: Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania.
Pp viii, 349.
Dempwolff, Otto. 1916/17. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Sprachen in Deutsch-Ostafrika, 9: Ostbantu-Wortstämme. Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen, v 7, p 134149, 167-192.
Contains lexical reconstructions, based on Herero of Namibia plus 27 East African Bantu
languages, viz. Bondei, Dschaga, Fipa, Ganda, Kamba, Kami, Kerewe, Kinga, Konde
(Nyakyusa), Makua, Nika, Njamwesi, Pare, Pogoro, Pokomo, Ruanda, Rundi, Sango,
Schambala, Segedju, Siha, Suaheli, Sukuma, Sutu, Tusi, Yao, Ziba, and Zigula.
Drolc, Ursula; Frank, Caroline; Rottland, Franz. 1999. A linguistic bibliography of
Uganda. African linguistic bibliographies (ALB), v 7. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe
Verlag. Pp 114. ISBN-10 3-89645-180-4.
Duranti, Alessandro. 1977. Relative clauses. In: Haya grammatical structure:
phonology, grammar, discourse, p 119-132. Edited by Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo, Alessandro Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California
occasional papers in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles: Department of
Linguistics, University of Southern California.
Duranti, Alessandro; Byarushengo, Ernest Rugwa. 1977. On the notion of ‘direct
object’. In: Haya grammatical structure: phonology, grammar, discourse, p 4571. Edited by Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo, Alessandro Duranti & Larry Michael
Hyman. Southern California occasional papers in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los
Angeles: Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California.
Ford, J.; Hall, R. de Z. 1947. History of Karagwe. Tanganyika notes and records, v
24, p 3ff.
Greenway, P. J. 1947. A veterinary glossary of some tribal languages of Tanganyika Territory. East African agricultural journal of Kenya, Tanganyika,
Uganda and Zanzibar, v 13, p 237-244.
Includes samples from several East African languages, incl. Haya.
Griffith, A. W. M. 1936. Primitive education in Bukoba District. Tanganyika notes
and records, v 1, p ?
64
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Guthrie, Malcolm. 1971. Comparative Bantu: an introduction to the comparative
linguistics and prehistory of the Bantu languages, vol 2: Bantu prehistory,
inventory and indexes. London: Gregg International. Pp 180. ISBN-10 0-57611002-7.
Contains a suggested outline of Bantu prehistory, lists of reconstructed Proto-Bantu and
Common Bantu roots and an inventory of Bantu languages with data for lots of different
languages. Unfortunately, there is only a minimal amount of data on either Haya or Nyambo,
both of which are said to be “broadly similar” to Kerebe. Less than ten roots appear in the
comparative series in vols 3-4.
Harjula, Lotta. 2004. The Ha language of Tanzania: grammar, texts and vocabulary. East African languages and dialects, v 13. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
Pp xiv, 220. ISBN-10 3-89645-027-1.
Publication of the author’s dissertation, University of Helsinki, 2003.
Hendrix, Melvin K. 1982. An international bibliography of African lexicons. Metuchen NJ & London: Scarecrow Press. Pp 348.
Reviews and related: Y. Bastin, Journal of African languages and linguistics, v 5 (1983), p
181-182.
Herrmann, C. [Kapitän/Hauptmann]. 1894. Die Wassiba und ihr Land. Mittheilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten: mit Benutzung amtlicher Quellen, v 7, p 43-59.
—————. 1904. Lusíba, die Sprache der Länder Kisíba, Bugábu, Kjamtwára,
Kjánja und Ihángiro. Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen, v 7,
III. Abt., p 150-200.
Hewson, John; Nurse, Derek; Muzale, Henry R. T. 2000. Chronogenetic staging of
tense in Ruhaya. Studies in African linguistics, v 29, 2, p 33-56.
Hubbard, Kathleen. 1993. Mapping phonological structure to phonetic timing:
moras and duration in two Bantu languages. Proceedings of the annual meeting
of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, v 19, p 182-192. (Theme issue: ‘Semantic
typology and universals’.)
Uses and analyses data from Nyambo and Ganda.
—————. 1995. Morification and syllabification in Bantu languages. Journal of
African languages and linguistics, v 16, 2, p 137-155.
Uses and analyses data from Nyambo and Ganda.
—————. 1995b. Prenasalized consonants and syllable timing: evidence from
Runyambo and Luganda. Phonology, v 12, p 235-256.
—————. 1995c. Towards a theory of phonological and phonetic timing:
evidence from Bantu. In: Phonology and phonetic evidence, p 168-187. Edited
by Bruce A. Connell & Amalia Arvaniti. Papers in laboratory phonology, n 4.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Looks at data from Nyambo and Ganda.
Hyman, Larry Michael. 1977. Syntax of body parts. In: Haya grammatical structure: phonology, grammar, discourse, p 99-117. Edited by Ernest Rugwa
Byarushengo, Alessandro Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California
occasional papers in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles: Department of
Linguistics, University of Southern California.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
65
—————. 1999. The interaction between focus and tone in Bantu. In: The
grammar of focus, p 151-177. Edited by Georges Rebuschi & Laurice [Anne]
Tuller. Linguistik aktuell/Linguistics today, n 24. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
Publishing Co.
Hyman, Larry Michael; Byarushengo, Ernest Rugwa. 1984. A model of Haya
tonology. In: Autosegmental studies in Bantu tone, p 53-104. Edited by George
N. Clements & John Anton Goldsmith. Publications in African languages and
linguistics (PALL), v 3. Dordrecht: Mouton de Gruyter; Foris Publications.
Ishemoi, J. 1978. Heroic recitations of the Bahaya of Bukoba. Undergraduate
paper. Department of Literature, University of Dar es Salaam.
Ishumi, Abel G. M. 1971. The kingdom of Kiziba. Journal of world history, v 13,
4, p 714-735.
—————. 1980. Kiziba: the cultural heritage of an old kingdom. Foreign and
comparative studies, African series, n 34. Syracuse NY: Maxwell School of
Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University. Pp viii, 103, 4. ISBN-10 0915984-56-3.
Jackson, C. H. N. 1936. Vernacular names of East African mammals [edited by C.
F. M. Swynnerton]. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London,
v 84, p 547-552.
Includes specimens from several Tanzanian languages, e.g. Gogo, Haya, Hehe, Langi, Zigula,
Sagala, Sukuma, Sandawe (Whiteley & Gutkind 1958).
Jervis, T. S. 1939. A history of Robusta coffee in Bukoba. Tanganyika notes and
records, v 8, p 47ff.
Johnson, Frederick. 1939. A standard Swahili-English dictionary (founded on
Madan’s Swahili-English dictionary). Oxford, Nairobi & Dar es Salaam: Oxford
University Press for the Inter-territorial Language Committee of the East
African Dependencies. Pp ix, 548.
Reprinted numerous times by Oxford University Press (ISBN-10 0-19-864403-5).
Reviews and related: E. O. Ashton, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, v 10 (1940), p
548-549; Anon, Journal of the Royal African Society, v 39 (1940), p 188; T. G. Benson, “A
century of Bantu lexicography”, African language studies, v 5 (1964), p 64-91; Ali Kondo &
others, “Tentative list of new words”, Swahili, v 36/2 (1966), p 169-184; V. Ostrovsky,
“Tentative list of new words, 2: L-Z”, Swahili, v 37/1 (1967), p 103-123; V. Ostrovsky & J.
Tejani, “Second tentative list of new words (part 1)”, Swahili, v 37/2 (1967), p 209-224; V.
Ostrovsky & J. Tejani, “Second tentative list of new words (part 2)”, Swahili, v 38/1 (1968), p
54-99; V. Ostrovsky, “Tentative list of new words, 3: T-Z”, Swahili, v 38/2 (1968), p 103123.
Johnston, Harry Hamilton [Sir]. 1919/22. A comparative study of the Bantu and
semi-Bantu languages, 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pp xi, 819; xii, 544.
Among Johnston’s many languages, there is ‘Uru-karagwe (Ru-ragwe)’, coded ‘2e’, and ‘Luziba (Lu-sinja) Runyambu’, coded ‘2g’. The former may refer to Nyambo, but the location is
specified slightly too much to the east (see Johnston 1919:72). Johnston’s data for this derives
from brief vocabularies in Kollman’s The Victoria Nyanza (see separate entry). Johnston’s
other language, the one coded ‘2g’, seems to be a mixture of Haya, Nyambo and Zinza, at
least by judging from the sources he claims to have used, though he does credit Rehse’s
(1912/13) article as being the most valuable (idem:786). Reprinted 1977 by AMS Press in
New York (ISBN-10 0-404-12092-X set).
Reviews and related: Anon, Journal of the African Society, v 18 (1918/19), p 322; A. C., The
geographical journal, v 54 (1919), p 253-254; Carl Meinhof, Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-
66
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Sprachen, v 10 (1919/20), p 156-159; E. A. Hooton, Journal of Negro history, v 5 (1920), p
383-385; A. Werner, Man, v 20 (1920), p 12-15 (art. 7); A. W[erner], Journal of the African
Society, v 21 (1921/22), p 340-341; A. Werner, Man, v 22 (1922), p 156-158 (art. 88); Anon,
Journal of Negro history, v 8 (1923), p 241-242; W. A. C[rabtree], The geographical journal,
v 61 (1923), p 57-59.
Kafunzile, Sylvester T. 2001. Shame and its effects among the Haya women in
nort[h]western Tanzania. PhD thesis. St Paul MN: Luther Seminary. Pp 150.
Kageyama, Taro. 1977. Conjunctions. In: Haya grammatical structure: phonology,
grammar, discourse, p 133-141. Edited by Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo,
Alessandro Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California occasional
papers in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics,
University of Southern California.
Kaijage, Frederick J. 1971. Kyamutware, Tanzania. Journal of world history, v 13,
3, p 542-574.
Kaji, Shigeki. (Ed.) 1998. Haya. Textbooks for language training. Tokyo: Institute
for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo
University of Foreign Studies.
—————. 2000. Haya vocabulary. Asian and African lexicon series, n 37.
Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa
(ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Pp 532. ISBN-10 4-87297-7726.
English-Swahili-Japanese-Haya, plus English index, Swahili index, Japanese index and Haya
index.
Kanena, G. 1975. Heroic recitations of the ‘Bahaya’: a form of theatre. Undergraduate paper. Department of Theatre Arts, University of Dar es Salaam.
Katoke, Israel K. 1969. A history of Karagwe, northwestern Tanzania, c.14001915. PhD thesis. Boston University Graduate School. Pp 3, v, 300.
—————. 1970. The making of the Karagwe Kingdom: Tanzanian history from
oral traditions. Papers from the Historical Association of Tanzania, n 8.
Nairobi: East African Publishing House. Pp 31.
—————. 1971. The kingdom of Ihangiro. Journal of world history, v 13, 4, p
700-713.
—————. 1975. The Karagwe Kingdom: a history of the Abanyambo of northwestern Tanzania, c.1400-1915. Peoples of East Africa, v 5. Nairobi: East
African Publishing House. Pp xx, 183.
Kirkeby, Willy A. (Ed.) 2001. English-Swahili dictionary. Skedsmokorset
(Norway) & Dar es Salaam: Kirkeby Forlag; Kakepela Publishing. Pp 1069.
ISBN 978-82-994573-2-3 pb, ISBN-10 82-994573-2-7 pb.
Reviews and related: Miki Tasseni, The Guardian (Dar es Salaam), May 15 (2002), p ?
Kollmann, Karl Paul [Hauptmann]. 1898. Der Nordwesten unserer ostafrikanischen Kolonie: eine Beschreibung von Land und Leuten am Victoria-Nyanza
nebst Aufzeichnungen einiger daselbst gesprochener Dialekte. Berlin: A Schall.
Pp viii, 191.
Contains “useful vocabularies of some of the South Victoria Nyanza languages” (Johnston
1919:10), e.g. Ganda, Ha, Ziba (Haya dialect), Karagwe (Nyambo) and Kerebe (idem:785ff).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
67
—————. 1899. The Victoria Nyanza: the land, the races and their customs
with specimens of some dialects. Translated from German by H. A. Nesbitt.
London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Pp ix, 254.
English translation of Der Nordwesten unserer ostafrikanischen Kolonie.
Kuijpers, Em. 1922. Grammaire de la langue haya. Boxtel (Hollande): Prokuur
van de Witte Paters. Pp 294.
Kuijpers, Em.; Samson, François. 1940. Dictionnaire haya-français. Manuscrit. Pp
522.
Says Polomé (1980:13): “manuscript copied and revised in 1940 by Father Leo Thijssen and
authentified in 1970 by Father Paul Betbeder”.
Lapioche, Jean-Baptiste. 1952. Prefixes of place-names in the Bukoba District.
Tanganyika notes and records, v 32, p 99-100.
—————. 1956. Table d’enquête sur les moeurs et coutumes indigènes: tribu de
Bahaya. Dactylographié. Bukoba (Tanganyika).
Referred to by Schoenbrun (1997:26).
Larsson, Birgitta. 1991. Conversion to greater freedom? Women, church, and
social change in north-western Tanzania under colonial rule. Acta universitatis
upsaliensis: studia historica upsaliensia, v 162. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell
International. Pp 230.
Publication of the author’s dissertation, Uppsala University.
Last, Joseph Thomas. 1885. Polyglotta africana orientalis: or, a comparative collection of two hundred and fifty words and sentences in fourty-eight languages
and dialects spoken south of the Equator, and additional words in nineteen
languages. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK). Pp ix,
239.
Includes lexical materials for several languages and dialects, such as, Nyambo, Bondei (p 37),
Shambala (p 41), Nguru (p 45), Zigula (p 49+213), Maasai and related (p 190-193, 219-220,
234-239), Taturu (either Okiek or Datooga), and many more. Reprinted 1972 by
Zentralantiquariat der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik in Leipzig.
Reviews and related: ..., Zeitschrift für afrikanische Sprachen, v 1 (1887/88), p 77-78; G. W.
B. Huntingford, “Note on the ‘Taturu’ language”, Man, v 28 (1928), p 190 (art. 139).
Lehman, Christina. 1977. Imperatives. In: Haya grammatical structure: phonology, grammar, discourse, p 143-148. Edited by Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo,
Alessandro Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California occasional
papers in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics,
University of Southern California.
Lodhi, Abdulaziz Yusuf. 2000. Oriental influences in Swahili: a study in language
and culture contacts. Orientalia et africana gothoburgensia, n 15. Göteborg:
Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. Pp xiii, 257. ISBN-10 91-7346-377-9 pb.
Publication of the author’s dissertation, Göteborg University, 2000. Discusses and traces
foreign influences in Swahili, in particular lexical loans from Persian, Cutchi/Sindhi, Gujarati,
Hindi/Urdu, Turkish, Indonesian and Chinese as well as grammatical loans from Arabic. Has
informative sections on the history and ethnography of various Asians groups in East Africa.
Reviews and related: Irmtraud Herms, Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, v 67 (2001), p ?
68
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Löfgren, Kurt. 1950s. Svensk-ruhaya ordlista [Swedish-Ruhaya wordlist], 2 parts.
Handwritten manuscripts in care of Abdulaziz Lodhi, Department of Linguistics
and Philology, Uppsala University.
Lumwe, Yakobo. 1996. Eine Reise nach Bukoba. Übersetzt und bearneitet von
Ernst Dammann. Abhandlungen der Marburger gelehrten Gesellschaft, Bd 25.
München: Wilhelm Fink. Pp 114.
Lwamgira, F. X. 1949. Amakulu ga Buhaya [History of Buhaya]. Manuscript (first
edition). Dar es Salaam: National Museum.
Referred to by Schoenbrun (1997:87). This is seemingly regarded as the first edition, while
the published version is labelled a second edition.
—————. 1949b. Amakulu ga Kiziba n’abakama bamu [Kiziba complete history]. Second edition. Bukoba (Tanganyika): Rumuli Press. Pp 491.
—————. 1949c. Amakuru ga Kiziba / The history of Kiziba and its kings.
Second edition; translated from Luziba by E. R. Kamuhangire. Kampala:
Department of History, Makerere University College.
Mafeje, Archie. 1998. Kingdoms of the Great Lakes region: ethnography of African social formations. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Maho, Jouni Filip; Lodhi, Abdulaziz Yusuf. 2004. Ten unannotated Haya wordlists from Tanzania. Göteborg africana informal series, n 4. Department of
Oriental and African Languages, Göteborg University. Pp 126.
Contains the same word lists as those analysed in the present work, but without any of the
annotations. Available at ‹www.african.gu.se/gais.html›.
Maho, Jouni Filip; Sands, Bonny [Eva]. 2002. The languages of Tanzania: a
bibliography. Orientalia et africana gothoburgensia, n 17. Göteborg: Acta
Universitatis Gothoburgensis. Pp ix, 428. ISBN-10 91-7346-454-6 pb.
Reviews and related: Iwona Kraska-Szlenk, Studies of the Department of African Languages
and Cultures, Warsaw University, v 34 (2003), p 83-85; Angelika Mietzner, Annual
publication in African linguistics, v 1 (2003), p 138-140; L. Marten, Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies, v 67 (2004), p 451; Martin Walsh, Tanzanian affairs, v 77
(2004), p 45-47; Martin Walsh, Azania, v 40 (2005), p 144-145.
Maruo, Satoshi. 2002. Differentiation of subsistence farming patterns among the
Haya banana growers in northwestern Tanzania. African study monographs, v
23, 4, p 147-175.
Meyer, Alois. (Ed.) 1914. Kleines Ruhaya-Deutsches Wörterbuch. Trier: MosellaVerlag. Pp 165.
Moffet, J. P. 1958. Handbook of Tanganyika. Second edition. Dar es Salaam:
Government Printer. Pp xi, 703, 9 fold-out maps.
Contains much ethnographic information about various Tanzanian peoples. The first edition
was edited by Gerald F. Sayers in 1930.
Moller, M. S. G. 1958. Bahaya customs and beliefs in connection with pregnancy
and childbirth. Tanganyika notes and records, v 50, p 112-117.
Mors, Otto. 1951. Bahaya twin ceremonies. Anthropos: internationale Zeitschrift
für Völker- und Sprachenkunde, v 46, 3/4, p 442-452.
—————. 1951b. Wahrsagerei bei den Bahaya. Anthropos: internationale
Zeitschrift für Völker- und Sprachenkunde, v 46, 5/6, p 825-852.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
69
—————. 1953. Notes on hunting and fishing in Buhaya. Anthropological
quarterly, v 26, 3, p 89-93.
—————. 1954. Cattle in Buhaya. Anthropological quarterly, v 27, 1, p 23-29.
—————. 1955. Geschichte der Bahinda des alten Kyamtwara-Reiches am
Victoria-Nyanza. Anthropos: internationale Zeitschrift für Völker- und
Sprachenkunde, v 50, 4/6, p 702-714.
—————. 1957. Geschichte der Bahaya. Micro bibliotheca anthropos, n 25.
Posieux (Schweiz): Anthropos-Institut. Pp xii, 208.
—————. 1957b. Geschichte der Bahaya (Ostafrika). Anthropos: internationale
Zeitschrift für Völker- und Sprachenkunde, v 52, p 617-622.
—————. 1958. Grasshoppers as food in Buhaya. Anthropological quarterly, v
31, 2, p 56-58.
—————. 1961. Auf dem Höflichkeitskodex der Bahaya. Anthropos: internationale Zeitschrift für Völker- und Sprachenkunde, v 56, 3/4, p 377-392.
Mould, Martin [Joel]. 1981. Greater Luiya. In: Studies in the classification of
Eastern Bantu languages, p 181-236. Edited by Thomas J. Hinnebusch, Derek
Nurse & Martin [Joel] Mould. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika (SUGIA),
Beiheft 3. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
Deals primarily with Greater Luyia (JE30+JE40), but has much comparative discussions
relating them to Rutara/North Nyanza languages.
Mulinda, M. F. 1997. An evaluation of the degree of similarity between five Bantu
languages: Kihaya, Kihehe, Kinyakyusa, Kishambaa and Kisukuma. Undergraduate research project. Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics,
University of Dar es Salaam.
Mulokozi, Mugyabuso Muchumbuzi. 1986. The Nanga epos of the Bahaya: a case
study in African epic characteristics. PhD thesis. University of Dar es Salaam.
—————. 2002. The African epic controversy: historical, philosophical, and
aesthetic perspectives on epic poetry and performance. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki
na Nyota Publishers. Pp xviii, 550. ISBN-10 9987-686-29-X.
Mumford, W. B. 1927. Native schools in central Africa. Journal of the African
Society, v 26, 103, p 237-244.
Discusses some educational program implemented at Central School in Bukoba, Tanzania.
Murphy, John D. 1972. Luganda-English dictionary. Assisted by Father Clement
Kiggundu and Younus Mpagi. Publications in the languages of Africa, n 2.
Washington DC: Consortium Press for the Catholic University of America
Press. Pp xiv, 651.
Reviews and related: A. N. Tucker, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, v
38 (1975), p 487-488.
Muzale, Henry R. T. 1998. A reconstruction of the Proto-Rutaran tense/aspect
system. PhD thesis. St John’s: Memorial University of Newfoundland. Pp xix,
347.
—————. 2005. Complex issues in lexical data collection: cases from Ruhaya.
Occasional papers in linguistics (OPiL) (Dar es Salaam), v 1, p 155-167.
70
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
—————. 2006. Ruhaya dictionary. LOT (Languages of Tanzania) publications, lexicon series. Dar es Salaam: Languages of Tanzania (LOT) Project,
University of Dar es Salaam. Pp 424.
Includes close to 10,000 main entries.
—————. MS. Msamiati wa Ruhaya-Kiswahili-Kiingereza / Ruhaya-KiswahiliEnglish lexicon. Draft edition, dated January/Mach 2004. Languages of
Tanzania (LOT) Project, University of Dar es Salaam. Pp 134, 84.
Eventually published as Muzale (2006).
Mwombeki, R. A.; Kamanzi, G. B. 1999. Folk tales from Buhaya. Dar es Salaam.
Pp 381. ISBN-10 9976-89-087-7.
—————; —————. 2001. Folk tales from Buhaya. Second edition. Dar es
Salaam. Pp 365. ISBN-10 9976-89-089-3.
Nahimana, Ferdinand; others. 1989. Les groupes marginaux au Rwanda: leurs
besoins et des actions urgentes en leur faveur - le cas des Abatwa forestièrs et
des Abanyambo. Kigali: Association pour le Développement Intégré des
Groupes Marginaux au Rwanda. Pp v, 108.
Nestor, Hellen Byera. 1977. 500 proverbs (Haya). Nairobi: East African Literature
Bureau. Pp 95.
Contains texts in Haya, Swahili and English.
Nkuba, J. M. 1997. Diversity of households in Bukoba, Tanzania. Working papers
from the Maruku Agricultural Research Institute, n 24. Bukoba (Tanzania).
Nurse, Derek. (Ed.) 1970s. A phonological and morphological sketch of 15 of the
principal languages of Tanzania. With contributions by E. M. Ntabaye, Ernest
Rugwa Byarushengo, Mrs G. K. Puja, A. N. G. Naling’igwa, Herman M.
Batibo, Clement Maganga, Daniel J. Mkude, S. M. Mazengo, M. R. Kizara,
Ruth Mfumbwa Besha, R. M. Mfugale, J. M. L. Hawanga, E. Lugalla, J. S. M.
Mwangomango and M. J. Bushiri. Dar es Salaam: Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa
Kiswahili (TUKI) = Institute of Kiswahili Research (IKR), University of Dar es
Salaam. Pp 98.
Contains 100-word lists and small descriptive sections for Ha (p 2-6, 15-17), Haya (p 7-17),
Nyuturu (p 19-24, 42-44), Nilamba (p 25-29, 42-44), Sukuma (p 30-37, 42-44), Nyamwezi (p
38-44), Luguru (p 47-51, 68-70), Gogo (p 52-56, 68-70), Zaramo (p 57-60a, 68-70),
Shambala (p 61-70), Bena (p 72-77, 95-98), Hehe (p 77, 95-98), Nyakyusa (p 78-83, 95-98),
Yao (p 84-89, 95-98), and Makonde (p 90-98).
—————. (Ed.) 1979. Description of sample Bantu languages of Tanzania.
[with contributions by Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo, Gérard Philippson, E. M.
Ntabaye, A. N. G. Naling’igwa, Mrs G. K. Puja, Herman M. Batibo, Clement
Maganga, S. M. Mazengo, Daniel J. Mkude, M. R. Kizara, Ruth Mfumbwa
Besha, R. M. Mfugale, J. M. L. Hawanga, E. Lugalla, I. A. M. Makombe, J. S.
M. Mwangomango and M. J. Bushiri]. African languages/Langues africaines, v
5, 1, p 1-150.
Contains 100-word lists and small descriptive sections for Haya (p 4-15, 23-26), Ha (p 1626), Nilamba (p 30-36, 63-66), Nyuturu (p 37-44, 63-66), Sukuma (p 45-56, 63-66),
Nyamwezi (p 57-66), Gogo (p 70-76, 101-104), Luguru (p 77-83, 101-104), Zaramo (p 84-89,
101-104), Shambala (p 90-104), Bena (p 108-114, 141-145), Hehe (p 114-118, 141-145),
Nyakyusa (p 119-126, 141-145), Makonde (p 127-132, 141-145), and Yao (p 133-145). Prior
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
71
to the publication of this, an undated proto-version titled A phonological and morphological
sketch of 15 of the principal languages of Tanzania (98 pp) was in circulation at the Institute
of Kiswahili Research, University of Dar es Salaam.
Reviews and related: H. M. Batibo, Journal of African languages and linguistics, v 2 (1980),
p 172-176; Rupert R. Moser, African studies review, v 24 (1981), p 113-114.
—————. 1982. Bantu expansion into East Africa: linguistic evidence. In: The
archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history, p 199-222.
Edited by Christopher Ehret & Merrick Posnansky. Berkeley, Los Angeles &
London: University of California Press.
Nurse, Derek; Byarushengo, Ernest Rugwa; Philippson, Gérard. 1979. Haya.
African languages/Langues africaines, v 5, 1, p 4-15, 23-26. (Theme issue:
‘Description of sample Bantu languages of Tanzania’, edited by Derek Nurse.)
Nurse, Derek; Muzale, Henry R. T. 1999. Tense and aspect in Great Lakes Bantu
languages. In: Bantu historical linguistics: theoretical and empirical perspectives, p 517-544. Edited by Jean-Marie Hombert & Larry Michael Hyman. CSLI
lecture notes, n 99. Stanford: CSLI (Center for the Study of Language and
Information) Publications.
The appendix (p 541-542) includes a detailed table of the tense/aspect morphology of Haya.
Otherwise the article deals with all of Great Lakes, incl. Kerewe, Zinza, Nyambo-Haya,
Nkore-Kiga, Myoro-Tooro, Ganda, Soga, Gwere, Syan, Luhya (incl. Logooli), Gusii, Suba,
Kuria, Ngoreme, Simbiti, Zanaki, Shashi, Nata, Ruri, Regi, Kwaya, Jita, Rwanda, Rundi,
Shubi, Hangaza, Ha and Vinza.
Nurse, Derek; Philippson, Gérard. 1975/99. The Tanzanian language survey. Field
work material, adapted as a searchable net-database.
Web-accessible database containing 1000-wordlists for almost all Tanzanian Bantu
languages, incl. Haya and Nyambo. Available at ‹www.cbold.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr›. (Click on
“TLS” in the lefthand frame.)
—————; —————. 1980. The Bantu languages of East Africa: a lexicostatistical survey. In: Language in Tanzania, p 26-67. Edited by Edgar Charles
Polomé & Charles Peter Hill. London: Oxford University Press for the
International African Institute (IAI).
Odden, David [Arnold]. 1995. Phonology at the phrasal level in Bantu. In: Bantu
phonology and morphology, p 40-68. Edited by Francis X. Katamba. Lincom
studies in African linguistics, n 6. München: Lincom Europa.
Discusses several Bantu languages, incl. Nyambo.
Ohly, Rajmund. 1982. Report on the state of modern Swahili in urban Bukoba,
May 1978. Kiswahili, v 49, 2, p 81-92.
Pokorny, D. 1973. The Haya and their land tenures: property rights and the surplus
problem. Rural africana: current research in the social sciences, v 22, p 93123.
Polomé, Edgar Charles; Hill, Charles Peter. (Ed.) 1980. Language in Tanzania.
With a foreword by N. A. Kuhanga, Vice-Chancellor, University of Dar es
Salaam. Ford Foundation’s language surveys. London: Oxford University Press
for the International African Institute (IAI). Pp xiii, 428. ISBN-10 0-19-7242057.
Reviews and related: Patrick R. Bennett, African studies review, v 24 (1981), p 111-112;
Karsten Legère, Asien Afrika Lateinamerika, v 10 (1982), p 185-186; Carol Myers Scotton,
Journal of African languages and linguistics, v 4 (1982), p 234-241.
72
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Rald, J.; Rald, K. 1975. Rural organization in Bukoba District, Tanzania. Folia
geographica danica, t 14. Uppsala: C A Reizels Förlag.
Rascher, Anna. 1955. Der Aufbau des Satzes im Luhaya. Machinenschrift. Buhaya
(Tanganjika): Bethel-Mission.
—————. 1956. Leitfaden zum Erlernen des Ruhaya. Buhaya (Tanganjika):
Bethel-Mission.
Not sure about the date. Revision of an earlier typescript dated 1955 bearing the title ‘Der
Aufbau ds Satzes im Luhaya’.
—————. 1958. Guide for learning the Ruhaya language. Translated from
German by Vilh. Pedersen. Bielefeld: Bethel-Mission. Pp 125.
—————. 1967. Spruchweisheit der Haya [Teile 1-2]. Afrika und Übersee, v
50, p 129-148, 206-221.
—————. 1968. Spruchweisheit der Haya [Teil 3]. Afrika und Übersee, v 51, p
33-42.
—————. MS. “Doppelgänger” im Luhaya. Manuskript. Bielefeld: BethelMission.
Referred to by Whiteley & Gutkind (1958).
Rehse, Hermann. 1910. Kiziba, Land und Leute: eine Monographie. Mit einem
Vorwort von Felix von Luschan; herausgegeben mit Unterstützung des ReichsKolonialamts. Stuttgart: Strecker & Schröder. Pp xii, 394.
A typescript version titled ‘Kiziba: the country and its inhabitants’ is kept in the Hans Cory
Collection (ref.: EAF CORY 369; 222 pp) at the library of the University of Dar es Salaam.
Reviews and related: N. W. T[homas], Man, v 10 (1910), p 112 (art. 66).
—————. 1913. Die Sprache der Baziba in Deutsch-Ostafrika. Zeitschrift für
Kolonialsprachen, v 3, p 1-33, 81-123, 201-229.
—————. 1915. Wörtersammlung des Ruziba. In: Mitteilungen veröffentlicht
vom Seminar für Kolonialsprachen in Hamburg, p 93-140. Jahrbuch der
Hamburger wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, Bd 31, Jahrgang 1913, Beiheft 10.
Hamburg: Kommissionsverlag von Lucas Gräfe & Sillem.
Reining, Priscilla. 1967. The Haya: the agrarian system of a sedentary people. PhD
thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Chicago. Pp 379.
Richardson, Irvine. 1966. A vocabulary of Sukúma [edited by Michael Mann].
African language studies, v 7, p 1-79.
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African studies series from SOAS.
Richter, Franz. 1899. Der Bezirk Bukoba. Mittheilungen von Forschungsreisenden
und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten: mit Benutzung amtlicher
Quellen, v 12, p 67-105.
—————. 1900. Einige weitere ethnographische Notizen über den Bezirk Bukoba. Mittheilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen
Schutzgebieten: mit Benutzung amtlicher Quellen, v 13, p 61-75.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
73
—————. 1900. Notizen über Lebensweise, Zeitrechnung, Industrie, und
Handwerk der Bewohner des Bezirkes Bukoba. Mittheilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten: mit Benutzung
amtlicher Quellen, v 13, p 115-126.
Rindermann, Josef. 1893. Die Station Bukoba. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung, neue
Folge, v 6 [10], p 101-102.
Rubanza, Yunus Ismail. 1979. The relationship between Kiswahili and other
African languages: the case of Kihaya. MA thesis. University of Dar es Salaam.
Pp iii, 162.
—————. 1994. Fasihi simulizi: majigambo (ebyebugo) [Oral literature:
praises]. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press. Pp vi, 89. ISBN-10
9976-60-208-1.
—————. 2000. The linguistic creativity of Haya personal names. Kiswahili, v
63, p 11-22.
Rugemalira, Josephat Muhozi. 1991. What is a symmetrical language? Multiple
object constructions in Bantu. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the
Berkeley Linguistics Society, v 17, supplement, p 200-209. (Theme issue:
‘Special session on African language structures’, edited by Kathleen Hubbard.)
—————. 1993. Runyambo verb extensions and constraints on predicate structure. PhD thesis. University of California at Berkeley. Pp viii, 314.
—————. 1993b. Bantu multiple “object” constructions. Linguistic analysis, v
23, 3/4, p 226-252.
—————. 1995. Verb extensions in Runyambo. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere
(AAP), v 41, p 51-87.
—————. 1997. The upper limit contraint on argument structures. In: African
linguistics at the crossroads: papers from Kwaluseni, 1st World Congress of
African Linguistics, Swaziland, 18-22. VII. 1994, p 207-219. Edited by Robert
K. Herbert. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
—————. 2002. Orunyambo: msamiati wa Runyambo-Kiswahili-Kiingereza na
Kiingereza-Runyambo-Kiswahili / Runyambo-Kiswahili-English and EnglishRunyambo-Kiswahili lexicon. LOT (Languages of Tanzania) publications, lexicon series, n 1. Dar es Salaam: Languages of Tanzania (LOT) Project, University of Dar es Salaam. Pp x, 253. ISBN-10 9987-691-01-3.
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congress of African linguistics, New Brunswick 2003. Edited by Akinbiyi M.
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Analyses data from Nyambo.
—————. 2005. A grammar of Runyambo. Dar es Salaam: Languages of
Tanzania (LOT) Project, University of Dar es Salaam.
—————. 2005b. A grammatical sketch of Runyambo. Occasional papers in
linguistics (OPiL) (Dar es Salaam), v 1, p 38-74.
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74
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Rwelamira, Juvenalis Baitu. 2003. Traditional moral formation among the Bahaya
of Tanzania. Nairobi: CUEA (Catholic University of Eastern Africa) Publications. Pp 47. ISBN-10 9966-909-27-3.
Rwiza, K. J. 1958. Natal customs in Bukoba. Tanganyika notes and records, v 50,
p 104-105.
Saloné, Sukari B. 1977. Continuous. In: Haya grammatical structure: phonology,
grammar, discourse, p 149-159. Edited by Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo, Alessandro Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California occasional papers
in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics,
University of Southern California.
—————. 1979. Typology of conditionals and conditionals in Haya. Studies in
African linguistics, v 10, 1, p 65-80.
Samson, François. 1927. Dictionnaire français-kihaya et kihaya-français.
Referred to by Schoenbrun (1997:23).
Sayers, Gerald Fleming. (Ed.) 1930. Handbook of the Tanganyika Territory. Dar es
Salaam & London: Government Printer (Tanganyika); Macmillan. Pp x, 636.
A second edition was later edited by J.P. Moffett in 1958.
Reviews and related: H. A. B., Journal of the African Society, v 30 (1931), p 100-101.
Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1995. Object diagnostics in Bantu. In: Issues in African
languages and linguistics: essays in honour of Kay Williamson, p 173-180.
Edited by Emmanuel ’Nolue Emenanjo & Ozo-mekuri Ndimele. Nigerian
language studies, special issue. Aba (Nigeria): National Institute for Nigerian
Languages.
Uses data from several Bantu languages, incl. Haya.
Schmidt, Peter Ridgway. 1974. An investigation of early and late Iron Age cultures
through oral traditions and archaeology: an interdisciplinary case study in
Buhaya, Tanzania. PhD thesis. Evanston: Northwestern University. Pp 606.
Schoenbrun, David Lee. 1990. Early history on eastern Africa’s Great Lakes
region: linguistic, ecological and archaeological approaches, c.500 BC to AD
1000. PhD thesis. University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Pp 819.
—————. 1993. We are what we eat: ancient agriculture between the Great
Lakes. Journal of African history, v 34, 1, p 1-31.
—————. 1993b. Cattle herds and banana gardens: the historical geography of
the western Great Lakes region. African archaeological review, v 11, p 39-72.
—————. 1994. Great Lakes Bantu: classification and settlement chronology.
Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika (SUGIA), v 15, p 91-152.
—————. 1995. Social aspects of agricultural change between the Great Lakes,
AD 500 to 1000. Azania, v 29/30, p 270-282. (Theme issue: ‘The growth of
farming communities in Africa from the Equator southwards’, edited by John E.
G. Sutton.)
—————. 1997. The historical reconstruction of Great Lakes Bantu: etymologies and distributions. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika (SUGIA), Beiheft 9.
Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. Pp 351. ISBN-10 3-89645-095-6.
Includes reconstructions of proto-vocabulary based on 100-wordlists for a great many East
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
75
African Bantu languages, incl. KiTembo, KiHuunde, KiHaavu, MaShi, IkiFuliiro, KiViira,
KaBwari, KiSongoola, IkinyaRwanda, KiHa, KiHangaza, KiVinza, RuGungu, RwaAmba,
RuKoonzo, OluNande, EkiZinza, EkiNyambo, EkiHaya, KiKerebe, RunyaNkore, RuCiga,
LuNyoro, LuGanda, LuSoga, LuGwere, OruSyan, LuDadiri, S. LuMasaaba, LuSaamya,
LuNyole, ITakho, IkiSimbete, GiKuria, EkeGusii, IkiShashi, IkiZu, IkiZanaki, Ngoreme,
Nata, EceJiita, KiKwaya, EciRuri and KiRegi.
—————. 1998. A green place, a good place: agrarian change, gender and
social identity in the Great Lakes region to the fifteenth century. Portsmouth NH
& Oxford: Heinemann; James Currey. Pp xiv, 301. ISBN-10 0-325-00041-7 hb,
0-325-00040-0 pb, 0-85255-681-0 hb, 0-85255-631-4 pb.
Reviews and related: Jan Vansina, “Linguistic evidence and historical reconstruction” (review
article), Journal of African history, v 40 (1999), p 469-473.
Schweinitz, Hans Hermann von [Graf]. 1893. Wanyamwezi, Wassukuma, Wasiba
und Wakara. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, v 25, p 477-484.
Seidel, August. 1898. Grundzüge der Grammatik der Sprache von Karagwe und
Nkole in Deutsch-Ostafrika [Teil 1]. Zeitschrift für afrikanische und oceanische
Sprachen, v 4, p 366-382.
—————. 1900. Grundzüge der Grammatik der Sprache von Karagwe und
Nkole in Deutsch-Ostafrika [Teil 2]. Zeitschrift für afrikanische und oceanische
Sprachen, v 5, 1, p 1-15.
Drolc et al (1999:73) give the pagination as 1-27.
Seitel, Peter Isaac. 1972. Proverbs and the structure of metaphor among the Haya
of Tanzania. PhD thesis. Pittsburgh: University of Pennsylvania. Pp xxii, 258.
—————. 1980. See so that we may see: performances and interpretations of
traditional tales from Tanzania. From performances tape-recorded by Sheila
Dauer and Peter Seitel. Bloomington & London: Indiana University Press. Pp
viii, 307. ISBN-10 0-253-20242-6 pb, 0-253-15917-2 hb.
—————. 1998. The powers of genre: interpreting Haya oral literature. Oxford
studies in anthropological linguistics, v 22. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pp viii, 248. ISBN-10 0-19-511700-X.
Smith, C. D. 1985. The commoditization of African agriculture and changed social
relations: the case of the Haya of Tanzania. PhD thesis. Colchester UK:
University of Essex. Pp viii, 447.
—————. 2001. Ecology, civil society, and the informal economy in north west
Tanzania. Hampshire UK: Ashgate Publishing.
Soper, Robert C. 1982. Bantu expansion into eastern Africa: archaeological evidence. In: The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history, p
223-238. Edited by Christopher Ehret & Merrick Posnansky. Berkeley, Los
Angeles & London: University of California Press.
Speke, John Hanning [Captain]. 1863. Letter from Captain J. H. Speke to H. M.
Rumanika, King of Karagwe. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of
London, v 7, 5, p 228-235.
—————. 1863b. Letter from Captain J. H. Speke to Consul Petherick.
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, v 7, 5, p 235-236.
76
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Stanley, Henry Morton. 1878. Through the Dark continent; or, The sources of the
Nile around the great lakes of equatorial Africa, and down the Livingstone river
to the Atlantic Ocean, 2 vols. With ten maps and one hundred and fifty woodcuts. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. Pp xiv, 522, plates;
ix, 566, plates.
Includes brief vocabularies for several Bantu languages, incl. Gogo G11, Ganda JE15, Bisa
M51, Zigula G31, Rori JE253, Nyoro JE11, Nyambu JE21, ‘Jiji’ G40-ish, Bwende H16e
(380-381), ‘West Manyema’ C70?, and others.
—————. 1899. Through the Dark continent; or, The sources of the Nile
around the great lakes of equatorial Africa, and down the Livingstone river to
the Atlantic Ocean, 2 vols. New edition. London: George Newnes.
Reprinted 1988 by Dover Publ. in New York; and 1988 by Constable in London.
—————. 1979. Die Entdeckung des Kongo. Herausgegeben von Heinrich
Pleticha. Alte abenteuerliche Reiseberichte. Tübingen & Basel: Horst Erdmann.
Pp 383. ISBN-10 3-7711-0331-2.
Translation(?) of Through the Dark continent, originally published 1878.
Steumer, [?] von. 1904. Bezirk Bukoba.
Not sure what this is. Referred to by Taylor (1962:151).
Stevens, Lesley. 1995. Bananas, babies, and women who buy their graves: matrifocal values in a patrilineal society. Canadian journal of African studies/Revue
canadienne des études africaines, v 29, 3, p 454-480.
Stuhlmann, Franz. 1917. Wortlisten zentralafrikanischer Stämme. Zeitschrift für
Kolonialsprachen, v 7, p 257-308.
The main part of the article comprises wordlists for six languages (though the introduction
mentions and lists several more), namely Ki-Doë G301, Ki-Nyamamba D26, Ki-Kussu C72,
Tschomba/Wa-Kussu C70?, Wa-Lengole D12, and Wa-Bonyéle D10?/D20?. Following the
main part, there are three supplements. The first contains sentences in Kinyamamba and
Kikussu. The second, titled “Vier Bantudialekte aus Ostafrika”, includes wordlists for KiGogo G11, Ki-Sinya JD64, Tschamtuara JE22, and Ki-Sarámo/Nzalámo G33. The third,
titled “Kleinere Sprachproben”, contains brief lexical specimens for Walégga D25,
Wassongora D24, Wapokombe D31, Wandigili D10?, and Wanyaturu F32.
Taylor, Brian K. 1962. The western Lacustrine Bantu (Nyoro, Toro, Nyankore,
Kiga, Haya and Zinza, with sections on the Amba and Konjo). Ethnographic
survey of Africa, East Central Africa, n 13. London: Oxford University Press for
the International African Institute (IAI). Pp 159, maps.
Includes sections on “The Nyoro” (p 17-41), “The Toro” (p 41-71), “The Amba” (p 72-88),
“The Konjo” (p 89-95), “The Nyankore” (p 95-114), “The Kiga” (p 114-132), “The Haya” (p
132-144), and “The Zinza” (p 144-148). Book reprinted 1969 with an additional supplementary bibliography covering the years 1962-1969.
Taylor, Charles V. 1959. A simplified Runyankore-Rukiga-English and EnglishRunyankore-Rukiga dictionary (in the 1955 revised orthography with tonemarkings and full entries under prefixes). Nairobi, Kampala & Dar es Salaam:
Eagle Press in association with the East African Literature Bureau. Pp 207.
Reprinted 1989 by Fountain Publishers in Kampala (ISBN-10 9970-02-142-7).
Tenenbaum, Sarah. 1977. Left- and right-dislocation. In: Haya grammatical structure: phonology, grammar, discourse, p 161-170. Edited by Ernest Rugwa
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
77
Byarushengo, Alessandro Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California
occasional papers in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles: Department of
Linguistics, University of Southern California.
Tibazarwa, Clemens M. 1994. Economic revolutions in Bahaya history. Braunton
UK: Merlich. Pp 161. ISBN-10 0-86303-630-9.
Trithart, Mary Lee. 1977. Locatives. In: Haya grammatical structure: phonology,
grammar, discourse, p 73-88. Edited by Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo, Alessandro Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California occasional papers
in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics,
University of Southern California.
—————. 1977b. Causatives and instruments. In: Haya grammatical structure:
phonology, grammar, discourse, p 89-98. Edited by Ernest Rugwa Byarushengo, Alessandro Duranti & Larry Michael Hyman. Southern California
occasional papers in linguistics (SCOPIL), n 6. Los Angeles: Department of
Linguistics, University of Southern California.
TUKI. 2001. Kamusi ya Kiswahili-Kiingereza / Swahili-English dictionary. Dar es
Salaam: Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili (TUKI) = Institute of Kiswahili
Research (IKR), University of Dar es Salaam. Pp xviii, 372. ISBN-10 9976-91144-0.
Reviews and related: T. B. M. Bugingo, Kiswahili, v 63 (2000), p 97-102; Rajmund Ohly,
Studies of the Department of African Languages and Cultures, Warsaw University, v 32
(2003), p 71-76.
Wedin, Åsa. 2004. Literacy practices in and out of school in Karagwe: the case of
primary school literacy in rural Tanzania. Dissertations in bilingualism, n 11.
Stockholm: Centre for Research on Bilingualism, Stockholm University. Pp
193. ISBN-10 91-7265-952-1.
Publication of the author’s dissertation, Stockholm University, 2004.
—————. 2005. Language ideologies and schooled education in rural Tanzania:
the case of Karagwe. International journal of bilingual education and bilingualism, v 8, 6.
Weiss, Brad. 1996. The making and unmaking of the Haya lived world: consumption, commoditization and everyday practice. Durham NC & London: Duke
University Press. Pp viii, 250. ISBN-10 0-8223-1722-2 pb, 0-8223-1725-7 hb.
—————. 2003. Sacred trees, bitter harvests: globalizing coffee in northwestern Tanzania. Portsmouth NH: Heinemann. Pp vi, 203. ISBN-10 0-32507097-0.
Reviews and related: Christopher Conte, Journal of African history, v 45 (2004), p 507-509.
Werner, Alice. 1920. The native tribes of British East Africa. Journal of the
African Society, v 19, 76, p 285-294.
Discusses various Nilotic, “Hamitic” and Bantu peoples.
Whiteley, Wilfred Howell; Gutkind, A. E. 1958. A linguistic bibliography of East
Africa. New edition, revised. East African linguistic studies, n 2. Kampala: East
African Swahili Committee & East African Institute of Social Research
(EAISR), Makerere College. Pp i, vi, [7]-212.
Annotated word lists
All entries in the word lists are structured according to the following format:
No. English item as it appears on List A
H01’s response H02’s response H03’s response H04’s response H05’s
response
Swahili and English items as they appear in List B
H06’s response H07’s response H08’s response H09’s response H10’s
response
Our comments and annotations.
This can be exemplified with the following entry:
6
forehead
H01 omumaisho H02 ensongo H03 — H04 obuso H05 —
kipaji; forehead
H06 ekipaji H07 — H08 oluba H09 obumanyi H10 obuso
Muzale’s MS has akahanga ká obúso ‘forehead’ and obúso ‘face,
forehead’. Only two informants gave the latter. H01 and H02 have given
the semantically related omumáìsho ‘front’ and ensôngo ‘protuberant,
protuberant forehead’, respectively.
H06’s entry is seemingly a Swahili word, albeit with a Haya augment.
This is also the most common Hayaization of Swahili words by our
informants, i.e. they put a Haya augment on a Swahili root, often without
a noun class prefix (though in this case it does occur).
H08’s entry, though not appearing in any of our main source materials,
has the meaning ‘temple’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H09 entry corresponds to obumanyi ‘knowledge’ in Muzale’s MS,
apparently having made some kind of semantic association; cfr also
(585) further below.
The “No.” refers to the consecutive numbering of entries in our word lists. They
appear here in the same order as in our original word lists, with some exceptions.
Entries (617) through (687) are not located where you would expect them to,
following (616), but appear interspersed among the other entries. There are,
however, proper cross-references in their expected places. See the main text (§1,
incl. footnote 3) for an explanation of this.
“H01”, “H02”, “H03”, etc., refer to our informants; see table 1 in §2 above.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
79
Underlined responses indicate presumed foreign-language (usually Swahili)
effects, i.e. influence as well as interference (cfr the introductory discussion in §3
above).
Em-rules “—” are used when no response was given, i.e. it denotes a blank entry.
The use of square brackets in our informants’ responses indicate responses that
were difficult to read (being hand-written), as in H07’s entry in the following
example:
18
tongue
H01 olulimi H02 olulimi H03 olulimi H04 orulimi H05 rulimi
ulimi; tongue
H06 olulimi H07 o[ru]limi H08 orulimi H09 olulimi H10 olulimi
Although H07’s in this case is difficut to read, ‹ru› seems to be the most likely
letter sequence to us, but as we cannot be entirely sure, we have placed it in square
brackets.
1
body
H01 omubili H02 omubili H03 — H04 omubili H05 mbili
mwili; body
H06 ombili H07 omubili H08 omubili H09 omubili H10 omubili
The form given in Muzale’ MS is omubiri. The choice of ‹r› or ‹l› is purely
orthographic. They represent the same phoneme. Our informants do not
follow the conventions used in Muzale’s MS, which we would not have
expected anyway. Most of them write ‹l› more often than not, especially H02,
H03, H06, H08 and H09, while at least H07 seems to favour ‹r› (though not
so in this particular example).
Augmentless forms is a consistent pattern of H05, as is her occasional
tendency to give nasal prefixes without (post-nasal) vowels, i.e. m- instead of
(o)mu-.
2
stomach
H01 eibunda H02 eibunda H03 eibunda H04 eibunda H05 ibunda
tumbo; stomach
H06 eibunda H07 eibunda H08 ibunda H09 eibunda H10 eibunda
Muzale’s MS has orusha ‘stomach’ as well as eibûnda ‘abdomen, belly,
stomach’.
80
3
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
head
H01 omutwe H02 omutwe H03 omutwe H04 omutwe H05 mtwe
kichwa; head
H06 omutwe H07 omutwe H08 omutwe H09 omutwe H10 omutwe
Muzale’s MS has mútwe.
4
brain
H01 obwongu H02 obwongu H03 obwongu H04 obwongu H05 bwongo
ubongo; brain
H06 obwongo H07 obwong’u H08 obwongu H09 obwongu H10 obwongo
Muzale’s MS has obwôngo as well as obwôngu. Note the spelling ‹ng’› used
by H07. This is a common orthographical device used in some East African
languages to indicate a velar nasal [!], as opposed to [!"].
5
hair
H01 eishoke H02 eishoke H03 eishoke H04 eishoke H05 ishoke
nywele; hair
H06 eshoke H07 eishoke H08 eishoke H09 eishoke H10 eishoke
Muzale’s MS has eishôke.
6
forehead
H01 omumaisho H02 ensongo H03 — H04 obuso H05 —
kipaji; forehead
H06 ekipaji H07 — H08 oluba H09 obumanyi H10 obuso
Muzale’s MS has akahanga ká obúso ‘forehead’ and obúso ‘face, forehead’.
Only two informants gave the latter. H01 and H02 have given the
semantically related omumáìsho ‘front’ and ensôngo ‘protuberant, protuberant
forehead’, respectively.
H06’s entry is seemingly a Swahili word, albeit with a Haya augment. This is
also the most common Hayaization of Swahili words by our informants, i.e.
they put a Haya augment on a Swahili root, often without a noun class prefix
(though in this case it does occur).
H08’s entry, though not appearing in any of our main source materials, has
the meaning ‘temple’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H09 entry corresponds to obumanyi ‘knowledge’ in Muzale’s MS, apparently
having made some kind of semantic association; cfr also (585) further below.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
7
81
face
H01 obuso H02 obuso H03 obuso H04 obuso H05 buso
uso; face
H06 obuso H07 obuso H08 obuso H09 omumaisho H10 obuso
Muzale’s MS has búso ‘face, forehead’ and omumáìsho ‘front’ (cfr H09’s
entry).
8
cheek
H01 — H02 eitama H03 eitama H04 eitama H05 kifuba
shavu; cheek
H06 eitama H07 eitama H08 itama H09 oluba H10 eitama
Muzale’s MS has eitâma.
H06’s entry seems to correspond to ekifûba ‘chest’ in Muzale’s MS,
presumably due to a misreading of ‹cheek› as ‹chest›.
H09 has given a word meaning ‘temple’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12); cfr (6) above
and also (9) immediately below.
9
jaw
H01 ekileju H02 orugino H03 — H04 orugino H05 mmiro
taya; jaw
H06 etaya H07 oruba H08 oluba H09 olushaya H10 orugino
Neither Muzale’s MS nor Kaji (2000) have entries for ‘jaw’. The closest
match given in Muzale’s MS is ekinwânwa ‘jaw (of animal)’. This may mean
that there is no word easily translatable as ‘jaw’. After all, Muzale’s MS has
‘jaw (of animal)’ but none for ‘(human) jaw’. Hence this would account for
the variety of items given by our informants. Still, neighbouring languages
have words for ‘jaw’, e.g. Nyambo orúba ‘jaw’ (Rugemalira 2002:135),
Ganda oluba ‘jaw’ (Murphy 1972:282), Zinza oruba ‘jaw (bone)’ (see TLS;
Nurse & Philippson 1975/99). Interestingly, a cognate word, oruba, does exist
in Haya but with the meaning ‘temple’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12). A cognate word
appears here for ‘jaw’ in the entries of H07 and H08. (Incidentally, H08 has
given this word also for ‘forehead’ in (6) above, whereas H09 has given it for
‘cheek’ in (8) above.) Other words found in our informants’ entries are all in
one way or another semantically related to ‘jaw’. Ignoring spelling deviations,
corresponding items in Muzale’s MS include ekireju ‘chin’ (H01), orugino
‘gum’ (H02, H04, H10), orusháya ‘mouth of animal’ (H09), and omumiro
‘Adam’s apple’ (H05).
H06 have given us a Hayaized Swahili word.
82
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
10
chin
H01 — H02 ekileju H03 omuleju H04 ekileju H05 —
kidevu; chin
H06 kileju H07 ekileju H08 ekileju H09 akileju H10 ekireju
Muzale’s MS has ekireju ‘chin’, corresponding to the forms given by most of
our informants. H09’s entry seems at first sight to have an “aberrant”
augment, but may well be a contraction of a locative phrase a(ha) (e)kileju
(Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H03’s entry corresponds to omuleju ‘goatee’ in Muzale’s MS.
11
beard
H01 ebireju H02 ebileju H03 ebileju H04 ebileju H05 kuikya
ndevu; beard
H06 ebileju H07 ebileju H08 ebileju H09 ebileju H10 ebireju
Muzale’s MS has ebireju. Except for the overwhelming preference for writing
‹l› (instead of ‹r›) by most informants, the only noteworthy thing here is that
H05 seems to have misread ‹beard› as ‹breathe›, which Muzale’s MS gives as
kwikya.
12
nose
H01 enyindo H02 enyindo H03 enyindo H04 enyindo H05 nyindo
pua; nose
H06 enyindo H07 enyindo H08 enyindo H09 enyindo H10 enyindo
Muzale’s MS has enyîndo.
13
eye
H01 amaisho H02 elisho H03 elisho H04 eliisho H05 maisho
jicho; eye
H06 elisho H07 elisho H08 eliisho H09 elisho H10 elisho
Muzale’s MS has elíísho, clearly marking a long vowel, something that most
of our informants usually do not do. The consistent exceptions are H04 and
H08, who often use doubled vowel signs, even though they do not always
match up with the use of geminate vowel signs in Muzale’s MS. In this case,
however, they do.
H01 and H05 give plural forms. The others give singular forms.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
14
83
tear
H01 amalila H02 amaziga/eiziga H03 amaziga H04 okutagula/amalila H05 malira
chozi; tear
H06 elizi H07 amaziga H08 eiziga H09 eiziga H10 eirila
Muzale’s MS has amazîga and amalíra for ‘tears’. H02, H08 and H09 give
singular forms of the former, while H10 gives a singular of the latter.
The first item in H04’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:288) okutá:gula ‘to
tear’. Obviously, H04 wanted to be on the safe side and gave translations for
any possible reading of English ‹tear›.
H06’s entry seems related to kulira ‘to cry, wail, weep’ in Muzale’s MS, for
which he gives the perfect form -lizîre. H06’s form is presumably derived
from that.
15
ear
H01 okutwi H02 okutwi H03 ekutwi H04 okutwi H05 matwi
sikio; ear
H06 okutwi H07 okutwi H08 okutwi H09 okutwi H10 okutwi
Muzale’s MS has kútwi without any augment. Most of our informants give an
o-augment. H05 gives a plural form.
H03 uses an aberrant e-, which to seems to be a clear mistake (Muzale, pc
2004/12). Note that an explanation relying on a re-classification from class 15
to 5, that is, [oku]+[twi] to [e]+[kutwi], is not applicable here, as the full
form of a class 5 noun would then have been ei+kutwi.
16
mouth
H01 omunwa H02 omunwa H03 omunwa H04 akanwa H05 munwa
kinywa; mouth
H06 omukanwa H07 omunwa H08 akanwa H09 omukanwa H10 omukanwa
The item on the English list is identical to that in (617), which follows (17)
below.
Muzale’s MS has akanwa ‘mouth’ as well as o m u n w a ‘mouth, lip’.
Interestingly, H06, H09 and H10 give a combined form omukanwa, for which
there is no corresponding for in Muzale’s MS. However, Kaji (2000:32) gives
omu kanwa as ‘in the mouth’, with the first element being a locative class 18
prefix. Alternatively, it may (or may not) be significant that all three wrote on
the Swahili/English list, and thus perhaps being influenced by the Swahili
kinywa, i.e. they may have added the Haya omu-prefix onto a stem form
influenced by Swahili kinywa ≈ -kanwa.
84
17
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
lip
H01 — H02 omunwa H03 — H04 omunwa H05 —
mdomo; lip, mouth
H06 omunwa H07 omunwa H08 omunwa H09 omunwa H10 omunwa
Muzale’s MS has omunwa‘mouth, lip’. In view of the fact that both Muzale’s
MS and Kaji (2000:32) give ‘mouth’ as well as ‘lip’ as meanings for omunwa,
it is interesting to note that omunwa does not seem to be as accessible as a
translation for English lip as one could assume, since the English list
produced three blank entries while the Swahili/English list produced five full
ones.
617 mouth
H01 omunwa H02 munwa H03 omunwa H04 omunwa H05 munwa
Muzale’s MS has omunwa ‘mouth, lip’. Despite the fact that this item is
identical to that appearing in (16) above, there are a couple of noteworthy
differences. Firstly, H02’s entry here lacks an augment, while H04’s entry
appears here with a different noun class prefix entirely. In (16) he uses a
diminutive class 12 prefix, while here he has opted for the expected class 3
prefix instead.
18
tongue
H01 olulimi H02 olulimi H03 olulimi H04 orulimi H05 rulimi
ulimi; tongue
H06 olulimi H07 o[ru]limi H08 orulimi H09 olulimi H10 olulimi
Muzale’s MS has orulîmi.
19
tooth
H01 elino H02 elino H03 elino H04 eliino H05 maino
jino; tooth
H06 elino H07 elino H08 eliino H09 elino H10 elino
Muzale’s MS has elíìno. H05 has given a plural form.
20
throat
H01 ekifuba H02 omumilo H03 omumilo H04 omumilo H05 kumila
koo; throat
H06 ekoo H07 eilaka H08 amaraka H09 amalaka H10 omumilo
Muzale’s MS has amarâka ‘throat, gullet’, corresponding to the entries of
H08 and H09.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
85
Four informants gave us a word corresponding to omumiro ‘Adam’s apple’ in
Muzale’s MS. H01’s entry corresponds to ekifûba ‘chest’, H05’s to kumira ‘to
swallow’, and H07’s to eirâka ‘voice’.
H06 has given us a Swahili word prefixed with a Haya augment.
21
neck
H01 engoto H02 ebikya H03 ebikya H04 ebikya H05 ngoto
shingo; neck
H06 engoto H07 ebikya H08 ebikya H09 engoto H10 engoto
Muzale’s MS has ebíkya ‘neck’, while Kaji (2000:34) gives engoto ‘neck’.
22
shoulder
H01 eibega H02 eibega H03 eibega H04 eibega H05 —
bega; shoulder
H06 eibege H07 eibega H08 eibega H09 eibega H10 eibega
Muzale’s MS has eibega. A noteworthy thing here is the seemingly odd final
vowel used by H06.
23
hand
H01 ekiganja H02 ekiganja H03 omukono H04 ekiganja H05 upande
mkono; hand, arm
H06 omukono H07 omukono H08 — H09 omukono H10 omukono
Muzale’s MS has omukôno ‘arm, hand’.
The informants filling in the Swahili/English list gave the same reply for
‘hand’ here as they did for ‘arm’ in (24) immediately below; in accordance
with both Swahili and Haya lexicon (which is true for many other Bantu
languages, as well). Those informants who filled in the English list, however,
seem to have been influenced by the structuring of the English lexicon, that is,
they gave different replies for ‘hand’ and ‘arm’, respectively. Thus
symptomatically in the entries of H01, H02 and H04, we find a word
corresponding to ekiganja ‘palm (of hand)’ in Muzale’s MS. This we interpret
as a lexicosemantic influence from English.
Perhaps somewhat oddly, H05’s item may be based on Swahili upande ‘side;
area’, possibly having been influenced by Swahili mkono, which means both
‘arm/hand’ as well as ‘side’ (as in mkono wa kulia ‘right side’). H05’s actual
entry looks like ‹MKONO UPANDE›, in which ‹MKONO› is crossed out and
replaced by ‹UPANDE›. Incidentally, she gives a blank entry for ‘arm’ in (24)
immediately below.
86
24
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
arm
H01 omukono H02 omukono H03 omukono H04 omukono H05 —
mkono; arm, hand
H06 omukono H07 — H08 omukono H09 omukono H10 omukono
Muzale’s MS has omukôno ‘arm, hand’.
Curiously, H05 has given a blank entry here, while she did provide a reply in
(23) immediately above. Possibly Haya omukôno is too close to the Swahili
word for her to recognize it as a genuine Haya word.
See also the comments in (23) immediately above.
25
armpit
H01 nyakwawa H02 enyakwali H03 omukono H04 enyakwawa H05 —
kwapa; armpit
H06 nyakwawa H07 nyakwawa H08 enyakwawa H09 nyakwawa H10 nyakwawa
Muzale’s MS has enyakwâwa.
H02 has a seemingly strange form ending in -li. It may correspond to
ebinyakwéli, in Muzale’s MS glossed as ‘armpit hair’, though here appearing
with a seemingly odd noun class prefix.
H03’s entry corresponds to omukôno ‘arm, hand’ in Muzale’s MS. Perhaps he
misread ‹armpit› for ‹arm›, or else he may have read the English item from
the wrong line; see (24) immediately above.
26
elbow
H01 enkokora H02 enkokola H03 enkokola H04 enkokola H05 ahansi
kivi; elbow
H06 ekiwi H07 — H08 — H09 okwijwi H10 enkorora
Muzale’s MS has enkókora.
H05 seems to have misread our English item as ‹below›, since she has
translated it with a word glossed as ‘below, on the ground, underneath’ in
Muzale’s MS.
H06 and H09 seems to have given us Hayaized adaptations of Swahili kivi or
kiwi(ko), even though H09’s entry does look a little odd.
27
right hand/arm
H01 ogwabulyo H02 omuko gwa bulyo/ekiganja H03 omukono gwa bulyo
H04 omukono gwa bulyo H05 —
mkono wa kulia; right hand/arm
H06 omukono gwa bulyo H07 omukono gwa bulyo H08 omukono gwa bulyo
H09 omukono gwa bulyo H10 omukono gwa bulyo
Kaji (2000:171f) gives omukono gwa: búlyo ‘the right hand’. H01 has written
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
87
a truncated phrase. The last item in H02’s entry corresponds to ekiganja
‘palm (of hand)’ in Muzale’s MS.
28
left hand/arm
H01 ogwabumosho H02 omukono gwa bumosho/ekiganja H03 omukono gwa
bubosho H04 omukono gwa bumosho H05 —
mkono wa kushoto; left hand/arm
H06 omukono gwa bumosho H07 omukono gwa bumosho H08 omukono gwa
bumosho H09 omukono gwa bumosho H10 omukono gwa bumosho
Kaji (2000:172) gives omukono gwa: bumósho ‘the left hand’. H01 has
written a truncated phrase. The last item in H02’s entry corresponds to
ekiganja ‘palm (of hand)’ in Muzale’s MS.
29
palm of hand
H01 ekiganja H02 enyuma y’e kiganja H03 ekiganja H04 ekiganja H05 —
kitanga, kiganja; palm of hand
H06 ekiganja H07 ekiganja H08 — H09 ekiganja H10 ekiganja
Muzale’s MS has ekiganja. H02 has given a phrase translatable as
‘back/behind of hand’.
30
finger, fingers
H01 kyala, ebyala H02 ekyala/ebyala H03 ekyala, ebyala H04 ekyara, ebyara
H05 —
kidole, vidole; finger, fingers
H06 ekyala/ebyala H07 ekyara, ebyara H08 ekyala, ebyala H09 ekyala, ebyala
H10 ekyala, ebyala
Muzale’s MS has ekyâra ‘finger, toe’. All informants (save H05) gave both
singular and plural forms.
31
nail, nails
H01 empambo H02 enono emoi/enono zingi H03 enono/empambo H04 enono,
enono H05 empambo
kucha; nail, nails
H06 empambo H07 enono H08 enono H09 enono H10 empambo
Muzale’s MS has both empambo and enono for ‘finger nails’. H02 has added
the qualifications emoi ‘one’ and -ingi ‘many’.
88
32
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
back
H01 enyuma H02 omugongo H03 omugongo H04 omugongo H05 enyuma
mgongo; back
H06 omugongo H07 omugongo H08 omugongo H09 omugongo H10 omugongo
Muzale’s MS has omugongo ‘back (of body)’ (our intended target word) and
enyuma ‘behind, at the back of, at rear’. The lack of the latter word among the
entries of those who filled in the Swahili/English list is clearly due to the
presence of Swahili ‹mgongo›.
33
rib
H01 — H02 embanda/orubanda H03 embanda H04 orubaju H05 —
ubavu; rib
H06 embavu H07 orubaju H08 olubaju H09 olubaju H10 orubaju
Muzale’s MS has several words for ‘rib’, such as orubaju, rugárara, and
rubanda.
H02, H03 and H06 seem to have given plural forms, exhibiting a class 10
prefix, unless the nasal prefix here is of class 9 in which case they have reclassified the nominal roots in question. (Muzale’s MS has embanda meaning
‘short sword’.)
What looks like a ‹V› in H06’s writing could possibly be a ‹J›. However, he
consistently puts serifs on top of his J’s, something that is lacking in this case.
Thus it seems that his entry here displays some Swahili influence.
34
chest
H01 ekifuba H02 ekifuba H03 ekifuba H04 ekifuba H05 kifuba
kifua; chest
H06 ekifuba H07 ekifuba H08 ekifuba H09 ekifuba H10 ekifuba
Muzale’s MS has ekifûba.
35
breasts
H01 amabele H02 amabele H03 amabele H04 amabeele H05 kuikya
maziwa; a. breasts, b. milk
H06 amata H07 amabele, amata H08 amabele, amata H09 amata H10 (a)
amabele (b) amata
Muzale’s MS has eibéère ‘breast’ (pl. ama-) and amáta(i)~amáte ‘milk’.
H05’s entry corresponds to kwikya ‘to breathe’ in Muzale’s MS. Presumably
she misread our English item.
618 milk
H01 amata H02 amatai H03 amata H04 amatai H05 mata
Muzale’s MS has amáta(i)~amáte ‘milk’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
36
89
navel
H01 — H02 — H03 omukundi H04 omukundi H05 —
kitovu; navel
H06 omukundi H07 omukundi H08 omukundi H09 omukundi H10 omukundi
Muzale’s MS has omukundi.
37
knee
H01 ekijwi H02 okujwi H03 okujwi H04 okujwi H05 kichwi/okuchwi
goti; knee
H06 okujwi H07 okwijiwi H08 okujwi H09 okujwi H10 okujwi
Muzale’s MS has okújwi as well as ekíjwi. Note that H05 often uses the
spelling ‹chw› where others (incl. Muzale) would use ‹jw›.
H07’s entry looks a little odd.
38
foot
H01 okuguru H02 ekilenge H03 okugulu H04 ekilenge H05 kilenge
mguu; foot/leg
H06 okugulu H07 okuguru H08 kilenge/okugulu H09 okugulu H10 okugulu
Muzale’s MS has okuguru ‘leg, foot’ and ekirenge ‘sole, hoof; foot print’.
Hans Cory’s unpublished glossary (MS 285) has kigere ‘foot’. In Barchiesi’s
handwritten comments to Cory’s unpublished glossary of medical terms
(Cory MS94), it says “leg = kigere (not much used)”. The same word in its
plural form, bigéle, is glossed as ‘Bein’ by Stuhlmann (1917:302).
39
leg
H01 — H02 okugulu H03 ekilenge H04 okuguru H05 kugulu
mguu; leg/foot
H06 okugulu H07 amaguru H08 okugulu/kilenge H09 okugulu H10 okugulu
Muzale’s MS has okuguru. H07 has given a plural form.
H03’s entry and the second item in H08’s entry corresponds to ekirenge ‘sole,
hoof; footprint’ in Muzale’s MS.
40
ankle
H01 akagongoijoli H02 ekigele H03 — H04 akakongolito H05 —
fundo la mguu; ankle
H06 okujwi H07 — H08 — H09 akasinjoigolyo H10 enfundo
Muzale’s MS has akakongoijólya ‘ankle’. None of our informants gave that
exact form. H01’s entry lacks the final -a, while H09’s entry seems to be
some variant of what appears in Muzale’s MS.
90
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
H10’s entry contains either a (slight) mistranslation, as Muzale’s MS has
Haya enfûndo glossed as ‘calf (of leg)’, or else he has re-interpreted Haya
enfûndo ‘calf (of leg)’ in lines with Swahili fundo ‘joint’.
41
heel
H01 ekijwi H02 akasingoijolya H03 — H04 ekisinzilyo H05 —
kisigino cha mguu; heel
H06 ekilenge H07 ekisinzir[y]o H08 — H09 akasinjoigolya H10 kilenge
Muzale’s MS has ekisínzilyo. H01 has given words that in Muzale’s MS are
glossed as ‘knee’. Both H02’s and H09’s entries seem related to
akakongoijólya ‘ankle’ in Muzale’s MS; cfr also (40) immediately above.
Both H06 and H10 have given a word corresponding to ekirenge ‘sole, hoof;
foot print’ in Muzale’s MS.
42
skin
H01 ombili H02 engozi H03 omubili H04 omubili/oruhu H05 —
ngozi; skin
H06 omubili H07 oruhu H08 oruhu H09 olushushu H10 oruhu
Our informants’ entries correspond to orúhu ‘skin, hide’, omubiri ‘body’ and
orushúshu ‘upper skin’ in Muzale’s MS.
H02’s entry could be the same as engozi ‘cloth for carrying a child at the
back’ in Muzale’s MS. Or else, he has Hayaized the Swahili word by adding a
Haya augment onto it, which in fact does seem more likely.
43
meat
H01 enyama H02 enyama H03 enyama H04 enyama H05 nyama
nyama; meat
H06 enyama H07 enyama H08 enyama H09 enyama H10 enyama
Muzale’s MS has enyama.
44
bone
H01 eigufa H02 eigufa H03 eigufa/eigufya H04 eigufa H05 magufa
mfupa; bone
H06 egufa H07 eigufa H08 eigufa H09 eigufa H10 eigufa
Muzale’s MS has eigûfa. Interestingly, H03 gives an alternate form
containing a palatalized final syllable; at least, his spelling would indicate
this. Moreover, H05 and H06 seem to have lost the initial root vowel.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
45
91
vein
H01 — H02 omushipa gwo bwamba H03 — H04 omushuli H05 mishuli
mshipa wa damu; vein
H06 emishuli yobwamba H07 — H08 omusi H09 emishipa yo bwamba H10 omusi
Muzale’s MS has omushîpa and omushúli, both glossed as ‘vein (of blood)’.
H05, H06 and H09 have given plural forms. H02, H06 and H09 have added
qualifications to the head words translatable as ‘of blood’.
46
blood
H01 obwamba H02 obwamba H03 obwamba H04 obwamba H05 bwamba
damu; blood
H06 obwamba H07 obwamba H08 obwamba H09 obwamba H10 obwamba
Muzale’s MS has obwâmba.
47
intestines
H01 — H02 amala H03 eibunda H04 amala H05 obutumbo
matumbo; intestines
H06 amabunda H07 amara H08 amala H09 obutumbo H10 amala
Muzale’s MS has amara ‘intestine, small’, and can refer to all intestines
except any edible ones (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
H03’s entry corresponds to eibûnda ‘abdomen, belly, stomach’ in Muzale’s
MS. H06 has given a plural form of the same, which may be a subtle Swahili
influence.
The word given by H05 and H09 is historically a Swahili loan, but agreeable
as a current Haya item and refers to edible intestines as well as the entrails of
a fish, which gives the word a derogatory connotation (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
48
heart
H01 omwoyo H02 omwoyo H03 omwoyo H04 omutima H05 omwoyo
moyo; heart
H06 omwoyo H07 omutima H08 omutima H09 omwoyo H10 omwoyo
Muzale’s MS has omuganya, omutîma and omwoyo.
49
lung
H01 — H02 ekiyaha H03 ekiaa H04 ekihaha H05 embaju
pafu; lung
H06 ebondo H07 ebiyaha H08 ekihaha H09 ekihaha H10 ekiaha
Muzale’s MS has ekiha(h)a. Note the variation in spelling involving ‹Y›, ‹H›
and nothing, used by our informants. This is fairly common throughout the
word list(s).
92
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
H05 gives what looks like an odd word. It may be cognate with Swahili pafu,
but her entry is not necessarily a Swahili influence.
H06’s entry may correspond to eibondo, glossed as ‘one of the fish[’s]
internal organs’ in Muzale’s MS.
50
to breathe
H01 okwikya H02 kwikya H03 okwikya H04 okwikya H05 kukya
pumua; to breathe
H06 ikya H07 okwikya H08 kuhikya H09 okwikya H10 okwikya
Due to an oversight from our part, this is a duplicate item, as the same
appears in (385) below. This was supposed to have been the noun ‘breath’,
not a verb. Still, there are noteworthy differences in the entries of individual
informants; see more on this in (385) below.
Muzale’s MS has kwikya ‘to breathe’. H05 has given a slightly odd form here,
which is likely to be a simple spelling error; cfr her entry especially in (385)
below, but also in (11) and (35) above.
The intrusive ‹h› used by H08 is something that occurs in other places, too. In
fact, there seems to be a regular (though not necessarily consistent) variation
by our informants involving ‹H›, ‹W›, ‹Y› and ‹ › (= nothing) when these
appear between two vowels. Whether it’s a spelling or pronunciation thing is
difficult to say without tape recordings.
51
liver
H01 — H02 eine H03 eine H04 einei H05 eine
ini; liver
H06 eini H07 eine H08 eine H09 eine H10 ensigo
Muzale’s MS has eine, as does Kaji (2000:43). The extra final i-vowel in
H04’s entry is an archaism that occurs unpredictably in many Haya words
(Muzale, pc 2004/12), and so also in many of our informants’ entries, though
usually mostly nouns.
The final -i in H06’s entry could be a contraction of -ei, unless it is a Swahili
influence. The actual entry is in fact ‹INI EINI› in which the first choice ‹INI›
has been crossed out and replaced by ‹EINI›. Incidentally, Schoenbrun
(1997:283) gives the Haya form eyini. Also, i-final forms are not unheard of
in other languages of the area, as in Kabwari -ini (Schoenbrun 1997:271).
H10’s entry seemingly corresponds to ensîgo ‘kidney’ in Muzale’s MS; see
also (52) immediately below.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
52
93
kidney
H01 — H02 ensigo H03 — H04 ensigo H05 —
figo; kidney
H06 eini H07 ensigo H08 ensigo H09 olusha H10 enkoro
Muzale’s MS has ensîgo ‘kidney’.
H06 has given a word meaning ‘liver’, corresponding to eine in Muzale’s MS.
Possibly this is a Swahili-influence; see comments in (51) immediately above.
H09’s entry seems to correspond to orusha ‘stomach’ in Muzale’s MS, while
H10 has given a word that seemingly corresponds to enkôro ‘breast-bone,
chest meat’ and/or ‘upper part of yam that is planted’.
53
saliva
H01 ebichwanta H02 ebichwanta H03 ebichwanta H04 ebichwantai
H05 bichwanta
mate; saliva
H06 bichwanta H07 amachwanta H08 ebichwanta H09 ebichwanta
H10 ebichwanta
Muzale’s MS has ebichwánta ‘saliva, spittle’. Interestingly, H04 has added a
final -i; see also his entry for ‘liver’ in (51) above.
H07 uses the same nominal root as the others, but gives it with a class 6 prefix
(while the others use a class 8 prefix). This may be a Swahili influence.
54
sweat
H01 — H02 empiita H03 eichumbano H04 empiita H05 kunulilira
jasho; sweat
H06 empita H07 empita H08 empiita H09 empiita H10 eilimbe
Muzale’s MS has empiita.
H03’s entry may be related to or derived from Muzale’s kuchumba ‘to cook’,
while H05 has given a verb corresponding to Muzale’s kunilirira ‘to taste
very sweet’, seemingly having misread/misunderstood ‹sweat› as ‹sweet›.
H10’s entry refers to a sensation involving experienced excessive body heat
(Muzale, pc 2004/12). Cfr also (436) below.
55
to take a bath
H01 okwoga H02 kwooga H03 okwoga H04 okwoga H05 kwoga
oga; to take a bath
H06 yoga H07 okwoga H08 kwooga H09 okwoga H10 yoga
Muzale’s MS has kwôga ‘to wash, bathe, take a bath’.
94
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
56
to wash (hands)
H01 okunaba emikono/ebyala H02 kunaba emikono H03 okunaba (emikono)
H04 okunaba (emikono) H05 kwogya emikono
nawa (mikono); to wash (hands)
H06 naba emikono H07 naba emikono H08 kunaaba H09 okunaaba H10 kunaba
Muzale’s MS has kunaaba ‘to wash (hands, face)’ and kwôgya ‘to wash
(general)’. Most of our informants have added nominal objects translatable as
‘hand(s)’.
57
to sneeze
H01 okwesaimula H02 kwesaimula H03 okufuliza H04 okwesaimula H05 —
piga chafya; to sneeze
H06 yehamule H07 okwesaimula H08 kwetaimula H09 okwesaimula
H10 kwesaimula
Muzale’s MS has kutéera omwéìsa and kwésaimura. He also has kufuliza
glossed as ‘to sniffle’, corresponding to H03’s entry above.
H06’s entry looks like a second person imperative based on the so-called
subjunctive stem; see comments in (90) below.
H08 has used a seemingly odd spelling with ‹t› instead of ‹s›.
58
to be tired
H01 okulemwa H02 kulemwa H03 okulemwa H04 okulemwa H05 kulemwa
choka; to be tired
H06 lemwa H07 amalemwa H08 kulemwa H09 okulemwa H10 kulemwa
Muzale’s MS has kulemwa ‘to get tired; to be exhausted’. Curiously, H07 has
given a nominal form with a class 6 prefix.
59
to sleep
H01 okunyama H02 kubyama H03 okunagila H04 okunagila H05 kunyama
lala; to sleep
H06 nyama H07 kumyama H08 kubyama H09 okubyama H10 kunyama
Muzale’s MS has kunágira ‘to sleep’, with variants kubyâma, kumyâma,
kuníàma and kyíàma, all glossed as ‘to sleep; to lie down’.
60
to dream
H01 okulota H02 kulota H03 okulota H04 okuloota H05 kulota
ota; to dream (also: to grow)
H06 lota H07 okurota H08 kuloota H09 okulota H10 kulota
The English explanation in the Swahili/English list is a commentary on the
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
95
meaning of Swahili ota, rather than anything we wished to elicit, and was not
supposed to have been present in our questionaire.
Muzale’s MS has kuróòta.
619 to grow
H01 okukura H02 kukula H03 okukula H04 kukula/kubya¯ila H05 kukula
Muzale’s MS has kukûra ‘to grow up, become great; to come/get to puberty’.
The second item in H04’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kubyâra ‘to plant,
seed’. The intrusive -i- could well be a spelling error.
61
a dream
H01 endoto H02 ekiloto H03 ekiloto H04 ekilooto H05 kiloto
ndoto; a dream
H06 ebiloto H07 ebiroto H08 ekiloto H09 ekiloto H10 ekiloto
Muzale’s MS has ekiróòto ‘(a) dream’.
H01 has obviously given us a Hayaized Swahili word by adding a Haya
augment onto the Swahili noun.
62
to snore
H01 — H02 kugaya H03 — H04 okugona H05 —
koroma; to snore
H06 kugona H07 okugona H08 kugona H09 okugona H10 kugona
Muzale’s MS has kugona ‘to snore’. Interestingly, none of the informants
who filled in the Swahili/English list had any troubles with this, while those
filling in the English list seem to have had obvious problems. Presumably the
presence of Swahili koroma had something to do with this.
There is no clearly corresponding item in Muzale’s MS to H02’s entry. There
is, however, a verb kugaya glossed as ‘to despise’ in Muzale’s English-Haya
index. Possibly far-fetched, but H02 could have misread or misunderstood
‹snore› as ‹snort›, which is semantically linked to both ‘to despise’, ‘to frown
upon’, etc., as well as ‘to exhale forcibly through the nose’.
63
blind
H01 tabona H02 omufi wa maisho H03 a[t]aikubona/omfi wa amaisho
H04 empume H05 —
kipofu; blind
H06 omwigazi wa amaisho H07 — H08 — H09 omwigazi wa maisho
H10 omwigazi wa amaisho
Muzale’s MS has omuhúme and kihúme, both glossed as ‘blind person’.
Presumably H04’s entry involves the same root.
96
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
H01’s entry and the first item in H03’s entry are obviously derived from the
verb kubôna ‘to see’, involving a negative element -ta- (cfr Rascher 1958:22).
The phrase given by H02 and H03 means ‘person with dead eyes’ (Muzale, pc
2004/12). Cfr Muzale’s múfu, glossed as ‘dead person, corpse’ and ‘onerous,
troublesome person’.
The phrase occurring in the entries of H06, H09 and H10 translates as ‘blind
person’; cfr with Muzale’s omwigare wá amátwi ‘deaf person’. The
form/spelling omwigazi, instead of omwigare, is used by Rascher (1958:35).
64
dumb
H01 omutita H02 omutita H03 omutita H04 omutita H05 —
bubu; dumb
H06 omutita H07 mtita H08 — H09 atagamba H10 omutita
Muzale’s MS has omutita ‘dumb person’. H09 has given a word seemingly
derived from the verb kugamba ‘to say’. Thus a-ta-gamba = 3SG-NEG-‘say’.
65
deaf
H01 — H02 kutaulila H03 omutahulila H04 omwigazi w’amatwi H05 —
kiziwi; deaf
H06 omwigala wa amatwi H07 kigaramatwi H08 — H09 omwigazi wa matwi
H10 ataikuhulila
Muzale’s MS has omwigare wá amátwi ‘deaf person’, while Rascher
(1958:35) gives omwigazi wamatwi. H04, H06 and H09 all have versions of
these.
H07 has an obvious derivation based on the just-mentioned phrase but with a
class 7 prefix instead of class 1. This may be a Swahili influence. However,
class 7 is not an uncommon class used for words meaning ‘deaf person’ in
several other Bantu languages, so the influence could be from somewhere
else. It may even be a legitimate alternative classification in Haya, even
though we have not been able to verify it.
H02, H03 and H10 have given words obviously derived from the verb
kuhúlira ‘to hear, feel’, all of which involve a negative particle -ta- (cfr
Rascher 1958:22).
66
disease/sickness
H01 endwala H02 endwala H03 obulwaile H04 endwaara H05 kurwala
ugonjwa; disease/sickness
H06 endwala H07 oburwaile H08 endwala H09 obulwaile H10 obulwaile
Muzale’s MS has endwâra and oburwáìre, both glossed as ‘disease/illness’.
(The latter occurs only in the English-Haya index.)
H05 has apparently given us a verb corresponding to Muzale’s kurwâra ‘to
become ill, fall sick’; see also (67) immediately below.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
67
97
to be sick/ill
H01 kulwala H02 kulwala H03 okulwala H04 okurwaara H05 kushwagwa
ugua; to be sick/ill
H06 lwala H07 okurwara H08 kulwala H09 okulwala H10 kulwala
Muzale’s MS has kurwâra ‘to become ill, fall sick’. Interestingly, H05 has
given a verb seemingly related to Muzale’s omushwago ‘fever’; cfr also her
entry in (66) immediately above.
68
fever
H01 omushwago H02 omushwago H03 omushwago H04 omushwaago
H05 mushwago
homa; fever
H06 omushwago H07 omushwago H08 omushwago H09 omulilo omu mubili
H10 omushwago
Muzale’s MS has omushwago. H09 has given a phrase roughly translatable as
‘fire of body’; cfr Muzale’s omuliro ‘fire’ and omubiri ‘body’.
69
to shiver
H01 kujugumba H02 ekitengo H03 okuchundwa H04 okuchundwa H05 —
tetemeka; to shiver
H06 chundwa H07 okuchundwa/kutengeta H08 kuchundwa H09 okuchundwa
H10 kuchundwa
Muzale’s MS has kuchûndwa ‘to shiver, shake, tremble, shudder [transitive]’,
kujúgumba ‘to shake, tremble, shiver [intransitive]’ and kutengeeta ‘to shake
[intransitive]’.
H02 has given a noun corresponding to Muzale’s ekitengo ‘shiver, quiver,
trembling’.
70
to vomit
H01 okutanaka H02 kugarulwa H03 okutanaka H04 okugalulwa/okutanaka
H05 kutanaka
tapika; to vomit
H06 tanaka H07 tanaka H08 — H09 okutanaki H10 kutabika
Muzale’s MS has kutánaka in the Haya-English part of his lexicon, but the
form kukutánaka in the English index. (He also has kubooga.) None of our
informants have given a doubled ku-element, so Muzale’s second form is
presumably an error. Note also that H09’s entry displays a final -i, instead of
the expected -a.
H10’s entry likely contains a Hayaized Swahili word, although the form
(ku)tabika does occur in the Tanzanian Language Survey (Nurse & Philippson
1975/99).
98
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
The forms kugarulwa and okugalulwa given by H02 and H04, respectively,
seem not to have any correspondences in Muzale’s MS, nor in Kaji’s (2000)
vocabulary. They may passives derived from the verb kugarura, glossed as
‘return, come back’ in Muzale’s MS.
71
cough
H01 kolola H02 ekikololo H03 enkorolo H04 enkolola H05 nkolora
kikohozi; cough
H06 enkololo H07 enkorora H08 ekikololo H09 enkololo H10 enkorola
Muzale’s MS has enkórora and enkóroro, both of them being class 9 nouns.
Of our informants, H02 and H08 have seemingly used class 7 for this.
72
to cough
H01 okukolola H02 kukolola H03 okukorola H04 okukolola H05 kukolora
kohoa; to cough
H06 kolola H07 korora H08 kukolola H09 okukolola H10 kukolora
Muzale’s MS has kukórora.
73
wound
H01 — H02 eihuta H03 ekilonda H04 eihata H05 ekiere
jeraha; wound
H06 enkoju H07 orubale H08 olubale H09 obuhuta H10 ekironda
Muzale’s MS has ekironda and engoga. Two of our informants gave the
former word, none the latter. H06’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s
enkôjo~enkôju ‘scar’.
The entries of H02, H04 and H09 may be related to or derived from the verb
kuháàta, glossed as ‘to peel with a knife’ in Muzale’s MS.
H05’s entry seemingly corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:251) ekye:lé glossed as
‘injury, wound’. It is “an augmentative of olwe:le 11 ‘eruption/upele’ ”
(idem).
No corresponding item is found in Muzale’s MS, nor in Kaji’s (2000) lexicon,
for the entries of H07 and H08. However, near-identical words are found in
neighbouring languages, e.g. Nyambo orubáare ‘wound (esp. on the head)’
(Rugemalira 2002:135), Ganda olubale ‘wound, scar, [...]’ (Murphy
1972:282). Thus we assume that it is a legitimate Haya word as well.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
74
99
to wound
H01 — H02 kuhutala H03 okusonoka H04 okuhutaaza H05 kugira ekiere
umiza; to wound
H06 utaza H07 hutaz[u] H08 kushaasa H09 okuhutaza H10 kuhutaza
Muzale’s MS has kuhutaara ‘to be injured’ and kuhutaaza ‘to injure’,
matching most of our informant’s entries. Note the potential final u-vowel
used by H07. His entry is difficult to read here, since he used a highly cursive
writing. Maybe it is supposed to be ‹a›.
H03’s entry obviously corresponds to (ku)soonoka ‘to take the skin of; to
bruise’ found in the TLS (Nurse & Philippson 1975/99). There is no clear
match in Muzale’s MS, although kusoonora ‘to scratch’ is seemingly a related
item.
H05’s entry translates roughly as ‘to do a wound’; see also annotations in (73)
immediately above.
H08 has given a verb corresponding to Muzale’s kushaasha ‘to feel pain’.
75
to be sick
H01 okulwala H02 kulwala H03 okulwala H04 okurwaara H05 kurwala
umwa; to be sick, to pain
H06 lwala H07 okurwara/okushasha H08 kushaasa H09 okulwala H10 kunenwa
Muzale’s MS has kurwâra ‘to become ill, fall sick’ and kunênwa ‘to become
ill; to feel pain; to fall sick; to suffer’. H07’s and H08’s entries correspond to
Muzale’s kushaasha ‘to feel pain’. (This is given in the English-Haya index
only.)
All of those who filled in the English list went for kurwâra, while there is
more lexical variation in the entries of those filling in the Swahili/English list.
620 to pain
H01 okushaasa H02 kushasa H03 okuluma H04 kushasa H05 kutaa omunda
Muzale’s MS has kushaasha ‘to feel pain’ (listed only in the English-Haya
index).
H03’s entry has no obvious match in Muzale’s MS, but Kaji (2000:252) gives
okulûma ‘to have a pain’.
H05’s entry seems to translate as ‘to hit inside’, asuming that she has reinterpreted Haya kúta ‘to put’ in lines with Swahili kuta ‘to hit/beat’.
100
76
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
to swell
H01 okuzimba H02 kuzimba H03 okuzimba H04 okuzimba H05 kumila
vimba; to swell
H06 zimba H07 zimba/tuta H08 kuziimba H09 okuzimba H10 kuzimba
Muzale’s MS has kuzîmba and kutuuta, corresponding to all but one of the
entries. H05’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kumira ‘to swallow’.
Presumably she misread our English item.
77
scar
H01 — H02 enkoju H03 ealama H04 enkoju H05 —
kovu; scar
H06 nkoju H07 enkoju H08 enkoju H09 enkoju H10 enkoju
Muzale’s MS has enkôjo as well as enkôju.
H03’s entry seems to be based on Swahili alama ‘mark, sign, stigma, [etc.]’,
which may also be used for ‘scar’.
78
to cure
H01 okutambila H02 kutambila H03 okutambila/okutamba H04 okutambila/okukila
H05 kutamba
ponya ugonjwa; to cure
H06 tambila H07 okukiza oburwaile H08 kutamba, kukiza H09 okwikya endwala
H10 kwikya
Muzale’s MS has kutámbira ‘to cure’, kutâmba ‘to provide medicine, treat
patient’ and kwikya ‘to recover, heal, get well’. Kaji (2000:256) has also
okukîla ‘to become cured’ and the causative derivation okukîza ‘to cause to
become cured’.
H07’s entry looks like a calque-translation of Swahili ponya ugonjwa. The
second item relates to Muzale’s omurwáìre ‘sick person, patient’.
The second item in H09’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s e n d w â r a
‘disease/illness’.
79
medicine
H01 omubazi H02 omubazi H03 omubazi H04 omubazi H05 mibazi
dawa; medicine
H06 omubazi H07 omubazi H08 omubazi H09 omubazi H10 omubazi
Muzale’s MS has omubâzi. H05 has given a plural form.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
80
101
to give birth
H01 okuzala H02 kuzala H03 okuzala H04 okuzaala H05 kuzala
zaa; to give birth
H06 zala H07 okuzara H08 kuzaala H09 okuzala H10 okuzala
Muzale’s MS has kuzáàra.
81
to be born
H01 okuzalwa H02 kuzalwa H03 okuzalwa H04 okuzaalwa H05 kuzarwa
zaliwa; to be born
H06 zalwa H07 zarwa H08 kuzalwa H09 okuzalwa H10 kuzalwa
Muzale’s MS has kuzáàra ‘to give birth’. Our informants’ entries are passive
derivations of that.
82
to go
H01 okugenda H02 kugenda H03 okugenda H04 okugenda H05 kugenda
enda; to go/move
H06 genda H07 genda H08 kugenda H09 genda H10 kugenda
Muzale’s MS has kugenda ‘to walk, go, leave’, as well as kugya ‘to go to’.
621 to move
H01 okwililayo H02 kugenda H03 okugenda H04 kwetengya H05 kunyulura
Muzale’s MS has kwirirayo ‘to move away [intransitive]’ and kugenda ‘to
walk, go, leave’; see also (82) immediately above.
H05’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:300) okuñulula ‘to pull’. Muzale’s
MS has kukurura ‘to pull, drag’, while in the TLS (Nurse & Philippson
1975/99), we find (ku)nyulula ‘to pull’ and (ku)nyurura ‘to pull, drag’. In
Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist, too, we find kunyurura
‘to pull’ = Swedish (att) draga.
H04’s entry looks a bit odd. It is seemingly related to Kaji’s (2000:297f)
okutengya ‘to swing’, which is a causative derivation of okutenga ‘to shake’.
Cfr also Nyambo kwétenja ‘to move; to shake’ and/or ‘movement’
(Rugemalira 2002:40+219).
83
to leave
H01 okugenda H02 kwimukya H03 okugenda H04 okurugaho H05 kuruga
acha; to leave
H06 leka H07 leka H08 kusiga H09 leka H10 kuleka
Most of our informants’ entries correspond to Muzale’s kugenda ‘to walk, go,
leave’, kwimukya ‘to start a journey’, kurugáho ‘to leave, go away’, kurugá
‘to go out from, go away from; to get out of; to come from’, kusîga~kusígáo
‘to leave part of’.
102
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
The entries of H06, H07, H08 and H10 correspond to Muzale’s kuleka ‘to
stop’. Presumably this is due to the fact that they were using the
Swahili/English list. Swahili acha can be glossed as ‘to leave (someone)’, but
also ‘to stop doing (something)’. Thus H06, H07, H08 and H10 seem to have
taken this latter semantic aspect as their point of departure.
84
to stay
H01 okwikala/okutura H02 kwikala H03 okusigala H04 okwikaraho H05 kuikala
kaa; to stay/sit
H06 shuntama H07 shuntama H08 kuikala H09 shuntama H10 ikala
Muzale’s MS has kwikara ‘to stay, remain; to live, dwell’ as well as kusígara
‘to remain’. The latter corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:222) okusígala, glossed as
‘to stay at the place where one has gone’. Muzale’s MS has also kushúntama
‘to sit’; cfr also (622) immediately below.
The second item in H01’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kutúùra ‘to live’,
and Kaji’s (2000:307) okutû:la ‘to live; to inhabit’.
H04’s entry looks like Muzale’s kwikara suffixed with seems like a locative
class 16 marker. There is no corresponding item in Muzale’s MS, but
compare kuruga~kurugáho, both glossed as ‘to leave’ in Muzale’s MS.
Incidentally, in neighbouring Nkore-Kiga, we find kutsígara~kutsígaraho ‘to
remain’ (Taylor 1959:183).
622 to sit
H01 kushuntama H02 kushuntama H03 okushuntama H04 kushuntama
H05 kushutama
Muzale’s MS has kushúntama, while Kaji (2000:229) gives okushúntama and
okushútama as variants for ‘to sit on a chair; to squat on the ground’. The
latter form corresponds to H05’s entry.
Cfr also (84) immediately above, and especially (91) below.
85
to go away
H01 okugenda ala H02 kwimukya kugya halai H03 okugenda H04 okugya harai
H05 kugenda
toka; to go away
H06 lugamu H07 iroko H08 kugenda ala H09 lugao H10 kugenda
Muzale’s MS gives, amongst others, kugenda ‘to walk, go, leave’; see also
(83) above. Several informants have added an adverb corresponding to
Muzale’s ahara(i) ‘far’. Kaji (2000:381) gives the alternatives hala(i) and
ala(i).
H02’s entry looks a little complex. In Muzale’s MS, we find kwimukya ‘to
start a journey’, kugya ‘to go to’, plus the above-mentioned adverb. Possibly
it is an ad hoc construction.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
103
H06’s entry is presumably derived from Muzale’s kuruga ‘to go from’, by
being suffixed with what looks like a locative class 18 marker; cfr Nyambo
kurugámu ‘to go out’ (Rugemalira 2002:136). Muzale’s MS does give
kurugáho ‘to leave, go away’, in which there is seemingly a locative class 16
marker.
H07’s entry is an imperative, meaning ‘go away!’. This particular verb is
apparently only used in the imperative (Muzale, pc 2004/12). A similar form
occurs also in neighbouring Nyambo as iróoko ‘off you go!’ (Rugemalira
2002:59).
H09’s entry presumably corresponds to Muzale’s kurugáho ‘to leave, go
away’.
86
to come
H01 okwija H02 kwija H03 okwija H04 okwiija H05 kuija
(ku)ja; to come
H06 oije H07 kwija H08 kwiija H09 okwija H10 kwija
Muzale’s MS has kwija ‘to come’. Note the doubled root vowels in the entries
of H04 and H08. Even though Muzale’s MS does not indicate any long
vowel, Kaji (2000:222) does, giving the form okwi:ja. (The informants who
most often mark long vowels are H01, H04 and H08.)
H06 has given an imperative form; see comments in (90) below.
87
to arrive
H01 okugoba H02 kugoba H03 okugoba H04 okugoba H05 kugoba
fika; to arrive
H06 goba H07 goba H08 kugoba H09 kugoba H10 kugoba
Muzale’s MS has kugoba and kuhika.
88
to rest
H01 okwikya H02 kwikyaho H03 okwikyaho H04 okuhumula H05 kwikya
pumzika; to rest
H06 okye H07 okwikya H08 kuhikyaho H09 okwikya H10 kwikya
Muzale’s MS has kuhúúmura ‘to rest; to go on leave’ and kwikya ‘to rest; to
recover, heal, get well; to rest’.
The entries of H02, H03 and H08 presumably comprise the verb kwikya plus a
locative class 16 marker.
H06 has given an imperative form; see comments in (90) below.
104
89
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
to wait
H01 okulinda H02 kulinda H03 okulinda H04 okulinda H05 kulinda
ngoja; to wait
H06 linda H07 linda H08 kulinda H09 lindao H10 kulinda
Muzale’s MS has kulinda ‘to wait, wait for’.
H09’s entry displays an interesting -o suffix. It may be a truncated locative
marker.
90
to stand
H01 okwemelela H02 kwemelela H03 okwemelela H04 okwemelela
H05 kwemerela
simama; to stand/come to a stop
H06 oyemelele H07 yemerela H08 kwemelela H09 yemelela H10 yemelela
Muzale’s MS has kwémeerera ‘to stand up, stand still, come to a halt’. H07,
H09 and H10 have seemingly given a form without the “infinitive” marker
ku-, accounting for the glide-commencing stem.
H06’s entry contains a imperative form based on the so-called subjunctive
stem, thus o- (= 2SG SUBJ) + verb stem + -e. This specific verb form appears
often in H06’s entries, and constitutes an idiosyncrasy of this particular
informant. Cfr her entries in (57), (86), (88), (96), (119), (137), (138), (158),
(160), (187), (383), (391).
623 to come to a stop
H01 kwiite H02 kugoba andekelelo H03 okwemelela H04 kwemelela
H05 kwemelera
Muzale’s MS has kwémeerera ‘to stand up; to stand still; to come to a halt’
and kulekera ‘to stop, cease, come to an end’.
H01’s entry seems to correspond to Muzale’s kwîta ‘to kill, spoil, destroy’.
H02’s entry includes a phrase comprising of a verb corresponding to
Muzale’s kugoba ‘to arrive’ plus a nominal derivation based on kulekera ‘to
stop, cease, come to and end’. In Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya
wordlist, this noun appears as endekerero ‘stop, end’ = Swedish slut.
91
to sit
H01 okushuntama H02 kushuntama H03 okushuntama H04 okushuntama
H05 kushutama
keti; to sit
H06 shuntama H07 shuntama H08 kushuntama H09 shuntama H10 shuntama
Muzale’s MS has kushúntama, while Kaji (2000:229) gives okushúntama and
okushútama as variants for ‘to sit on a chair; to squat on the ground’. The
latter form corresponds to H05’s entry. See also (622), following (84) above.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
92
105
to walk
H01 okutambuka H02 kutambuka H03 okutambuka H04 okutambuka
H05 kutambuka
tembea; to walk
H06 tambuka H07 tambuka H08 kugenda H09 tambuka H10 tambuka
Muzale’s MS has kutámbuka ‘to walk; to stride, pass over with one step’ and
kugenda ‘to walk, go, leave’.
93
to run
H01 okwiruka H02 kwiluka H03 okwiluka H04 okwiruka H05 kwiruka
kimbia; to run
H06 iluka H07 iruka H08 kuhiruka H09 iluka H10 iruka
Muzale’s MS has kwíruka ‘to run; to run away, escape’. Note H08’s use of an
intrusive ‹h› between the prefix and the stem, something that does not seem to
be uncommon for this particular informant; see, for instance, (88) above.
94
to follow
H01 okuondela H02 kuhondela H03 okuhondela H04 okuhondela H05 kuondela
fuata; to follow
H06 ondela H07 ondera H08 kuhondela H09 ondela H10 ondela
Muzale’s MS has kuhondera.
95
to return
H01 okugaruka H02 kugaluka H03 okugaluka H04 okugaruka H05 kugaruka
rudi; to return/come back
H06 garuka H07 garuka H08 kugaluka H09 galuka H10 garuka
Muzale’s MS has kugaruka ‘to return, come back’. See also (624)
immediately below.
624 to come back
H01 kushubaba H02 kugaluka enyuma H03 okugaluka H04 kugaruka
H05 kushuba enyuma
Muzale’s MS has kugaruka ‘to return, come back’. Kaji (2000:223) has also
okushûba ‘to come back; to return’, which Muzale’s MS glosses as ‘to repeat,
go back’. In Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist, we find
kushubayo ‘to return’ (= Swedish (att) återvända), with an object suffix of
locative class 16.
H01’s entry seems a bit odd (Muzale, pc 2004/12). It looks like it may contain
a partial reduplication, but we have not been able to deduce the origin/purpose
of the extra final syllable. (Could be a simple mistake.)
106
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
H02 and H05 have added nominal complements corresponding to Muzale’s
enyuma ‘behind, at the back of, at rear’, apparently having (mis)understood
the English ‹come back› as ‹come to the back›, or some such thing.
96
to send (someone)
H01 okutuma H02 kutuma omuntu H03 okutuma (okumtuma)
H04 okutuma/okulagila H05 kutuma (omuntu)
tuma; to send
H06 olagile H07 kuragira H08 kutuma H09 tweka H10 kutuma
Muzale’s MS has kutûma, kuragira and kutwêka, all of which are glossed as
‘to send’, while Kaji (2000:313) gives the same verbs with slightly more
specific glossings, namely, okutûma ‘to send a person’, okulagila ‘to send a
message through somebody’ and okutwê:ka ‘to send an article’.
H02 and H05 have added complements roughly corresponding to ‘someone’,
while, the second item in H03’s entry seems to include a class 1 object marker
(compare with his entry in (97) below; which contains an inanimate class 7
marker).
H06 has given an imperative form of Muzale’s kuragira; see comments in
(90) below.
97
to send (something)
H01 kutwekela H02 kutuma ekintu H03 okukituma H04 okutuma H05 kutuma
(ekintu)
peleka; to send
H06 twala H07 twekela H08 kutwalila H09 twala H10 kutwala
Muzale’s MS has kutwékera ‘to send (something to someone)’, while Kaji
(2000:313) gives okutwê:ka ‘to send an article’. However, the verb appearing
in the entries of H02, H03, H04 and H05 is the same verb as in (96)
immediately above, which corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:313) okutûma ‘to send
a person’ (seemingly used with animate objects only). Thus at least for these
informants, the lexical semantics of this verb does not seem to include any
restriction to be used only with animate objects. This may or may not be a
lexicosemantic influence from Swahili tuma, a verb which at least for some
speakers of Swahili can be used with both animate and inanimate objects.
Note also the explicit use of inanimate object nouns by H02 and H05, as well
as H03 who uses an inanimate object marker -ki-. See also comments in (96)
immediately above.
The verb occurring in the entries of H06, H09 and H10 corresponds to
Muzale’s kutwâra ‘to take (somewhere/away), carry away’, given as
okutwâ:la by Kaji (2000:312). H08’s entry looks like an applicative
derivation of the same verb. Presumably they were translating on the basis of
Swahili peleka, which may mean ‘to carry away’ (= the agent does the
carrying) as well as ‘to send’ (= the agent causes someone else to carry).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
98
107
to bring
H01 okutwara H02 kuleta H03 okuleta H04 okuleeta H05 kutwala
leta; to bring
H06 leta H07 leta H08 kuleeta H09 galula H10 leta
Muzale’s MS has kuléèta. The entries of H01 and H05 correspond to
Muzale’s kutwâra ‘to take (somewhere/away), carry away’. Whether this is
due to a misunderstanding of the English item or a semantic re-interpretation
is difficult to say. As for possible influences from neighbouring languages,
there is Sukuma -tual-, glossed as ‘to take/bring to’ by Richardson (1967:75).
Maybe this meaning is available also in (some dialects of) Haya?
H09’s entry presumably corresponds to Muzale’s kugarura ‘to get back,
return’. Kaji (2000:223) adds the glossing ‘to give back’.
99
to take away
H01 okutwara H02 kutwala alai H03 okwiiyaho H04 okwiyaho/okwahula
H05 kugila mbali wagya
chukua; to take away
H06 twala H07 — H08 kutwala H09 twala H10 twala
Muzale’s MS has kwiyáho ‘to take away’, kwiyáo ‘to take away from’, and
kutwâra ‘to take (somewhere/away), carry away’. Note that H02 has added an
adverb meaning ‘far’, corresponding to Muzale’s ahara(i).
The second item in H04’s entry, okwahula, seems to be related to Muzale’s
kwáhuza ‘to cause or help to put away or to clear away’. Muzale’s form is
presumably a causative. His lexicon does not seem to contain any
corresponding non-causative form.
H05 has given a somewhat complex (and curious) entry, in part paralleling
the English construction. Literally it would translate as ‘to make them go
away’, being composed of elements meaning ‘to do; to have’ (= kugira in
Muzale’s MS; cfr also Kaji 2000:289), ‘far’ (= Swahili mbali), and ‘they go’
(cfr kugya in Muzale’s MS). The use of a Swahili adverb is curious, as H05
evidently knows the Haya equivalent, which she provides in (518) below. Our
local Haya expert, when asked to translate H05’s entry back to English, gave
us ‘to choose where to go’. Evidently she understood it and accepted it, so it
seems to be well-formed.
100 to drill
H01 — H02 — H03 — H04 okuhilingita H05 —
kwata; to drill/parade
H06 kutela amagulu H07 twala H08 kulibatilila H09 okukoza ebyamani
H10 kubonabonya
This seems to have been a difficult word to translate. Muzale’s MS has
nothing corresponding to our English item to drill, nor does Kaji (2000). Four
108
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
of our informants gave up on this, some gave a semantically close word,
while the rest apparently misunderstood what we were looking for.
H04’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:226) okuhílingita ‘to roll down; to
tumble’, which appears as okuílingita in the Haya index (idem:520). Or else,
he may have had okubíligita in mind, which Kaji (2000:227) glosses as ‘to
run noisily’.
H06’s entry translates literally as ‘to beat/hit the legs’. It is possibly an ad hoc
calque-translation of the Swahili phrase chapa miguu or piga miguu, a
common phrase used for ‘to drill, parade’ in Swahili.
H07’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kutwâra ‘to rule, lead, govern, lead
over’. Obviously drilling involves a “leader”.
H08’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:228) okuliba:tilila ‘to keep on
putting the foot on’.
H09’s entry contains a bit of a mistranslation meaning ‘to apply strength’
(Muzale, pc 2004/12), being composed of kukôza ‘to use, apply; to
make/cause someone to do something; to help/assist someone to do/work’ and
máàni ‘strength’, given as amâ:ni by Kaji (2000:217).
H10’s entry seems to correspond to Muzale’s kubónabon(y)ia ‘to punish’,
which Muzale (pc 2004/12) further specifies as an act of mental and/or
physical torture. Drilling may well be used as punishment in a military
context.
625 to drill
H01 kwemanyiiza H02 — H03 — H04 ku[hi]ri[ng]ta/kubiringula H05 —
The English item here should have read ‹to parade›, not ‹to drill›; cfr (100)
immediately above.
There is no corresponding match in our main Haya source materials for H01’s
entry, but Muzale (pc 2004/12) reads it as ‘to make oneself used to
something’, that is, drilling oneself. Incidentally, H01 supplied no entry in
(100) above, even though the same English item is given there as well as here.
The first item in H04’s entry is difficult to read. It looks like
‹KUHIRINGTA›. Comparing with his entry in (100), which is easily read as
‹OKUHILINGITA›, we may assume that that was the word he intended to
write here, too. In fact, Muzale (pc 2004/12) reads his reply here as
okuhiringita ‘to roll, fall, tumble’
The second item in H04’s entry has no match in our main Haya source
materials, though similar forms are found in neighbouring languages, e.g.
Sukuma kubilinga ‘to become round; to be gathered’, Pimbwe (kw)iBilinga as
‘to become round’ (Nurse & Philippson 1975/99). See also (610) and (687)
further below.
See also the annotations in (100) immediately above.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
109
101 to swim
H01 okuziha H02 kuzia H03 okuziha H04 okuziya H05 kwoga
ogelea; to swim
H06 zia H07 okuzia H08 — H09 okuziya H10 kuziya
Muzale’s MS has kuziha and kwôga for ‘to swim’. The latter appears only in
the English-Haya index.
Note the variation in spelling: ‹ziha› vs ‹zia› vs ‹ziya›. Kaji (2000:232) gives
okuzia as well as okuziya (but no okuziha).
102 to jump
H01 okuguruka H02 kuguluka H03 okuchoka H04 okuguruka H05 kuguruka
chupa; to jump
H06 echupa H07 guruguka H08 kuchooka H09 okuchoka H10 kuguruka
Muzale’s MS has kuguruka ‘to jump; to fly’, kuchooka ‘to jump, jump over’,
and kwérasha ‘to jump’. H06’s entry looks like an obvious Swahili
interference. (Muzale’s MS gives Haya echûpa as ‘bottle’.)
103 to throw away
H01 okunaga H02 kulasha alai H03 okulasha H04 okushabura H05 —
tupa; to throw away
H06 naga H07 rasha H08 kunaga H09 okulasha H10 naga
Muzale’s MS has kunâga ‘to throw away’ and kurâsha ‘to throw’. H02 has
added an adverb, while H03, H07 and H09 have not done so.
H04’s entry means ‘to throw something nearby’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
104 to fall
H01 okugwa H02 kugwa H03 okugwa H04 okugwa H05 kugwa
anguka; to fall
H06 gwa H07 okugwa H08 kugwa H09 okugwa H10 kugwa
Muzale’s MS has kugwa ‘to fall, tumble’.
105 person
H01 omuntu H02 omuntu H03 omuntu H04 omuntu (kashoke) H05 wenene
mtu; person
H06 omuntu H07 omuntu H08 omuntu H09 omuntu H10 omuntu
Muzale’s MS has omuntu ‘person’ and akashoke ‘human being’ (cfr the
second item in H04’s entry).
H05 has seemingly given us a third person pronoun (= wéénêne in Muzale’s
MS).
110
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
106 name
H01 eibala H02 eibala H03 eibala H04 eibara H05 eibara
jina; name
H06 ebala H07 eibara H08 eibala H09 eibala H10 eibala
Muzale’s MS has eibâra. Note the lacking/missing i-vowel in H06’s entry.
107 race/tribe/clan
H01 ekabila/oruganda H02 /eihanga/oluganda H03 oluganda
H04 oruganda/oruganda/ekisibu H05 oruganda
kabila; race, tribe, clan
H06 ekabila H07 — H08 oluganda H09 oluganda [clan] H10 eihanga
Our English items seem to have no clear-cut equivalents in Haya. In Muzale’s
MS, we find orugánda ‘clan’ and eihánga ‘country’.
Both H01 and H06 have given Hayaized forms of Swahili kabila ‘tribe, ethnic
group’.
The third item in H04’s entry corresponds to ekisîbu ‘stump of tree-trunk’,
which here is used metaphorically for ‘clan’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
108 old man
H01 omukaikulu(woman) omugurusi(man) H02 omushaija mukulu
H03 omukaikulu/omuzee H04 omugurusi H05 omugulusi
mzee; old man
H06 mugulusi H07 omugurusi H08 omushaija mukulu H09 omugurusi
H10 omugurusi
Muzale’s MS has omugurûsi ‘very old man, elder; wise man’. H01 and H03
have included words corresponding to Muzale’s omukáíkuru ‘very old
woman’ and/or ‘an old woman with skills in medicine or counseling’. Maybe
they interpreted English man as gender-neutral?
H02 and H08 have given noun+modifier constructions, the elements of which
correspond to omusháìja ‘man, husband’ and -kuru ‘old’ in Muzale’s MS.
The second item in H03’s entry is seemingly a Hayaized form of Swahili
mzee, albeit Kaji (2000:179) does give omuzée as a Haya alternative, though it
is specifically marked as a Swahili loan.
109 friend
H01 omunywanyi H02 omutai H03 omutahi H04 omunywanyi/omutahi
H05 omunywanyi
rafiki; friend
H06 munywanyi H07 [a]mwanyi H08 omunywanyi H09 omutahi H10 omunywanyi
Muzale’s MS has omunywányi ‘friend’. Kaji (2000:191) has omutá:i ‘friend’
and omukâgo ‘close friend’. The latter is glossed as ‘blood pact’ in Muzale’s
MS.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
111
H07’s entry is a bit hard to read. The first letter is probably an ‹o›, even
though it looks distinctly like an ‹a›. He could, however, have used an odd
plural form (in class 6). That aside, he has given a slightly shorter form than
the others, lacking the root-initial ny-segment.
110 guest
H01 omugenyi H02 omugenyi H03 omugenyi H04 omugenyi H05 omugenyi
mgeni; guest/foreigner/newcomer
H06 omugenyi H07 omugenyi H08 omugenyi H09 omugenyi H10 omugenyi
Muzale’s MS has omugenyi ‘stranger, guest’. See also items (626) and (627)
immediately below.
626 foreigner
H01 omugenyi H02 omugenyi H03 omugenyi H04 omunyamahanga H05 —
Muzale’s MS has omwizi ‘non-native, new comer’, omunyamahánga
‘foreigner’, and omugenyi ‘stranger, guest’.
627 newcomer
H01 omugenyi H02 omugenyi H03 omugenyi H04 omugenyi H05 —
Muzale’s MS has omwizi ‘non-native, new comer’.
111 relative
H01 omulumuna H02 mulumuna H03 omulumuna/omukwatani
H04 omunyaruganda H05 omurumuna
jamaa; relative
H06 matai H07 abanyaruganda H08 owo luganda H09 omukwatane
H10 omurumuna
Muzale’s MS has omurúmuna ‘brother, sister, close relative’, as well as
omurûmuna ‘his/her brother/sister’. He also has obukwátane ‘relationship’,
which clearly is the derivate base for H09’s entry as well as the second item
in H03’s entry.
The entries of H04 and H07 correspond to Muzale’s omunyaruganda
‘tribesman, member of the clan’. The latter has given a plural form.
H06’s entry contains a plural form corresponding to Kaji’s (2000:191)
abatá:i, plural of omutá:i ‘friend, colleague’. Our informant’s class 6 form is
fully regular, though (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H08’s entry seemingly involves a pronominal of class 2 followed by a noun
translatable as ‘clan’; cfr (107) above.
112
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
112 marriage
H01 obushwele H02 obushwere H03 obushwele H04 obushwere H05 okushwera
ndoa; marriage
H06 obushwele H07 obushwere H08 obushwere H09 obushwele H10 obushwele
Muzale’s MS has obushwéère.
113 to marry
H01 okushwela H02 okushwera H03 okushwela H04 okushwera H05 kushwerwa
oa; to marry
H06 shwela H07 okushwera H08 kushwera H09 okushwela H10 kushwela
Muzale’s MS has kushwêra, glossed as ‘to marry (for men)’, the passive
derivation kushwêrwa, glossed as ‘to marry’. Kaji (2000:259) specifies the
meaning of the former as ‘to take as a wife’, and the second as ‘to be taken as
a wife’.
H05, a female, has given a passive form normally used by women, while H01,
H06 and H08 (also females) have given the “male” form.
114 husband
H01 iba H02 iba H03 omushaija wa.../omwami H04 kishweera H05 mshaija wa
mume; husband
H06 omushaija wange H07 omushaija H08 iba (her husband) ibanye (my
husband) H09 omushaija H10 umushaija (iba)
Muzale’s MS has omusháìja. Kaji (2000:180) gives the additional ibâ:ne ‘my
husband’, bâlo ‘your husband’, and íba ‘her husband’. (H03 and H05 have
given incomplete genitive constructions, meaning ‘the husband/man of’.)
The second word in H03’s entry seems to correspond to omwámi glossed as
‘master’ in Muzale’s MS, and ‘chief of a local council’ by Kaji (2000:202).
He may have been influenced by the lexical semantics of the cognate Swahili
mume ‘husband’.
H04’s entry is seemingly derived from the verb kushwêra ‘to marry (a
woman)’.
115 (my) father
H01 tata wange H02 tata wange H03 tata H04 tata H05 tata
baba (yangu); (my) father
H06 tata yange H07 tatai wange H08 tata H09 tata H10 tata
Muzale’s MS has táta~táàta ‘my father’. Even though this word already
contains a semantic element equivalent to ‘my’, four of our informants
nonetheless added a possessive pronoun. This could be a semantic influence
from Swahili, or even English, as in neither of these latter languages does the
relevant word contain a possessive component.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
113
116 wife
H01 omukaze wange or omukwala H02 mukaziwe/omukyala H03 omukazi
wa.../mka H04 omukazi mushwerwa H05 mkazi
mke; wife
H06 mukazi wange H07 omukazi H08 mukyala H09 omushwelwa H10 omukazi
Muzale’s MS has omukâzi, omukyâra and omushwérwakazi. Kaji (2000:180)
adds also muka and omukyâ:lo (the latter attributed to the Bugabo dialect).
H01’s omukwala is probably a variant of Muzale’s omukyâra.
Probably since the noun omukâzi can have a more general meaning of
‘woman’, H01, H02 and H06 have added possessive pronouns (wánge ‘my’,
-we ‘his’), while H03 has used an incomplete associative construction
‘woman/wife of’.
H04’s and H09’s entries involve derivations of the verb kushwêrwa ‘to marry’
or ‘to be taken as wife’.
117 (my) mother
H01 mae H02 mae/mawe wange H03 mawe H04 mawe H05 mawee
mama (yangu); (my) mother
H06 mae wange H07 maawe H08 mae H09 mawe H10 mae
For ‘my mother’, Muzale’s MS has máàwe, mááwe and máàe. Interestingly,
H03 and H06 have added possessive pronouns, possibly due to a semantic
influence from Swahili, where mama refers to ‘mother’ in general, not just the
speaker’s mother.
118 to love/like
H01 okwenda H02 kwenda/kwegomba H03 okwenda H04 okugonza/okwenda
H05 kugonza/kwenda
penda; to love/like
H06 yenda H07 gonza H08 kugonza H09 okugonza H10 okugonza
Muzale’s MS has kugonza and kwenda, both glossed as ‘to love, like’, plus
kwégomba ‘to desire, admire’. Note H06’s use of an initial glide on the
prefixless stem.
119 to obey
H01 okukunila H02 kwetoya H03 okukuna/okuhondela H04 okuhulira
H05 kukunira
tii; to obey
H06 oikilize/oikilize H07 okukuna H08 kukunila H09 okukunila H10 okuhulira
Muzale’s MS has kukúnira ‘to honour, pay respect’ and kukûna ‘to be
obedient’. Kaji (2000:329) gives also okuúlila ‘to hear; to obey’,
corresponding to kuhúlira in Muzale’s MS, though glossed only ‘to hear’.
114
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
H02’s entry probably corresponds to Muzale’s kwétoohya ‘to be humble’,
while the second item in H03’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kuhondera ‘to
follow’.
Both words in H06’s entry are identical. It is an imperative segmentable as o(= 2SG SUBJ) + verb stem + -e. The verb stem corresponds to Muzale’s
ikíriize, a past (perfect?) form of kwikiriza ‘to agree, assent, affirm’. See also
annotations in (90) above.
120 uncle
H01 malumi H02 menshaija, nyokolomi H03 omujomba H04 marumi/nyokoromi
H05 marumi
mjomba; maternal uncle
H06 nyokolomi H07 mjomba H08 nyokolomi H09 malumi H10 nyokoromi
Muzale’s MS has more than ten different items, e.g. máárumi~márumi
‘uncle’ (also ‘my maternal uncle’), nyokorômi ‘your (sing) maternal uncle’,
and several others.
The first item in H02’s entry seems like a derivation of omusháija ‘man,
husband’.
H03 and H07 have given Swahili words.
121 aunt
H01 ishenkazi H02 shwenkazi H03 shangazi H04 tatenkazi H05 tatenkazi
shangazi; paternal aunt
H06 swenkazi H07 shangazi H08 katenkazi H09 tata enkazi H10 tatenkazi
Muzale’s MS has several items, e.g. katénkazi~taténkazi ‘my aunt’ (note
H09’s variant), and others. Kaji (2000:182) lists several words not appearing
in Muzale’s MS, e.g. (i)shw’énkâzi ‘your paternal aunt’, ish’énkâzi ‘his/her
paternal aunt’, and others. H03’s and H07’s entries may be Swahiliized
spellings or simply Swahili items.
122 my child
H01 omwana wange H02 omwana wange H03 omwana wange H04 omwana
wange H05 mwana wange
mwanangu; my child
H06 mwana wange H07 omwana wange H08 mwana wange H09 omwana wange
H10 mwanawa
Muzale’s MS has omwâna ‘child’, plus several roots for the first person
singular possessive, including -ange.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
115
Curiously, H10 seems to have cliticized a possessive pronoun, something that
is common with third person pronouns only (Rascher 1958:21). The
formation of a single word may be due to influence from Swahili mwanangu,
which derives from mwana wangu; but see annotations in (123) immediately
below.
123 son
H01 mutabani H02 mutabani H03 omutabani H04 mutabani H05 mwojo
mwana wa kiume; son
H06 omwana wa bwojo H07 omwana mwojo H08 mutabani H09 omwojo
H10 mutabani-wa
Muzale’s MS has omutábani ‘son’ and omwójo ‘boy’. H06 and H07 have
given constructions roughly translatable as ‘boy-child’, possibly being calque
translations of the Swahili equivalent. Note also H06’s use of bwojo, which
could be an influence from English boy. Compare also H07’s entry here with
what he has given for ‘daughter’ in (124) immediately below.
H10’s entry involves what looks like a possessive pronoun, thus meaning like
‘my son’. Cliticized possessive pronouns are seemingly common with third
person pronouns only, according to Rascher (1958:21). However, a few items
in Muzale’s MS indicate otherwise, e.g. omurumunâwa ‘my brother/sister’,
munywányiwa ‘my friend’, etc.
124 daughter
H01 omuwala H02 muhala H03 omwana wo’mwisiki(omwisiki) H04 muhara
H05 mwisiki
binti; daughter
H06 omwisiki H07 omwana muhara H08 muhala H09 omwisiki H10 omwisiki
Muzale’s MS has omuhára ‘daughter’ and omwisíki ‘girl’. H03’s entry
translates as ‘girl-child’, and H07’s as ‘daughter-child’. The latter form looks
interesting as it involves an apparent semantic redundancy not paralleled in
the entry given for ‘son’ in (123) immediately above.
125 brother
H01 omnyanya H02 munyanya H03 kaka H04 murumuna/munyanya (by female)
H05 mkuruwa (omwojo)
kaka; (elder) brother
H06 mnyanyazi H07 munyanyazi H08 — H09 mukulu wange H10 mukuruwangomusigazi
Kaji (2000:184) gives omuñá:ñazi~omuñá:ña, meaning ‘brother’ when said
by a female (and ‘sister’ when said by a male), and adds that there is “no term
for elder brothers” (idem:183). He does, however, list a few noun+modifier
116
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
constructions, such as mukúlu wange ‘my elder brother/sister’. Muzale’s MS,
on the other hand, gives mukúruwa ‘my elder brother/sister’, which is
probably a contraction of the just-mentioned phrase. Muzale’s MS has also
omurúmuna ‘brother, sister, close relative’.
H03 has responded with the Swahili word.
H05 and H10 have added gender-specifying words, both of which are glossed
as ‘boy’ in Muzale’s MS.
126 sister
H01 omunyoko H02 munyanyazi H03 dada H04 murumuna/munyanya (by male)
H05 mkuruwa (omwisiki)
dada; (elder) sister
H06 mukulu wange H07 mnyanya H08 — H09 munyanyazi H10 mukuruwangeomwisiki
Kaji (2000:184) gives omuñá:ñazi~omuñá:ña, meaning ‘sister’ when said by
a male (and ‘brother’ when said by a female), as well as muñá:ñoko, meaning
‘your sister’ when said by a male (and ‘your brother’ when said by a female).
Muzale’s MS has also omurúmuna ‘brother, sister, close relative’.
H03 has responded with the Swahili word.
H06 has given a noun+modifier construction meaning ‘my brother/sister’.
H05 and H10 have added a gender-specifying word to (a contraction of) the
same, glossed as ‘girl’ in Muzale’s MS.
127 boy
H01 omusigazi H02 omwojo H03 omwojo H04 omwojo H05 msikazi
mvulana; boy
H06 msigazi H07 omwojo H08 omwoojo H09 omusigazi H10 omusigazi
Muzale’s MS has omwójo and omusígazi.
128 girl
H01 omwisiki H02 omwisiki H03 omwisiki H04 omwisiki H05 omwana mwisiki
msichana; girl
H06 omwisiki H07 omwisiki H08 omuisiki H09 omwisiki H10 omwisiki
Muzale’s MS has omwisíki. H05 has given a phrase roughly translatable as
‘girl-child’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
117
129 twin
H01 omurongo H02 abalongo H03 abalongo H04 abarango (omurongo)
H05 omurongo
pacha; twin
H06 balongo H07 abarongo H08 mulongo H09 balongo H10 omulongo
Kaji (2000:190) gives omulongo, with plural abalongo. Our informants have
given singulars as well as plurals.
130 man
H01 omushaija H02 omushaija H03 omushaija H04 omushaija H05 —
mwana(m)ume; man
H06 omushaija H07 omshaija H08 omushaija H09 omushaija H10 omushaija
Muzale’s MS has omusháìja ‘man, husband’.
131 woman
H01 omukazi H02 omukazi H03 omukazi H04 omukazi H05 mukazi
mwanamke; woman
H06 omukazi H07 omkazi H08 omukazi H09 omukazi H10 omukazi
Muzale’s MS has omukâzi ‘wife, woman’.
132 childless woman
H01 — H02 omugumba H03 omugumba H04 omugumba H05 —
mwanamke tasa; childless woman
H06 omukazi ataikuzala H07 omkazi emugumba H08 omugumba H09 omugumba
H10 omugumba
Muzale’s MS glosses omugumba as ‘sterile woman’. Kaji (2000:190), on the
other hand, glosses the same word simply as ‘sterile, barren’, unspecified for
gender. H07 has used a noun+modifier construction involving the word for
‘woman’, and thus almost paralleling the Swahili construction. Note that his
construction seemingly involves a relative pronoun a- added onto omugumba
(thus the initial e-vowel), thereby being roughly translatable as ‘woman who
is sterile’.
H06’s entry involves the word for ‘woman’ followed by an inflected form of
the verb kuzáàra ‘to give birth’ involving a 3rd person pronominal a- and a
negative marker -ta- (cfr Rascher 1958:22ff).
118
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
133 baby
H01 butono H02 enkelemeke H03 butogo H04 enkeremeke H05 butono
mtoto mchanga; baby
H06 nkelemeke H07 enkelemeke/butogo H08 butogo H09 enkelemeke
H10 enkeremeke
Muzale’s MS has four words for ‘baby’, ‘infant’ and/or ‘very young child’,
namely, enkerémeke, butôgo, botono and enchúbeebe. All but the last appear
in the entries given by our informants.
134 adult
H01 mukuru H02 omuntu mukulu H03 omukulu/mukulu H04 omuntu mukuru
H05 —
mtu mzima (kwa umri); adult
H06 mugulusi H07 muntu mkuru H08 muntu mukulu H09 omuntu omukulu
H10 omuntu mukuru
Muzale’s MS has omukûru ‘head, chief person; adult, elder, older person’ (as
a noun). Interestingly, several informants chose a noun+adjective construction
involving -kuru ‘old’. Incidentally, Kaji (2000:178) has no single-item entry
for ‘adult’, only the noun+adjective construction.
H06’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s omugurûsi ‘very old man, elder, wise
man’; glossed simply ‘old person’ by Kaji (2000:178).
135 voice
H01 eilaka H02 eilaka H03 eilaka H04 eilaka H05 eiraka
sauti; voice/sound
H06 elaka H07 eiraka H08 eiraka H09 eilaka H10 eiraka
Muzale’s MS has eirâka. See also (628) immediately below.
628 sound
H01 eiraka H02 eilaka H03 eilaka H04 eiraka H05 endururu
Muzale’s MS has no entry for ‘sound’. Kaji (2000:205) explicitly says that
there are “No direct word for ‘sound’; instead, objects making a sound
themselves (bucket, thunder, etc.) are designated as sound sources.” Still, four
informants gave a word glossed as ‘voice’ in Muzale’s MS as well as Kaji
(2000:204). This is possibly a lexicosemantic influence from Swahili, where
sauti covers both ‘voice’ and ‘sound’.
H05’s entry has no clear one-to-one correspondence in Muzale’s MS nor
Kaji’s (2000) vocabulary. The former does, however, give kutééra endúúru
glossed as ‘to cry out loudly, scream’. Also, cognate words exist in
neighbouring languages, e.g. Nyambo endúúru ‘noise, cry, sound’
(Rugemalira 2002:108), Ganda enduulu ‘a warning sound or a sound made to
attract attention [...]’ (Murphy 1972:409).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
119
136 to shout
H01 kwashama/kukunga H02 kwomba H03 okwashama/okugambila eigulu
H04 okwashana H05 kugambira eguru
piga kelele; to shout/make noise
H06 tela eyombo H07 tela eyombo H08 kutela eyombo H09 okwomba
H10 kwomba
Among several semantically inter-related words, Muzale’s MS has kwashana
‘to speak loudly, make noise, cry out’ and kukûnga ‘to shout loudly’. From
Kaji’s (2000:369) vocabulary, we can add okwomba ‘to make a noise’ and
okuté:lá eyómbo ‘to make a noise’.
H03 and H05 have given constructions involving a verb meaning ‘to hit, beat‘
(though here probably to be interpreted as ‘to make’) and a noun translatable
as ‘rumbling of thunder’ (= eiguru in Muzale’s MS).
H01 and H03, both of whom filled in the English list, gave a word
corresponding to kwáshama ‘to open the mouth wide’ in Muzale’s MS. As
none of those who filled in the Swahili/English list gave this item, we may
assume that they probably made a non-conventional interpretation of the
English word.
See also (629) immediately below.
629 to make noise
H01 kutela eyombo H02 kutele eyombo H03 okutela ekelele H04 kwomba
H05 kutela enduru
Kaji (2000:369) has okwomba ‘to make a noise’ and okuté:lá eyómbo ‘to
make a noise’.
H03’s entry is obviously Swahili-influenced, being constructed by the Haya
verb kutéèra ‘to hit, beat’ (here used as ‘to make’) followed by a Hayaized
Swahili noun kelele ‘noise’.
H05’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kutééra endúúru ‘to cry out loudly,
scream’.
See also (136) immediately above.
137 to call (someone)
H01 okweta H02 kweeta omuntu H03 okweta H04 okukaguza H05 kweta
(omuntu/nanka)
ita; to call (someone)
H06 oyete H07 yeta H08 kweta H09 kweta H10 yeta
Muzale’s MS has kwéta ‘to call’ and kukáguza ‘to call; to greet house
occupants as one passes’. (He also has kubírikira ‘to call’.) Both H02 and
H05 have added arguments to the verb, meaning ‘person’ and/or ‘somebody’.
120
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
H06 has given an imperative form; for which, see comments in (90) above.
The lack of variety in the entries of those who filled in the Swahili/English list
is possibly due to the presence of the Swahili item.
138 to cry (of sadness)
H01 okulila/okuchura H02 kulila olw’o bujune H03 okulila H04 okukunge¯reza
H05 kuchura (kurila muno)
lia; to cry (of sadness)
H06 olile H07 lila H08 kulila, kuchula H09 okulila H10 kulila
Muzale’s MS has kulira ‘to cry, wail, weep’. Kaji (2000:240) has also
okuchûla ‘to mourn; to lament’. H06 has given an imperative form of the
former; see comments in (90) below.
H02 has given a whole phrase involving also a noun corresponding to
Muzale’s abujûne ‘sorrow, distress, misery’. Thus H02’s entry reads
something like ‘to cry/weep out of sadness’ (as does the English entry
provided by us).
H04 has given something that seems to correspond to kukúngeereza ‘to call
someone loudly for a long time’ in Muzale’s MS.
The part added in parentheses by H05 comprises a verb+adverb construction
involving muno ‘very, much’. The corresponding Swahili item is mno, so the
use of muno could be due to a Swahili influence. Moreover, Muzale’s MS has
only -ingi, orukunkumo and ekinje with the meaning ‘much’ (none for ‘very’).
However, both Rascher (1958:7) and Kaji (2000:411) give muno~múno as a
Haya item, even though the latter specifically marks it as deriving from
Swahili.
139 language
H01 — H02 olulimi H03 olulimi (elugha) H04 orulimi H05 engambo
lugha; language
H06 engamba H07 — H08 engamba H09 engamba H10 olulimi
Muzale’s MS has orulîmi ‘tongue’ (not glossed as ‘language’) and engamba
‘dialect, idiolect, accent’.
H03 has added a Hayaized Swahili word (that is, a Haya augment on a
Swahili root) in parentheses.
140 to speak
H01 okugamba H02 kugamba H03 okugamba H04 okugamba H05 kugamba
sema; to speak
H06 gamba H07 gamba H08 kugamba H09 okugamba H10 kugamba
Muzale’s MS has kugamba ‘to say’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
121
141 to tell
H01 kugambila H02 kugambila H03 okugambila H04 okugambila H05 kugambira
ambia; to tell
H06 gambila H07 gambila H08 kugambila H09 okugambila H10 kugambila
Muzale’s MS has kugambira ‘to tell’, an applicative derivation of kugamba
‘to say’.
142 story
H01 ebaluro H02 ekigano H03 efumolo H04 ekigano H05 —
hadithi; story
H06 kigani H07 ebigano H08 ekighani H09 ekigano H10 omugani
Muzale’s MS has omugani ‘proverb’. Kaji (2000:208) gives also ekigano
‘tale; story’, and says that it “covers all kinds of speech, such as folktales,
stories, legends, conversations, etc.” (idem). H07 has written a plural form of
the latter. H03’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s efúmooro ‘conversation’.
The final i-vowel in the entries of H06 and H08 may be due to a confusion of
the words ekigano and omugani, both obviously being based on the same root.
143 conversation
H01 efumolo H02 efumolo H03 efumolo H04 efumo¯lo H05 —
mazungumzo; conversation
H06 efumolo H07 efumuro H08 efumolo H09 efumolo H10 efumolo
Muzale’s MS has efúmooro ‘conversation’.
144 to converse
H01 kufumola H02 kufumola H03 okufumola H04 okuga¯ni¯la/okufumo¯la H05 —
zungumza; to converse
H06 fumola H07 gamba H08 kufumola H09 fumola H10 kufumola
Muzale’s MS has kufúmoora ‘to speak, talk, chat’ and kugamba ‘to say’. Kaji
(2000:238) has also okuga:nila ‘to talk’.
145 to ask
H01 okubaza H02 kubaza H03 okubaza H04 okubaza H05 kubaza
uliza; to ask
H06 baza H07 baza H08 kubaza H09 okubaza H10 kubaza
Muzale’s MS has kubâza ‘to ask (question), interrogate’.
122
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
146 to answer/reply
H01 okuholora H02 kuholola H03 okuholola H04 okuhozoola/okuholoola
H05 kuolora
jibu; to answer/reply
H06 olola H07 orola H08 kuholola H09 okuolola H10 kuholola
Muzale’s MS has kuhoroora ‘to answer’. Note the diverse spellings used by
our informants.
147 to beg/request
H01 okushaba H02 kushaba H03 okushaba H04 okutagiriza/okushaba
H05 kubaza
omba; to beg/request
H06 yenza H07 shaba H08 kushaba H09 okushaba H10 kushaba
Our informants’ entries correspond to Muzale’s kushaba ‘to ask, request for’,
kutágiriza ‘to entreat’, kubâza ‘to ask (question), interrogate’, and kwenza ‘to
ask for’.
148 to help
H01 okujuna H02 kujuna H03 okulokola/okusaidia H04 okujuna H05 kujuna
saidia; to help
H06 juna H07 juna H08 kujuna H09 okubela H10 kujuna
Muzale’s MS has kujuna ‘to assist (help)’ and kubéèra ‘to help, assist,
support’. The first word in H03’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:265)
okulókola ‘to rescue; to save’, while H03’s second word is a Swahili verb root
with a Haya prefix.
149 to refuse
H01 okwanga H02 kwanga H03 okwanga H04 okwanga H05 —
kataa; to refuse
H06 yanga H07 yanga H08 kwanga H09 okwanga H10 kwanga
Muzale’s MS has kwânga ‘to refuse, object, disagree’.
150 to allow
H01 okutaishula H02 kujubula H03 okujubula H04 okujubula H05 kujubura
ruhusu; to allow
H06 taishula H07 jubula H08 kujubula H09 okujubula H10 kujubula
Muzale’s MS has, amongst others, kutáíshura ‘to allow, let go, set free’ and
kujubura ‘to allow, permit’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
123
151 to give
H01 okuha H02 kuha H03 okuha H04 okuha H05 kua
pa; to give
H06 lushelo H07 eleza H08 kuha H09 okuwa H10 kua
Muzale’s MS has kúha and kuhééreza, both glossed as ‘to give’. Note our
informants’ diverse spellings of the former.
H06 has either misunderstood or misread our Swahili/English items or made a
somewhat strange association, or both. Her entry seemingly corresponds to
orushero, which refers to a tray hanging above a fire on which things are laid
to dry (Muzale, pc 2004/12); see also (243) further below. If H06 misread our
Swahili ‹pa› ‘to give’ as ‹paa› ‘roof’, she may have made an association
between ‘roof’ and a tray hanging from the roof (read: ceiling), although at
this point we cannot be sure how to interpret her entry.
152 to get
H01 okukwasa H02 kutola H03 okukwasa H04 okuhabwa H05 —
pata; to get
H06 kwasa H07 okukwasa H08 kugila H09 okuhabwa H10 kubona
Muzale’s MS has kukwâsa ‘to get’, kutóòraa ‘to receive; to hold in arms’ and
kubôna ‘to find; to get’. Kaji (2000:311) gives also okuâ:bwa ‘to get; to be
given’.
Muzale’s MS has also kugira, glossed as ‘to possess, have, contain’.
Interestingly, not even the presence of a Swahili item evoked the “right” Haya
word.
153 a present
H01 egemuro H02 ekibego/ezawadi H03 ezawadi H04 elongoolo H05 kubao
zawadi; a present
H06 kigemulo H07 ebigemulo H08 ekigemulo H09 ekigemulo H10 ekigemulo
Muzale’s MS has ekigemuro ‘gift’, as a class 7 noun. (H07 has written its
plural form, with a class 8 prefix.) Interestingly, H01 has written a form that
looks like a class 9 noun (= augment + zero-prefix + stem).
H02’s and H03’s entries both contain Hayaized Swahili words.
The first item in H02’s entry is seemingly derived from the verb kubêga ‘to
give someone some relish at the time of eating’ in Muzale’s MS.
H04’s entry means ‘gift’, and is regular derivation from a verb meaning ‘to
give someone a gift’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12); cfr also Nyambo kurongoora ‘to
give a present to someone’ (Rugemalira 2002:135), and Ganda -longoola ‘to
remunerate; to give a gratuity to; to do a service for’ (Murphy 1972:281).
H05 seems to have misread the English item, as what she has written
corresponds to Muzale’s kúbáho ‘to be present’.
124
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
154 to show
H01 okwoleka H02 kwolekya H03 okwolekya H04 okwoleka H05 kwolekya
onyesha; to show
H06 yolekya H07 yolekya H08 kwoleka H09 okwolekya H10 kwolekya
Muzale’s MS has kuzoora ‘to give’, a word none of our informants gave us.
Instead, all of them wrote a word corresponding to Muzale’s kwólekya ‘to
sign, give sign’. Note the ‹k›~‹ky› variation.
155 to look
H01 okuleba H02 kuleeba H03 okuleba H04 okuleeba H05 kuleba
tazama; to look
H06 leba H07 leeba H08 kuleeba H09 okuleba H10 kuleba
Muzale’s MS has kuleeba.
156 to explain
H01 okushoborora H02 kushobolola H03 okufafa[nua] H04 okushoborora
H05 kwolekelera
eleza; to explain/describe
H06 gamba H07 gambila H08 kushobolola H09 okushobolola H10 kushobolora
Muzale’s MS has kushoboorora ‘to explain’, k u g a m b a ‘to say’ and
kugambira ‘to tell’. H05’s entry is presumably a derivation based on
okwó:leka, glossed as ‘to show; to point’ by Kaji (2000:235). H03 has given
the Swahili verb kufafanua.
See also (630) immediately below.
630 to describe
H01 kushoborora H02 kushobolola H03 okuelezea H04 kushobolola
H05 kumanyisa
Muzale’s MS has kushoboorora ‘to explain’ and kumanyisa ‘to inform, let
know’. H03’s entry is obviously a Hayaized version of Swahili kweleza ‘to
describe, explain’.
See also (156) immediately below.
157 to teach
H01 okwegesa/okushomesa H02 kwegesa H03 okwegesa H04 okwegesa
H05 kwegesa
fundisha; to teach
H06 yegesa H07 yegesa H08 kwegesa H09 okwegesa H10 kwegesa
Muzale’s MS has kwégesa ‘to teach’, seemingly a causative derived from
kwêga ‘to learn’. The second item in H01’s entry is a causative derived from
kushoma ‘to read; to learn’ (Kaji 2000:334).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
125
158 to learn
H01 okwega H02 kwega H03 okwega H04 okweega H05 kwekomyage
jifunza; to learn
H06 yeyegese H07 yega H08 kwega H09 okwega H10 kwega
Muzale’s MS has kwêga ‘to learn’.
H05’s entry translates as ‘to remember well’ and is composed of the verb
okwé:komya ‘to remember’ (Kaji 2000:335) and the clitic -ge ‘well, properly’
(idem:363).
H06 has given an imperative form based on a causative derivation of kwégesa
‘to teach’; see comments in (90) below.
159 to read
H01 okushoma H02 kushoma H03 okushoma H04 okushoma H05 kushoma
soma; to read/study
H06 shoma H07 shoma H08 kushoma H09 okushoma H10 kushoma
Muzale’s MS has kushoma.
631 to study
H01 okushoma H02 kushoma H03 okushoma H04 kwega H05 kushoma
Muzale’s MS has kushoma ‘to read’ and kwêga ‘to learn’.
160 to write
H01 okuandika H02 kuandika H03 okuandika H04 okuhandiika H05 kuandika
andika; to write
H06 oandike H07 andika H08 kuandika H09 okuandika H10 kuandika
Muzale’s MS has kuhandiika, while Kaji (2000:334) has okuandi:ka. Some of
the spelling variation may well be due to Swahili influence.
H06 has given an imperative form; see comments in (90) below.
161 a quarrel
H01 endwano H02 endwano H03 endwano H04 enkungani H05 —
ugomvi; a quarrel
H06 endwano H07 endwano H08 endwano H09 endwano H10 endwano
Kaji (2000:330) gives endwa:no, while Muzale’s MS has enkungána ‘row,
noise, quarrel’. H04’s entry, with a final i-vowel, is obviously a derivation of
the latter. It may be a spelling error, or an idiosyncratic construction.
126
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
162 to quarrel
H01 okulwana H02 kulwana H03 okulwana H04 okukungana H05 —
gombana; to quarrel
H06 lwana H07 okurwana H08 kulwana H09 okujumangana H10 kulwana
Muzale’s MS has kurwana; see also (161) immediately above. H04’s entry is
presumably legitimate Haya, albeit not listed in Muzale’s MS, nor Kaji’s
(2000) vocabulary. Both sources have kukûnga ‘to shout loudly’, though.
H09’s entry is seemingly a reciprocal derivation of kujûma ‘to abuse’.
163 to slap (with the hand)
H01 kutela eruhi H02 kutela oluhi H03 okuleta oluhi H04 okutela oruhi
H05 kulagaza (ne ebiganja)
piga kofi; to slap/hit with the hand
H06 tela oluwi H07 tera oruhi H08 kutela oluhi H09 kutela oluwi H10 kutela oruhi
Muzale’s MS has kutéérá orúhi. H05’s entry seems to be an improvised
construction involving kuragaza ‘to rub off, wipe’ and a comitative marker
followed by the noun ekiganja ‘palm (of hand)’ (albeit in its plural form).
164 to hit
H01 okusindagira H02 kutela H03 okutela H04 okunyinya H05 —
piga; to hit/strike
H06 tela H07 tela H08 kuteela H09 okutela H10 kutela
Muzale’s MS has kutéèra ‘to beat, hit’.
H01’s entry corresponds to kusíndagira ‘to press in’ in Muzale’s MS, and is
semantically slightly off from what we were asking for.
H04’s entry means ‘to beat somebody with a stick’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
632 to strike
H01 okwanga H02 kwanga H03 — H04 kuteela H05 kutanga
Muzale’s MS has kutéèra ‘to beat, hit’, as well as kwânga ‘to refuse, object,
disagree’ and kutânga ‘to prevent, obstruct, forbid, hinder, hamper’.
165 to crash
H01 okulwaana H02 kutwanga/kutomela H03 — H04 okusosotora H05 kunyulura
gonga; to hit/strike/knock/crash
H06 tela tela H07 komaga H08 kuchuma H09 okutela H10 kutela
This was obviously a difficult item to find a consistent Haya equivalent for.
Our disparate English glossing in the second list admittedly did nothing to
help our informants, or us.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
127
Items in Muzale’s MS corresponding to our informants’ entries include
kurwana ‘to fight, quarrel’ (H01), kutéèra ‘to beat, hit’ (H06, H09, H10), and
kuchuma ‘to push’ (H08).
The first item in H02’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kutwânga ‘to pound (in
a mortar)’. Presumably for H02, English ‘to crash’ is synonymous with ‘to
crush’. The second item in H02’ entry has no corresponding item in Muzale’s
MS nor Kaji’s vocabulary, but cognate words are found in neighbouring
languages, e.g. Nyambo kutomera ‘to run into and knock down’ (Rugemalira
2002:163), Ganda -tomera ‘to run into, bump into, knock into’ (Murphy
1972:550), Nkore-Kiga kutomera ‘to knock into’ (Taylor 1959:80).
H04’s entry contains a verb meaning ‘to extinguish completely’ (Muzale, pc
2004/12).
H05 has seemingly misread/misunderstood our English item. Her entry means
‘to pull’ and also ‘to suck through a straw’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12); cfr also
Nyambo kunyurura ‘to pull’ (Rugemalira 2002:126), and Nkore-Kiga
kunyurura ‘to pull’ (Taylor 1959:66).
H07’s entry contains a verb meaning ‘to knock (repetitively); to use as a
mallet’ (Muzale, pc 2006/03). Muzale’s MS has kukómaga ‘to make bark
cloth’, a process that presumably includes the act of hitting or striking; cfr
Nyambo kukómaga ‘to process a tree bark by hitting with a hard object; to
make bark cloth’ (Rugemalira 2002:72).
633 to knock
H01 kuteera H02 kubilikila H03 okutela hodi H04 kuteela H05 kutela ekintu
Muzale’s MS has kutéèra ‘to beat, hit’. To this, H05 has added an object,
ekintu ‘thing’.
H02 and H03 seem to have interpreted our English item as referring to
knocking on a door. H02’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kubírikira ‘to call’,
while H03’s entry contains Swahili hodi ‘May I come in?’ used as a
complement to the verb kutéèra ‘to beat’, thus meaning something like ‘to
beat a hello’, or simply ‘to knock’.
166 war
H01 ebiita H02 ebita H03 ebita H04 endashana H05 ebita
vita; war
H06 ndwano eziango H07 ebita H08 endashana H09 endashana H10 ebita
Muzale’s MS has endashána ‘war, battle’ and ebííta ‘battle, war’. H06’s entry
corresponds to Muzale’s endwano ‘fight’ and -hângo ‘big’, seemingly an ad
hoc construction.
128
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
167 to clap hands
H01 okutela enganja H02 kutela enganja H03 okuleta enganja H04 okuteela
orugaganja H05 kutera enganja
piga makofi; to clap hands
H06 tela empi H07 tela enganja H08 kuteela enganja H09 tela enganja H10 kutela
enganja
Muzale’s MS has (kutéérá) enganja ‘to clap (hands)’ and oruganja ‘clapping
hands’; the latter a noun. Note H04’s mixed entry.
H06’s entry is composed of the verb kutéèra ‘to beat, hit’. Kaji (2000:299)
gives émpi as the plural of orúi ‘slap’. Muzale’s MS has kutéérá orúhi ‘to
slap’. Incidentally, in neighbouring Nkore-Kiga, we find the phrase kuteéra
émpi ‘to slap’ (Taylor 1959:107); émpi meaning ‘palms of the hand’.
168 to fight
H01 okurwana H02 kulwana H03 okulwana/okutelangana H04 okurwaana
H05 kuterangana
pigana; to fight
H06 telangana H07 terangana H08 kuteelangana H09 okulwana H10 kutelangana
Muzale’s MS has kurwana ‘to fight, quarrel’. In six of our informants’
entries, there is a reciprocal derivation based on kutéèra ‘to beat, hit’.
169 enmity
H01 enzigu H02 enobi H03 obwiko H04 obwiiko H05 omubi wawe
uhasama; enmity
H06 enzigu H07 obwiko H08 obwiko H09 enobi H10 enobi
Muzale’s MS has obwîko ‘hostility’ and enóbi ‘hate’. Kaji (2000:332) has
also enzigu ‘grudge’.
The individual words in H05’s entry seemingly correspond to -bi ‘bad’ (with
a class 1 prefix) and waawe ‘your/thy’ (cfr Rascher 1958). Thus the entry
apparently means something like ‘your/thy badness’.
170 to drive off/chase
H01 okubinga H02 kubinga H03 okubinga H04 okuhela/okubinga H05 —
fukuza; to drive off, to chase, to dismiss from work
H06 binga H07 binga H08 kubinga H09 okubinga H10 kubinga
The second verb in our English list was left here by mistake, and should have
been deleted; cfr (634) immediately below.
Muzale’s MS has kubinga ‘to chase (away), expel, run after’, which
corresponds to most of our informants’ entries.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
129
The first word in H04’s entry has no clear correspondence in our main Haya
source materials. However, Rehse’s (1915:100) brief word list does have the
root -hera ‘verbieten’ = ‘to forbid’. Muzale (pc 2004/12) clarifies the meaning
as (1) to abolish, (2) to forbid, and (3) to reproach.
See also the next two entries, (634) and (635).
634 to chase
H01 kubinga H02 kwilukya H03 okubinga H04 kubinga H05 kubinga
Muzale’s MS has kubinga ‘to chase (away), expel, run after’. H02’s entry is
obviously a causative derivation of kwíruka ‘to run; to run away, escape’.
635 to dismiss from work
H01 kubinga H02 kubinga aikola H03 okubinga H04 kubinga H05 —
Muzale’s MS has kubinga ‘to chase (away), expel, run after’. H02’s entry
includes a nominal complement, comprising of a- (≈ ‘from’; cfr Rascher
1958:105) prefixed/cliticized to the noun eikôla ‘job, work, employment’ (cfr
Kaji 2000:221).
Interestingly enough, Haya kubinga, used alone, does apparently not allow for
an interpretation corresponding to the English phrase used by us (cfr the
glossing in Muzale’s MS; see also Kaji 2000:227), which is presumably why
H02 added a nominal complement. The Swahili verb kufukuza can, however,
have the meaning of ‘to fire’ in addition to ‘to chase away [etc]’. The use of a
single-item entry by H01, H03 and H04 may thus be due to a lexicosemantic
influence from Swahili.
171 to steal
H01 okwiba H02 kwiba H03 okwiba H04 okwiba H05 kushereka
iba; to steal
H06 kwiba H07 kwiba H08 kwiba H09 okwiba H10 kwiba
Muzale’s MS has kwíba ‘to steal’.
H05’s entry corresponds to kushereka ‘to hide’ in Muzale’s MS. She is
obviously using the verb in a metaphorical sense here, which is acceptable but
not a common or standard usage (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
172 to cheat
H01 okubeiya H02 kubeiya H03 okubeiha H04 okubeihya H05 kubinga
danganya; to cheat
H06 beya H07 kubeiya H08 kubeiya H09 okubeiya H10 kubeiya
Muzale’s MS has kubéìha~kubéìya ‘to cheat’.
H05 has given a response corresponding to kwíba ‘to steal’ Muzale’s MS.
130
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
173 to hide
H01 okusheleka H02 kusheleka H03 okusheleka H04 okushereka H05 kulinda
ficha; to hide
H06 sheleka H07 shereka H08 kusheleka H09 okusheleka H10 kushereka
Muzale’s MS has kushereka as ‘to hide’, a word that H05 gave for ‘to steal’ in
(171) above. H05’s kulinda is glossed as ‘to guard, protect’ in Muzale’s MS.
In Swahili, the word kulinda has as one of its many glossings ‘to shield’
(TUKI 2001:174), which is semantically fairly close to ‘to hide’. Possibly
H05’s entry displays some lexicosemantic influence from Swahili.
174 to condemn
H01 okwetooya H02 kulaumu H03 okulahumu H04 okulaama H05 —
laani; to condemn
H06 lama H07 okulama H08 kulaama H09 okulama H10 kulama
Muzale’s MS has kuraama ‘to curse, send a spell’.
H01 wrote a word that seemingly corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:323)
okwé:to:ya ‘to be modest, humble’, having somehow misinterpreted our
English item.
H02 and H03 have seemingly given us the Swahili verb kulaumu ‘to blame’.
175 to abuse
H01 okujuma H02 kujuma/kugeya H03 okujuma H04 okujangula/okujuma H05 —
tukana; to abuse
H06 juma H07 okujuma H08 kujuma H09 okujuma H10 kujuma
Muzale’s MS has kujûma ‘to abuse’, kugeya ‘to speak ill’, and kujángura ‘to
disgrace, dishonour’.
176 lies
H01 ebishuba H02 ebishuba H03 ebishuba H04 ebishuba H05 kubeiya
uwongo; lies
H06 ebishuba H07 ebishuba H08 ebishuba H09 ebishuba H10 ebishuba
Muzale’s MS has ebishûba ‘lies, treachery’. H05 has given a verb
corresponding to Muzale’s kubéìya ‘to lie’.
177 law
H01 amateeka H02 emiku/omuku H03 esheria H04 omuku H05 —
sheria; law
H06 eshelia H07 emihango H08 emigenzo H09 omuku H10 amateka
Muzale’s MS has eitééka as well as amatééka, both glossed as ‘law’. Even
though the latter is the formal plural of the former, the latter should possibly
be interpreted as a mass noun.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
131
The word appearing in the entries of H02, H04 and H09 refers to limits that
have to be obeyed, or a prohibiting law (Muzale, pc 2004/12). Although it is
clearly cognate with Swahili mwiko ‘taboo; prohibiting law’, it is apparently
not a Swahili borrowing (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H03 and H06 have given Swahili nouns with Haya augments.
H07’s entry contains a plural noun referring to the Ten Commandments
(Mulokozi, pc 2004/12); cfr also Nyambo is omuhango (plural: emihango)
‘commandment’ (Rugemalira 2002:89).
H08’s entry contains a plural noun meaning ‘rites, customs’, containing the
same root as the verb kugenda ‘to walk, go’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12); cfr also
Nkore-Kiga omugyenzo (plural: emigyenzo) ‘ceremony, rite, formality,
custom, way of doing’ (Taylor 1959:109).
178 judge
H01 omulamuzi H02 omulamuzi H03 omulamuzi H04 omulamuzi H05 hakimu
hakimu; judge
H06 omulamuzi H07 omulamuzi H08 omugerezi H09 omulamuzi H10 omulamuzi
Muzale’s MS has omuramuzi ‘judge, magistrate’. H05 has given the Swahili
word, while H08’s entry is seemingly related to (or derived from?) Muzale’s
omugêzi ‘clever person’.
179 to judge
H01 okuramula H02 kulamula H03 okulamula H04 okulamula H05 kulamula
hukumu; to judge
H06 kulamula H07 ramula H08 kulamula H09 eilamu H10 endamu
Muzale’s MS has kuramura ‘to judge, settle a dispute, decide’. Both H09 and
H10 have given entries corresponding to Muzale’s eíramu ‘judgement’, a
class 5 noun. H10’s slightly different-looking entry is due to the fact that he
has used a class 9 prefix on the stem.
180 to accuse
H01 — H02 kutoijela H03 okutuhumiwa/okukwatwa H04 okutoija H05 —
shtaki; to accuse
H06 toijela H07 toija H08 kutoijera H09 okutoija H10 kutoijela
Muzale’s MS has kutóìja~kutwéìja ‘to accuse’ and kutóíjera~kutwéíjera ‘to
accuse, indict someone’.
The second item in H03’s entry looks like a passive derivation of Muzale’s
kukwâta ‘to hold, catch, arrest’, while the first item is a passive form of
Swahili kutuhumu ‘to suspect’.
132
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
181 to admit mistake
H01 okwetoya H02 kwikiliza obufakale/amaf[u] H03 — H04 okwikiriza obushobe
H05 —
kiri kosa; to admit mistake
H06 kunda eikosa H07 — H08 kweechuza H09 okwikilisha ekishobyo
H10 kukunda
This elicited a large variety of responses. Corresponding verbs in Muzale’s
MS include kwétoohya ‘to be humble’ (H01), kwikiriza ‘to agree, assent,
affirm’ (H02, H03, H09), kukûnda ‘to agree, affirm’ (H06, H10) and
kwéchuza ‘to regret’ (H08).
Our informants used a variety of nominal complements. The first complement
in H02’s entry corresponds to obufáákale ‘fault, sin’ in Muzale’s MS. The
third item is not clearly readable, but presumably he aimed to add amafu
‘sins’ as an alternate complement to the verb (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H04’s entry contains a nominal complement corresponding to eshóbe ‘defect,
shortcoming; complication’ in Muzale’s MS, while the complement in H06’s
entry corresponds to eikósa ‘mistake, error’ in Kaji’s (2000:333) vocabulary,
where it is explicitly marked as a Swahili loan.
The nominal complement in H09’s entry is obviously related to Muzale’s
kishóbya ‘wrong doer, culprit’.
182 to deny
H01 — H02 kwetonga H03 — H04 okweegaana H05 —
kana; to deny, renounce, refute, negate etc
H06 yanga H07 kwetonga H08 kweetonga H09 okwanga H10 kwanga
Muzale’s MS has kwétonga ‘to deny’, and kwîma ‘to refuse to give; to deny;
to withhold from’, and kwânga ‘to refuse, object, disagree’.
H04’s entry contains a reflexive verb meaning ‘to deny oneself’ or ‘to detach
oneself’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
183 really
H01 amazima H02 kwokwo H03 kwokwokwo H04 kwokwo H05 —
kweli; a. really, b. truth
H06 nikwo H07 amazima H08 amazima H09 amazima H10 amazima
Muzale’s MS has kwokwókwo ‘really’ (adverb), kwókwo ‘it’s true that’
(conjunction), and amazima ‘truth’ (noun).
H06’s entry corresponds to an expression meaning ‘that’s right; that’s it’,
given as ní kwo by Kaji (2000:365); see also similar expressions in Muzale’s
(204) lexicon.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
133
636 truth
H01 amazima H02 amazima H03 amazima H04 amazima H05 kugamba amazima
Muzale’s MS has amazima ‘truth’. H05’s entry translates as ‘to tell the truth’;
see also (183) immediately above.
184 oath
H01 — H02 ekilapo H03 — H04 ekinairo H05 kulapa
kiapo; oath
H06 ndagano H07 kunahila H08 — H09 ekinailo H10 kwetoya
Muzale’s MS has ekiraapo ‘oath’ and endagaano ‘appointment; promise,
pledge’.
H05’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kuraapa ‘to take an oath’, while H07’s
entry corresponds to kunahira ‘to swear’. The latter word is seemingly also
the derivative base for the entries of H04 and H09; thus -nahira › -nahiro (cfr
Swahili kuapa ‘to swear’ › kiapo ‘oath’).
H10’s entry seems to equal Muzale’s kwétoohya ‘to be humble’.
185 to decide
H01 okulamula H02 kulamula H03 okulamula/okuamua H04 okulamula
H05 kulamula
amuru; to decide
H06 jubula H07 ramura H08 kulamula H09 okulamula H10 kulamula
Muzale’s MS has kuramura ‘to judge; to settle a dispute; to decide’. H06’s
entry seemingly corresponds to Muzale’s kujubura ‘to allow, permit’.
186 to prohibit
H01 okutanga H02 kutanga H03 okutanga H04 okutanga H05 —
kataza; to prohibit
H06 tanga H07 okutanga H08 kutanga H09 okutanga H10 kutanga
Muzale’s MS has kutânga ‘to prevent, obstruct, forbid, hinder, hamper’.
187 to accept
H01 okukunda H02 kwikiliza H03 okwikiliza H04 okwikiriza H05 kwikiliza
kubali; to accept, agree, acknowledge
H06 oikilize H07 okwikiliza H08 kwiikiliza H09 okwikiliza H10 kuikilizya
Muzale’s MS has kukûnda ‘to agree, affirm’ and kwikiriza ‘to agree, assent,
affirm’. The latter appears as kwiikiriza in the English-Haya index.
H06 has given an imperative form; see comments in (90) below.
134
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
637 to agree
H01 okukunda H02 kwikiliza H03 okwikiliza H04 kwikiriza H05 kwikiliza
Muzale’s MS has kukûnda ‘to agree, affirm’ and kwikiriza ‘to agree, assent,
affirm’. The latter appears as kwiikiriza in the English-Haya index.
188 to punish
H01 kutambya H02 kubonabona H03 okuha eadhabu H04 okubonaboni(y)a
H05 kusindika
adhibu; to punish
H06 eadhabu H07 — H08 kuhana H09 okushasa H10 kubonabonya
Muzale’s MS has kubónabonia~kubónabonyia ‘to punish’. For kubónabona
(note the lack of final-syllable palatalization, as in H10’s entry), Muzale’s MS
offers the glossing ‘to be miserable; to experience problems or trouble’. H05
seems to have misread the English item, as she has given us a word
corresponding to Muzale’s kusíndika ‘to push’.
Both H03 and H06 have given items based the Swahili nominal form adhabu.
While H03 has used the Hayaized noun as a nominal complement for the
Haya verb kúha ‘to give’, H06 has seemingly just given a noun form.
Three informants gave replies that were semantically close to what we asked
for. H01’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kutâmbya ‘to chase out, expel,
divorce’. H08’s entry seemingly corresponds to kuhana, in Muzale’s MS
glossed as ‘to cause trouble or inconvenience to’ as well as ‘to warn’. H09’s
entry corresponds to okusha:sha, glossed as ‘to have a pain; to suffer; to be
sad, feel sorrow; to have a hard time, suffer hardships’ by Kaji
(2000:252+318+320).
189 a play/game
H01 omuzaano H02 kuzana omupira H03 omuzano H04 omuzaano
H05 kuzana/omuzano
mchezo; a play/game
H06 omuzano H07 omuzano H08 omuzano H09 omuzano H10 omuzano
Muzale’s MS has omuzaano ‘play, game’. Kaji (2000:316) adds the verb
okuza:na ‘to play’. To this, H02 has added a nominal complement
corresponding to omupíìra ‘ball’ in Muzale’s MS.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
135
190 to dance
H01 okuzana/okuyoya H02 kuzana omuziki H03 okuzana (omuziki/engoma)
H04 okugaana engoma H05 kuzana omuziki
cheza ngoma; to dance, to drum
H06 zana engoma H07 zana engoma H08 kuzana engoma H09 kuzana engoma
H10 kuyoya
There are apparently many words referring to dancing, not only across
dialects but also within individual dialects. Moreover, the same roots do not
always mean the same things in all dialects (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
Muzale’s MS has kuyooya ‘to dance’; glossed as ‘to dance the traditional
dance’ by Kaji (2000:316) who also gives okuza:na, but says that it “has a
general meaning of ‘to play/kucheza’ ”, while the phrase okuza:ná engoma ‘to
play the drum’ “is a more appropriate expression to mean ‘to dance’ ” (idem);
see also (193) below.
The verb used by H04 is probably a misspelling of Muzale’s kugana ‘to tell a
tale’; thus H04’s entry presumably translates as ‘to tell a tale with/by
dancing’, or some such thing.
Instead of engoma, three of our informants used Swahili omuziki, which has
no correspondence in Muzale’s MS nor Kaji’s (2000) vocabulary.
191 drum
H01 engoma H02 engoma H03 engoma H04 engoma H05 ngoma
ngoma; drum, music
H06 engoma H07 engoma H08 engoma H09 engoma H10 engoma
Muzale’s MS has engoma.
638 music
H01 omuziiki H02 omuziki H03 omuziki H04 omuziki H05 omuziki
Neither Muzale’s MS nor Kaji (2000) give entries for English music.
Our informants’ entries are presumably Hayaized adaptations of Swahili
muziki, itself a loanword in Swahili with an uncertain origin. (It has been in
use long before contacts with English.)
192 to laugh
H01 okusheka H02 kusheka H03 okusheka H04 okusheka H05 kusheka
cheka; to laugh
H06 sheka H07 sheka H08 kusheka H09 okusheka H10 kusheka
Muzale’s MS has kusheka.
136
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
193 to play
H01 okuzaana H02 kuzana H03 okuzana H04 okuzaana H05 kuzana
cheza; to play
H06 zana H07 zana H08 kuzana H09 okuzana H10 kuzana
Muzale’s MS has kuzaana. See also (190) above.
194 to sing
H01 okujenga/okuhoya H02 kuhoya H03 okuimba H04 okuhoya H05 kuzina
imba; to sing
H06 zina H07 okuhoya H08 kuhoya H09 okuhoya H10 kuimba - kuzina
Muzale’s MS has kuhooya and kuzîna. The first word in H01’s entry
corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:315) okujênga and is glossed ‘to sing in an
unorganized way’.
H03’s entry and the first item in H10’s entry are obvious Hayaized
adaptations of Swahili imba.
195 song
H01 oruhoya/oruhimbo H02 oruhoya H03 oluimbo H04 oruhoya H05 zina
wimbo; song
H06 oluwoya H07 oruhoya H08 oluhoya H09 oluhoya H10 ekizina
Muzale’s MS has oruhîmbo ‘song’, oruhooya~oruhooyo ‘song, hymn’ and
ekizîna ‘song, poem’.
196 to be drunk/intoxicated
H01 okutamiila H02 kutamila H03 okutamila H04 okutamiira H05 kutamira
lewa; to be drunk/intoxicated
H06 tamila H07 tamila H08 kutamila H09 okutamila H10 kutamila
All our informants’ entries correspond to Muzale’s kutamiira ‘to get drunk,
get intoxicated’.
197 to build
H01 okwombeka H02 kwombeka H03 okwombeka H04 okwombeka
H05 kwombeka
jenga; to build
H06 yombeka H07 yombeka H08 kwoombeka H09 okwombeka H10 kwombeka
Muzale’s MS has kwómbeka.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
137
198 house
H01 enju H02 enju H03 enju H04 enju H05 enju
nyumba; house
H06 enju H07 enju H08 enju H09 enju H10 enju
Muzale’s MS has énju.
199 wall
H01 orukuta H02 olukuta H03 olukuta H04 orukuta H05 orukuta
ukuta; wall
H06 olukuta H07 orukuta H08 olukuta H09 olukuta H10 olukuta
Muzale’s MS has both orukûta and orukûto.
200 roof
H01 edali H02 edali H03 elushwi H04 orushwi H05 edali
paa; roof
H06 ebati H07 eibati H08 — H09 olushwi H10 orushwi
Muzale’s MS has edáàli ‘ceiling’ and orushwi ‘roof (esp. of a traditional
house)’. Note the “odd” augment used by H03. Kaji (2000:128) also has
eiba:ti ‘galvanized iron sheet’ (a material often used for roof).
201 window
H01 eidirisha H02 eidirisha H03 eidirisha H04 eidirisha H05 eidilisha
dirisha; window
H06 eidirisha H07 eidirisha H08 eidirisha H09 eidirisha H10 eidirisha
Muzale’s MS has eidirísha.
202 door
H01 olwigi/omulyango H02 olwigi H03 olwigi H04 orwigi H05 orwigi
mlango; door
H06 olwigi H07 orwigwi H08 olwigi H09 olwigi H10 orwigi
Muzale’s MS has orwigi and omulyango.
203 to open
H01 okukingula H02 kukomolola H03 okukingula H04 okukingula H05 kukingura
fungua; to open
H06 chingula H07 komorola H08 kukingula H09 okukingula H10 kukomolora
Muzale’s MS has kukíngura ‘to unpack’ and kukómoorora ‘to unpack, untie,
open up’.
138
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
204 to shut
H01 okukinga H02 kukoma H03 okukinga H04 okukinga H05 kukinga
funga; to shut/close/lock
H06 chinga H07 koma H08 kukinga H09 okukingula H10 kukoma
Muzale’s MS has kukôma ‘to shut, close’. Kaji (2000:296) has also okukînga
‘to close, shut’, and adds that it “is said only of a door or window”. Note the
seemingly odd root-initial consonant in H06’s entry. In neighbouring
Nyambo, incidentally, we find the form kucînga ‘to shut, close’ (Rugemalira
2002:26).
See also the two immediately following entries, as well as (377) and (663)
further below.
642 to close
H01 okukinga H02 kukinga H03 okukinga H04 kukinga H05 kukinga
Kaji (2000:296) gives okukînga ‘to close, shut’, and adds that it “is said only
of a door or window”. See also (204) immediately above and (643)
immediately below.
643 to lock
H01 — H02 kukoma H03 okukinga H04 kukoma H05 kukoma
Muzale’s MS has kukôma ‘to shut, close’. Kaji (2000:296) has also okukînga
‘to close, shut’, and adds that it “is said only of a door or window”. See also
(204) and (642) immediately above.
205 to enter
H01 okutaamu H02 kutahamu H03 okutaha/okutahamu H04 okutahamu
H05 kutaamu
ingia; to enter
H06 taamu H07 tahamu H08 kutaha H09 okutaamu H10 kutaamu
Muzale’s MS has kutaaha ‘to come (or go) in’, a verb that seemingly
underlies all entries given by our informants. Most of our informants have
added what looks like a locative class 18 suffix/clitic.
206 cowshed
H01 — H02 ekilalo H03 — H04 ekilaalo H05 —
zizi; cowshed, stable, paddock
H06 olubungo H07 ekilaro H08 kilaalo H09 ekilalo H10 ekiralo
Muzale’s MS has, amongst others, ekiráàro ‘cowshed, stable’. H06’s entry
seems to correspond to Muzale’s orubûngo ‘dumping place’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
139
639 stable
H01 kwemalila H02 kweyemela H03 enyome H04 kyeyemeile H05 kwikalage
Muzale’s MS has ekiráàro ‘cowshed, stable’. However, our informants gave
other words, possibly due to having understood the English word differently
than we intended.
H01’s entry contains an applicative form based on the verb kumala ‘to finish’
(Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H02’s entry seems to correspond to kwéyemera ‘to defend oneself’ in
Muzale’s MS. It may also mean ‘to be self-sufficient’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H04 has seemingly used a noun (class 7) derived from a perfect form of the
same verb.
H03’s entry contains a noun meaning roughly ‘that which is dry’, derived
from the verb kwôma ‘to be dry’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H05’s entry corresponds to kwikara ‘to stay, remain; to live, dwell’ in
Muzale’s MS, with a suffixed/cliticized adverbial meaning ‘well, properly’
(cfr Kaji 2000:363).
See also (206) immediately above.
207 fence
H01 orugo H02 olugo H03 — H04 orugo H05 orugo
ua; fence, compound, backyard, frontyard
H06 ita H07 enyumanju/ekisika H08 olugo H09 elugo H10 orugo
Muzale’s MS has rúgo ‘fence’ and enyumánju ‘back of a house’.
The heterogeneous collection of English items in the Swahili/English list is
obviously the main reason for the variety of responses from H06-H10. See
also (640) and (641) below.
There seems to be no corresponding item for H06’s entry in neither Muzale’s
MS nor Kaji’s (2000) vocabulary. It is possibly a Hayaized adaptation of
Swahili kitalu ‘fence, enclosure’.
The second item in H07’s entry corresponds to ekisíìka, which is given (at
least) two glossings in Muzale’s MS, namely‚ ‘partitioning; screen,
protection, partition’ and also ‘door’.
640 backyard
H01 — H02 enyumanju H03 enyumanju H04 enyumanju H05 —
Muzale’s MS has enyumánju ‘back of a house’, which obviously is composed
of enyuma ‘behind, at the back of’ and énju ‘house’.
140
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
641 frontyard
H01 — H02 omukibuga H03 omumaishonju H04 eirembo H05 —
Muzale’s MS has eirêmbo ‘a road-like foreground extending from a house’.
Muzale’s MS has also ekibûga ‘threshing floor, open space’, from which
H02’s entry seems to be derived by the addition of a locative class 18 prefix.
H03’s entry is obviously composed of o m u m á ì s h o ‘in front of’
(adverb)/‘front’ (noun) and énju ‘house’; cfr with ‘backyard’ in (640)
immediately above.
208 a well, water hole
H01 ekitunga H02 enchulo H03 ekichuro H04 enchuro H05 omwiga, ekina kya
maizi
kisima; well, water hole
H06 enchulo H07 ahanchuro H08 enchuro H09 enchulo H10 enchuro
Muzale’s MS has eiziba ‘well’ and ekitúnga ‘water hole’. Muzale’s MS also
has enchûro ‘annual stream’, which seems to be the word most of our
informants went for, albeit with varying noun class prefixes, namely, those of
classes 9 (most entries), 7 (H03), and 16+9 (H07), the last one including a
locative class 16 prefix.
The first item in H05’s entry is glossed as ‘river’ in Muzale’s MS, while the
second item/phrase comprises ekíína ‘hole’ and amáìzi ‘water’, and translates
as ‘hole of/with water’.
209 garden
H01 obustani H02 omubustani H03 eshamba H04 endimiro H05 —
bustani; garden
H06 omumauwa H07 endimilo H08 obulime H09 ekibanja H10 bustani
Muzale’s MS has endimiro ‘big cultivated field’, ekibânja ‘banana farm’, and
obulíme ‘field, cultivated field’. Kaji (2000:138) adds eshâmba~eishâmba
‘banana field’ (marked as a Swahili loan).
H06’s entry contains a construction involving a locative class 18 prefix on the
noun amaúwa ‘flowers’ (plural of eiúwa), thus meaning something like ‘place
of flowers’. Although it does not appear in any of our main Haya source
materials, it is fully acceptable (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
Three informants have given Hayaized Swahili words. (Note the locative
class 18 prefix in H02’s entry.)
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
141
210 stove
H01 eijiko H02 eijiko H03 eijiko H04 eijiko H05 stovu
jiko; stove, kitchen
H06 obuchumbilo H07 eijiko H08 eijiko H09 ichumbilo H10 eijiko
Muzale’s MS has eichumbiro and obuchumbiro for ‘kitchen’. Kaji (2000:130)
gives also eijiko ‘kitchen’; see also (644) immediately below.
H05 has given us the Swahili adaptation of English stove.
644 kitchen
H01 omwijiko H02 eijiko/eichumbilo H03 eijiko H04 eichumbilo H05 ijiko
Muzale’s MS has eichumbiro and obuchumbiro for ‘kitchen’. Kaji (2000:130)
gives also eijiko ‘kitchen’. H01 has seemingly added a locative class 18 prefix
on the latter word.
See also (210) immediately above.
211 to light fire
H01 okwakya omuriro H02 kwakya omulilo H03 okwakya omulilo H04 okwakya
omuliro H05 —
washa (moto); to light fire
H06 yakya omulilo H07 yakya H08 yakya H09 okwakya omulilo H10 yakya
Muzale’s MS has kwakya ‘to light’ and omuliro ‘fire’.
212 fire
H01 omuriro H02 omuliro H03 omulilo H04 omuliro H05 omuliro
moto; fire
H06 omulilo H07 muliro H08 omulilo H09 omulilo H10 omulilo
Muzale’s MS has omuliro.
213 to burn
H01 okwokya H02 kwokya H03 okwokya H04 okwokya H05 kwokya
choma; to burn, to grill, to roast
H06 yokya H07 yokya H08 yokya H09 okwokwa H10 kwokya
Muzale’s MS has kwokya ‘to burn [transitive]; to have high temperature’.
Note the final labialized -kwa (instead of the expected palatalized -kya) in
H09’s entry. Muzale (pc 2004/12) sees it as an obvious mistake.
142
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
645 to grill/roast
H01 kurunga H02 kwokya enyama H03 — H04 kukaranga H05 kwokya
Muzale’s MS has kukáranga ‘to fry’ and kwokya ‘to burn [transitive]; to have
high temperature’. H02 has added a nominal complement enyama ‘meat’ to
the latter verb. H01’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kurunga ‘to season, add
condiments’.
See also (213) immediately above.
214 charcoal
H01 amakala H02 omukara H03 eikala H04 eikala/amakala H05 omukara
kaa/makaa; charcoal
H06 omukala H07 amakara/omukara H08 eikala/amakala H09 amakala H10 eikala
Muzale’s MS has eikâra. Several informants have given class 6 forms, either
meant as regular plural forms or as mass nouns; the latter being common in
many Bantu languages.
H02, H05, H06 and H07 have given class 3 forms, while both Muzale’s MS
and Kaji (2000:147) give it as a class 5 noun. This is likely due to a Swahili
influence based on mkaa (a class 3 noun) which is a common form used in
Mainland Swahili. (Our Swahili item above derives from Standard Swahili.)
215 smoke
H01 okwokya H02 omwika H03 omwika H04 omwiika H05 esigara
moshi; smoke
H06 omwika H07 omwika H08 omwika H09 omwika H10 omwika
Muzale’s MS has omwîka. H01’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kwokya ‘to
burn [transitive]; to have high temperature’, while H05 has given a Swahili
word meaning ‘cigarette’, albeit with a Haya augment.
216 ash, ashes
H01 eijwi H02 eijwi H03 eijwi H04 eijwi H05 eichwi
majivu; ash, ashes
H06 eijwi H07 eijiwi H08 eijwi H09 eijwi H10 eijwi
Muzale’s MS has éíjwi. Note H05’s idiosyncratic spelling. She consistently
uses ‹chw› where others use ‹jw›.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
143
217 to extinguish fire
H01 okulaza omuriro H02 kulaza omulilo H03 okulaza omulilo H04 okulaaza
omuliro H05 kwakya omuliro
zima; to extinguish fire
H06 laza H07 raza H08 laza H09 okulaza omulilo H10 kulaza
Muzale’s MS has kuráàza ‘to extinguish, switch off’. Most entries also
contain a nominal complement denoting ‘fire’, in Muzale’s MS spelled
omuliro. H05 has apparently misunderstood the English item. Muzale’s MS
has kwakya as ‘to light’.
218 firewood
H01 enkwi H02 enkwi H03 olukwi H04 enkwi H05 enkwi
kuni; firewood
H06 enkwi H07 enkwi H08 enkwi H09 enkwi H10 enkwi
Muzale’s MS has énkwi. Most informants have given a plural form in class
10, while H03 has given a singular form in class 11.
219 firestones/fireplace
H01 amahiga/omumaiga H02 omukyoto H03 amahiga/omukyoto
H04 amahiga/omumahiga H05 haa muliro
meko (mafiga); firestones/fireplace
H06 amaiga H07 amahiga H08 mahiga H09 amaiga H10 amaiga
Muzale’s MS has oruhîga ‘cooking place’, amahîga ‘cooking stones, fire
place’, ekyôto ‘cooking place, fire place’. Note how H01 and H04 have added
alternate forms prefixed with a locative class 18 prefix.
H05 has written something that looks like an ad hoc construction, comprised
of omuliro ‘fire’ preceded by a locative of class 16, which presumably
corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:174f) aha ‘at/here’.
220 to cook
H01 okuchumba H02 kuchumba H03 okuchumba H04 okuchumba H05 kuchumba
pika; to cook
H06 chumba H07 chumba H08 chumba H09 okuchumba H10 kuchumba
Muzale’s MS has kuchumba.
144
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
221 to fry
H01 okukaranga H02 kukalanga H03 okukaranga H04 okukaranga/okujumbika
H05 kuarara
kaanga; to fry
H06 lunga H07 karanga H08 kalanga H09 okulanga H10 kalanga
Muzale’s MS has kukáranga ‘to fry’, kujumbika ‘to bake in ashes’ and
kurunga ‘to season, add condiments’.
H05 has obviously misread our English item, as her entry corresponds to
kuharara ‘to fly’ in Muzale’s MS.
H09’s entry looks like being due to a slight mistake, and should presumably
correspond to kukáranga (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
222 to boil/be boiling
H01 okushaala/okuchemsha H02 kutogosa H03 okuchemsha H04 okutabula
H05 kutagasa
chemka; to boil (intransitive)
H06 togota H07 okutagata/okutabula H08 togosa H09 okutogota H10 shabika
Muzale’s MS has kutabura ‘to boil up’ and kutagata ‘to become warm’. Kaji
(2000:275) has also okusha:la ‘to make a frying noise in oil’.
Kaji (2000:276) gives okutogosa ‘to boil (meat)’ as a causative derivation of
okutogota ‘to produce a noisy sound; to clatter’ (idem:369); glossed as ‘to
simmer’ in Muzale’s MS. It is this latter non-causative form that H06 and
H09 have written, possibly as intransitives.
H01 and H03 have adapted the Swahili word. Curiously, both have chosen the
causative stem; cfr with (223) immediately below.
H08 seems to have used kutogosa ‘to boil (meat)’ as an intransitive verb here;
see also annotation in (223) immediately below.
H10’s entry translates as ‘to boil food’ (Muzale, pc 1004/12), and is
seemingly derived from kushaaba ‘to get wet/soaked/drenched’ (see also Kaji
2000:343).
223 to boil (something)
H01 okushaza H02 kutogosa ekintu H03 okuchemsha H04 okuchumba (amaizi)
H05 kutagasa (ekintu)
chemsha; to boil (smth)
H06 togosa H07 tagasa H08 togoseza H09 okutogosa H10 kushabika
Muzale’s MS has kutogosa ‘to boil, cook in water’, kuchumba ‘to cook’ and
kutagasa ‘to warm up’ (in Muzale’s MS specified as intransitive?). Kaji
(2000:275) has also okusha:la ‘to make a frying noise in oil’, which
presumably is the derivate base for H01’s entry. H03 has adapted the Swahili
word.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
145
H08’s entry is obviously a (causative?) derivation from kutogosa ‘to boil,
cook in water’. However, kutogosa is already a causative derivation based on
kutogota, glossed as ‘to simmer’ by Muzale; see also Kaji (2000:276).
Possibly kutogosa is used as an intransitive verb by H08; see (222)
immediately.
H10’s entry translates as ‘to boil food’ (Muzale, pc 1004/12), and is
seemingly derived from kushaaba ‘to get wet/soaked/drenched’ (see also Kaji
2000:343).
Three informants have added nominal objects, either ‘something’ (H02, H05)
or ‘water’ (H04).
See also (222) immediately above.
224 saucepan
H01 ekikarango H02 akasosi H03 akasosi H04 ekikarango H05 enyungu
sufuria; saucepan, metal pot
H06 enyungu H07 enyungu H08 enyungu H09 enyungu H10 enyungu
Muzale’s MS has enyungu ‘pot’. Kaji (2000:275) has ekikálango ‘frying pan’.
The entries of H02 and H03 look like being based on English sauce, possibly
with the intended meaning ‘little saucer’.
646 metal pot
H01 enyungu H02 enyungu H03 — H04 enyungu H05 nyungu ya kyoma
Muzale’s MS has enyungu ‘pot’. H05 has added a modifier, ekyôma ‘iron’,
and thus written a phrase meaning ‘pot of iron’.
225 earthen pot
H01 enyungu/esefulia H02 emuga H03 — H04 enyungu/ekilika H05 kimuga
mtungi; earthen pot
H06 emuga H07 enshua H08 enshuha H09 enshuwa H10 emuga
Muzale’s MS has enyungu ‘pot’, enshûwa ‘water pot’, akirîka ‘small earthen
cooking pan’ (in which the augment might be a mistake), and a few others.
Muzale’s MS also has ekimûga, glossed as ‘big pot’. Note the missing prefix
in the entries of H02, H06 and H10. This could be a Swahili influence, as the
class 7 ki-prefix is used for diminutives in Swahili, which might have
prompted our informants to avoid using it in this case. In Haya, diminutives
are formed in class 12, distinguished by a ka-prefix (Rascher 1958:61).
Muzale’s MS has also esefulía, glossed as ‘metal pot’, which is marked as a
Swahili loan by Kaji (2000:116). However, we assume this item to be fully
integrated into the Haya lexicon.
146
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
226 to fetch water
H01 okutaha amaiza H02 kutaha amaizi H03 okutaa amaizi H04 okutaha amaiza
H05 kutaa amaizi
teka maji; to fetch water
H06 taa amaizi H07 taha amaizi H08 taa amaizi H09 okuha amaizi H10 kutaha
amaizi
Muzale’s MS has kutâha ‘to draw (e.g. water); to scoop up’ and amáìzi
‘water’, for which see also (455) below.
The verb used by H09 corresponds to kúha ‘to give’ in Muzale’s MS.
227 to bring water
H01 okuleta amaiza H02 kuleta amaizi H03 okuleta amaiza H04 okutaha amaiza
H05 k[wii]yao amaizi
chukua maji; to bring/take water
H06 twala amaizi H07 leta amaizi H08 twala amaizi H09 okutwala amaizi
H10 kuleta amaizi
Muzale’s MS has amáìzi ‘water’, for which see also (455) below. The verbs
that our informants used correspond to Muzale’s kuléèta ‘to bring’, kutwâra
‘to take’, kutâha ‘to draw (e.g. water); to scoop up’ (H04), and kwiyáho ‘to
put away, take away, deduct’ (H05?).
228 to pour
H01 okushesha H02 kwitulula H03 okusheshamu H04 okusheesha H05 —
mimina; to pour
H06 fuka H07 shesha H08 shesha H09 okusheesha H10 kushesha
Muzale’s MS has kusheesha ‘to pour’, kwiturura ‘to pour out from a
calabash’ and kufuka ‘to serve food from a pot by pouring it out’.
H03 seems to have added a locative suffix of class 18 onto the verb, thus
meaning something like ‘to pour in’.
229 to shake
H01 okutengya H02 kuchunda H03 okuha omukono H04 okuchunda
H05 kukwatangana
tikisa; to shake
H06 tengya H07 chunda H08 chunda H09 okuchunda H10 kutengya
Muzale’s MS has kuchûnda, kutenga and kutengya, all glossed as ‘to shake’.
H03 has given a phrase roughly meaning ‘to give arm/hand’. Presumably, he
understood our English item as referring to shaking hands, as in greeting.
H05’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kukwátangana ‘to hold each other; to
stick together’. Somehow she, too, seems to have misunderstood our English
item.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
147
230 to filter
H01 okuchwija H02 kukenena H03 okuchuja H04 okuchwija H05 kuchiija
chuja; to filter
H06 iyamu obuchafu H07 kenena H08 — H09 okukenena H10 kukenena
Muzale’s MS has kukénena, glossed as ‘to strain (liquids); to filter’.
Kaji (2000:343) also has okuchwi:ja glossed as ‘to fade [intransitive]’, which
seems to be what corresponds to the entries of H01, H04 and H05.
Incidentally, Muzale’s MS has kuhwérera and kuhwérekerera for ‘to fade
away’.
The words in H06’s entry correspond to kwíyamu glossed as ‘to take out
(from container)’ in Muzale’s MS, and obuchâ:fu glossed as ‘rubbish’ by Kaji
(2000:132), who explicitly mark the latter as a Swahili loan. It may not have
been fully intergrated into Haya, as Muzale’s MS has six different words for
‘rubbish’, none of which correspond to Kaji’s item.
H03 has seemingly given a Hayaized Swahili verb.
231 to fill
H01 okutekamu H02 kwijuza H03 okwijuza H04 okwijuza H05 kusangila
jaza; to fill
H06 ijuza H07 ijuza H08 ijuza H09 okwijuza H10 kwijuza
Muzale’s MS has kwíjuza ‘to fill’. H01’s entry seems to correspond to
Muzale’s kutéèka ‘to put’ with a locative class 18 marker.
The item in H05’s entry refers to the act of re-filling a pit with the same stuff
that was dug out of it (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
232 to mix
H01 okuchanganya H02 kutabangula H03 okuchanganya H04 okujuruga
H05 kutelanisa
changanya; to mix
H06 teka amoi H07 teranisa H08 telana H09 okutelana H10 tabanganya
Muzale’s MS has kutéérana ‘to put together, mix; to confuse, mix up’,
kutééranisa ‘to mix together; to cause to meet’ (causative of the former) and
kujuruga ‘to stir’.
H02’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kutabangura ‘to destroy, spoil’.
Presumably H10’s entry also corresponds to this. However, it shows some
potential evidence of influence from the Swahili form changanya, while H01
and H03 have obviously given Hayaized forms of the Swahili word.
H06’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kutéèka ‘to put’ and émo(i) ‘one’,
presumably meant to mean something like ‘to put together’.
148
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
233 to cover
H01 okushweka H02 kushweeka H03 okushweka H04 okushweeka
H05 kufundikira
funika; to cover
H06 fundikila H07 fundikila H08 shweka H09 okushweka H10 kushweka
Muzale’s MS has kubunda ‘to cover, screen’, kubúndikira ‘to cover, screen’,
kushweka ‘to cover (up)’ and kufúndikira ‘to cover with the lid/shut’.
234 to uncover
H01 okushurura H02 kushulula H03 okushurula H04 okushu¯lula H05 kufundura
funua; to uncover
H06 fundula H07 fundura/shurura H08 shulula H09 okushulula H10 kushulura
Muzale’s MS has kubundurura, kushuurura, both glossed as ‘to uncover’, and
kufúndura ‘to uncover; to take off the lid’.
235 to cut
H01 okushala/okutema H02 kushala/kutema H03 okushala H04 okushara
H05 kushara
kata; to cut
H06 shala H07 tema H08 shala H09 okushala H10 kushala
Muzale’s MS has kushâra ‘to cut’ and kutêma ‘to cut with a blow, cut down,
fell (a tree)’.
236 to crush
H01 okwanga H02 kusa alubengo H03 — H04 okutwanga H05 —
ponda; to pound/crush/mash
H06 twanga H07 twanga H08 tela tela H09 okutwanga H10 kutwanga
Muzale’s MS has kutwânga ‘to pound (in a mortar)’ and kusa ‘to grind’. He
also has kukuuta ‘to crush or pulverize using one’s feet or palm’, though this
does not correspond to any of our informants’ entries. The nominal object
added by H02 corresponds to Muzale’s orubengo ‘grind stone (for mortar)’;
the a- seemingly corresponds to English ‘with’ (Rascher 1958:105).
H01’s entry seems to correspond to Muzale’s kwânga, glossed as ‘to refuse,
object, disagree’. Presumably H01 misread/misunderstood our English item.
H08’s entry seems to be composed of a reduplicated kutéèra ‘to beat, hit’, but
see also H06’s entry, and comments to it, in (237) below.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
149
647 to mash
H01 — H02 — H03 — H04 — H05 —
As the meaning of English to mash is well covered by more than one Haya
item, for which see (236) immediately above, we can tentatively assume that
our informants did not fully comprehend our English item.
237 to pound
H01 — H02 kutwanga omukitwangilo H03 okusa H04 okutwanga H05 —
twanga; to pound
H06 tela etela H07 twanga H08 twanga H09 okutwanga H10 kutwanga
Muzale’s MS has kutwânga ‘to pound (in a mortar)’ and kusa ‘to grind’. The
nominal complement added by H02 corresponds to Muzale’s ekitwángiro
‘mortar (for pounding)’, seemingly prefixed with a locative class 18 marker
(cfr Rascher 1958:105).
H06’s entry seems to be composed of kutéèra ‘to beat, hit’ followed by a
nominal form of the same.
238 to grind/pulverize/mill
H01 okusa H02 kusa omumashini H03 okusa H04 okusa H05 —
saga (nafaka); to grind/pulverize/mill
H06 sigina H07 okusa H08 kusa H09 okusa H10 kusa
Muzale’s MS has kusa ‘to grind’. H02 has added a complement meaning
something like ‘using a machine’, and which is comprised of a locative class
18 marker plus Swahili mashine ‘machine’ (originally an English loan).
H06’s entry translates as ‘to grind (with foot/heel)’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
239 a mortar/grinder/mill
H01 orubengo/enseiso H02 ekitwangilo H03 okutwanga H04 ekitwangiro H05 —
kinu; a mortar/grinder/mill
H06 ekitwangilo H07 ekitwangiro H08 ekitwangilo H09 ekitwangilo H10 ekitwangilo
Muzale’s MS has ekitwángiro ‘mortar (for pounding)’, orubengo ‘grind stone
(for mortar)’ and enseiso ‘stone pestle’. H03 has given the verb meaning ‘to
pound (in a mortar)’; cfr (237) above.
150
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
240 pestle (for pounding)
H01 ekintwangilo H02 omutwangilo/omutwangiso H03 enso/omutwangiso
H04 ekintwangiso H05 —
mchi; pestle (for pounding)
H06 omutwangiso H07 omtwangiro H08 omutwangilo H09 omutwangiso
H10 omwisi
Muzale’s MS has omwîsi ‘pestle’ and ekitwángiro ‘mortar (for pounding)’.
Our informants H02, H03, H06, H07, H08 and H10 have given the latter word
(or a derivation of it) with a different class prefix, probably a class 3 prefix;
though it could be a locative class 18 prefix.
H03’s entry presumably corresponds to Muzale’s enseiso ‘stone pestle’.
241 bed
H01 ekitanda H02 ekitanda H03 ekitanda H04 ekitabo H05 kitanda
kitanda; bed
H06 ekitwangilo H07 ekitabo H08 ekitanda H09 ekitanda H10 ekitanda
Muzale’s MS has ekitânda ‘bed’ as well as ekitabo ‘sleeping place, bedroom’
(as well as ‘book’).
H06 has obviously given an erroneous response, as his entry seems more
appropriate as a translation of item (239) above.
242 chair
H01 ekitebe H02 ekitebe H03 ekitebe H04 ekitebe H05 kitebe
kiti; chair
H06 ekitebe H07 entebe H08 ekitebe H09 ekitebe H10 ekitebe
Muzale’s MS has entêbe and ekitêbe.
243 coarse mat
H01 — H02 — H03 — H04 omukeeka H05 —
jamvi; coarse mat
H06 omukeka H07 omukeka H08 omukeka H09 omukeka H10 orushero
Muzale’s MS has ekirago ‘mat’ and omukeeka ‘sleeping mat (generic)’.
H10’s entry corresponds to orushero, which refers to (1) a tray hanging above
a fire on which things are laid to dry, or (2) a bigger/extended square mat of
palm leaves on which coffee beans are laid to dry (Muzale, pc 2004/12); cfr
also Rehse’s (1915:111) lushero ‘ein kleines Geflecht’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
151
244 plastic bag
H01 omufuko gwa nailoni H02 shangazi wayomba H03 — H04 ekirambo H05 —
mfuko; paper/plastic/cloth bag
H06 omufuko H07 omfuko H08 omufuko, enshaho H09 omufuko H10 enshao
Muzale’s MS has enshâho ‘bag, carrying container’, omufuko ‘bag’, enfulebe
‘handbag; a bag for carrying valuable things such as money’ and ekibeti
‘handbag or shoulder bag’. H01 has added a complement phrase meaning
roughly ‘plastic’.
At first sight H02’s entry looks strange as it seemingly involves Swahili
shangazi ‘paternal aunt’ and Haya okwomba ‘to make a noise’ (cfr Kaji
2000:369); cfr also H05’s entry in (648) immediately below. The association
between them is apparently that both aunts and (plastic) bags can make
annoying noises! Thus shangazi has come to be used as one of many
colloquialisms for plastic bags, with other names often derived from whatever
pictures or images may be on them (Muzale, pc 2004/12; see also
immediately below).
As for H07’s entry, the root -rambo actually refers to the movie character
Rambo (in an American movie by the same name). This follows a pattern of
referring to plastic bags by whatever is pictured on them, and some plastic
bags obviously contain an image of this particular Hollywood character
(Muzale, pc 2004/12).
648 paper bag
H01 omufuko gwe karatasi H02 enshao y’o rupapuro H03 — H04 ekifuko
H05 shangazi oyomba
Muzale’s MS has omufuko ‘bag’ and enshâho ‘bag, carrying container’,
enfulebe. Both H01 and H02 have added complements meaning ‘of paper’.
While Muzale’s MS has only orupapuro ‘paper’, the variants olukaratâ:si and
karatasi are found in Kaji’s (2000:122) vocabulary and Kurt Löfgren’s
unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist, respectively.
H04’s entry seemingly corresponds to Swahili kifuko ‘little bag/pocket’, and
not Haya ekifuko, which is glossed as ‘eating environment’ by Kaji
(2000:241). The root is the same as in Haya omufuko, but neither Muzale’s
MS nor Kaji (2000) give alternatives/derivations in class 7.
There is no clear match to H05’s entry in neither Muzale’s MS nor Kaji’s
(2000) vocabulary. However, it seemingly involves Swahili shangazi
‘paternal aunt’ and Haya okwomba ‘to make a noise’ (cfr Kaji 2000:369). The
association is apparently that both aunts and (paper) bags can make annoying
noises (Muzale, pc 2004/12); see also H04’s entry in (244) immediately
above.
152
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
649 cloth bag
H01 omufuko gwo mwendo H02 enshao y’o mwenda H03 — H04 omufuko
H05 omufuko gwe emyendo
Muzale’s MS has omufuko ‘bag’ and enshâho ‘bag, carrying container’. Three
informants have added complements involving omwênda~omwêndo glossed
as ‘cloth’ in Muzale’s MS.
245 basket
H01 ekikapo H02 ekikapu H03 ekikapo H04 ekikapo H05 kigega
kikapu; basket
H06 ekikapu H07 ekikapu H08 olugega H09 olugega H10 ekibo/ekikapu
Muzale’s MS has ekikâpo ‘basket’ and orugega ‘basket of open wickerwork’. Kaji (2000:119) has also ekî:bo “small basket made of grass [...]”.
Informants H02, H06, H07 and H10 have seemingly used Swahili-influenced
spellings (final -u instead of -o).
H05 has used a class 7 prefix (instead of the expected class 11 prefix).
Presumably she has been influenced by Swahili kikapu.
246 bottle
H01 echupa H02 echupa H03 echupa H04 echupa H05 chupa
chupa; bottle
H06 echupa H07 echupa H08 echupa H09 echupa H10 echupa
Muzale’s MS has echûpa.
247 calabash
H01 — H02 ekishusi H03 ekilele/ekishubu/olushubu H04 ekilele
H05 kishubu/kishusi
buyu; calabash
H06 ekilele H07 ekishusi H08 ekilele H09 olushubu H10 ekishusi
Muzale’s MS has ekishûsi, orushubu, ekishubu, ekirere and akikáàye.
248 hammer
H01 enyondo H02 enyondo H03 enyondo H04 enyondo H05 —
nyundo; hammer
H06 enyondo H07 enyondo H08 enyundo H09 enyondo H10 enyondo
Muzale’s MS has enyondo. The form given by H08 (with -u- instead of -o-)
looks like being Swahili-influenced, or it is simply a misspelling.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
153
249 machet
H01 eichumu H02 ekipanka/ekiso H03 eichumu H04 enyondo y’omuti
H05 mukeka
panga; matchet
H06 ekiso H07 ekiso H08 ekiso H09 ekiso H10 ekiso
Our English items contain unfortunate spelling errors, in both lists. The
correct spelling should have been ‹machete›.
Kaji (2000:114) gives omwo:ro, ekíso, and ekipanka, all glossed as ‘machete’.
The entries of H01 and H03 correspond to Muzale’s ichûmu ‘spear’, while
H04’s entry translates roughly as ‘hammer for (cutting) wood’.
H05 has obviously misread our (misspelt) English item, as her entry
corresponds to Muzale’s omukeeka ‘sleeping mat’.
250 axe
H01 endyamiti H02 embaizi H03 embaizi H04 endyamiti H05 ndyamiti
shoka; axe
H06 endyamiti H07 embaizi H08 embaizi H09 embaizi H10 endyamiti
Muzale’s MS has endyamíti and mbáìzi.
251 knife
H01 omuyo H02 omuhyo H03 omuyo H04 omuhyo H05 muyo
kisu; knife
H06 omuyo H07 omuyo H08 omuyo H09 omuyo H10 omuyo
Muzale’s MS has múhyo.
252 sharp knife
H01 omuyo ogwikushara H02 omuhyo gulikutola/bwogi H03 omuyo ogukutora
H04 omuhyo guhyoile H05 muyo gulikushara
kisu kikali; sharp knife
H06 omuyo ogutoile H07 omuyo guikushara H08 — H09 omuyo oguyoile muno
H10 omuyo gwo bwogi
Muzale’s MS has múhyo ‘knife’. He also has obwôgi ‘blade, thin cutting part
of a knife or sword’, which appears as a complement in the entries of H02 and
H10. Thus their entries mean something like ‘knife with an edge’ (≈ sharp
knife); cfr also (253) directly below.
The complements added by H01, H05 and H07 involve kushâra ‘to become
sharp’, while neither Muzale’s MS nor Kaji (2000) have any obvious
correspondences for the complements used by H02 and H03. However, in
Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist (compiled in the 1950s),
we find embanda elikutorage ‘sharp sword’ under the Swedish entry skarp ‘to
be sharp’. It obviously includes the same verb stem, -tora, as used by H02 and
H03.
154
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Kaji (2000:282) gives okuyô:la ‘to whet; to sharpen’, which seemingly is the
derivational base for the complement used by H04, H06 and H09. Note that
H09 has also used an adverb muno ‘very, much’ (cfr Rascher 1958:7).
253 blunt knife
H01 omuyo ogukurubile H02 omuhyo gutaina bwogi H03 omuyo ogutaikushala
H04 omuhyo gukuru bi¯le H05 muyo ogutaikushara
kisu (ki)butu; blunt knife
H06 omuyo ogutaikushala H07 omuyo gutakushara H08 — H09 omuyo
ogutalikushala H10 omuyo gukurubile
Muzale’s MS has múhyo ‘knife’, as well as obwôgi ‘blade, thin cutting part of
a knife or sword’, which appears as a complement in H02’s entry.
H02’s entry seems to mean something like ‘knife that does not have a cutting
edge’, as the second word seemingly contains the elements gu-ta-i-na = RELNEG-TMA-‘have’.
The complements added by H03, H05, H06, H07 and H09 involve the verb
kushâra ‘to become sharp’ and a negative marker -ta-, while those of H01,
H04 and H10 involve a perfect form of the verb kukúruba ‘to become blunt’.
254 broom
H01 ekifagizo H02 enkyeyo H03 ekyeyo H04 ekyeeyo H05 —
ufagio; broom
H06 olwelelezo/ekyelelezo H07 ekyeyo H08 ekyeyo H09 ekyeyo H10 ekyerelezo
Muzale’s MS has ekyererezo. Most of our informants seem to have written
this word, albeit in varying forms. Besides the heavy use of glides instead of
liquids, note also the noun class prefixes used by H02 and H06 (first item). As
for the ekyeyo-forms, these are presumably not just misspellings, as we find
similar forms in neighbouring languages, e.g. Nkore-Kiga ekyeyo (Taylor
1959:153); see also the Haya verb forms given in (255) immediately below.
H01’s entry is likely a derivation based on the causative form of Swahili
kufagia ‘to sweep’.
255 to sweep
H01 okufagia H02 kweeya H03 okweya H04 okweeya H05 kwelera
fagia; to sweep
H06 yelelela H07 okweya H08 kweya H09 okweya H10 yelelela
Muzale’s MS has kwererera. (Note the simplified stem used by H05.) Kaji
(2000:303) adds okwe:ya ‘to sweep up’, which is also the most commonly
given response by our informants; cfr also words for ‘broom’ in (254)
immediately above.
H01’s entry is obviously the Swahili word.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
155
256 lamp
H01 etara H02 etara H03 etara H04 etara/akatadooba H05 tara
taa; lamp
H06 etala H07 etara H08 etala H09 etala H10 etala
Muzale’s MS has etâra ‘lamp’ and akatádooba ‘a small oil lamp’.
257 rope
H01 okuboha H02 omuguha H03 omuguha H04 omuguha H05 mugua
kamba; rope
H06 omuguwa H07 omguha H08 omuguha H09 olugoye H10 omuguha
Muzale’s MS gives, among others, omuguha~omuguwa. H01’s entry
corresponds to Muzale’s kubôha ‘to tie up with a string or rope’.
H09’s entry refers to a kind of creeping plants used for tying things (Muzale,
pc 2004/12); cfr also Nkore-Kiga omugóye ‘rope’ (Taylor 1959:184), and
Ganda olugoye ‘cloth; fabric, material; garment; dress; hunting net’ (Murphy
1972:288).
258 knot
H01 — H02 ekifungo H03 eishumi H04 eishumi H05 —
fundo; knot
H06 [i]shomika H07 eishumi/orugingo H08 eishumi H09 eishumi H10 eishumi
Muzale’s MS has eishûmi ‘knot’, as well as the verb kushumika ‘to tie a knot’
which is the basis for H06’s entry.
H02’s entry looks like being related to (or derived from) a verb which is
found in several languages, e.g. Swahili kufunga ‘to fasten; to tie; to
imprison’, Nkore-Kiga kufunga ‘to tie up in fibre’ (Taylor 1959:52), Nyambo
kufunga ‘to imprison; to lock up’ (Rugemalira 2002:41). Whether the form
ekifungo is a legitimate Haya form, or due to influence from Swahili or any
other language, we cannot say.
The second item in H07’s entry translates as ‘joint (of body)’ (Muzale, pc
2004/12).
259 to hang (something)
H01 okusibika H02 kuhanika ekintu H03 okulelembya H04 okuhanika
H05 kulelembya
tundika; to hang (something)
H06 kutundiika H07 okulelembya H08 kulembelela H09 okuhanika H10 anika
Muzale’s MS has kuhanika ‘to hang, suspend’ and kulerembya ‘to hang up; to
put under arrest; to escort’, In Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya
wordlist compiled in the 1950s, we find also kusibika ‘to tie an animal (=
Swedish (att) binda ett djur).
H06’s entry is obviously a Hayaized Swahili word.
156
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
260 to cut firewood
H01 okushenya H02 kutema enkwi H03 okwasa/okushenya H04 okwasa enkwi
H05 kutema orukwi
chanja (kuni); to cut firewood
H06 shenya enkwi H07 okushenya enkwi H08 kusheenya H09 okushenya
H10 kushenya
Muzale’s MS has kutêma ‘to cut with a blow, cut down, fell (a tree)’, as well
as kwâsa ‘to cut open, split’. Kaji (2000:147) gives a more specific okwá:sá
énkwi ‘to chop wood’.
Several informants, among them all of those who filled in the Swahili/English
list, have responded with a verb corresponding to Muzale’s kushéènya ‘to
gather firewood’. Presumably the act of gathering firewood is understood as
also involving the cutting of firewood. In fact, Muzale (pc 2004/12) offers the
alternate glossing ‘to get/collect/produce firewood’.
261 to sew
H01 okushona/okubaziila H02 kushona emyenda H03 okushona H04 okubaziila
H05 —
shona; to sew
H06 shona H07 okubazira H08 kubaziira H09 okubaziila H10 kubazila
Muzale’s MS has kubaziira and kushona. H02 has added a nominal
complement comprising the plural of omwênda ‘cloth’.
262 to wash clothes
H01 okufura H02 kufula emyenda H03 okufula H04 okufula emvenda H05 kufura
emyendo
fua nguo; to wash clothes
H06 fula emyendo H07 okufura emyenda H08 kufula H09 okufula emyendo
H10 kwogya
Muzale’s MS has kwôgya ‘to wash (general)’ and kufura ‘to wash clothes’.
Possibly our informants use the latter verb simply as ‘to wash’, that is, with a
more generalized meaning than that indicated in Muzale’s MS. The use of an
added a nominal complement (the plural of omwênda ‘cloth’) seems to
indicate this. On the other hand, they could equally well have been induced to
add the nominal complement since both our Swahili and English items
contain them.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
157
263 farm
H01 eshamba/omusiri H02 ekibanja H03 eshamba H04 endimiro H05 ekibanja
shamba; farm, plantation
H06 kibanja H07 endimiro H08 endimilo H09 ekibanja H10 ekibanja
Muzale’s MS has ekibânja ‘banana field’ and endimiro ‘a big cultivated
field’. Kaji (2000:139) adds eshâmba ‘[type of] banana field’ (marked as a
Swahili loan) and omusili ‘[type of] cultivated fields’.
650 plantation
H01 omusiri H02 endimilo H03 — H04 ekibanja H05 kubyala
Muzale’s MS has ekibânja ‘banana field’ and endimiro ‘a big cultivated
field’. Kaji (2000:139) adds omusili ‘[type of] cultivated fields’.
H05 has given a verb corresponding to Muzale’s kubyâra ‘to plant, seed’.
264 to plough
H01 okutabira H02 kulimisa ente H03 — H04 okulimisa enyamaishwa H05 —
lima; to plough, cultivate, grow crops
H06 kulima H07 lima H08 kulima H09 okulima H10 kulima
Muzale’s MS has kulima ‘to cultivate, farm, hoe’. H02 and H04 have used
causative forms of the same verb, as well as having added complements to it.
H02’s complement means ‘cow, cattle’, while H04’s complement corresponds
to eñamáíshwá glossed as ‘wild animal’ by Kaji (2000:48), who adds that it
“usually indicates edible wild animals only, thus excluding lions, snakes, etc.”
(idem).
H01’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kutabira ‘to bury (generic)’.
H07 usually adds a (o)ku-prefix to his infinitives, but not so here.
651 to cultivate
H01 okulima H02 kulima H03 okulima H04 kulima H05 kulima
Muzale’s MS has kulima ‘to cultivate, farm, hoe’.
265 to dig
H01 okulima H02 kulimiza enfuka H03 okulima H04 okulima H05 kulima
chimba; to dig
H06 shokola H07 okushokora H08 kulima H09 okulima ekiina H10 kushokola
Muzale’s MS has kushokora and kutiiba, both glossed as ‘to dig with a tool’.
He also has kulima ‘to cultivate, farm, hoe’.
H02 has given a causative form of kulima together with a complement
meaning ‘hoe’ (= enfûka in Muzale’s MS). His intended meaning seems to be
‘to cause to dig with a hoe’.
H09 has added a complement meaning ‘pit, hole’ (= ekíína in Muzale’s MS).
158
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
266 hoe
H01 enfuka H02 enfuka H03 emfuka H04 enfuka H05 enfuka
jembe; hoe
H06 emfuka H07 enfuka H08 enfuka H09 enfuka H10 emfuka
Muzale’s MS has enfûka ‘hoe’. Note the ‹emf›-initials in the entries of H03,
H06 and H10, which presumably indicates a phonetically motivated spelling.
267 to plant (seeds)
H01 kubyaara H02 kubyala empambo H03 okubyala H04 okubya¯ra/okubiba
H05 kubyara
panda (mbegu); to plant (seeds)
H06 byala H07 ibyara empambo H08 kubyala H09 okubyala H10 kubyala
Muzale’s MS has kubyâra ‘to plant, seed’. H02 and H07 have added
complements meaning ‘seed(s), grain(s)’.
The second item in H04’s entry corresponds to a verb that appears in Kurt
Löfgren’s Swedish-Haya wordlist (from the 1950s) as kubiba ‘to sow’ (=
Swedish (att) så). Also in neighbouring Nkore-Kiga, we find kubíba ‘to sow’
(Taylor 1959:49).
268 to weed
H01 okubagara H02 kubagala H03 okubagala H04 okulima ekishambu H05 —
palilia; to weed
H06 bagala H07 okubagara H08 kubagala H09 okubagala H10 kubagala
Muzale’s MS has kubágara ‘to weed’. H04’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s
kulima ‘to cultivate, farm, hoe’ to which has been added a nominal
complement meaning ‘weed’.
269 to harvest
H01 okushora H02 kugesha H03 okushora H04 okushora H05 kushoroma
vuna; to harvest
H06 kwiya H07 okusharula H08 kushola, kuhurura H09 okushola H10 kugesha
Muzale’s MS gives, among others, kushora ‘to harvest nuts that grow in the
ground’, kugesha ‘to harvest (esp. sorghum, millet, etc.)’, kushoroma ‘to reap,
gather (flowers/fruit), pick’, kushaaruura ‘to harvest (esp. beans)’ and
kuhurura ‘to reap’.
H06’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kwiya ‘to extract, remove from’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
159
270 to pick/gather from a tree
H01 okutongora H02 kusholoma H03 okutongola H04 okushoroma H05 kwiyao
ekintu ahamti
chuma (matunda); to pick/gather from a tree
H06 sholoma H07 okushoroma H08 kuhurura H09 okunoga H10 kusholoma
Muzale’s MS has kutóngora ‘to pick (flower, leave, fruit), pluck’, kushoroma
‘to reap, gather (flowers/fruit), pick’, kuhurura ‘to reap’ and kunoga ‘to
harvest (esp. maize, pineapple, etc.)’.
H05 has given us a phrase meaning roughly ‘to remove something from a
tree’ = kwiya ‘to remove from’ + locative marker -o + ekintu ‘something’ +
aha- locative of class 16 + mti ‘tree’.
271 to pick up from the ground
H01 okunyukura H02 kulonda ansi H03 okulonda H04 okulonda ahansi H05 kwiya
ahansi
okota; to pick up from the ground
H06 londo H07 ronda H08 kulonda H09 okulonda H10 kulonda
Muzale’s MS has kurônda ‘to pick up, select’, kunyukura~kunyúkura ‘to
uproot, pull up’ and kwiya ‘to extract, remove from’. Three informants have
added locative complements.
Note the (irregular?) final vowel -o in H06’s entry.
272 burden
H01 omuzigo H02 omutwalo/omuzigo H03 omuzigo H04 omuguha H05 —
mzigo; burden, load, luggage
H06 ebesha H07 — H08 omugugu H09 eibengo H10 omugugu
Muzale’s MS has ebáásha ‘luggage’. Kaji (2000:120) adds omuzîgo ‘burden,
load, baggage’ and omutwâ:lo ‘bundle, package’. In Kurt Löfgren’s
unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist (compiled in the 1950s) as well as Hans
Cory’s unpublished glossary (MS 285) there is also omugugu ‘bundle,
burden’ (= Swedish börda).
H04’s entry looks like it could correspond to omuguha ‘rope’ in Muzale’s
MS, but may in fact be due to a mistake. He may have wanted to write
omugugu.
H09’s entry is likely related to eibênga ‘portion wrapped (for distribution)’.
See also (652) immediately below.
652 luggage
H01 — H02 omugugu H03 omuzigo H04 eibenga H05 kweya
Muzale’s MS has eibênga glossed as ‘portion wrapped (for distribution)’,
while he gives ebáásha for ‘luggage’. Kaji (2000:120) has omuzîgo ‘burden,
160
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
load, baggage’, while Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist
(compiled in the 1950s) has omugugu ‘burden’ (= Swedish börda). This latter
word appears also in Hans Cory’s unpublished glossary (MS 285).
H05’s entry has no obvious match in our main Haya source material, besides
the verb okwe:ya which is glossed as ‘to sweep up (e.g. rubbish, grass spread
in the house)’ by Kaji (2000:303). However, it could refer to “the everything”
that somebody carries away after having swept something clean (Muzale, pc
2006/03).
See also (272) immediately above.
273 saved produce (grain)
H01 empambo H02 empambo H03 empambo H04 emitwaalo H05 kubika
akiba (la nafaka); saved produce (grain)
H06 empambo H07 emishenga ya emyaka H08 — H09 eikani H10 embiko
Muzale’s MS has empambo ‘seed(s), grain(s)’. H05’s entry corresponds to a
verb which Muzale’s MS has as kubíìka ‘to keep, deposit, store’ (she may
have misread our English item as a verb), while H10 has given a noun that
seemingly is derived from that same verb. (Muzale’s MS does, however, give
eibíìko and obubíìko for ‘storage, granary’, clearly derived from the same
verb.)
H04’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:120) omutwâ:lo ‘bundle, package’,
which he explains “is a big bundle of crops, especially of beans, wrapped with
banana leaves and hung in the kitchen” (idem).
The first item in H07’s entry seems related to the verb kushenga, meaning
roughly ‘to segregate’ (cfr Muzale’s MS 2004), which is followed by a
complement corresponding to Kaji’s (2000:72) emyâ:ka ‘grain seeds’. The
whole phrase seems likely to mean something like ‘grain which is kept away
(for safe keeping)’.
H09’s entry translates as ‘savings, reserve, supply’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
274 room for storing grain
H01 — H02 ekibani H03 — H04 eikani H05 —
ghala ya nafaka (ndani ya nyumba); room for storing grain
H06 mbali bata empambo H07 — H08 — H09 eibikilo H10 obubiko
Muzale’s MS has eibíìko and obubíìko for ‘storage, granary’, both of which
are clearly derived from kubíìka ‘to keep, deposit, store’. H09’s entry includes
a regular derivation based on the perfect form of the same verb.
H04’s entry translates as ‘savings, reserve, supply’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H06’s entry comprises a phrase involving mbali ‘place where’ (Muzale, pc
2004/12; not to be confused with Swahili mbali ‘away from’), the verb kúta
‘to put in’ and empambo ‘seed(s), grain(s)’. Thus the entire phrase means
something like ‘place where seeds/grains are put in’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
161
275 cow/cows
H01 ente H02 ente H03 ente H04 ente H05 ente
ng’ombe; cow/cows/cattle
H06 ente H07 ente H08 ente H09 ente H10 ente
Muzale’s MS has ente.
653 cattle
H01 obuyo H02 ente/bitunganwa H03 ente H04 ente H05 zizi
Muzale’s MS has ente ‘cow, cattle’, obúhyo ‘herd (of cattle, goats)’ and
ekitungá(á)nwa ‘tame animal’.
H05 has given a Swahili word meaning ‘cow shed’.
276 to keep cattle
H01 okufuga H02 kutunga ente H03 okufuga ente H04 okushumba ente H05 —
fuga; to keep cattle/animals
H06 yolola H07 okutunga ubitunganwa H08 — H09 okutunga H10 kufuga
Muzale’s MS has kutûnga ‘to keep animal[s]’ and kwóroora ‘to tame’. Some
informants have added nominal complements corresponding to ente ‘cow,
cattle’ and ekitungá(á)nwa ‘tame animal’.
Presumably H04’s entry is a genuine Haya word, even though our main Haya
sources do not list any verb similar to the one used by our informant. In Kurt
Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist, we find at least omushumba
‘herder’ = Swedish herde. In neighbouring Ganda, moreover, we find the verb
root -sumba ‘to herd (cattle)’, which is explained to be “archaic but the noun
derivatives omusumba [‘shepherd, herdsman’] and S s a a b a s u m b a
[‘archbishop, lit. chief shepherd’] ... are common” (Murphy 1972:522). In
Nkore-Kiga, we find kushumba ‘to be in service’ (Taylor 1959:74).
H01, H03 and H10 have used the Swahili verb kufuga.
654 to keep animals
H01 okutunga H02 kutunga ebitunganwa H03 okufuga H04 okworo¯ra H05 kufuga
Muzale’s MS has kutûnga ‘to keep animal[s]’ and kwóroora ‘to tame’. H02
has added a nominal complement corresponding to Muzale’s ekitungá(á)nwa
‘tame animal’.
H03 and H05 have given the Swahili verb kufuga.
162
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
277 to feed
H01 okulisa H02 kulisa H03 okulisa H04 okuliisa (ente) H05 kulisa
lisha; to feed
H06 lisa H07 okugabila H08 kulisa H09 okugabila H10 kulisa
Muzale’s MS has kulíìsa ‘to feed’. Kaji (2000:305) adds okugabilá omwâ:na
‘to distribute to a child; to feed a child’.
278 cattlekeeper/pastoralist
H01 omulisa H02 omulisa H03 — H04 omushumba (w’ente) H05 —
mfugaji; cattlekeeper/pastoralist
H06 mwolozi H07 omushu[mb]a H08 omuliisa H09 omutungi wente H10 omufugi
Muzale’s MS has omushumba ‘herdsman, herdswoman’ and omuráàro ‘cattle
keeper’. He also has kulíìsa ‘to herd’, a verb from which H01, H02 and H08
have apparently derived a noun ‘herder’.
H06’s entry looks a bit obscure. It is presumably a causative derivation based
on Muzale’s kwóroora ‘to tame’. Similar words in neighbouring languages
are also found, e.g. Ha umwooroozi ‘keeper of animals’ (Harjula 2004:208),
and Nkore-Kiga omwórozi ‘nurse, guardian’ (Taylor 1959:120).
H09 has given a phrase meaning something like ‘rich in cattle’, being
constructed of omutûngi ‘rich man’, an associative particle w-, and ente
‘cattle’.
H10’s entry seems to be a construction related to or based on the Swahili verb
kufuga ‘to domesticate, tame; to breed’.
279 bull
H01 enumi H02 enumi H03 enumi H04 enumi H05 enumi
ng’ombe dume; bull
H06 enumi H07 enumi H08 ente H09 enumi H10 enum
Muzale’s MS has enûmi ‘bull’. Note the missing final vowel in H10’s entry,
which may be a simple spelling error. H08’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s
ente ‘cow, cattle’.
280 oxe
H01 ente H02 ekimasha H03 — H04 enumi H05 —
maksai; oxe
H06 — H07 — H08 — H09 ente ezilima H10 enshumule
Muzale’s MS has enshumûle ‘castrated bull’. The entries of H01, H02 and
H04 correspond to Muzale’s ekimasha ‘barren cow’, ente ‘cow, cattle’ and
enûmi ‘bull’, respectively.
H09’s entry seems to translate ‘cattle used in farming’, being constructed of
ente ‘cow, cattle’, an agreement marker ezi- (cfr Rascher 1958:120) and the
verb kulima ‘to cultivate, farm, hoe’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
163
281 cow
H01 ente H02 ente H03 ente H04 ente H05 egaju
ng’ombe jike; cow
H06 engashu H07 n’shumbakazi H08 ente H09 enshumbakazi H10 enshumba
Muzale’s MS has ente ‘cow, cattle’ and enshumbakazi ‘cow’. H10’s entry
corresponds to the latter, though minus the feminine suffix or derivational
item -kazi. Interestingly, neither Muzale’s MS nor Kaji (2000) list a word
form without this feminine ending.
H05’s entry obviously corresponds to a word which in Muzale’s MS is given
as both gaaju ‘long-horned cattle’ and engaaju ‘cattle with long horns’.
Presumably, H06’s entry also corresponds to this.
282 calf
H01 enyana H02 enyana H03 — H04 enyana H05 enyana
ndama; calf
H06 enyana H07 nyana H08 enyana H09 enyana H10 enyana
Muzale’s MS has enyâna ‘calf’.
283 to milk
H01 okukama H02 kukama/kwinikila H03 okukama H04 okukama H05 kukama
kamua; to milk
H06 kama H07 kama H08 kukama H09 okukama H10 kukama
Muzale’s MS has kukâma ‘to milk’.
The second item in H02’s entry seems to be a stative derivation from kwinika
‘to lay over on one side’. The intended meaning is not immediately clear, as
none of our main Haya source materials list anything similar. However, our
informant may have had the activity of suckling in mind, in which the motheranimal lies down on one side while her young ones suckle.
284 to shake/whisk milk (for making butter etc)
H01 okutengya H02 kuchunda amata H03 okuchunda amata H04 okuchunda
amatai H05 kuchunda
sukasuka maziwa; to shake milk (to ferment it)
H06 kama amata H07 nyurura amabere H08 kuchuunda H09 okuchunda amata
H10 kuchunda
Muzale’s MS has kutengya ‘to shake’ and kuchûnda ‘to shake; to make oil
from milk’. Several informants have added an object noun amáta ‘milk’. H06
has given a phrase seemingly meaning ‘to milk milk’; cfr (283) immediately
above.
164
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Kaji (2000:300) gives a verb kuñurura ‘to pull’ which seemingly corresponds
to the first item in H07’s entry. The second item is the plural of eibê:le
‘breast’ (= eibéère in Muzale’s MS). If a literal translation is to be taken at
face value, namely ‘to pull breasts’, the intended meaning may have been
more appropriate for (283) above, i.e. ‘to milk’. On the other hand, the lexical
equation ‘breast’ = ‘milk’ is a common one in several Bantu languages, e.g.
Swahili, where maziwa can be used for ‘milk’ as well as ‘breast(s)’. However,
this does not seem to be true in Haya, at least not as far as we can deduce
from our main source materials.
285 donkey
H01 empunda H02 endogobe H03 — H04 endogobe H05 enkobe
punda; donkey
H06 empunda H07 empunda H08 — H09 endogobe H10 endogobe
Muzale’s MS has akahóngo ‘donkey’, a word that does not appear in any of
our informants’ entries. Neither is it to be found in Kaji’s (2000) vocabulary.
Three informants (H01, H06, H07) gave a word corresponding to Kaji’s
(2000:51) empûnda ‘horse’ (specified as a Swahili loan).
The word appearing in the entries of H02, H04, H09 and H10 has no obvious
match in our main Haya source materials, except ndogobe ‘donkey’ which
appears in one of Hans Cory’s unpublished glossaries (MS 285). The word is
found in most neighbouring languages, too, e.g. Nyambo endogóbe ‘camel,
donkey’ (Rugemalira 2002:108), Ha indogobwe ‘donkey’ (Harjula 2004:193),
Nkore-Kiga endogóya ‘donkey’ (Taylor 1959:122), Ganda endogoyi ‘donkey’
(Murphy 1972:409).
H05 has given a word meaning ‘baboon’.
286 he-goat
H01 embuzi H02 empaya H03 empaya H04 enyemi H05 empaya
beberu; he-goat
H06 enshaija H07 empaya H08 empaya H09 empaya H10 empaya
Muzale’s MS has empâya ‘he-goat’ and embûzi ‘goat’; the latter unmarked
for sex.
H06’s entry seems to correspond to Muzale’s ensháìja, meaning ‘male’. Her
actual written entry is ‹ENTAMA ENSHAIJA›, in which the first word
(corresponding to entaama ‘sheep’ in Muzale’s MS) has been crossed out.
She may have done this after filling in the immediately following entry
(‘goat’), realizing only then that entaama was wrong. Perhaps she took for
granted that we would understand that she meant for ‹EMBUZI› to be read in
place of ‹ENTAMA›.
Our main Haya source material has no obvious match for H04’s entry.
However, it is apparently derived from a verb kwêmya ‘to copulate (of hegoats)’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
165
287 goat
H01 embuzi H02 embuzi H03 embuzi H04 embuzi H05 embuzi
mbuzi; goat
H06 embuzi H07 embuzi H08 embuzi H09 embula buzi H10 embuzi
Muzale’s MS has embûzi ‘goat’. H09’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s
embúrabuzi ‘she-goat’, for which see (288) immediately below.
288 she-goat
H01 embuzi H02 embulabuzi H03 omuhagazi H04 embulabuzi H05 embulabuzi
mbuzi (jike); she-goat
H06 embula buzi H07 omhagazi H08 embuzi H09 omuhagazi H10 omuagazi
Muzale’s MS has embúrabuzi and omuhágazi both glossed as ‘she-goat’. The
latter word is specified as a “young female goat which has not given birth” by
Kaji (2000:51).
The entries of H01 and H08 correspond to Muzale’s embûzi ‘goat’, which is
unmarked for sex.
Compare H09’s respective entries here and in (287) immediately above.
289 lamb
H01 akabuzi H02 entaama (omwana) H03 enyana H04 akataama H05 —
mwana mbuzi; lamb
H06 aka[n]a kembuzi H07 akana kembuzi H08 akabuzi H09 omuhalagazi
H10 embuzi
Our Swahili item ‹mwana mbuzi› corresponds to English ‹kid›, not ‹lamb› as
erroneously given in our word list. Due to this embarrasing oversight from
our part, those filling in the English list were given identical English entries
here and in (292) below. Still, and perhaps somewhat suprisingly, only H03
gave identical responses in both places.
H03’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s enyâna ‘calf’.
The entries H06 and H07 translate as ‘child of goat’, being constructed of
akâ:na ‘small child’ (for which see Kaji 2000:177) and an associative particle
k- prefixed on the word for ‘goat’. Kaji (2000:57) offers a similar construction
for ‘chick’, namely aka:na k’énkôko. The fact that they gave us phrases, and
not single nouns (as in H08’s and H10’s entries) may be a subtle Swahili
influence. In our Swahili/English list, we have ‹mwana mbuzi›, instead of
‹kibuzi› which is almost as commonly used as the former. This may have
influenced our informants’ choices.
H09’s entry is partly obscure. Presumably it is a hybrid/contraction composed
of omuhágazi ‘she-goat’ and omuharákazi ‘daughter’. It is not a common
Haya word, but may derive from northern Haya dialects (Muzale, pc
2004/12).
166
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
H10’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s embûzi ‘goat’. H01 and H08 have given
diminutive forms of the same word, while H04 has given a diminutive form of
entaama ‘sheep’. H02’s entry translates roughly as ‘sheep child’, while H03’s
entry corresponds to Muzale’s enyâna ‘calf’.
290 sheep
H01 entaama H02 entaama H03 entama H04 entaama H05 entama
kondoo; sheep
H06 entama H07 entama H08 entaama H09 entama H10 entama
Muzale’s MS has entaama ‘sheep’.
291 male/female sheep
H01 entaama/empaya(male) H02 entaama H03 entama H04 entaama H05 —
kondoo dume/jike; male/female sheep
H06 — H07 mpaya/mhagazi H08 entaama H09 entama enshaija H10 empaya
This particular item may seem somewhat confusing, especially as it follows
(290) above. However, there could potentially have been separate words for
male and female sheep, respectively; cfr the sex-specified words for male and
female goat in (286) and (288) above. Be that as it may, most of our
informants’ entries correspond to Muzale’s entaama ‘sheep’, which is
unspecified for sex. H09 even added a sex-specifying modifier ensháìja
‘male’.
The second item in H01’s entry, the first in H07’s entry as well, as H10’s
entry correspond to Muzale’s empâya ‘he-goat’, while the second item in
H07’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s omuhágazi ‘she-goat’.
292 lamb
H01 omwana gwe entaama H02 omwana gwe ntama H03 enyana H04 entaama
H05 —
mwana kondoo; lamb
H06 katama kamungu H07 akana kentama H08 akataama H09 entama ento
H10 akatama
Our English item ‹lamb› is used correctly here, in contrast to (289) above.
There seems to be no particular Haya word corresponding to English lamb,
except the diminutive formation akataama, as used by H08 and H10. H03’s
entry corresponds to Muzale’s enyâna ‘calf’.
The entries of H01, H02 and H07 translate as ‘child of sheep’. The phrase in
H07’s entry is a straightforward associative/genitive construction involving
akâ:na ‘small child’ (cfr Kaji 2000:177) of class 12.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
167
The associative/genitive particle appearing in the entries of H01 and H02 is
that of class 3, while the governing noun is a class 1 noun. The discrepancy is
due to the fact that the entire phrase refers to a non-human, which the use of a
class 3 particle accentuates (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H06 has also given a diminutive form of entaama ‘sheep’, though followed
by something that has no obvious match in our main source materials, unless
it is an denominal adjective derived from Mungu ‘God’. The translation of his
entry might thus read something like ‘divine little sheep’ or ‘divine lamb’,
referring to the biblical sacrificial lamb.
H09’s entry means literally ‘young sheep’ (cfr Kaji 2000:355), H04’s entry
means simply ‘sheep’, while H03’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s enyâna
‘calf’.
293 pig
H01 empunu H02 kagete/engurube H03 empunu H04 empunu H05 empunu
nguruwe; pig
H06 empunu H07 mpunu H08 empunu H09 empunu H10 empunu
Muzale’s MS has empúnu ‘pig’. The second item in H02’s entry corresponds
to Kaji’s (2000:50) engurûbe, which is given as an alternate word for ‘pig’.
(Presumably it originates from Swahili.)
The first item in H02’s entry has no obvious match in our main source
materials, but is apparently a common nick-name for wild pigs (Muzale, pc
2004/12).
294 hen
H01 enkoko/enshenya H02 enkoko (nshenya) H03 enkoko H04 enkoko
H05 enshenya
kuku; hen
H06 enkoko H07 enkoko H08 enkoko H09 enkoko H10 enkoko
Muzale’s MS has enshenya ‘hen’ and enkôko ‘hen, chicken’.
295 cock
H01 enkokoromi H02 enkokolomi (enshaki) H03 enkokoromi H04 enkokoromi
H05 enkokolomi
jogoo; cock
H06 enkokomi H07 enshaki H08 enkokoromi H09 enkokolomi H10 enshaki
Muzale’s MS has enkóókoromi ‘cock, rooster’ and ensháàki ‘rooster, cock’;
the specified as originating from Ganda. Muzale’s MS gives also rusháàki
‘cock’.
168
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
296 cat
H01 akajangu H02 akajangwa H03 enjangwa H04 akajangwa H05 njangwa
paka; cat
H06 akajangu H07 akajangwa H08 enjangwa H09 akajangwa H10 akajangu
Muzale’s MS has several words for cats, among them akajángu ‘cat’, enjángu
‘domestic cat’ and orujángu ‘cat’, all of which are based on the root -jángu.
All our informants gave words based on this same root. However, most
informants have given entries displaying an (additional) final -a, thus in fact
using a root -jangwa, which Kaji (2000:52) specifies as a rare form.
297 dog
H01 embwa H02 embwa H03 embwa H04 embwa H05 mbwa
mbwa; dog
H06 embwa H07 embwa H08 embwa H09 embwa H10 embwa
Muzale’s MS has émbwa.
298 to hunt
H01 okuhiga H02 kuhiga H03 okuhiga H04 okuhiiga H05 kuiga
winda; to hunt
H06 iga H07 okuhiga H08 kuhiga H09 okuhiga H10 okuhiga
Muzale’s MS has kuhíìga ‘to hunt’.
299 hunter
H01 omuhigi H02 omuhigi H03 omuhigi H04 omuhigi H05 omuigi
mwindaji; hunter
H06 omuwigi H07 omhigi H08 omuhiigi H09 omuhigi H10 omuhigi
Muzale’s MS has omuhíìgi ‘hunter’.
300 bow
H01 akata H02 obuta H03 — H04 obutai H05 —
upinde (uta); bow
H06 eichumu H07 obutai H08 obuta H09 obuta H10 obuta
Muzale’s MS has obúta ‘bow’. H01 has seemingly given a diminutive form of
the same noun, while H06’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s ichûmu ‘spear’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
169
301 arrow
H01 — H02 eichumi H03 omushale H04 omwambi H05 obuta
mshale; arrow
H06 eichumu H07 omwambi H08 eichumu H09 omwambi H10 omwambi
Muzale’s MS has omuhambi~omwambi ‘arrow’, as well as ichûmu ‘spear’
and obúta ‘bow’.
H03 has seemingly given a Hayaized Swahili word.
302 gun
H01 embundu H02 embundu H03 embundu H04 embundu H05 embundu
bunduki; gun, rifle
H06 embundu H07 embundu H08 embundu H09 embundi H10 embundu
Muzale’s MS has embûndu ‘gun’. Note the final vowel -i in H09’s entry.
655 rifle
H01 — H02 — H03 — H04 — H05 —
303 to shoot with a gun
H01 okuteera H02 kutela n’e mbundu H03 okutela na embundu H04 kuteela
embundu H05 kutera embundu
piga bunduki; to fire/shoot with a gun
H06 tela embundu H07 tera embundu H08 tele embundu H09 kutela embundu
H10 kutela embundu
Muzale’s MS has kutéèra ‘to beat, hit’, which with various objects can take
on a number of different meaning. In Kaji (2000:301), we find okuté:lá
embuûndu ‘to shoot a gun’.
304 spear
H01 — H02 omwambi H03 eichumu H04 eichumu H05 —
mkuki; spear
H06 eichumu H07 eichumu H08 eichumu H09 eichumu H10 eichumu
Muzale’s MS has ichûmu ‘spear’ and omuhambi~omwambi ‘arrow’.
305 to pearce
H01 — H02 — H03 okuchumita H04 okurasha/okuchumita H05 —
choma; to pearce, to hit with a knife/spear/arrow
H06 yokya H07 chumita H08 chumita H09 okuchumita H10 kwokya
Our English item ‹to pearce› should, of course, have been spelt ‹to pierce›.
Muzale’s MS has kuchúmita ‘to pierce’. The first item in H04’s entry
corresponds to Muzale’s kurâsha ‘to throw’.
170
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Swahili kuchoma means also ‘to burn; to roast’, which is the apparent
meaning that H06 and H10 have translated, as their entries correspond to
Muzale’s kwokya ‘to burn (something)’. (This is not a Swahili influence as
such, only a case of selective reading on the part of the two informants in
question.)
656 to hit (with a knife/spear/arrow)
H01 — H02 kuchumita H03 okutela H04 kuchumita H05 kuchumit[i]sa omuyo
Muzale’s MS has kutéèra ‘to beat, hit’ and kuchúmita ‘to pierce’. H05 has
used the causative form and added a nominal object corresponding to
Muzale’s muhyo ‘knife’ (given as omúyo by Kaji 2000:115).
306 to kill
H01 okwiita H02 kwita H03 okwita H04 okwiita H05 kwita
ua; to kill
H06 ita H07 kwita H08 kwita H09 okwita H10 kwita
Muzale’s MS has kwîta ‘to kill’.
307 shield
H01 — H02 kutangiza H03 — H04 okitara H05 —
ngao; shield
H06 — H07 engabo H08 — H09 engabo H10 engabo
Muzale’s MS has engabo ‘shield’. H02’s entry is a causative derivation based
on Muzale’s kutânga ‘to prevent; to obstruct, hinder; to hamper; to forbid’.
H04’s entry may possibly contain a dialectal form of ekitaro ‘big shield;
temporary screening’ (Muzale, pc 2006/03), unless it is a spelling error. (Note
also the irregular augment o- instead of e-.)
308 stick
H01 olushanju/orubooko H02 enkoni/orukoni H03 ekiboko/olushanju H04 ekiti
H05 —
fimbo; stick
H06 ekiboko H07 enkoni H08 enkoni H09 enkoni H10 enkoni
Muzale’s MS has enkoni ‘stick, cane, staff, whip’, orushânju ‘stick, cane,
whip’, ekibóòko ‘whip, cane’, and orúti ‘pole, roasting stick’. As for the last
item, Kaji (2000:124) gives olúti ‘stick, rod’. Note that there is a slight
variance in the use of class prefixes; see especially the second items in the
entries of H01 and H02.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
171
H04’s entry contains the same root as Kaji’s (2000:124) olúti ‘stick, rod’. The
use of a noun prefix of class 7 instead of class 11 may possibly have been
intended as a diminutive marker, mirroring one of its main uses in Swahili.
(In Haya, class 7 is not used for diminutive derivations; class 12 is.) H06
seems to have done the same, but with another root.
309 trap
H01 — H02 omutego H03 — H04 omutego H05 —
mtego; trap
H06 omutego H07 omutego H08 omutego H09 omutego H10 omutego
Muzale’s MS has omutêgo ‘trap, snare’.
310 to fish
H01 okujuba H02 kujuba H03 okujuba H04 okujuba H05 kujuba
vua samaki; to fish
H06 juba emfulu H07 juba enfulu H08 kujuba enfi H09 okujuba H10 kujuba
Muzale’s MS has kujuba ‘to fish’. Informants H06, H07 and H08 added
objects corresponding to Muzale’s enfuru ‘fish’ (note H06’s phonetic spelling
em- instead of en-), and énfi glossed as ‘type of fish’.
311 fish hook
H01 eirobo H02 eilobo H03 — H04 ekyambo H05 kuroba
ndoana; fish hook
H06 omutego H07 eirobo H08 eirobo H09 eilobo H10 eilobo
In Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist, we find omuhunda
‘fish hook’. Muzale’s MS has only eirôbo, glossed as ‘hook’, which is the
word most of our informants have given.
The entries of H04 and H06 correspond to the semantically related items
ekyâmbo ‘bait’ and omutêgo ‘trap, snare’.
H05 has seemingly given a verb corresponding to Kaji’s (2000:284) okulôba
‘to fish with line and hook’.
312 animal
H01 ekigunju H02 ekigunju H03 — H04 ekigunju H05 bigunju
mnyama; animal
H06 kigunju H07 ekigunju H08 ekigunju H09 ekigunju H10 ekigunju
Muzale’s MS has ekigúnju ‘animal’. H05 has given a plural form.
172
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
313 to bite
H01 okuruma H02 kuluma H03 okuluma/okunena H04 okuruma H05 —
uma; to bite
H06 luma H07 luma H08 kuluma H09 okuluma H10 kuluma
Muzale’s MS has kurûma ‘to bite’. Kaji (2000:240) has also okunêna ‘to bite
hard’.
314 fur
H01 echuchu H02 ebyoya bya kami/entama H03 — H04 obwoya H05 —
manyoya (ya wanyama); fur
H06 ebishanda H07 obwoya H08 omwoya H09 obwoya H10 omwoya
Muzale’s MS has obwóya ‘fur’ and omwóya ‘fur, skin hair’. He also has
ebyóya ‘feathers; pubic hair’ and ebishanda ‘feathers’. Thus H02’s entry
translates roughly as ‘feathers of hare/animal’.
H01 has either misread or misunderstood our English item, as the word she
has given seemingly corresponds to Muzale’s echuuchu ‘dust’.
315 horn(s)
H01 eiyembe/amaembe H02 amaembe H03 — H04 amahembe H05 mkunirwa
pembe; horn(s)
H06 amaembe H07 amaembe H08 eihembe H09 amaembe H10 eihembe
Muzale’s MS has eiyêmbe~ihêmbe ‘horn (of animal)’.
H05 seems to have given a word derived from the verb kukúnirwa, in
Muzale’s MS glossed as ‘to become honoured’. Presumably she misread our
‹horn› as ‹honoured›, or something.
316 tail
H01 omukila H02 omukila H03 omukila H04 omukila H05 mkira
mkia; tail
H06 omukila H07 omkila H08 omukila H09 omukila H10 omukila
Muzale’s MS has omukîra ‘tail’.
317 buffalo
H01 — H02 embogo H03 — H04 engabi H05 enjubu
nyati, mbogo; buffalo
H06 — H07 embogo H08 embogo H09 embogo H10 engabi
Muzale’s MS has embógo ‘buffalo’, as well as engâbi ‘bushbuck’ and enjúbu
‘hippopotamus’, for which see (321) below.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
173
318 elephant
H01 — H02 enjoju H03 — H04 enjoju H05 enjoju
tembo (ndovu); elephant
H06 embogo H07 enjoju H08 — H09 enjoju H10 enjoju
Muzale’s MS has enjoju ‘elephant’.
H06’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s embógo ‘buffalo’; see also (317)
immediately above.
319 fox
H01 ekinyawawa H02 omushega/embwoigola H03 — H04 omuha H05 —
bweha; fox, jackal
H06 — H07 empuni H08 — H09 omushega H10 omushega
There seems to be no specific Haya word for ‘fox’, albeit a word for the Bateared Fox (otocyon megalotis) would not seem unreasonable, considering that
it is fairly common in these parts of Africa. For ‘jackal’‚ Muzale’s MS has
emboigóra and omuha, without specifying species. Unless they are general
words for ‘jackal’, they could refer to any of the three known jackal species in
East Africa, which includes Side-striped Jackal (canis adustus), Golden
Jackal (canis aureus), and Silver-backed Jackal (canis mesomelas). Somewhat
confusingly, Kaji (2000:54) glosses omuwa and emboigóra simply ‘wild dog’
and offers the Swahili translation mbwa-mwitu, which commonly refers to a
specific species known as African Wild Dog or African Hunting Dog (lycaon
pictus).
Muzale’s MS has also omushega ‘wolf’, which is the only word occurring
more than once in our informants’ responses. For this, Muzale’s MS has the
Swahili translation mbwamwitu (see comments in above paragraph).
Curiously enough, Kaji (2000:52) offers omushega glossed as ‘stray dog
living in the bush’ (together with the Swahili translation mbwa-pori), while
Schoenbrun (1997:262; referring to Meyer 1914) has mushégai glossed as
‘jackal’.
H01’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:58) ekiñawâ:wa ‘species of crane’.
Apparently she has misread/misunderstood our English item somehow.
H07’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s empuumi ‘hyena’. His writing is cursive
and the ending ‹ni› is presumably a spelling error for ‹mi›.
657 jackal
H01 — H02 omuhai H03 — H04 — H05 —
Muzale’s MS has omuha ‘jackal’; see also (319) immediately above.
174
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
320 giraffe
H01 — H02 entwiga H03 — H04 entwiga H05 entwiga
twiga; giraffe
H06 entwiga H07 entwiga H08 entwiga H09 entwiga H10 entwiga
Muzale’s MS has entwiga ‘giraffe’.
321 hippo
H01 — H02 enjubu/kate nyanja H03 — H04 enjubu H05 —
kiboko; hippo
H06 enjubu H07 enjubu H08 enjubu H09 enjubu H10 enjubu
Muzale’s MS has enjúbu and akate-nyánja for ‘hippopotamus’. The latter
word combines a diminutive form of ente ‘cow, cattle’ plus enyánja ‘lake,
ocean, sea’; thus meaning something like ‘little cow of the sea’.
322 hyena
H01 empisi H02 empuni H03 — H04 empisi H05 engo
fisi; hyena
H06 — H07 empisi H08 empisi H09 empuni H10 empumi
Muzale’s MS has empuumi ‘hyena’, empîsi ‘leopard’, and engo ‘leopard’.
(Note the seemingly erroneous -ni ending used by both H02 and H09.)
Four informants have given a word that seemingly corresponds to Muzale’s
empîsi ‘leopard’. However, it is likely that our informants were influenced by
Swahili fisi, and thus confused Haya empisi with the meaning of Swahili fisi.
As there were four informants who did this, we have to regard this is as a case
of a lexicosemantic influence from Swahili.
323 leopard
H01 empuumi H02 engo bugondo (empisi) H03 — H04 engoi H05 empisi
chui; leopard
H06 empisi H07 engo H08 — H09 engo H10 ekitarago/empisi
Muzale’s MS has empîsi ‘leopard’, engo ‘leopard’, and ekitárago ‘spotted
hyena’. Muzale’s MS also gives bugondo as a “nick name for leopard”. Note
that H02 seems to use it as a qualifier rather than a noun, unless there is a
missing or implied comma in his entry.
H01’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s empuumi ‘hyena’; for which see (322)
immediately above.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
175
324 lion
H01 entale H02 entale H03 entare H04 entare H05 entare
simba; lion
H06 — H07 entale H08 entare H09 entale H10 entale
Muzale’s MS has entâle ‘lion’.
325 bat
H01 ekitaratamba H02 oluhugahugu H03 ekihugahugu H04 oruhugahugu
H05 empugaugu
popo; bat
H06 — H07 ekihugahugu H08 empugahugu H09 entalatabi H10 oruhuguhugu
Muzale’s MS has e k i h u g a h û g u, ekihuguhûgu, oruhugahûgu, and
oruhuguhûgu, all glossed as ‘bat’. H05 and H08 have used the same root but
with a seemingly idiosyncratic noun class prefix, namely, that of class 9
instead of 7 or 11.
H01 and H09 seem to have misunderstood our Swahili and/or English items.
Their entries correspond closely to Muzale’s orutaratámba ‘swallow’ and
Kaji’s (2000:59) olutalatámba ‘swallow’; cfr also Nyambo entaratâmbi
‘sparrow’ (Rugemalira 2002:119), Nkore-Kiga entaratâmbi ‘swallow’
(Taylor 1959:191).
326 baboon
H01 enkobe H02 enkende H03 — H04 engaya H05 —
nyani; baboon
H06 — H07 ekigaya H08 — H09 ekigaya H10 enkobe
Muzale’s MS has enkobe ‘baboon’ and enkende ‘monkey (general term)’. The
entries of H09 and H04 correspond to Muzale’s ekigaya ‘gorilla’. The noun
class prefix in the entry of the latter fully acceptable (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
See also (327) immediately below.
327 monkey
H01 enkende H02 engaya H03 enkende H04 enkende H05 enkobe
tumbili; monkey
H06 — H07 enkima H08 enkende H09 enkende H10 enkende
Muzale’s MS has enkende as a general term for ‘monkey’, as well as enkîma
‘small, dark-coloured monkey’ and enkobe ‘baboon’.
H02’s entry corresponds to ekigaya ‘gorilla’ in Muzale’s MS; here used with
an alternate noun class prefix.
See also (326) immediately above.
176
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
328 mouse
H01 enfukuzi H02 embeba H03 embeba H04 embeba H05 —
panya; mouse, rat
H06 embeba H07 embeba H08 embeba H09 embeba H10 embeba
Muzale’s MS has embeba and empanama, both glossed as ‘mouse, rat’.
H01’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s enfukuzi ‘mole’.
658 rat
H01 embeba H02 embeba y’o munju H03 embeba H04 — H05 mbeba
Muzale’s MS has embeba ‘mouse, rat’. To this, H02 has added a complement
presumably meaning ‘house rat’, as it seems to contain a relative pronoun eyo
(cfr Rascher 1958:120), a locative marker mu- of class 18, and the noun énju
‘house’.
329 fish
H01 enfuru H02 enfulu H03 emfulu H04 enfuru H05 enfuru
samaki; fish
H06 emfulu H07 enfuru H08 enfi H09 enfulu H10 enfulu
Muzale’s MS has enfuru ‘fish’ and énfi ‘type of fish’. Note the ‹en›~‹em›
variation in the spellings used by our informants.
330 crab
H01 ekinyamjagaja H02 ekijaga H03 ekijaga H04 ekijaga H05 —
kaa; crab
H06 — H07 — H08 — H09 ekijaga H10 ekijaga
Muzale’s MS has ekijâga ‘crab’. H01’s entry is obviously derived from this;
possibly it refers to a specific species.
331 crocodile
H01 emamba H02 emamba/eyambi H03 — H04 emamba H05 kikomakome
ekiango
mamba; crocodile
H06 — H07 eyambi H08 — H09 eyambi H10 enshambi
Muzale’s MS has enshámbi and eyámbi for ‘crocodile’. Muzale’s MS also
gives emâmba, but glossed as ‘type of fish’. Thus it seems more likely that
H01, H02 and H04 have given Hayaized Swahili words.
H05’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s ekikomaakome ‘monitor lizard, rock
lizard’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
177
332 cobra
H01 empiri H02 eaina/engeli ye njoka/nkolatima H03 enchwela H04 enchweela
H05 nchwera
chatu; cobra
H06 — H07 oruziramili H08 oruzilamili H09 olushato H10 orushato
Muzale’s MS has enchwéra ‘spitting cobra’. He also has orushâto ‘python’,
empîri ‘puff adder’, and enkorantîma ‘type of black snake (which chases
people)’.
H02’s entry seemingly contains two (or three) different responses: eaina [=
Swahili aina ‘type, kind’] ye njoka and/or engeli [= Haya ‘type, class’] ye
njoka, both meaning ‘type of snake’. The last item corresponds to Muzale’s
enkorantîma ‘type of black snake (which chases people)’.
The entries of H07 and H08 have no obvious matches in our main source
materials, but Schoenbrun (1997:39; quoting Meyer 1914) gives ruzirámire
‘large sort of boomslang snake’ as a Haya word. In fact, similar words are
found in several neighbouring languages, e.g. Nyambo oruzíramirire ‘python’
(Rugemalira 2002:142), Nkore-Kiga oruzímarire ‘python’ (Taylor 1959:181).
333 snake
H01 enjoka H02 enjoka H03 enjoka H04 enjoka H05 enjoka
nyoka; snake
H06 enjoka H07 enyoka H08 enjoka H09 enjoka H10 enjoka
Kaji (2000:64) gives enjôka ‘snake’.
334 lizard
H01 omunya H02 omunya gwe ilungu H03 omunya H04 omunya H05 omunya
mjusi; lizard
H06 munya H07 omunya H08 omunya H09 omunya H10 omunya
Muzale’s MS has múnya ‘lizard’. H02 has added a complement consisting of
an associative(?) marker and a noun corresponding to Muzale’s eirungu
‘desert, bush country, [...]’.
335 oyster shell
H01 — H02 ekisholoba H03 — H04 ekishoroba H05 —
koa; oyster shell, snail
H06 — H07 — H08 — H09 ekikonko H10 ekinyila
Muzale’s MS has ekishorogoto ‘shell’, ekikônko ‘snail shell’ and ekinyîra
‘slug, snail’.
While the word appearing in the entries of H02 and H04 finds no match in our
main Haya source material, it is an acceptable variant form of ekishorogoto,
according to Muzale (pc 2004/12).
178
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
659 snail
H01 ekinyira H02 ekinyirai H03 ekinyila H04 ekinyila H05 kinyira
Muzale’s MS has ekinyîra ‘slug, snail’.
336 frog
H01 ekikele H02 ekikele H03 ekikele H04 ekikere H05 ekikere
chura; frog
H06 kikele H07 kikele H08 ekikere H09 ekikele H10 ekikere
Muzale’s MS has ekikêre ‘frog’.
337 worm
H01 ekijoka H02 nyangololwa H03 — H04 ekiny H05 —
nyungunyungu; worm
H06 obunyangele H07 obunyangere H08 — H09 lunyangololwa
H10 omunyogororo
Kaji (2000:60) has ekijôka ‘intestinal worm’, while Muzale’s MS has
obunyangére ‘fungus’.
The entries of H02, H09 and H10 correspond most closely to Muzale’s
ekinyangoróro ‘earthworm, millipede’ and ekigongóro ‘millipede’. In
addition, there are similar words also in neighbouring languages, e.g. Nyambo
omunyongorórwa ‘earthworm’ (Rugemalira 2002:195), and Nkore-Kiga
omunyongoróra~omunyongorórwa ‘earthworm’ (Taylor 1959:113).
There is no obvious match for H04’s entry. It could be that H04 intended to
write what appears as ekinyangoróro ‘earthworm, millipede’ in Muzale’s MS,
but never came around to finishing it (for whatever reasons). There is, in any
case, nothing it would match as it stands now (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
338 bee
H01 enjoki H02 enjoki H03 enjoki H04 enjoki H05 enjoki
nyuki; bee
H06 enjoki H07 enjoki H08 enjoki H09 enjoki H10 enjoki
Muzale’s MS has enjôki ‘bee’.
339 ant
H01 ekipalala H02 ekiazi H03 — H04 ekinyomo H05 enwa
chungu; ant
H06 — H07 — H08 — H09 omushwa H10 enkomezi
Muzale’s MS has ekinyômo ‘kind of small black ant’, enkómezi ‘black ant that
stings and cuts with jaws’ and obwazi ‘red (driver/army) ant’. Kaji (2000:62)
has also ekya:zi ‘big ants which guard the band’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
179
H05’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s énwa ‘wasp’, while H01’s entry
corresponds most closely to Muzale’s emparara, glossed as ‘a type of large
inedible grasshopper of the locust size’, though with a different noun class
prefix (that of class 7 instead of 9).
H09’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s múshwa ‘termite’; for which see also
(340) immediately below.
340 termite
H01 — H02 omushwa H03 — H04 akashwa/obushwa H05 —
mchwa; termite
H06 obwazi H07 omushwa H08 omushwa H09 omushwa H10 omushwa
Muzale’s MS has múshwa ‘termite’ and akashwa ‘winged termite’.
H06’s entry corresponds to obwazi ‘red (driver/army) ant’ in Muzale’s MS.
341 fly
H01 enshwela H02 halala H03 enshwela H04 enshweela H05 harara
inzi; fly
H06 enshwela H07 enshweera H08 enshwela H09 enshwela H10 enshwela
Muzale’s MS has enshwera ‘house fly’. The entries of H02 and H05 seem to
be verb stems, corresponding to Muzale’s kuharara ‘to fly’.
342 mosquito
H01 omubwi H02 omubwi H03 omubwi H04 omubwi H05 mubwi
mbu; mosquito
H06 emibwi H07 emibwi H08 omubwi H09 omubwi H10 omubwi
Muzale’s MS has omúbwi ‘mosquito’. Note that H06 and H07 have given
plural forms.
343 spider
H01 olububi H02 olububi H03 olububi H04 orububi H05 empubi
buibui; spider
H06 embubi H07 orububi H08 — H09 olububi H10 orububi
Muzale’s MS has orububi ‘spider; spider web’. Note that H05 and H06 have
written either the plural form (with a class 10 prefix), or a singular form in
class 9, which might indicate a Swahili-influence, as ‘spider’ is a class 9 noun
in Swahili.
180
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
344 louse
H01 — H02 enda H03 — H04 embara H05 —
chawa; louse
H06 enda H07 enda H08 enda H09 enda H10 enda
Muzale’s MS has énda ‘louse. lice’. H04’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s
embâra ‘tick’.
345 bird
H01 ekinyonyi H02 ekinyonyi H03 ekinyonyi H04 ekinyonyi H05 ekinyonyi
ndege; bird
H06 enyonyi H07 ekinyonyi H08 ekinyonyi H09 ekinyoni H10 ekinyonyi
Muzale’s MS has ekinyonyi ‘bird’. Note that while nine informants use a class
7 prefix, H06’s entry displays a class 9 prefix, a form listed by Kaji
(2000:56).
346 feather
H01 ebishanda H02 omwoya/ekishanda kye nyonyi H03 ebyoya H04 ebishanda
H05 ebishanda
unyoya (wa ndege); feather
H06 akashanda ka akanyonyi H07 ekipapa kye kinyonyi H08 olwoya H09 ekyoya
H10 ekishanda
Muzale’s MS has ekishanda and eishanda for ‘feather’. Both H02 and H06
have added complements meaning ‘of bird’. Also, note that H06 has given a
diminutive class 12 form. H07’s entry apparently means something like ‘wing
of a bird’, as it comprises a noun eipápa ‘wing’, an associative marker, and a
noun ekinyonyi ‘bird’.
Muzale’s MS has also ekyóya listed under ‘feather’ in the English index, but
glossed as ‘genital hair’ in the Haya part. The same root appears with several
noun class prefixes in Muzale’s MS, such as omwóya ‘fur; skin hair’ (class 3),
ebyóya ‘feathers; pubic hair’ (8), orwóya ‘feather; skin hair’ (11), as well as
obwóya ‘fur’ (14); see also Kaji (2000:46) for details of the semantics
involved.
347 wing
H01 amapapa/eipapa H02 eipapa H03 eipapa H04 eipapa H05 ebishanda
ubawa; wing
H06 ekishanda H07 eipapa H08 eipapa H09 eipapa H10 eipapa
Muzale’s MS has eipápa ‘wing’. The entries of H05 and H06 correspond to
Muzale’s ekishanda ‘feather’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
181
348 to fly
H01 okuharara H02 kuhalala H03 okuhalala H04 okuharara H05 kuharara
ruka; to fly
H06 guluka H07 guruka H08 kuharara H09 okuhalala H10 kuharara
Muzale’s MS has kuharara and kutûnta for ‘to fly’. The former appears only
in the English index, while the Haya part gives the causative derivation
kuharaza glossed as ‘to fly; to make something fly’.
Muzale’s MS also has kuguruka ‘to jump; to fly’, glossed only as ‘to jump,
leap’ by Kaji (2000:228), which corresponds to the entries of H06 and H07.
Possibly their choice of this particular word was influenced by the Swahili
ruka.
349 guineafowl
H01 — H02 enkanga H03 — H04 ekimbara H05 —
kanga; guineafowl
H06 endai H07 enkanga H08 endai H09 ekijele H10 enkanga
Muzale’s MS has enchokóóli and nchúruchumbi for ‘(helmeted) guinea-fowl’,
and endai~endahi for ‘francolin; partridge’; the latter glossed as ‘quail’ by
Kaji (2000:58). In Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist (from
the 1950s), we also find ekijele ‘guinea fowl’ (= Swedish pärlhöna).
The entries of H02, H07 and H10 are (almost) identical to the Swahili word,
but Kaji (2000:58) gives enkânga ‘guinea fowl’ as a Haya word. The same
word is also found in neighbouring languages, e.g. Nyambo enkânga ‘crested
guinea-fowl’ (Rugemalira 2002:113), Ha inkange ‘guinea-fowl’ (Harjula
2004:194), Nkore-Kiga enkanga ‘guinea-fowl’ (Taylor 1959:125).
There is no obvious match in our main Haya source material for H04’s entry;
but cfr Nkore-Kiga ekimbara ‘pelican’ (Taylor 1959:44) and Ganda ekimbala
‘goliath heron’ (Murphy 1972:195).
350 hawk
H01 — H02 ekihungu H03 — H04 ekinyawawa H05 —
hajivale; hawk (African Harrier-hawk)
H06 — H07 — H08 — H09 — H10 ensindizi
Muzale’s MS has ekihumi~oruhumi ‘hawk’. None of our informants gave this
word, however. Their entries correspond to Muzale’s ekihûngu ‘eagle’,
ekinyawâwa ‘stork’, and ensíndizi ‘owl’.
See also (351) immediately below.
182
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
351 eagle
H01 — H02 enkwaju H03 ekihungu H04 oruhumi H05 —
tai; eagle
H06 — H07 ekinyonyi H08 ekihungu H09 ekikona H10 ekihumi
Muzale’s MS includes ekihûngu ‘eagle’ and enkwâju ‘vulturine fish-eagle’,
plus ekihumi~oruhumi ‘hawk’, ekikóòna ‘crow’, and ekinyonyi ‘bird’ (general
term).
See also (352) immediately above.
352 pigeon
H01 ekasuuku H02 ekiiba H03 ekiba H04 ekiiba H05 —
njiwa; pigeon, dove
H06 ebiba H07 ntungurumaiba H08 ekiiba H09 ekiiba H10 enjiwa
Muzale’s MS has ekiiba ‘pigeon, dove’ and entúngurumaiba ‘type of pigeon’.
H01 has given us a Hayaized form of Swahili kasuku ‘parrot’, while H10 has
given us a Hayaized form of Swahili njiwa.
660 dove, pigeon
H01 ekiiba H02 ekiba H03 ekiba/olwiba H04 eikiiba H05 —
Muzale’s MS has ekiiba glossed as ‘pigeon, dove’. Note that H03 has used
two singular noun classes, those of 7 and 11, respectively. He may intend a
difference in meaning, albeit our main source materials do not support it.
353 to start
H01 okubanza H02 kubanza H03 okubanza H04 okubanza H05 kubanza
anza; to start
H06 banza H07 banza H08 kubanza H09 okubanza H10 kubanza
Muzale’s MS has kubanza, kubanda, kutanza and kutándika, all of which are
glossed as ‘to start, begin, set out’.
354 to finish
H01 okumala H02 kumala H03 okumala H04 okumala H05 kumara
maliza; to finish
H06 mala H07 okumara H08 kumala H09 okumala H10 kumala
Muzale’s MS has kumara ‘to finish; to accomplish’, kumaliira ‘to
accomplish, finish’, as well as kúhwa ‘to cease, vanish, finish [intransitive]’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
183
355 to do
H01 okukora H02 kukola H03 okukola H04 okukola H05 kukora
fanya; to do
H06 kola H07 kola H08 kukola H09 okukola H10 kukola
Muzale’s MS has kukôra ‘to do, make, work, act, construct’ and kugira ‘to
do, act’.
356 work
H01 omulimo H02 kukola H03 omulimo H04 omulimo H05 tambuka
kazi; work
H06 emilimo H07 emilimo H08 omulimo H09 omulimo H10 eikola
Muzale’s MS has omulimo ‘work’. H06 and H07 have given plural forms.
H02 has given a verb kukôra ‘to do, make, work, act, construct’, while H10
has replied with a nominal derivational of the same. It corresponds to eikôla
in Kaji’s (2000) vocabulary, and it is glossed as ‘job, work, employment’
(idem:221) as well as ‘act, deed’ (idem:266).
H05’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kutámbuka ‘to walk; to stride, pass over
with one step’. Apparently she has misread our ‹work› for ‹walk›. The
phonetic similarity between these words have certainly had some influence.
357 to work
H01 okukora H02 kukola H03 okukola (omulimo) H04 okukola omulimo
H05 kutambuka
fanya kazi; to work
H06 kola emilimo H07 kola emilimo H08 kukola omulimo H09 okukola omulimo
H10 kukola emilimo
Muzale’s MS has kukôra ‘to do, make, work, act, construct’, which
corresponds to the verb used by most of our informants.
All informants who filled in the Swahili/English list (plus two of the
informants filling in the English list) gave us a phrase paralleling our Swahili
item, roughly translatable as ‘to do a job’. Thus possibly, the use of a phrase
by most informants could be due to a subtle Swahili influence; cfr H01’s and
H02’s entries, which contain a non-complemented verb. (For informants H06
through H10 the use of a phrase was presumably reinforced by the presence
of the Swahili item itself.)
H05’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kutámbuka ‘to walk; to stride, pass over
with one step’; for which, see comments in (356) immediately above.
184
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
358 to try
H01 okulengesa H02 kulengesa H03 okulengesa H04 okulenga H05 kulenga
jaribu; to try
H06 lenga H07 lengesa H08 kulenga H09 okulenga H10 kulenga
Muzale’s MS has kulengesa ‘to try’. Kaji (2000:332) has also okulenga ‘to
test’; glossed as ‘to measure’ in Muzale’s MS.
359 to push
H01 okusindika H02 kusindika H03 okuchuma H04 okusindika H05 kusindika
sukuma; to push
H06 sindika H07 sindika H08 kusindika H09 okuchuma H10 kusindika
Muzale’s MS has kuchuma and kusíndika, both glossed as ‘to push’.
360 to put in
H01 okuteekamu H02 kuto omunda ye kintu H03 okutamu H04 okutekamu
H05 kutamu
tia; to put in
H06 tamu H07 tamu/tekamu H08 kuteekamu H09 okuta omunda H10 kutamu
Muzale’s MS has kúta ‘to put in’, kutéèka ‘to put’, and kutaahya ‘to let in; to
put in’. Note that most of our informants have added a class 18 locative
marker -mu (≈ ‘inside’) on the verb, while H09 has added a lexical adverbial
meaning ‘inside’.
In H02’s entry, the post-verbal stuff means ‘inside of something’. However,
note the seemingly strange final vowel on the verb.
361 to turn something
H01 kuhindura H02 kuhindula ekintu H03 okuhindula H04 okuhindula (ekintu)
H05 kugarura ekintu
zungusha; to turn something
H06 indula H07 zingola H08 kukomelela H09 kuzingoza H10 indula
The responses given by our informants correspond to Muzale’s kuhindura ‘to
alter/change [transitive]; to deflect; to replace’, kugarura ‘to get back, return’,
kuzíngoora ‘to surround; to turn around’. H09 has given a causative
derivation of the last-named verb. Some informants have added nominal
complements meaning roughly ‘something’.
H08’s entry looks a bit strange. It seems to correspond to kukómeerera ‘to
pack’ in Muzale’s MS. Thus he may have misread our Swahili ‹zungusha› as
‹fungasha› (meaning ‘to pack’).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
185
362 to bend
H01 okwiinama H02 kwinika H03 okwinama H04 okwinika H05 kwinama
pinda; to bend
H06 kuzingoka H07 inika H08 — H09 okwinamya H10 kuzinga
Muzale’s MS has kwinama ‘to bend [intransitive]; to incline’. H09 seems to
have given a causative derivation of the same verb.
H10’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kuzînga ‘to fold; to wind up’, glossed as
‘to wind up; to fold; to bend’ by Kaji (2000:295+354).
The entries of H02, H04 and H07 correspond to Muzale’s kwinika ‘to lay over
on one side’,
H06’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kuzingooka ‘to go round; to spin, turn
around’, glossed as ‘to go around; to make a round; to surround; to turn
around; to rotate’ by Kaji (2000:298).
363 to break
H01 okwaata H02 kuhende H03 okuhendeka H04 okuhenda H05 kusitala
vunja; to break
H06 enda H07 henda H08 kuhenda H09 kuenda H10 kuenda
Our informants’ responses correspond to Muzale’s kwâta ‘to break, crack’,
kuhênda ‘to break off [transitive]’, kuhéndeka ‘to break off [intransitive]’.
364 to break open
H01 — H02 kuhenda olwigi H03 okwashama H04 okwata H05 —
pasua; to break open
H06 yasa H07 yasa H08 kwata H09 okwata H10 kwata
Muzale’s MS has kwâta ‘to break, crack’ and kwâsa ‘to cut open; to split’,
amongst others.
H03’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kwáshama ‘to open the mouth wide’,
and that of H02 corresponds to kuhênda ‘to break off’ plus a nominal object
orwigi ‘door’.
365 to divide
H01 okubegana/okwaata H02 kugaba H03 okugaba H04 okubegana
H05 kugabana
gawanya; to divide
H06 begana H07 begana H08 kugaba H09 kugabana H10 kugaba
Our informants’ responses correspond to Muzale’s kubeganisa ‘to divide; to
take away some part or portion’, kwâta ‘to break, crack’, kugaba ‘to
distribute; to divide; to give away’ and kugabana ‘to share’.
186
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
366 to raise
H01 okutembesa H02 kwimukya eigulu H03 okwimuka H04 okwinunula
H05 kwiijuza
nyanyua; to raise
H06 imukya H07 shutula H08 kuinunula H09 okushutula H10 kwimukya
Muzale’s MS has kutembesa ‘to raise up, put higher up’, kushútura ‘to lift
(up); to carry in arms’, kwimukya ‘to pull up; to put upright’, among others.
Note the seemingly odd form given by H03.
H02 has added an adverbial complement corresponding to Muzale’s eigúru
‘up, above’.
The verb appearing in the entries of H04 and H08 corresponds to a verb that
appears in Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist (from the
1950s) as kwinunura ‘to lift up’ (= Swedish (att) höja).
H05’s entry seems to correspond to kwíjuza ‘to fill’ in Muzale’s MS (cfr also
Kaji 2000:338). Possibly she misread/misunderstood our English item
somehow.
367 to knead
H01 — H02 kutela amajwi H03 — H04 okukanda H05 —
finyanga; to knead, to work with clay
H06 enda H07 bumba bumba H08 kubumba H09 okubumba H10 kubumba
Muzale’s MS has kukanda ‘to knead; to massage with hot water’ and
kubûmba ‘to mould pottery’.
H02 has apparently misread our English item, as it corresponds to kútéérá
ekíjwi / kutééká ámájwi‘to kneel down’ in Muzale’s MS.
H06 seems to have misread/misunderstood our English ‹knead› as ‹need›,
which would correspond to Kaji’s (2000:320) glossing of okwenda as ‘to
want; to need; to desire’.
Note that H07 seems to have given a reduplicated form, unless it consists of
two (identical) responses; one for ‘to knead’, the other for ‘to work with clay’.
However, it could parallel Muzale’s kujungajunga ‘to knead or tread (by
hands or feet); to trample several times’.
661 to work with clay
H01 okubumba H02 kubumba H03 okufyatua amatofali H04 okubumba H05 —
Muzale’s MS has kubûmba ‘to mould pottery’.
H03’s entry is obviously a Swahili phrase, given as fyatua matofali ‘to make
bricks’ by TUKI (2001:82).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
187
368 to carve wood
H01 okuzinga H02 kushweeka enkwi H03 okuchonga H04 okubaija
H05 kushemba ekihere
chonga; to carve wood, to sharpen a pencil
H06 — H07 okubaija H08 — H09 okubaija H10 kushongola
Kaji (2000:282) has okubaija ‘to carve’. Muzale’s MS has kushongora ‘to
sharpen to a point’.
H01 has obviously misread our English item, as her entry translates as ‘to
curve wood; to bend’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12; cfr Kaji 2000:354).
H02’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kushweka ‘to cover (up)’, given as
okushwe:ka ‘to cover’ by Kaji (2000:291), followed by a noun énkwi ‘fire
wood’. Presumably H02 misread our ‹carve› as ‹cover›.
H03’s entry corresponds possibly to Kaji’s (2000:282) okushonga ‘to
sharpen’. However, its clear (graphemic) resemblance to Swahili chonga
makes it a likely Swahili-influenced response.
The first item in H05’s entry may correspond to Kaji’s (2000:292) okushemba
‘to wrap; to pack’. Or else, it is Swahili kuchemba ‘to carve’. Similarly, the
complement may correspond to Swahili kihero ‘wooden tray’ (TUKI
2001:140), as it has no obvious match in our main Haya source materials.
662 to sharpen a pencil
H01 okuchonga H02 kushongola ekalamu H03 okuchonga H04 — H05 —
Muzale’s MS has kushongora ‘to sharpen to a point’. To this, H02 has added
a nominal complement corresponding to Kaji’s (2000:123) ekalâ:mu ‘ball
pen’.
The entries of H01 and H03 entry correspond to Swahili chonga ‘to carve,
whittle, sharpen’. However, Kaji (2000:282) gives okushonga ‘to sharpen’
which may in fact be the word our informants were aiming at, albeit dressing
it in slightly Swahili influenced form. Whether to regard this as a case of
(form) influence or (lexical) interference seems arbitrary.
369 to forge iron
H01 — H02 kuhesha ebyoma H03 okuhesha H04 okuranda ekyoma/okujuguta
H05 —
fua (chuma); to forge iron
H06 kwokya H07 okuhesha/omuhesi H08 kwola H09 okuhesha H10 kuhesha
The verb used by most informants corresponds to kuhéèsha ‘to forge; to work
as a blacksmith’ in Muzale’s MS.
The first verb in H04’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kuranda ‘to creep,
spread (as vine)’ and the second to kujuguta ‘to blow bellows’. The noun
ekyôma ‘iron; bell’ appears as a nominal complement in the entries of H02
and H04.
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Ten annotated Haya wordlists
H06’s entry seemingly corresponds to Muzale’s kwokya ‘to burn’, while the
second word in H07’s entry corresponds to the noun omuhéèsi ‘smith’.
Our main Haya source materials have nothing corresponding to H08’s entry.
370 iron
H01 olwooma/ekyooma H02 ebyoma H03 ekyoma H04 ekyoma H05 —
chuma; iron
H06 ekyoma H07 ekyoma H08 ekyoma H09 ekyoma H10 ekyoma
Muzale’s MS has ekyôma ‘iron; bell’. H02 has given a plural form of this,
unless it is intended as a mass noun.
The first item in H01’s entry is obviously based on the same nominal root, but
has a seemingly odd noun class prefix, that of class 11 instead of 7.
371 to smelt
H01 kusa H02 kwagiliza H03 okuhesha H04 — H05 kumwenya
yeyusha; to smelt
H06 kuyeyuka H07 — H08 kuhesha H09 okwagiliza H10 kwolobya
Muzale’s MS has kwagirira ‘to melt’. H02 and H09 seem to have given
causative derivations of the same verb.
H01’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kusa ‘to grind’. Presumably she misread
or misunderstood our English item.
The entries of H03 and H08 correspond to Muzale’s kuhéèsha ‘to forge; to
work as a blacksmith’.
H05 has clearly misread our English item, as her entry corresponds to Kaji’s
(2000:239) okumwe:ña ‘to smile’. But, see also H05’s entries in (546) and
(547) below.
H06’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:344) okuyéyuka ‘to melt
[intransitive]’, and it is specified as deriving from Swahili.
H10’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kwórobya ‘to soften, weaken’.
372 to paint
H01 okusiiga H02 kusiga H03 — H04 okusiiga H05 kusiga erangi
paka rangi; to paint
H06 siga erangi H07 tela erangi H08 kusiiga H09 okutela elangi H10 kusiga
Most entries correspond to okusi:ga ‘to paint’ in Kaji’s (2000:281)
vocabulary. Muzale’s MS has kusiiga ‘to spread/smear on’ as well as kuzîga
‘to draw; to shade with colour(s)’.
Kaji (2000:281) has also okuté:la elángi, glossed as ‘to apply paint to
something’; the verb okuté:la means literally ‘to beat’. Note that H05 and
H06 have added a nominal complement meaning ‘paint’ to the verb meaning
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
189
‘to paint’, thus literally writing ‘to paint paint’, but presumably meaning
something like ‘to apply paint’. This could be an influence from either
Swahili kupaka rangi or Haya okuté:la elángi.
373 to twist/twine rope
H01 okuhindura H02 kumyola omuguha H03 — H04 okwogosha H05 kuguruka
omugua
pota/sokota (kamba); to twist/twine rope
H06 zinga omuguwa H07 okuruka o[mu]gwa H08 kubohelela H09 okuogosha
H10 kushuka
Muzale’s MS has kuhótora ‘to twist’, kumyora ‘to bend, twist’, and kwégoya
‘to twist [transitive]’ (as well as omuguha ‘rope’). Kaji (2000:281) has also
okukámula lit. ‘to wring; to squeeze’, okuniga lit. ‘to throttle; to strangle’, and
okusiba ‘to twist’, as in okusibá omuguwa ‘to make a rope’. However, most of
the verbs used by our informants differ from the just-mentioned ones. For
instance, the verb in H06’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kuzînga ‘to fold,
wind up’, the one in H07’s entry corresponds to kuruka ‘to knit, weave, plait’,
and H10’s entry corresponds to kushuka ‘to plait, weave’.
H01’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kuhindura ‘to alter, change; to deflect;
to replace’. In Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist (from the
1950s), however, we find kuhindura with the meaning ‘to twist’ (= Swedish
(att) vrida).
The verb appearing in the entries of H04 and H09 has no clear match in our
main Haya source material, but it is a legitimate Haya item nonetheless
(Muzale, pc 2004/12); cfr also Nyambo kwógosa ‘to make rope; to twist,
braid’ (Rugemalira 2002:127), Nkore-Kiga kwógosha ‘to twist rope’ (Taylor
1959:95).
H05 has seemingly understood ‹twist rope› as referring to a certain type of
children’s (girl’s) game, since her entry literally translates as ‘to jump a rope’.
H08’s entry has no clear match in our main source materials. However, it is
likely a derivation from kubôha ‘to tie up with a string or rope’ (from
Muzale’s MS), involving a reduplicated applicative extension which results in
an intensive meaning (cfr Rascher 1958:78f); cfr also Nyambo kubóheerera
‘to bind/tie up securely’ (Rugemalira 2002:8).
374 to split/cut wood
H01 okwasa H02 kwasa enkwi H03 okwasa H04 okwasa H05 kushara embao
tema; to split/cut wood
H06 chwa H07 — H08 kwasa H09 okutema H10 kwasa
Muzale’s MS has kwâsa ‘to cut open, split [transitive]’. H05’s entry
corresponds to Muzale’s kushâra ‘to cut’ and orubaao ‘board [= plank]’,
while H09’s entry corresponds to kutêma ‘to cut with a blow, cut down, fell a
tree’.
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Ten annotated Haya wordlists
H06 has probably misread our ‹split› as ‹spit› since his entry corresponds to
Muzale’s kúchwa ‘to spit’; though cfr also Swahili kutema (mate) ‘to spit
(saliva)’.
375 to squeeze
H01 — H02 kumiga H03 okwilila (yo) H04 okukamula H05 kwililijanya
songa; to squeeze
H06 goya H07 — H08 — H09 kwesaimula H10 kugobyangana
Muzale’s MS has kukámura ‘to squeeze, wring (esp. with hands)’, and also
kumiga ‘to press’.
H03’s entry corresponds to kwírira ‘to move (towards)’ and/or kwirirayo ‘to
move further away’ in Muzale’s MS. Possibly he arrived at this through
English squeeze › Swahili songa ‘to squeeze’ › Swahili songa mbele ‘go
forwards’; hence displaying a subtle Swahili influence.
H05’s entry includes a reciprocal form of kwírira ‘to move (towards)’, thus
meaning something like ‘to move towards each other’ (Muzale, pc 2006/03),
a movement obviously involved in the act of squeezing.
H06’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s okugôya ‘to knead (dough)’. Muzale’s MS
has kugôya glossed as ‘to prepare porridge’.
H09 has obviously misread our English item since his entry corresponds to
Muzale’s kwésaimura ‘to sneeze’.
H10’s entry is a reciprocal derivation related to the verb kugoba ‘to arrive’ in
Muzale’s MS. Muzale (pc 2004/12) reads it as ‘to come together’.
376 to suck
H01 okwonka H02 kwonka H03 okunywa H04 okunyunya H05 k[uig]a
fyonza; to suck
H06 lamba H07 okusora H08 kwonka H09 okunyunya H10 kwonkya
Muzale’s MS has kunyúùnya ‘to suck’. In Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished
Swedish-Haya wordlist, there also appears as kunyurura (= Swedish (att)
suga). He also has the semantically related kwônka ‘to suckle’ and kwônkya
‘to breastfeed a child’ (= a causative of the former).
H05’s entry looks a bit odd. Her actual writing looks like ‹KWGA›, but is
presumably to be read as something else, either ‹KUIGA›, ‹KWETA› or
‹KWOTA›. However, there are no clearly matching items in our main source
materials for these words. Muzale’s MS had kwêta ‘to call’ and kwôta ‘to
bask/warm oneself near fire/under sun’.
H06’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kurâmba ‘to lick’.
H07’s entry finds no matching item in our main Haya source materials. There
is, however, a seemingly related word in neighbouring Nyambo, namely,
kusoora ‘to insult with a type of click/hissing sound’ (Rugemalira 2002:153).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
191
377 to shut/close
H01 okukinga H02 kukinga olwigi H03 okukinga H04 okukinga H05 kukinga
funga; to shut/close/lock
H06 koma H07 koma H08 kukoma H09 okukoma H10 kukoma
Muzale’s MS has kukôma ‘to shut, close’. Kaji (2000:296) has also okukînga
‘to close, shut’, of which he says that it “is only used of a door or window”
(idem). (The nominal object added by H02 translates as ‘door’.)
Interestingly, all those who filled in the English list chose the secondmentioned verb ‹close›, while those who filled in the Swahili/English list
chose the first-mentioned one. Incidentally, Swahili has a verb kukinga ‘to
guard; to ward off’, which is structurally as well as semantically similar to
Haya okukînga. It may (or may not) have had an influence for those filling in
the English list.
663 to lock
H01 — H02 kukoma H03 okukinga H04 — H05 —
Muzale’s MS has kukôma ‘to shut, close’. Kaji (2000:296) has also okukînga
‘to close, shut’. See also (377) immediately above.
378 to wipe
H01 kulagaza H02 kulagaza/kwiyamu H03 okutela H04 okulagaza H05 —
pangusa; to wipe
H06 lagaza H07 ragaza H08 kulagaza H09 okulagaza H10 kulagaza
Muzale’s MS has kuragaza ‘to rub off, wipe’. H03 has given a verb
corresponding to Muzale’s kutéèra ‘to beat, hit’. However, it seems (also) to
have a more general meaning/function/use than that, as it appears in numerous
verb+object constructions with varying meanings (cfr Muzale’s MS 2004;
Kaji 2000).
The second item in H02’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kwíyamu ‘to take out
(from container)’. Kaji (2000:304+262) has okwi:ya ‘to take away, remove’
and okwi:yá mu ‘to have a miscarriage’.
379 to scrub
H01 — H02 — H03 — H04 okwara H05 —
sugua; to scrub
H06 singa H07 okusinga H08 kusinga H09 okusinga H10 kusinga
Muzale’s MS has kusinga ‘to rub, scour’. H04’s entry corresponds to
Muzale’s kwara ‘to spread, make bed’.
Quite obviously, our English ‹scrub› was not enough to evoke a response.
Presumably, our English item is unfamiliar to our informants, as indicated by
H04’s entry, or else ‘to scrub’ lacks a proper equivalent in Haya. Swahili
sugua has a more general meaning, glossable as ‘to rub, scrub, wipe, [etc.]’.
192
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
380 to scratch
H01 — H02 kukotola H03 — H04 okwaga H05 —
kuna; to scratch
H06 yaga H07 yagha H08 kwaaga H09 okwaga H10 kwaga
Muzale’s MS gives, amongst others, kwaga ‘to scratch’ and kukootora ‘to
scratch (esp. with finger nails, claws)’.
381 to hold
H01 okukwaata H02 kukwata H03 okushutula H04 okushutula H05 kusindagira
shika; to hold
H06 kwata H07 kwata H08 kukwata H09 okukwata H10 kwata
Muzale’s MS has kukwâta ‘to hold, catch, arrest’. The entries of H03 and H04
correspond to Muzale’s kushútura ‘to lift (up), carry in arms’, while H05’s
entry corresponds to Muzale’s kusíndagira ‘to press in’.
382 to float
H01 okuzaama H02 kwelela H03 okugela H04 okwe¯le¯la H05 —
elea; to float
H06 — H07 okwelera H08 kugela H09 okutaibila H10 kuelela
Muzale’s MS has kuhereera ‘to float’. H03’s and H08’s entries correspond to
Muzale’s okugera ‘to flow; to trickle’.
There is no obvious match for H01’s entry in our main Haya sources, but it
appears to mean ‘to sink’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12); cfr also Ha -zaama ‘to sink’
(Harjula 2004:210), Zinza kuzaama ‘to sink; to be drowned’ (Nurse &
Philippson 1975/99), and Ganda -zaama ‘to disappear’ (Murphy 1972:642);
cfr also Swahili kuzama ‘to sink; to drown’.
H09’s entry is obviously composed of a negation marker -ta- (cfr Rascher
1958:22f) and the verb for ‘to sink’, given as okwibira in Muzale’s MS, and
okwi:bila by Kaji (2000:228f).
383 to drip/trickle
H01 — H02 — H03 — H04 okutontona H05 —
tiririka; to drip/trickle
H06 yeube H07 ku[ru]kumba H08 kugela H09 okugela H10 kugela
Muzale’s MS has okugera ‘to flow; to trickle’.
H04’s entry presumably has some relation to Muzale’s kutónona ‘to drool,
drivel’ and/or kutóònya ‘to drop [intransitive]’. The latter is found in
neighbouring Nyambo as kutóonya ‘to ooze; to drip’ (Rugemalira 2002:163),
and in Ganda as -tonnya ‘to rain; to drip; to leak; to come down’ (Murphy
1972:552). Alternatively, it may be a Hayaized adaptation of Swahili
kutonatona ‘to drip (one drop at a time)’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
193
H06 has given an imperative form derived from Muzale’s kujwa ‘to leak,
bleed, ooze’. See also comments in (90) below.
The writing of H07 looks like ‹kurukumba›, in which case it means something
like ‘to fall and roll’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
384 to live
H01 okutuura H02 kutula H03 okwikala H04 okulola/okutu¯la H05 kwikala
ishi; to live
H06 kutula H07 okwikala H08 kulola H09 okulola H10 kwikala
Muzale’s MS has kutúùra ‘to dwell, live, stay’ and kwikara ‘to stay, remain;
to live, dwell’. He also gives kurora ‘to be alive; to be awake; to see’.
385 to breathe
H01 okwiikya H02 kwikya H03 okwikya H04 okwikya H05 kwiikya
pumua; to breathe
H06 ikya H07 okwikya H08 kwiikya H09 okwikwa H10 kwikya
Due to an oversight from our part, this is a duplicate item, as the same
appears in (50) above (which was supposed to have been the noun ‘breath’.)
Still, there are some noteworthy differences in the entries of H01, H05, H08
and H09.
Muzale’s MS has kwikya ‘to breathe’. H01’s entry here has a doubled vowel
‹II›, while her entry in (50) does not. H08 had previously, in (50) above,
inserted a stem-initial ‹h›, which is lacking here.
H05’s entry in (50) is ‹KUKYA›, while here she has given ‹KWIIKYA›. Not
only had she previously entirely omitted the stem-initial i-vowel, but here she
has even indicated a long vowel.
H09 has given a verb stem ending with an unexpected ‹KWA›, while in (50)
he had given the expected form ‹OKWIKYA›. The form of his entry here
could be due to a spelling error.
386 market
H01 esoko H02 omujajaro/nyakashero H03 omujajalo H04 nyakashero
H05 omujajalo
soko; market
H06 mjajalo H07 nyakashero H08 omujajaro H09 omujajalo H10 omujajalo
Muzale’s MS has akajagiro ‘local market’. Kaji (2000:134) gives also
omujájalo ‘fair open at fixed days’
H01’s entry corresponds eishóko ‘permanent market’, which Kaji (2000:134)
specifies as a Swahili borrowing. The form given by H01 is presumably
influenced by the Swahili form soko. Thus it seems to have been reSwahiliized here, so to speak.
194
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
The item appearing in the entries of H02, H04 and H07 refers to a small
market place (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
387 to buy
H01 okugura H02 kugula H03 okugula H04 okugura H05 kugula
nunua; to buy
H06 gula H07 gula H08 kugula H09 okugula H10 kugula
Muzale’s MS has kugura ‘to buy’.
388 to sell
H01 okuguza H02 kuguza H03 okuguza H04 okuguza H05 kuguza
uza; to sell
H06 guza H07 guza H08 kuguza H09 okuguza H10 kuguza
Muzale’s MS has kuguza ‘to sell’, which in fact is a causative derivation of
kugura ‘to buy’.
389 to barter/(ex)change
H01 okuhinduzanya H02 kuhinga H03 okuhindujanya H04 okulamuza
H05 kuindula
badilisha(na); to barter/change
H06 indula H07 ingisa H08 kuchuluza H09 okuindulana H10 kuindulana
Our English ‹change› should have read ‹exchange› here.
The entries of H01, H02 and H03 correspond to Muzale’s kuhinga ‘to
exchange’ and kuhindujanyia ‘to exchange, replace’, while H08’s entry
corresponds to kuchúruuza ‘to trade; to sell’.
H04’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:310) okulamu:za ‘to beat down the
price; to bargain’, while H07’s entry seemingly corresponds to a causative
form of Kaji’s (2000:312) okuinga ‘to exchange’.
H05’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kuhindura ‘to alter/change; to deflect; to
replace’, and the entries of H09 and H10 are presumably reciprocal forms of
the same (cfr Rascher 1958:85).
664 to change
H01 okuhindura H02 kuhindula H03 okuhindula H04 kuhindula H05 —
Muzale’s MS has kuhindura ‘to alter/change; to deflect; to replace’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
195
390 debt
H01 eibanja H02 eibanja H03 — H04 eibanja H05 eibanja
deni; debt
H06 eibanja H07 eibanja H08 eibanja H09 eibanja H10 eibanja
Muzale’s MS has eibânja ‘debt’.
391 to pay
H01 okulipa H02 kulipa H03 okulipa H04 okumala (eibanja) H05 kumala eibanja
lipa; to pay
H06 omulipe H07 shashula H08 kugobora H09 okulipa H10 kulipa
Muzale’s MS has kushahura ‘to pay’, and in the English-Haya index, there
appears also kulipa (see also Kaji 2000:312).
H04 and H05 have given phrases roughly translatable as ‘finishing a debt’; cfr
(391) immediately above. (Incidentally, the verb kumara is listed under ‘pay a
debt’ in the English-Haya index of Muzale’s MS, but glossed only as ‘to
finish, accomplish’ in the main Haya part.)
H06 has given an imperative form of kulipa ‘to pay’ with a third person object
marker -mu-; see comments in (90) below.
H08’s entry contains a verb referring to the paying of some kind of church fee
called ndorobo (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
392 money, funds
H01 amaela H02 amaela H03 amahela H04 amahela/eikani H05 amaela
pesa; money, funds
H06 amaela H07 amaela H08 amahela, empiya H09 amaela H10 amaela
Muzale’s MS has empíya ‘money’, but this is glossed as ‘accumulation of
money; finance’ by Kaji (2000:219), who gives amaéla for ‘money’; see also
(393) immediately below.
The second item in H04’s entry translates as ‘savings, reserve, supply’
(Muzale, pc 2004/12).
393 money
H01 amaela H02 amaela H03 amahela H04 empiya H05 amaela
hela; money
H06 eyela H07 empia/amaela H08 amahela H09 amaela H10 amahela
Muzale’s MS has empíya ‘money’. Kaji (2000:219) has also amaéla ‘money’,
which is technically the plural of eiyéla (a form of which appears in H06’s
entry). The latter is, Kaji (idem) says, only “used to indicate one coin”.
196
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
394 finance
H01 kulipira H02 obuhanika H03 omutaji H04 eikani H05 —
fedha; finance, silver
H06 ebijegejege H07 ensimbi H08 amahela H09 amaela gesiliva H10 amahela
This evoked a large amount of variation. The entries of H08, H09, H10
correspond to Kaji’s (2000:219) amaéla ‘money’, while H01 has given a verb
that is seemingly an applicative derivation corresponding to Kaji’s (2000:312)
okulipa ‘to pay’.
H02’s entry refers to the state of keeping money (Muzale, pc 2004/12); cfr
omuhanika ‘keeper, treasurer’ in Muzale’s MS.
H03’s entry is a Hayaization of Swahili mtaji ‘capital, finances’.
H04’s entry translates as ‘savings, reserve, supply’, while H06’s entry
translates as ‘change, coins’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H07’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s ensímbi ‘cowry’. Historically cowries or
cowry shells “were used as money, and even today this word has this
connotative meaning” (Kaji 2000:66).
H09’s entry translates roughly as ‘money of silver’ or ‘silver money’. The
second item involves a Hayaized adaptation of English silver (possibly a
spontaneous formation on H09’s part?) prefixed with something that looks
like an associative marker (cfr Rascher 1958:19+120).
665 silver
H01 eningiri H02 efweeza H03 — H04 — H05 —
None of our main source materials give any words for ‘silver’. However, in
Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist, we find efeza (= Swedish
silver). Also, similar-looking words/forms are found in neighbouring
languages, e.g. Nkore-Kiga efééza ‘silver’ (Taylor 1959:29), Ganda effeeza
‘silver, fig. money’ (Murphy 1972:74). In both latter cases, however, they are
marked as Swahili loans.
H01’s response is somewhat obscure to us. Muzale (pc 2004/12) reads her
entry as referring to a musical instrument known as marimba in Swahili.
395 hunger
H01 enjara H02 enjala H03 enjala H04 enjala/eifa H05 —
njaa; hunger
H06 enjala H07 njara H08 enjala H09 eifa H10 enjala
Muzale’s MS has enjara ‘hunger, famine’ as well as éífa ‘famine’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
197
396 to eat
H01 okulya H02 kulya H03 okulya H04 okulya H05 kulya
(ku)la; to eat
H06 lya H07 okulya H08 kulya H09 okulya H10 okulya
Muzale’s MS has kúlya ‘to eat’.
397 food
H01 ebyakulya/ekyakulya H02 ekyakulya H03 ekyakulya/ebyakulya
H04 ekyakulya H05 kyakulya
chakula; food
H06 ebyakulya H07 ekyakulya H08 ekikyakula H09 ekyakulya H10 byakulya
Muzale’s MS has ekyakulya ‘food’ (in the English index only). Some of our
informants have given plural forms, either in addition or instead of the
singular one.
398 table
H01 emeeza H02 emeza H03 emeza H04 emeza H05 meza
meza; table
H06 emeza H07 entebe H08 emeza H09 emeza H10 emeza
Muzale’s MS has emééza ‘table’. H07’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s entêbe
‘chair’.
399 to satisfied with food
H01 okwiguta H02 kwiguta H03 okwiguta H04 okwiguta H05 —
shiba; to be full up, to be satisfied with food
H06 iguta H07 iguta H08 kuhiguta H09 okwiguta H10 obwigusi
Muzale’s MS has kwíguta ‘to become satiated; to become stuffed’.
H10’s entry (a class 14 noun) is presumably related to Muzale’s kubwiguza
‘to make satiated’.
400 belch, burp
H01 — H02 kwebaijagala/omubya H03 — H04 okutela omubya H05 —
teuka, cheua, piga mbweu; belch, burp
H06 omubya H07 tela omubya H08 — H09 obwekumo H10 kwekuma
Muzale’s MS has kutéérá omubya and kutúrá omubya, both glossed as ‘to
belch, burp’. Some of our informants have seemingly interpreted the second
item in the phrase(s) given in Muzale’s MS as a free-standing noun. Neither
Muzale’s MS nor Kaji (2000) indicate this possibility.
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Ten annotated Haya wordlists
The first item in H02’s entry finds no match in our main Haya source
materials. Muzale (pc 2004/12) reckons it might be a dialectal form. In
neighbouring Ganda, we find -bajjagala ‘to belch [intransitive]’ and
-ebajjagala ‘to belch [intransitive, reflexive]’ (Murphy 1972:8).
H10’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kwékuuma ‘to ruminate’ = ‘to burp,
belch’. H09’s entry is a nominal derivation based on the same.
401 thirst
H01 eiriho H02 eiliwo H03 eiliwo H04 eiliho H05 eiliyo
kiu; thirst
H06 eliwo H07 eiriho H08 eliho H09 eiliwo H10 eiliho
Muzale’s MS has both eiriho and eiriwo for ‘thirst’. Note our informants’
spelling variation.
402 to drink
H01 okunywa H02 kunywa H03 okunywa H04 okunywa H05 okunywa
nywa; to drink
H06 kunya H07 okunya H08 kunywa H09 okunywa H10 kunywa
Muzale’s MS has, amongst others, kúnywa ‘to drink’.
403 egg
H01 eiyuri H02 eiuli/amagi H03 eihuli H04 eihuli H05 iyuli
yai; egg
H06 eyuli H07 eiyuli H08 ehuli H09 eiuli H10 eihuli
Muzale’s MS has both eihuli and eiyuli for ‘egg’.
The second item in H02’s entry looks slightly odd, especially in comparison
to the singular form he has given. They are clearly based on different roots.
The singular form corresponds to what appears in Muzale’s MS, while the
plural form uses the same roots as that which appears in omugi/emigi, which
refers to louse eggs (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
However, H02’s plural form could be either an Hayaization of Swahili amayi
or an influence from neighbouring languages, as words for ‘egg’ based on
(i)gi-like roots are commonplace in the area, e.g. Ha -igi, Vinza -igi, Sukuma
-igi, Rundi -igi (from the Tanzanian Language Survey by Nurse & Philippson
1975/99); cfr also Ganda eliggi, pl. amagi (Murphy 1972:97).
404 honey
H01 obwoki H02 obwoki H03 obwoki H04 obwoki H05 bwoki
asali; honey
H06 obwoki H07 obwoki H08 obwoki H09 obwoki H10 obwoki
Muzale’s MS has obwôki.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
199
405 meat
H01 enyama H02 enyama H03 enyama H04 enyama H05 nyama
nyama; meat
H06 enyama H07 enyama H08 enyama H09 enyama H10 enyama
Muzale’s MS has enyama.
406 milk
H01 amata H02 amata H03 amata H04 amatai H05 mata
maziwa; milk
H06 amata H07 amata H08 amata H09 amata H10 amata
Muzale’s MS has amáta.
407 oil
H01 amajuta H02 amajuta H03 amajuta H04 amajuta H05 majuta
mafuta; oil
H06 amajuta H07 amajuta H08 amajuta H09 amajuta H10 amajuta
Muzale’s MS has amajûta ‘oil, butter, ghee’.
408 banana
H01 ekitoke H02 ekitoke H03 ekitoke H04 ekitoke/ebitoke H05 bitoke
ndizi; banana
H06 ebitoke H07 ebitoke H08 ekitoke H09 ebitoke H10 ebitoke
Muzale’s MS gives, among others, ekitooke ‘banana for cooking’.
409 orange
H01 eichunkwa H02 eichunkwa H03 eichungwa H04 eichunkwa H05 —
chungwa; orange
H06 eichungwa H07 eichunkwa H08 eichungwa H09 eichunkwa H10 eichunkwa
Muzale’s MS has eichúnkwa. Note how three informants have used a spelling
‹ngw› instead of ‹nkw›.
410 sugarcane
H01 ekigusha H02 ekitenge/ekigusha H03 ekitenge H04 ekitenge H05 kigusha
muwa; sugarcane
H06 ekigusha H07 ekitenge H08 ekitenge H09 ekitenge/ekigusha H10 ekigusha
Muzale’s MS has ekigûsha ‘sugar cane’. Kaji (2000:110) has ekitenge glossed
as ‘waistcloth’, or more specifically, it denotes “a waxed cloth for both
women and men” (idem). However, in Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished SwedishHaya wordlist (compiled during the 1950s), we find both ekigusha and
ekitenge for ‘sugar cane’ = Swedish sockerrör.
200
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
411 mango
H01 einyembe H02 einembe H03 einembe H04 einyembe H05 inyembe
embe; mango
H06 einembe H07 einembe H08 einembe H09 einembe H10 einyembe
Muzale’s MS has einyémbe. The use of a non-palatal(ized) nasal, indicated by
the spelling ‹n› instead of ‹ny›, in some of the informants’ entries may be due
to Swahili influence.
412 (large) beans
H01 emperege H02 ekihimba ekiango H03 ebihimba H04 ebihimba H05 —
maharagwe; (large) beans
H06 empelege H07 ebihimba H08 ebiimba H09 ebiimba H10 emperege
Muzale’s MS has emperege ‘bean(s)’. The same word is glossed as ‘kidney
bean’ by Kaji (2000:86), who also adds the dialectal variety ekihîmba (pl.
ebihîmba).
H02 has given a literal translation of our English item, including the adjective
‘big’, given as -hângo in Muzale’s MS.
413 vegetables
H01 omukubi/emboga za amajani H02 emboga H03 — H04 omulili H05 —
mboga; vegetables
H06 emboga H07 — H08 omulili H09 omwongu H10 omukubi
There is apparently no Haya word corresponding to English vegetable(s), as
our informants’ entries correspond to Muzale’s omulîri ‘spinach’, omukûbi
‘relish, side-dish’, and omwôngu ‘pumpkin fruit’. The latter two are in fact
acceptable Haya translations of Swahili mboga, as this word carries these
meanings as well.
The entries of H01, H02 and H06 contain Hayaized adaptations of Swahili
mboga. In H01’s entry, furthermore, this word is followed by an associative
marker and the plural of eijâ:ni ‘tea leaf (in the field)’ (Kaji 2000:107).
414 cassava
H01 ekigando/ekiribwa H02 ekilibwa/ekigando H03 ekilibwa H04 ekiliibwa
H05 kigando/kilibwa
muhogo; cassava
H06 ekilibwa H07 ekilibwa H08 ekilibwa H09 ekilibwa H10 ekigando
Muzale’s MS has both ekigando and ekiríìbwa, both glossed as ‘cassava’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
201
415 potato (root)
H01 orufuma H02 ekitakuli H03 ekitakuli H04 ekitakuli H05 orufuma
kiazi; potato (root)
H06 enfuma H07 ekitakuli H08 ekitakuli H09 ekitakuli H10 enfuma
Muzale’s MS has orufuma and ekitakuli, both glossed as ‘sweet potato’. H06
and H10 have given plural forms in class 10.
416 black pepper
H01 akaguruma H02 akaguruma H03 — H04 obuguruma H05 ekarata
erikwilagura
pilipili manga; black pepper
H06 buguluma H07 obuguma H08 obuguluma H09 obuguluma H10 obuguluma
Muzale’s MS has akaguruma ‘pepper’. Kaji (2000:105) adds the plural form
obuguruma which occurs in most of our informants’ entries. Note the
seemingly truncated form used by H07.
H05 has obviously misread ‹pepper› as ‹paper›, as her entry contains a phrase
roughly translatable as ‘black paper’. It involves elements corresponding to
Kaji’s (2000:123) ekaratâ:si ‘paper’ (originally derived from Swahili
karatasi), a relative marker of class 5 (cfr Rascher 1958:120; note however
that ekaratâ:si is given as a class 9 noun by Kaji) and a verb corresponding to
Muzale’s kwíragura ‘to be black’.
417 salt
H01 omwonyo H02 omwonyu H03 omwonyu H04 omwonyu H05 mwonyo
chumvi; salt
H06 omwonyu H07 omwonyu H08 omwonyu H09 omwonyu H10 omwonyo
Muzale’s MS has the forms omwônyo as well as omwônyu.
418 flour
H01 obuunga H02 obuhunga H03 obuunga H04 eunga/obudaaga H05 buunga
unga; flour
H06 eunga H07 buhunga/ensano H08 obuhuunga H09 ensano H10 obuhunga
Muzale’s MS has obuhúnga ‘flour (of any kind)’. Kaji (2000:104) gives
eúnga and obuúnga, as well as ensa:no, the last one glossed as ‘powder’.
There is no obvious match in our main source material for the second item in
H04’s entry, but Muzale (pc 2004/12) says it stems from the northern Haya
dialect(s).
202
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
419 maize
H01 ekichoori H02 ekicholi/ebicholi H03 ekicholi H04 ekicholi H05 kicholi
mahindi; maize
H06 ebicholi H07 bicholi H08 ebicholi H09 ebicholi H10 ebicholi
Muzale’s MS has ekichooli. Interestingly, all informants who used the
Swahili/English list gave a plural form, presumably having been influenced
by our Swahili item which is formally a plural noun. (Note that all informants
using the English list gave singular forms.)
420 millet
H01 omugusha H02 omugusha/orubele H03 omugusha H04 omugusha H05 buro
mtama; millet
H06 omugusha H07 [om]gusha H08 omugusha H09 omugusha H10 omugusha
Muzale’s MS has omugúsha glossed as ‘sorghum’. Kaji (2000:85) has also
obúlo ‘finger millet’ and olubéle ‘pearl millet’.
421 rice
H01 omuchere H02 omuchele H03 omuchele H04 omuchele H05 mchele
mchele; rice
H06 omuchele H07 omchele H08 omuchele H09 omuchele H10 omuchele
Muzale’s MS has omuchére.
422 cloth, garment
H01 omwendo H02 omwenda, olubugo H03 omwenda H04 omwenda
H05 emyendo/orubugu
nguo; cloth, clothe/garment
H06 emyendo H07 emyenda H08 omwenda H09 omwenda H10 omwendo
Both Muzale’s MS and Kaji (2000:108) give the variants omwendo and
omwêndo, glossed as ‘garment, clothes, dress’ by the latter. H05, H06 and
H07 have given plural forms. Note the seemingly odd final vowel in the
entries of H02, H03, H04, H07, H08 and H09.
The second item in the entries of H02 and H05 correspond to Muzale’s
orubugu ‘bark cloth’. Note the seemingly odd final vowel in H02’s entry.
423 to wear
H01 okujwara H02 kujwala H03 okujwala H04 okujwaala H05 kuchwara
vaa; to wear
H06 jwala H07 jwala H08 kujwala H09 okujwala H10 kujwala
Muzale’s MS has kujwâra ‘to dress, put on clothes’. Note H05’s idiosyncratic
use of the spelling ‹chw› instead of ‹jw›.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
203
424 to wear (on the head)
H01 kujwaara H02 kujwala ekofila H03 okujwala H04 okwetweka H05 kuchweka
omutwe
vika; to wear (on the head), to drew well
H06 jweka H07 jweka H08 kujweka H09 okujweka H10 kujweka
Due to an embarrasing oversight from our part, what should have appeared
as ‹to dress well› in our Swahili/English list appeared instead as ‹to drew
well›.
The entries of H01, H02 and H03 correspond to Muzale’s kujwâra ‘to dress,
put on clothes’. To this, H02 has added a nominal complement corresponding
to Kaji’s (2000:111) eko:fí:la ‘cap, hat’, and thus given us a more or less
literal translation of the whole English item.
H04 entry corresponds to Muzale’s kwétweka ‘to carry on head’.
The verb appearing in the entries of H05, H06, H07, H08, H09 and H10
corresponds to Muzale’s kujwêka ‘to clothe’. The fact that all those who filled
in the Swahili/English list chose this word is likely due to the presence of
Swahili vika.
666 to dress well
H01 okujwala gei H02 kujwalagei H03 — H04 okujwala gei H05 —
All entries given are literal translations of our English item, corresponding to
Muzale’s kujwâra ‘to dress, put on clothes’ and the clitic -ge ‘well, safely’.
Note the final i-vowel used by all three informants. Note also that H02 was
the only one who wrote all elements together as one word.
425 to undress
H01 okujuura H02 kujuula H03 okujula H04 okujuula H05 kujura
vua nguo; to undress
H06 jula omwendo H07 jula emyenda H08 kujula H09 okujuula H10 kujula
emyendo
Muzale’s MS has kujúùra ‘to undress, take off clothes’.
H06, H07 and H10 have added nominal complements corresponding to
Muzale’s omwendo~omwêndo, glossed as ‘garment, clothes, dress’ by Kaji
(2000:108); see also comments in (422) above. The fact that they added
nominal complements is probably due to the fact that our Swahili item
includes a verb+noun construction.
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Ten annotated Haya wordlists
426 hat
H01 ekofila H02 ekofila H03 okofila H04 ekofila H05 —
kofia; hat, cap
H06 ekofila H07 kofira H08 ekofila H09 ekofiila H10 oruhi
Muzale’s MS has ekoofiìra ‘hat, cap’. Kaji (2000:111) has eko:fí:la ‘cap, hat’.
Interestingly, in Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist,
compiled in the 1950s, we find enkofira ‘hat’ (= Swedish hatt), with a nasal
prefix otherwise lacking in the entries of our informants, as well as in our
main Haya sources. All sources agree, though, that it is a class 9 item.
The initial o-vowel in H03’s entry may be a spelling error.
H10 seemingly misread our Swahili ‹kofia› (= ‘cap, hat’) as ‹kofi› (= ‘slap of
the hand’), as her entry corresponds to Muzale’s orúhi ‘flat of hand’,
given/glossed as orúi ‘slap’ by Kaji (2000:299).
667 cap
H01 ekofula H02 akakofila H03 — H04 ekofila H05 —
Muzale’s MS has ekoofiìra ‘hat, cap’. H02 has seemingly given a diminutive
form in class 12.
As for H01’s entry, his writing looks distinctly like ‹EKOFULA› but could
conceivably be a spelling error for ‹EKOFIILA› or ‹EKOFILA›. Cfr his entry
in (426) immediately above.
427 shoe
H01 ekiratwa H02 ekilatwa H03 ekilatwa H04 ekilatwa H05 —
kiatu; shoe
H06 ebilatwa H07 kilatwa H08 ekilatwa H09 ekilatwa H10 ekiratwa
Muzale’s MS has ekiráàtwa ‘shoe’. H06 has given its plural form.
428 ring
H01 empeta H02 empeta H03 — H04 empeta H05 kengere
pete; ring
H06 empeta H07 empeta H08 empeta H09 empeta H10 empeta
Muzale’s MS has empeta ‘finger-ring’.
H05 has apparently interpreted our English item ‹ring› as a verb (to) ring (or
even interjection ring!), as her entry corresponds to Muzale’s ekengére ‘bell’
(= that with which one may ring).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
205
429 to plate hair
H01 okushuka eishoka H02 kushuka eishoke H03 — H04 okushuka eishoke
H05 —
suka (nywele), chana nywele; to plate hair
H06 shuka eishoke H07 shuka eishoke H08 kushuka eishoke H09 okushuka
H10 kushuka eishoke
Our English item should have read ‹to plait hair›, not ‹to plate hair›. As
unfortunate as this misspelling may have been, it does not seem to have
caused much problem for our informants.
Most informants gave a verb+noun-construction corresponding to Muzale’s
kushuka ‘to plait; to weave’ followed by eishôke ‘hair’. H09 gave only the
verb.
430 air
H01 eishoke H02 ehewa/obuyaga H03 — H04 akayaga H05 —
hewa; air
H06 ehewa H07 mbeho H08 olwoya H09 olwoya H10 omuhyaga
Kaji (2000:148) gives akayaga ‘air’, which is the diminutive form of
omuyaga ‘wind’. The former is a class 12 noun, the latter belongs class 3.
H02 has used neither class, instead he has given a class 14 noun; perhaps
meant to be an abstract.
H01’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s eishôke ‘hair’. She has obviously
misread ‹air› as ‹hair›, having perhaps been partly influenced by the proximity
of (429) immediately above.
The firt item in H02’s entry as well as H06’s entry seem to be Hayaized
adaptations of Swahili hewa.
H07’s entry seemingly corresponds to Muzale’s embêho ‘cold’, while the
entries of H08 and H09 correspond to orwôya ‘breath, breathing’ and/or
‘smell’.
431 darkness
H01 omwilima H02 omwilima H03 omwilima H04 omwilima H05 mwilima
giza; darkness
H06 omwilima H07 omwirima H08 omwilima H09 omwilima H10 omwilima
Muzale’s MS has omwírima ‘darkness’.
432 dawn
H01 — H02 omulukyakya H03 olushoilima H04 omurubwibwi/omurukyakya H05 —
mapambazuko (alfajiri); dawn
H06 omubwile H07 — H08 omukabunga bungu H09 omukasheeshe H10 bwankya
Muzale’s MS has orubungábungu~orubungúbungu ‘at dawn, before sunrise’,
orukyâkya ‘about 6.00-6.30 a.m.’, akakyâkya ‘at dawn’, akashéèshe ‘at dawn,
206
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
before sunrise’, as well as obwánkya ‘morning’. Kaji (2000:154) has also omu
lubwî:bwi ‘at dawn, in the early morning’. Most of our informants’ entries
contain the just-mentioned nouns, though they differ in the use of prefixes. In
particular, several informants have added extra (locative) class 18 prefixes
onto the nouns; see the entries of H02, H04, H08, and H09 (plus also H06, for
which see more below). Some of our informants’ actual forms do occur in
Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist, however.
H03’s entry corresponds to orushwírima ‘at 8 p.m.’ (≈ ‘dusk’) in Muzale’s
MS, thus having given us the antonym of ‘dawn’.
H06’s entry seems to correspond to Kaji’s (2000:148) obwî:le ‘weather’,
though prefixed with a locative class 18 marker.
433 sun
H01 omushana H02 eizoba H03 eizoba H04 eizooba H05 mushana
jua; sun
H06 eizoba H07 eizoba H08 omushana H09 eizoba H10 eizoba
Muzale’s MS has eizóòba ‘sun’. Kaji (2000:150) has omushána ‘sunrise’.
See also (528) and (674) further above.
434 to shine
H01 okwengerera H02 kwaka H03 okwengelela H04 okwaaka H05 —
ng’aa; to shine
H06 yaka H07 yeng’erera H08 kwengelela H09 okwengelela H10 kwengerela
Muzale’s MS has kwengereza ‘to make to glitter or shine’. Note our
informants’ varying spellings.
The verb appearing in the entries of H02, H04 and H06 corresponds to
Muzale’s kwaka ‘to become lit, flash, glitter’.
435 shadow
H01 ekibeho H02 ekinyumanyumi H03 ekibeho H04 ekinyuma¯nyumi H05 —
kivuli; shadow, shade
H06 bubeho H07 ekiile H08 ekinyumanyumi H09 ekibeo H10 ekinyomanyomi
Muzale’s MS has ekibêho ‘shade’ and ekinyuma(a)nyûmi ‘silhouette,
shadow’. Note the seemingly odd noun class used by H06.
H07’s entry seems to correspond to Kaji’s (2000:148) ekî:re ‘cloudy day’.
668 shade
H01 okubunda H02 — H03 — H04 — H05 —
Muzale’s MS has kubunda ‘to cover, screen’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
207
436 heat
H01 eirimbe H02 eibugumo H03 — H04 eitagato H05 kwokya
joto; heat
H06 elimbe H07 eibugumo H08 akahitano H09 eilimbe H10 eibugumo
Muzale’s MS has eibugumo ‘heat, esp. of the body’ and eichumbaano ‘heat’.
(The latter appears only in the English-Haya index.)
The word appearing in the entries of H01, H06 and H09 has no obvious match
in our main Haya source material. However, it refers to a sensation involving
experienced excessive body heat (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H04 has given a noun that derived from kutagata ‘to become warm’ while,
H08’s entry is derived from kuhitaana ‘to perspire’. Neither derivation is
listed in our main Haya source material, but both are perfectly well-formed
Haya words (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H05’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kwokya ‘to burn, [...]’.
437 moon
H01 okwezi/omweezi H02 omwezi H03 omwezi H04 omweezi H05 mwezi
mwezi; moon, month
H06 omumwezi H07 omwezi H08 omwezi H09 omwezi H10 omwezi
Muzale’s MS has okwêzi ‘moon, month’ and omwêzi ‘moonlight; moon,
month’. H06 has given a form prefixed with a locative class 18 prefix.
669 month
H01 omweezi H02 omwezi H03 — H04 omwezi H05 —
Muzale’s MS has omwêzi ‘moonlight; moon, month’.
438 star
H01 enyanyinyi H02 enyanyinyi H03 enyanyinyi H04 enyanyinyi H05 enyanyinyi
nyota; star
H06 enyanyinyi H07 enyanyinyi H08 enyanyinyi H09 enyanyinyi H10 enyanyinyi
Muzale’s MS has enyanyíìnyi ‘star(s), satellite(s)’.
439 wind
H01 omuyaga H02 omuyaga H03 omuyaga H04 omuyaga H05 omuyaga
upepo; wind
H06 omuyaga H07 omuyagha H08 omuyaga H09 omuyaga H10 omuh[y]aga
Muzale’s MS has omuyaga.
208
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
440 to blow (of wind)
H01 okwiiya H02 okujuma kw’o muyaga H03 — H04 omuyaga H05 —
vuma; to blow (of wind)
H06 uta H07 — H08 — H09 okwiya H10 kuvuma
Muzale’s MS has kuhuuha~kuhuuwa ‘to blow (as wind)’. Interestingly, none
of our informants gave us anything corresponding to Muzale’s items.
The entries of H01 and H09 seemingly correspond to Muzale’s okwiya ‘to
extract, remove from’. Possibly they thought in lines of blowing something
away.
H02’s entry translates roughly as ‘the blowing of the wind’ (Muzale, pc
2004/12), being composed of the verb okujuuma ‘to hum’ followed by
something that looks like a relative marker and the noun for ‘wind’; cfr (439)
immediately above.
H04 has simply given us the noun ‘wind’; cfr (439) immediately above.
H06’s entry presumably corresponds to Muzale’s kuhuuta ‘to fan’, unless he
misread our ‹blow› as ‹bow› and translated that into Haya obúta or even
Swahili uta.
H10 has given us the Swahili word.
441 cloud
H01 ekichwi H02 ebichwi H03 ebichwi H04 ekichwi H05 bichwi
uwingu; cloud
H06 ebichwi H07 ebichwi H08 ekichwi H09 ekichwi H10 ekichwi
Muzale’s MS has ekichwi. Several informants gave plural forms.
442 rain
H01 enjura H02 enjula H03 enjula H04 enjula H05 njura
mvua; rain
H06 enjula H07 njura H08 enjula H09 enjula H10 enjula
Muzale’s MS has enjûra.
443 to rain
H01 okugwa H02 kugwa kwe njula H03 okugwa kwa enjula H04 okugwa kwenjula
H05 enjura kugwa
nyesha; to rain
H06 negwa H07 gwa/enjura ya gwa H08 kugwa H09 enjula kugwa H10 kugwa
Kaji (2000:342) has okugwa ‘to rain; to fall’, while Muzale’s MS has kugwa
‘to fall, tumble’. To this, H02, H03 and H04 have added associative
complements roughly translatable as ‘of rain’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
209
H05 and H09 have given us an infinitive form of a phrase corresponding to
Kaji’s (2000:342) examples enjúla né:gwa ‘it is raining’ and enjúla yâ:gwa ‘it
has just rained’. The former example occurs also in H06’s entry (but without
the explicit noun subject), while the latter example corresponds to what
appears in H07’s entry.
444 lightening
H01 okubona H02 enkuba/endabyo H03 olulabyo H04 olulabyo H05 —
radi; lightening
H06 enkuba H07 enkuba H08 enkuba H09 enkuba H10 enkuba
Our English item is mispelled. It should say ‹lightning›, not ‹lightening›.
Muzale’s MS has orurâbya~orurâbyo ‘lightning’ and enkûba ‘thunder,
thunderbolt’. H03 has given a plural form of the former.
H01’s entry seemingly corresponds to Muzale’s kubôna ‘to see; to forecast; to
think; to find, get’. She may have confused our English item with
enlightenment.
As all informants who filled in the Swahili/English list gave us a word
corresponding to Muzale’s enkûba ‘thunder, thunderbolt’, we may assume
that they were influenced by the lexicosemantics of Swahili radi, which can
be used for both ‘thunder’ as well as ‘lightning’.
445 thunder
H01 enkuba H02 enkuba H03 enkuba H04 enkuba H05 —
ngurumo; thunder
H06 eiguru H07 — H08 olulabyo H09 omusindo H10 eiguru
Muzale’s MS has enkûba ‘thunder, thunderbolt’ as well as eiguru ‘rumbling
of thunder’,
H08’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s orurâbya~orurâbyo ‘lightning’.
Interestingly, she gave the word for ‘thunder’ in (444) immediately above
when asked for ‘lightning’.
H09’s entry has no clear match in our main Haya source material, but is likely
derived from kusînda ‘to roar, rumble’ in Muzale’s MS. The same verb is
listed under ‘to thunder’ in Hans Cory’s (MS 285) unpublished glossary.
446 world
H01 omunsi H02 amahanga H03 ensi H04 ensi H05 eiguru
dunia; world
H06 ensi H07 — H08 ensi H09 ensi H10 ensi
Muzale’s MS has eiyánga ‘world’ (with plural amaánga; cfr Kaji 2000:138)
and énsi ‘country, land, earth’.
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Ten annotated Haya wordlists
H01’s entry includes a locative class 18 prefix.
H05 has given us the antonym (almost) of what we asked for, corresponding
to Muzale’s eiguru ‘sky, heaven’; cfr also H06’s entry in (447) immediately
below.
447 land, country
H01 ensi H02 ensi eihanga H03 ensi H04 obutaka/eihanga H05 eitaka/ensi
nchi (ardhi); land, country
H06 eiguru H07 ensi H08 ensi H09 ensi H10 ensi
Muzale’s MS has énsi ‘country, land, earth’, eitaka ‘soil, land’, and eiyánga
‘world’. Note the seemingly odd noun prefix used by H04.
H06’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s eiguru ‘sky, heaven’, which is (almost)
the opposite of what we asked for; cfr also H05’s entry in (446) immediately
above.
448 forest
H01 ekibira H02 ekibila H03 ekibila H04 ekibira H05 ekibila
msitu, mwitu; forest
H06 ekibila H07 ekibira H08 ekibira H09 ekibila H10 ekibila
Muzale’s MS has ekibira.
449 mountain
H01 eibanga H02 eibanga H03 eibanga H04 eibanga H05 eibanga
mlima; mountain
H06 eibanga H07 eibanga H08 eibanga H09 eibanga H10 eibanga
Muzale’s MS has eibanga ‘hill, mountain’.
450 rock
H01 orwazi H02 olwazi H03 olwazi H04 orwazi H05 orwazi
jabali; mountain, rock
H06 — H07 orwazi H08 olwazi H09 eibale H10 eibanga
Muzale’s MS has orwâzi ‘rock’ and eibáàle ‘stone; stone building’. H10’s
entry corresponds to Muzale’s eibanga ‘hill, mountain’.
See also (458) further below.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
211
451 valley
H01 — H02 oluhanga/omuluhanga H03 — H04 oruhanga H05 —
bonde; valley
H06 lwanga H07 omwiga H08 — H09 oluhanga H10 oruhanga
Muzale’s MS has oruhanga. The second item in H02’s entry is presumably
prefixed with a locative marker of class 18.
H07’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s omwiga ‘river’.
452 open country
H01 — H02 aheru ye nsi H03 — H04 orweru H05 ensi ekingwile
uwanda; open country, landscape
H06 olweya H07 — H08 olweya H09 ensi busha H10 orweya
Muzale’s MS has orwéya ‘grassland’ and énsi ‘country, land, earth’.
H02’s entry contains a phrase comprising items corresponding to Muzale’s
ahéèru ‘outside (esp. outside village’, followed by an associative marker and
the noun énsi ‘country, land, earth’. Cfr also Kaji’s (2000:172) aha ê:lu ‘open
place (which is not utilized, or used only for pasturage)’.
H04 has given us a noun seemingly related to Muzale’s ahéèru ‘outside (esp.
outside village’ and Kaji’s (2000:172) aha ê:lu ‘open place (which is not
utilized, or used only for pasturage)’. Kaji adds that ê:lu “alone is not used”
(idem), something that H04’s entry seems to contradict. Similar and/or
cognate words are found in neighbouring languages; cfr especially the Ganda
adjective root -(y)eru ‘white; light-skinned; clear (of space); open (of area)’
(Murphy 1972:625).
H05 has given us a literal translation of our English item, being roughly
translatable as ‘unpacked/open country’; cfr Muzale’s kingwíre, the perfect
form of kukíngura ‘to unpack’.
H09 has given us a literal translation, meaning roughly ‘bare/naked/empty
country’. The qualifying noun corresponds to Muzale’s obusha ‘zero,
nothing’.
670 landscape
H01 obusooka H02 obuso bwe nsi H03 — H04 eirungu H05 —
Muzale’s MS has obusóóka ‘slope, steep area’ and eirungu ‘desert,
bewilderment, wildness, bush country’.
H02’s entry seems to translate as ‘face of the country’, with the main items
corresponding to búso ‘face, forehead’ and énsi ‘country, land, earth’ in
Muzale’s MS.
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Ten annotated Haya wordlists
453 cave
H01 empako H02 empako H03 — H04 empako H05 —
pango; cave
H06 mpako H07 empako H08 nyanga H09 empako H10 empako
Muzale’s MS has empako ‘cave’ and enyanga ‘grave(s), tomb(s)’.
454 hole, mine
H01 ekiina H02 ekina H03 — H04 ekiina H05 kina
shimo; hole, mine
H06 kina H07 ekiina H08 ekiina H09 ekiina H10 ekina
Muzale’s MS has ekíína ‘pit, hole’.
455 water
H01 amaizi H02 amaizi H03 amaizi H04 amaizi H05 maizi
maji; water
H06 amaizi H07 amaizi H08 amaizi H09 amaizi H10 amaizi
Muzale’s MS has two words for ‘water’, amáìzi and amashûgi, without
indicating any difference in meaning. The closeness of the former to the
Swahili word maji may account for the fact that all informants chose amáìzi.
456 river
H01 enyanja H02 omwiga H03 enyanja H04 omw[i¯]ga omwiiga H05 mwiga
mto; river
H06 mwiga H07 omwiga H08 omugela H09 omwiga H10 omwiga
Muzale’s MS has omwiga ‘river’ and omugera ‘current, stream; course of
river; river’. For enyánja, he gives the glossing ‘lake, ocean, sea’.
H04 has written the same word twice. The first item look a bit messy, as if he
first tried to write ‹I› with a macron, but afterwards chose to write ‹II› instead.
Thus the first item actually looks like having three i’s and a macron. The
second item is a clear ‹OMWIIGA›, presumably having been added for
clarification.
457 lake
H01 — H02 enyanja H03 enyanja H04 enyanja H05 nyanja
ziwa; lake
H06 enyanja H07 enyanja H08 enyanja H09 anyanja H10 enyanja
Muzale’s MS has enyánja ‘lake, ocean, sea’.
The seemingly odd initial vowel in H09’s entry may be due to a contraction of
a(ha) (e)nyanja, in which the first item is a locative of class 16.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
213
458 stone
H01 eibaale H02 eibale H03 eibale H04 eibaale H05 ibare
jiwe; stone
H06 ibale H07 eibale H08 eibale H09 eibale H10 eibale
Muzale’s MS has eibáàle ‘stone; stone building’. He also has orwâzi ‘rock’,
but none of our informants chose this particular word; though see also (450)
above.
459 dust
H01 echuchu H02 echuchu H03 echuchu H04 echuchu H05 butanju
vumbi; dust
H06 echuchu H07 echuchu H08 echuchu H09 echuchu H10 echuchu
Muzale’s MS has echuuchu ‘dust, cloud of dust’. He also has obutanju ‘state
or tendency of being dirty’, which corresponds to H05’s entry.
460 mud
H01 ebishaabo H02 ekishabo H03 ebishabo H04 eshaabo H05 bishabo
tope; mud
H06 ebishabo H07 eshabo H08 ebishaabo H09 ekishaba H10 eshabo
Muzale’s MS has eshaabo ‘mud’. Kaji (2000:145f) gives also ebisha:bo ‘mud
(of road)’. This latter word is obviously a mass noun; being grammatically a
plural form. Its putative singular form would be ekishaabo, but for this
Muzale’s MS has the glossing ‘churn, calabash for milk’. Nonetheless, two
informants, H02 and H08, have seemingly treated this particular word as a
count-noun, as they have given us grammatically singular forms. (Note also
the odd final vowel in H09’s entry.)
461 sand
H01 eitaka/omushenye H02 omushenye H03 emushenye H04 omushenye
H05 mushenye
mchanga; sand
H06 omushenye H07 omushenyi H08 omushenye H09 omushenye
H10 omushenye
Muzale’s MS has omushênye ‘sand’. Note the final -i in H07’s entry.
The first item in H01’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s eitaka ‘soil, land’.
The initial e-vowel in H03’s entry is most likely a spelling error.
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Ten annotated Haya wordlists
462 clay
H01 eibumba H02 olubumba H03 einoni H04 eibumba H05 kibumba
udongo; clay, earth
H06 obishabo H07 eitaka H08 eitaka H09 eitaka H10 eitaka
Muzale’s MS has eibûmba ‘clay’ and orubûmba ‘clayey ground’, the latter
corresponding to H02’s entry. H05’s entry contains the same noun root as
these but has a seemingly odd noun class prefix (that of class 7).
H03’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s einoni ‘white clay, lime’, while H06’s
entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:145f) ebisha:bo ‘mud (of road)’.
The entries of H07, H08, H09 and H10 all correspond to Muzale’s eitaka
‘soil, land’. Presumably they were influenced by the presence of English
‹earth› in the Swahili/English list.
671 earth
H01 ensi H02 ensi H03 — H04 ensi H05 —
Muzale’s MS has énsi ‘country, land, earth’.
463 way, road
H01 omuhanda H02 omuhanda, embalabala H03 embarabara/omuanda
H04 omuhanda H05 muanda/mbara bara
njia; way, road
H06 omwanda H07 muwanda H08 omuhanda H09 omuhanda H10 omuhanda
Muzale’s MS has omuhânda ‘way, path’ and embarabâra ‘road’.
464 highway, main road
H01 — H02 embalabala H03 embarabara H04 nyaihanda H05 muanda gukuru
barabara; highway, mainroad
H06 embarabara H07 embarabara H08 embarabara H09 embalabala
H10 embarabara
Muzale’s MS has embarabâra ‘road’, originally a borrowing from Swahili.
Kaji (2000:135) has also ñaiyânda ‘road’, which he specifies as “a busy road,
used by many people” (idem).
H05’s entry translates literally as ‘old road’. It is composed of, in Muzale’s
orthography, omuhânda ‘way, path’ followed by -kuru ‘old, senior’ (prefixed
with an agreement marker of class 3).
Presumably the lack of variation among those who filled in the
Swahili/English list is due to the presence of Swahili ‹barabara› in this list.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
215
465 place
H01 omwaanya H02 akanya H03 omwanya H04 omwanya H05 ahantu
mahali; place
H06 olubaju H07 — H08 ahantu H09 omwanya H10 omwanya
Muzale’s MS has omwánya ‘place, position, time, opportunity’ and orubaju
‘side, area’. Kaji (2000:170) has also ahantu which he specifies as denoting
“any place outside the homestead”.
H02 has given us the diminutive form of Muzale’s omwánya ‘place, position,
time, opportunity’. Kaji (2000:152) explains that it “is more polite to use the
diminutive”.
466 village
H01 ekyaaro H02 ekyaro H03 ekyalo H04 ekyaro H05 kyalo
kijiji; village
H06 ekyalo H07 ekyaro H08 ekyaro H09 ekyalo H10 ekyaro
Muzale’s MS has ekyaro.
467 suburb
H01 — H02 — H03 — H04 oruhita H05 —
kitongoji; suburb
H06 — H07 ekichweka H08 ekyaro H09 ekichweka kyekyalo H10 ekyaro
There presumably does not exist any specific Haya word for ‘suburb’. Our
informants’ entries correspond to Muzale’s ekichwéka ‘area; piece, part of’
(H07) and ekyaro ‘village’ (H08, H10). Thus H09’s entry translates literally
as ‘part/piece of village’.
H04’s entry refers to the peripheral settlements of a village, such that are
slightly detached from the main settlements (Muzale, pc 2004/12); cfr also
Nkore-Kiga oruhíta ‘plain’ (Taylor 1959:134), Nyambo oruhíta ‘flat savanna
grassland’ (Rugemalira 2002:138).
Note that all (but one) of the informants filling in the Swahili/English list
gave some kind of answer which was semantically appropriate (considering
the lack of a proper Haya term), while all (but one) of those filling in the
English gave nothing (and the one that did give a response, seemingly has
given something semantically off-the-target, so to speak). This is probably
due to the presence of Swahili ‹kitongoji› in the Swahili/English list, which
TUKI (2001:153), incidentally, translates as ‘small village; hamlet’.
Presumably English ‹suburb› was not that well understood.
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Ten annotated Haya wordlists
468 plant
H01 — H02 eimela H03 omumea H04 ekimela H05 ebibyarwa
mmea; plant
H06 emimea H07 emyaka H08 ekishambu H09 ekibyalwa H10 ebimezile
Muzale’s MS has ekimerano ‘plant’, a word that none of our informants gave.
Instead, our informants’ entries correspond to Muzale’s emyâka ‘crops’ (H07)
and ekishámbu ‘weed’ (H08).
The entries of H02, H04 and H10 are clearly nominal derivations based on
Muzale’s kumera ‘to grow [intransitive], germinate’, for which Muzale’s MS
has the perfect form mezîre.
Similarly, the entries of H05 and H09 are obvious nominal derivations based
on a passive form of Muzale’s kubyâra ‘to plant, seed’.
H03 and H06 have seemingly given us Hayaized Swahili words.
469 to grow
H01 okukura H02 kumela H03 okubyala H04 kulima/kubyara H05 kumera
chipu(k)a; to shoot out/grow
H06 — H07 kukula H08 kumela H09 okumela H10 kumela
Muzale’s MS has kumera ‘to grow [intransitive], germinate’ and kubyâra ‘to
plant, seed’. He also has kulima ‘to cultivate, farm, hoe’ and kukûra ‘to grow
up, become great; to come/get to puberty’.
470 tree
H01 omuti H02 omuti H03 omuti H04 omuti H05 muti
mti; tree
H06 omuti H07 omuti H08 omuti H09 omuti H10 omuti
Muzale’s MS has múti.
471 root
H01 omuzi H02 omuzi H03 omuzi H04 omuzi H05 muzi
mzizi; root
H06 emizi H07 omuzi H08 omuzi H09 omuzi H10 omuzi
Muzale’s MS has omuzi. H06 has given a plural form; perhaps it was intended
as a mass noun?
472 branch
H01 — H02 eitagi H03 ekitagi H04 eitaagi H05 —
tawi; branch
H06 ekyase H07 eitagi H08 — H09 eitagi H10 eitabi
Muzale’s MS has eitáàgi ‘branch’. Note the seeming odd oun class used by
H03.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
217
H06’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s ekyáse ‘piece’. Seemingly he was
thinking in lines of ‘piece of a tree’, or some such thing.
H10 has seemingly given us a Hayaized adaptation of Swahili tawi.
473 leaf
H01 ekibabi H02 eibabi H03 akababi H04 ekibabi H05 kibabi
jani; leaf
H06 ekibabi H07 eibabi H08 ekibabi H09 eibaba H10 ekibabi
Muzale’s MS has ekibabi ‘leaf’, a class 7 noun. H02, H07 and H09 have
given the same root in class 5, while H03 has given the diminutive form in
class 12. (Note also the seemingly odd final vowel in H09’s entry.)
474 thorn
H01 — H02 eiwa/amawa H03 eihwa H04 eihwa H05 —
mwiba; thorn
H06 eiwa H07 eiiwa H08 eiwa H09 eiwa H10 eiwa
Muzale’s MS has éíhwa ‘thorn; small fish bone’.
475 fruit
H01 — H02 eitunda H03 eitunda H04 ekilaba H05 itunda
tunda; fruit
H06 eitunda H07 eitunda H08 — H09 ekilaba H10 eitunda
Muzale’s MS has ekíraba and omurâbo (the latter occurs only in the EnglishHaya index). Interestingly, Kaji (2000:71) claims that Haya lacks a generic
term for ‘fruit’. However, he does list the noun ekílaba (idem:99) as being a
derivation from okulâba ‘to bear fruits’ (idem:269). Unfortunately, he does
not offer any glossing for the noun.
Six informants gave a word obviously derived from Swahili tunda. In
Swahili, tunda can refer to any kind of fruit, being glossable as ‘fruit (in
general)’. In Haya, however, eitúnda can mean only ‘passion fruit’, while
omutúnda refers to ‘passion fruit tree’ (Kaji 2000:71). Thus, although the root
is a legitimate Haya item, its use here is presumably due to lexicosemantic
influence from Swahili.
476 unripe
H01 kibisi H02 ekitakaile H03 ekitakakuzile H04 kibisi H05 —
bichi; unripe
H06 libisi H07 mbisi H08 kibisi H09 ekibisi H10 kibisi
Kaji (2000:374) gives the adjective root -bîsi ‘raw; unripe; uncooked’.
Muzale’s MS has it as a noun, kibîsi ‘unripe; uncooked’. (Note the diverse
noun class prefixes used by our informants.)
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Ten annotated Haya wordlists
H02’s entry seems to contain a de-verbal noun meaning roughly ‘something
that has not yet become ripe’. Morphologically, it probably breaks down as
eki-ta-ka-ile, which comprises a noun class prefix of class 7 followed by a
negation marker -ta-, an aspectual marker -ka- (cfr Rascher 1958:111) and a
perfect form of the verb kúhya ‘to become cooked; to ripen’, which Muzale’s
MS has as hííre (cfr also Kaji 2000:275).
H03’s entry also contains a noun derived from an inflected verb. It breaks
down to eki-ta-ka-kuzile, which is composed of a noun prefix of class 7
followed by the formatives -ta- and -ka- (= ‘not yet’; see above paragraph)
and a perfect form of the verb kukûra ‘to grow up, [...]’. A rough translation
would then read ‘something that has not yet grown up’.
477 to ripen
H01 kuhisa H02 kuhisa H03 okukula H04 okuhya H05 —
iva; to ripen
H06 liile H07 kiile H08 kuya H09 ekiile H10 kuya
Muzale’s MS has kukûra ‘to grow up; to become great; to come/get to
puberty’ and kúhya ‘to become cooked; to ripen’. H01 and H02 have given
causative forms of the latter verb, while H06, H07 and H09 seem to have
given nouns derived from perfect forms of the same, which Muzale’s MS has
as hííre (cfr also Kaji 2000:275).
478 to rot
H01 — H02 kujunda H03 okujunda H04 okujunda H05 —
oza; to rot
H06 lifile H07 junda H08 kujunda H09 ekigagile H10 kujunda
Muzale’s MS has kujunda ‘to rot, become bad’ as well as kugaga ‘to go bad
(of food); to become sour’ (cfr also Kaji 2000:270). H09’s entry contains a
noun derived from a perfect form of the latter verb.
H06’s entry seemingly contains a noun derived from a perfect form of the
verb kúfa ‘to die’. Thus his entry translates as ‘something that has died’.
479 date palm
H01 — H02 enazi H03 — H04 enazi H05 —
mtende; date palm
H06 — H07 — H08 omumeshe H09 — H10 omutende
Muzale’s MS has enazi ‘coconut fruit’ and omumeshe ‘oil-palm tree’.
H10’s entry finds no obvious matches in our main Haya source material. At
first sight, it could have been regarded as a Hayaized form of Swahili mtende.
However, as it appears in the Haya Bible (Muzale, pc 2006/03), it clearly has
to be regarded as acceptable Haya.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
219
480 grass
H01 obunyaasi H02 ekinyasi H03 ekinyasi/akanyasi H04 obunyasi H05 binyasi
nyasi; grass
H06 omunyasi H07 obunyasi H08 obunyasi H09 obunyasi H10 obunyasi
Muzale’s MS has obunyáàsi~obunyânsi ‘grass’. In addition, he lists a variety
of singular forms, most of which are based on the same root but with different
noun class prefixes, e.g. akanyáàsi, ekinyáàsi, orunyáàsi, as well as ekíshwi
(see also Kaji 2000:74f). Note, however, the seemingly odd noun prefix used
by H06.
Interestingly, none our informants gave a root with final -nsi. (cfr obunyânsi
in Muzale’s MS), only -si. As both forms are legitimate Haya forms, it seems
a moot point whether or not to consider the lack of -nsi forms in our
informants’ entries a subtle Swahili influence.
481 bark
H01 — H02 kubwoigola H03 — H04 okuboigola H05 —
gome; bark
H06 ekibanzi H07 — H08 — H09 ekishushu H10 ekijuju
The entries of H02 and H04 correspond to kubwóígora~kubóígora ‘to bark’ in
Muzale’s MS.
H06’s entry is presumably a Hayaized adaptation of Swahili kibanzi ‘splinter,
chip’, as there seems to be no matching item in our main Haya source
materials.
H09’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s ekishúshu ‘bark (of tree), peel, skin (of
fruit)’, respectively. The item in H10’s entry is presumably an orthographic
variation.
Quite obviously the presence of Swahili ‹gome› induced H06, H09 and H10
to give us nouns referring to what we were actually asking for (almost in the
case of H06), while H02 and H04, who filled in the English list, interpreted
our English item as a verb referring to the barking of dogs.
482 flower
H01 eiyuwa H02 eiuwa H03 eiua H04 eiua H05 maua
ua; flower
H06 eiua H07 — H08 ehiua H09 eiua H10 eiua
Muzale’s MS has the forms eihúa, eiyúa and iyúwa. H05 has given a plural
form.
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Ten annotated Haya wordlists
483 seed
H01 empambo H02 empambo H03 empambo H04 empambo H05 empambo
mbegu; seed
H06 empambo H07 — H08 empambo H09 embyalwa H10 empambo
Muzale’s MS has empambo ‘seed(s), grain(s)’.
H09’s entry has no exact match in any of our main Haya source materials.
However, it is clearly derived from the verb kubyâra ‘to plant, seed’. Also,
similar derivations are found in neighbouring languages, e.g. Nkore-Kiga
embyârwa ‘plant(s) like peas; thread(s) from stalk(s)’ (Taylor 1959:101) .
484 to count (numbers)
H01 okubara H02 kubala enamba H03 okubala H04 okubara H05 kubara
hesabu (nambari); to count (numbers)
H06 bala enamba H07 — H08 eibara/kubara H09 okubala H10 orubala
Muzale’s MS has kubara ‘to count’.
H02 and H06 have added a noun complement that is obviously derived from
English number, possibly via Swahili nambari. Neither Muzale’s MS nor Kaji
(2000) list this word for ‘number’, but it probably is legitimate Haya
nonetheless, as it has been incorporated into neighbouring languages, e.g.
Nyambo enamba ‘number’ (Rugemalira 2002:105), and Nkore-Kiga enamba
‘number(s)’ (Taylor 1959:121).
The first item in H08’s entry is clearly derived from the verb kubara ‘to
count’. However, a similar noun form is not listed in Muzale’s MS nor Kaji
(2000), but compare Nyambo ibara ‘count’ (Rugemalira 2002:54). Muzale’s
MS does have orubára ‘calculation, arithmetic, count’, though.
485 much/many
H01 bingi H02 bingi ebibalwa/ebitabalwa H03 bingi H04 bingi/nyingi
H05 nyingi/bingi
ingi; much/many
H06 zingi H07 — H08 bingi H09 bingi H10 bingi
Muzale’s MS has -ingi ‘many; much’ (in the English-Haya index only). Note
the overwhelming preference for class 8 forms; presumably our informants
have given us nouns meaning roughly ‘many things’.
Curiously, H04 and H05 have added class 9 forms (or perhaps even class 4?;
cfr Kaji 2000:398), while H06 has given a class 10 form. This may be a subtle
Swahili influence, as class 10 (in Swahili) can sometimes function as a sort of
default noun class when referring to things of varying or unknown class
belonging; cfr also comments in (487) below.
H02’s entry translates roughly as ‘many are counted/not counted’, being a
verb phrase involving a passive derivation of kubara ‘to count’. (The second
verb form is a negative.)
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
221
486 group (of people)
H01 — H02 omutelano H03 (bantu) bangi H04 abantu H05 eikundi lya abantu
kundi (la watu); group (of people)
H06 embaga H07 — H08 embaga H09 embaga H10 abantu
Our informants’ replies vary a great deal. Their entries can roughly be
translated as ‘meeting, assembly’ (H02; cfr omutéérano in Muzale’s MS),
‘many people’ (H03), ‘people’ (H04, H10), and/or ‘crowd’ (H06, H08, H09;
cfr embâga in Muzale’s MS).
H05 has responded with an associative construction containing a Hayaized
Swahili kundi followed by the associative marker and a Haya noun. The
phrase as a whole is more or less a direct calque-translation of the Swahili
item in our Swahili/English list.
487 few
H01 bike H02 bike H03 bake/bike H04 bike/kike H05 bake
chache; few
H06 zike H07 — H08 bake H09 bike H10 bike
By an unfortunate oversight from our part, this item was duplicated, and
appears also in (513) below.
Kaji (2000:398) has -´ke ‘few; a small number (or quantity) of’, with a high
tone attaching itself on a preceding agreement marker, as in bíke. Note again
the preference for class 8 forms, although class 2 (H03, H05, H08), 7 (H04)
and 10 (H06) forms also occur.
Strangely, H04 has added a class 7 form. Due to the semantics of ‘few’,
which is inherently plural, a class 7 form should be ungrammatical, as that is a
singular class. Perhaps H04 meant it as an uncountable, roughly translatable
as ‘little (of something)’. Cfr also (485) above.
H06 has given a class 10 form. This may be a subtle Swahili influence, as
class 10 (in Swahili) can sometimes function as a sort of default noun class
when referring to things of varying or unknown class belonging; cfr also
comments in (485) above.
See also (513), (572) and (576) below.
488 alone
H01 wenka H02 wenka H03 nyenka/wenka/yonka H04 nyenkai H05 wenka
peke; alone
H06 yenka H07 — H08 wenka H09 kyonka H10 wenka
Kaji (2000:414) gives -ónka~ónkai and -énka~énkai as variants of the root,
glossed as ‘only; alone’.
The inflected forms given by our informants correspond to Kaji’s (idem)
wénka(i) = second and third person singular, ñénka(i) = first person singular,
yónka(i) of noun class 9 (or 4?), and kyónka(i) of noun class 7.
222
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
The form appearing in H06’s entry looks like an error. Something seems to be
missing (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
489 all
H01 byoona H02 byoona H03 bona H04 boona H05 bona amo
ote; all/whole
H06 bona H07 — H08 yona H09 kyona H10 bona
Kaji (2000:399) gives the root -ô:na ‘all; whole’. The inflected forms given
by our informants correspond to those of classes 8 (byô:na), 2 (bô:na), 9
(yô:na), and 7 (kyô:na).
H05’s entry translates roughly as ‘all of it’ or ‘all together’ (Muzale, pc
2004/12), being composed of bô:na ‘all’ (of class 2) and an associative
particle a- (of class 2) prefixed to the root -´mo(i) ‘one’.
672 whole
H01 yoona H02 kyoona/byoona H03 — H04 byona H05 —
Kaji (2000:399) gives the root -ô:na ‘all; whole’. The inflected forms given
by our informants correspond to those of classes 9 (yô:na), 7 (kyô:na), and 8
(byô:na).
490 to be full/filled
H01 — H02 kwijula H03 ebijwile H04 kwijula H05 kuijura
jaa; to be full/filled
H06 ijula H07 — H08 kuijula H09 okwijula H10 enjala
Muzale’s MS has kwíjura ‘to be full’. H03 has seemingly given us a noun
derived from the perfect form of the same verb.
H10’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s enjara ‘hunger, famine’, which is pretty
much the opposite of what we were looking for. Presumably, he was
influenced by the presence of Swahili ‹jaa›, which is cognate with as well as
semantically related (albeit “antonymically”) to Haya enjara.
491 a count/number
H01 bara H02 ebibalwa H03 enamba H04 eishumi/enamba H05 kubara/enamba
hesabu; a count/number
H06 olubala H07 — H08 kubara H09 okubala H10 orubala
Muzale’s MS has orubára ‘calculation, arithmetic, count’. He also gives the
verb kubara ‘to count’, which is obviously the derivative base for the noun
(including the forms given by H01, H02). H05, H08 and H09 have simply
given the verb.
In the entries of H03, H04 and H05, there appears a Hayaized adaptation of
English number, possibly via Swahili namba~nambari. However, it probably
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
223
is legitimate Haya, as the same word seems to have been incorporated into
neighbouring languages, e.g. Nyambo enamba ‘number’ (Rugemalira
2002:105), and Nkore-Kiga enamba ‘number(s)’ (Taylor 1959:121).
The first item in H04’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s eishûmi ‘knot’. He may
possibly have made an association to a rosary, i.e. a series of prayers that are
counted on a string of beads (≈ knots?).
492 one
H01 emoi H02 emoi H03 emoi H04 emoi H05 emoi
moja; one
H06 kimo H07 — H08 emoi H09 emo H10 emoi
Muzale’s MS has émo(i). H06 has given an inflected form of class 7,
presumably designating ‘one thing’.
493 two
H01 ebili H02 ibili H03 ebili H04 ebili H05 ibili
mbili; two
H06 bibili H07 — H08 ebili H09 ebili H10 ebili
Muzale’s MS has eibiri ‘two’ and bíbiri ‘two things; two hundred (200)’. Kaji
(2000:157) has the root as -bili, and says that the class 10 form ibili “is used
for abstract counting” (idem). This also corresponds to the form given by our
informants, save H06 who has give a class 8 form.
494 three
H01 ishatu H02 ishatu H03 ishatu H04 ishatu H05 ishatu
tatu; three
H06 bishatu H07 — H08 ishatu H09 ishatu H10 ishatu
Muzale’s MS has eishatu ‘three’ and bíshatu ‘three things; three hundred
(300)’. The class 10 form ishatu “is used for abstract counting” (Kaji
2000:158). This corresponds to the form given by our informants, save H06
who has give a class 8 form.
495 four
H01 ina H02 inai H03 inai H04 inai H05 inaa
nne; four
H06 binna H07 — H08 ina H09 ina H10 inai
Muzale’s MS has éína(i) ‘four’ and bína(i) ‘four things; four hundred (400)’.
Kaji (2000:158) gives the root as -´na. (with a high tone falling on a prefixed
agreement marker). He says that the class 10 form ína(i) “is used for abstract
counting” (idem:159). This corresponds to the form given by our informants,
save H06 who has given a class 8 form.
224
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
496 five
H01 itaanu H02 itanu H03 itanu H04 itanu H05 itanu
tano; five
H06 bitano H07 — H08 itanu H09 itanu H10 itanu
Muzale’s MS has eitaanu ‘five’ and bítaanu ‘five things; five hundred (500)’.
The class 10 form ita:nu “is used for abstract counting” (Kaji 2000:159). This
corresponds to the form given by our informants, save H06 who has give a
class 8 form.
497 six
H01 mukaaga H02 mukaga H03 mukagai H04 mukaga H05 mukaga
sita; six
H06 mukaga H07 — H08 mukaaga H09 mukaga H10 mukaga
Muzale’s MS has omukáàga ‘six’, Kaji (2000:160) omukâ:ga. The latter adds
that in order to “indicate a number, this noun is used without augment. With
the augment, it means the figure 6” (idem).
498 seven
H01 mushanju H02 mushanju H03 mushanju H04 mushanju H05 mushanju
saba; seven
H06 mushanju H07 — H08 mushanju H09 mushanju H10 mushanju
Muzale’s MS has omúshanju ‘seven’. Kaji (2000:160) adds that in order to
“indicate a number, this noun is used without augment. With the augment, it
means the figure 7” (idem:161).
499 eight
H01 munaana H02 munana H03 munana H04 munana H05 munana
nane; eight
H06 munana H07 — H08 munaana H09 munana H10 munana
Muzale’s MS has omunáàna ‘eight’. Kaji (2000:161) adds that in order to
“indicate a number, this noun is used without augment. With the augment, it
means the figure 8” (idem).
500 nine
H01 mwenda H02 mwenda H03 mwendai H04 mwendai H05 mwenda
tisa; nine
H06 mwenda H07 — H08 mwenda H09 mwenda H10 mwenda
Muzale’s MS has omwenda(i) ‘nine’. Kaji (2000:162) adds that in order to
“indicate a number, this noun is used without augment. With the augment, it
means the figure 9” (idem).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
225
501 ten
H01 ikumi H02 ikumi H03 ikumi H04 ikumi H05 ikumi
kumi; ten
H06 ikumi H07 — H08 ikumi H09 ikumi H10 ikumi
Muzale’s MS has eikûmi ‘ten’. Kaji (2000:162) adds that in order to “indicate
a number, this noun (in class 5) is used without augment. With the augment, it
indicates the letter 10. When used in class 10, it shows a coin of ten shillings”
(idem).
502 11
H01 ikumi nemoi H02 ikumi ne moi H03 ikumi n’emoi H04 ikumi n’emoi H05 ikumi
nemoi
kumi na moja; 11
H06 ikumi nemo H07 — H08 ikumi nemo H09 ikumi nemo H10 ikumi ne emo
Muzale’s MS has ikúmí ná emo(i) ‘eleven (11)’. Kaji (2000:163) gives ikúmi
ná émo(i) as well as ikúmí n’é:mo(i) as the inflected form of class 10, which is
used for “abstract counting” (idem).
503 20
H01 makumi gabili H02 makumi ga bili H03 gabili H04 makumi gabili H05 makumi
gabili
ishirini; 20
H06 gabili H07 — H08 makumi gabili H09 makumi gabili H10 makumi gabiri
Muzale’s MS has (amakumi) gábiri ‘twenty (20)’. As for the shortened forms
(as given by H03 and H06), Kaji explains (idem): “To indicate the number of
persons or things designated by a noun belonging to a class other than class 6,
makûmi [of class 6] ... can be omitted. For instance, ‘twenty people’ can be
expressed as abantu gábili instead of abantu makûmi gábili, since gábili ‘two’
is in class 6 agreement with makûmi ..., not with abantu which is in class 2. If,
on the other hand, a class 6 noun is used, makûmi ... cannot be dispensed
with” (typography slightly changed).
504 21
H01 makumi gabili nemoi H02 gabili ne moi H03 gabili na emoi H04 makumi gabili
n’emoi H05 makumi gabili nemo
ishirini na moja; 21
H06 gabili nemo H07 — H08 gabili nemo H09 makumi gabili nemoi H10 makumi
gabili nemoi
In Kaji’s (2000) orthography, ‘twenty one (21)’ would be makumi gábili ná
émo(i) (cfr Kaji 2000:163; see also Rascher 1958:94). As for the shortened
forms without makumi (given by some of our informants), see comments in
(503) immediately above.
226
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
505 30
H01 makumi gashatu H02 makumi gashatu H03 gashatu H04 makumi gashatu
H05 makumi gashatu
thelathini; 30
H06 gashatu H07 — H08 makumi gashatu H09 makumi gashatu H10 makumi
gashatu
Muzale’s MS has (amakumi) gáshatu.
506 40
H01 makumi ganai H02 makumi ganai H03 ganai H04 makumi ganai H05 makumi
gana
arobaini; 40
H06 gana H07 — H08 makumi gana H09 makumi gana H10 makumi gana
Muzale’s MS has (amakumi) gána(i).
507 50
H01 makumi gataanu H02 makumi gatanu H03 gatanu H04 makumi gatanu
H05 makumi gatanu
hamsini; 50
H06 gatano H07 — H08 makumi gatanu H09 makumi gatanu H10 makumi gatanu
Muzale’s MS has gátaanu and amakumi gátanu.
508 60
H01 nkaaga H02 nkaga H03 nkagai H04 nkaaga H05 nkaga
sitini; 60
H06 nkaga H07 — H08 nkaaga H09 nkaga H10 enkaga
Muzale’s MS has enkáàga.
509 70
H01 nshanju H02 nshanju H03 nshanju H04 nshanju H05 nshanju
sabini; 70
H06 nshanju H07 — H08 nshaanju H09 nshanju H10 nshanju
Muzale’s MS has enshanju.
510 80
H01 kinana H02 kinanai H03 kinana H04 kinana H05 kinana
themanini; 80
H06 kinana H07 — H08 kinaana H09 kinana H10 kinana
Muzale’s MS has ekináàna.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
227
511 90
H01 kyenda H02 kyendai H03 kyenda H04 kyendai H05 kyenda
tisini; 90
H06 kyenda H07 — H08 kyenda H09 kyenda H10 kyenda
Muzale’s MS has ekyenda(i).
512 100
H01 kikumi H02 kikumi H03 kikumi H04 kikumi H05 kikumi
mia; 100
H06 kikumi H07 — H08 kikumi H09 kikumi H10 kikumi
Muzale’s MS has both ekikûmi and eigana for ‘one hundred (100)’.
513 few
H01 bike H02 bike H03 bake/bike H04 bike H05 bike
chache; few
H06 nke H07 — H08 kake, bike H09 bike H10 kike
By an unfortunate oversight from our part, this item has been duplicated, and
appears also in (487) above.
Kaji (2000:398) has -´ke ‘few; a small number (or quantity) of’, with a high
tone attaching itself on a preceding agreement marker, as in bíke.
The replies are virtually identical here and in (487) above. Most informants
have given class 8 forms. Other forms used are those of classes 2 (H03), 9
(H06), 12 (H08), and 7 (H10). Strangely, three of these are singular classes;
perhaps they were meant here to be taken as referring to uncountables
(although the presence of class 7 seems a bit odd in this respect).
The class 9 form appearing in H06’s entry may be a subtle Swahili influence,
as class 9 (in Swahili) can sometimes function as a sort of default noun class
when referring to things of unknown class belonging.
H08’s class 12 form appears doubly odd. Besides being a singular noun class,
it is also the so-called diminutive class (normally referring to little things).
Maybe H08 was influenced by Swahili chache?
See also (487) above, as well as (572) and (576) below.
514 to measure
H01 okupima H02 kupima H03 okupima H04 kupima H05 kupima
pima; to measure/weigh
H06 okupima H07 — H08 kubala H09 okwiganyishania H10 kupima
Muzale’s MS has kulenga ‘to measure’, which does not appear in any of our
informants’ entries.
228
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
Most of our informants seem to have given what looks like a Hayaized
Swahili verb. Kaji (2000:311) gives okupima as a Haya item, but marks it
specifically as a Swahili loan. Presumably it is fully incorporated into the
Haya lexicon, as the same verb is found also for neighbouring languages, e.g.
Nkore-Kiga kupima ‘to measure; to weigh’ (Taylor 1959:67), Ganda -pima
‘to weigh; to measure’ (Murphy 1972:469), Ha -piima (Harjula 2004:200).
Interestingly, those filling in the Swahili/English list seem to have avoided
okupima (cfr the entries of those filling in the English list). Presumably this
was due to the presence of Swahili ‹pima› in our word list, making them wary
that it might be a Swahili word, not a Haya word. This would also explain
why H08 and H09 gave us other (semantically related) words. They
correspond to Muzale’s kubara ‘to count’ (H08) and Kaji’s (2000:366)
okwi:ga:nishañya ‘to equalize’.
673 to weigh
H01 omusikizi H02 kupima/kulenga H03 — H04 kupima H05 —
Muzale’s MS has kulenga ‘to measure’. Kaji (2000:311) has also okupima ‘to
measure; to weigh’.
H01’s entry contains a noun related to (or even derived from) obusiki:zi
‘weight’ (cfr Kaji 2000:351), though with a seemingly odd noun class prefix;
cfr (515) immediately below.
515 weight
H01 — H02 obusikizi H03 okupima H04 obusikizi H05 obusikizi
uzito; weight
H06 obusikizi H07 — H08 ubusikizi H09 obusikiki H10 okusikila
Kaji (2000:351) has obusiki:zi ‘weight’. H03 has given us a verb
corresponding to Kaji’s (2000:311) okupima ‘to measure; to weigh’, while
H10’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:351) okusiki:la ‘to be heavy’.
Note that H01’s entry is blank here, as opposed to in (673) immediately
above.
516 border
H01 — H02 omulubibi/olubibi H03 omupaka H04 empeleelo H05 —
mpaka; border, till/untill
H06 mbali H07 — H08 olubibi/mbali H09 olubibi H10 orubibi
The Swahili/English list is a bit too confusing here. The polysemy of the
Swahili item ought to have been ignored, and we should have restricted the
semantics only to one of its meanings, not both (as reflected in the English
part).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
229
Muzale’s MS has orubîbi ‘boundary’. Kaji (2000:140) has olubîbi ‘border;
boundary’. To this, H02 has added a locative class 18 marker. H04’s entry
presumably corresponds to (or is otherwise derivationally related to) Kaji’s
(2000:173) empéle:la ‘periphery’.
H03 seems to have given us a Hayaized Swahili word. Kaji (2000:175) does
list mpáka as a Haya word (though marked as a Swahili loan), but with
another meaning, namely ‘until; till’. The form omupaka could possibly be
accepted for international borders (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
H06’s entry and the second item in H08’s entry look distinctly like Swahili
mbali ‘far; far-away place’, from which an association can be made to borders
and frontiers (which can he thought of as lying far away).
517 line
H01 omustari/orujuru H02 omustari H03 omustari H04 omustari H05 —
mstari; line
H06 — H07 — H08 omustari H09 omustari H10 omustari
Kaji (2000:207) gives omustali ‘line’ as well as olujulu ‘row; line’.
518 far (away)
H01 hara H02 alai muno H03 hala H04 harai H05 ahara
mbali; far (away)
H06 ala H07 — H08 alai H09 hala H10 ala
Muzale’s MS has ahara(i). H02 has added an adverb meaning roughly ‘very’
(cfr Kaji 2000:411)
519 near
H01 hai H02 haii H03 hai H04 hai H05 ahai
karibu; near
H06 ayi H07 — H08 hai H09 hai H10 ahi
Muzale’s MS has ahâi. Note the seemingly odd spellings of H06 and H10.
520 different
H01 — H02 nshololo H03 etofauti H04 (ni)kyeshusha H05 —
tofauti; different
H06 okutashushana H07 — H08 kulemba H09 enshololo H10 kutashangana
Kaji (2000:368) gives several options for ‘different’, all of which are negated
verbs, such as okutáshushana ‘to be different in shape’ which corresponds to
H06’s entry. The derivative base is okushusha ‘to look like; to be similar; to
resemble’ (idem:336).
230
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
The word in the entries of H02 and H09 has no match in our main Haya
source material, but corresponds to a noun meaning ‘difference’ (Muzale, pc
2006/03). The same word appears in Nyambo as ensorooro ‘difference’
(Rugemalira 2002:118).
H03 has given us a Hayaized Swahili verb.
The verb okushusha ‘to look like; to be similar; to resemble’ (Kaji 2000:336)
is clearly the base for H04’s entry. In fact, the form given by H04 is an
inflected verb form peculiar for this informant. It includes an ‘immediate
present’ ni-prefix which simultaneously conveys a sense of a “general state or
condition” (Rascher 1958:15). The -ky- is a class 7 (inanimate) subject
marker. Cfr also H04’s entries in (583), (584), (589), (591), (595), and (596)
below.
H08’s entry seems to correspond to Muzale’s kulêmba ‘to deceive, cheat’.
H10’s entry is derived from the same underlying verb as Kaji’s (2000:368)
okutáshanangana ‘to be different in shape’, namely okushana ‘to look like
something or somebody’ (idem:336).
521 another
H01 ekindi H02 ekindi/omundi H03 ekindi/ondijo H04 ekindi H05 ekindi
ingine; another
H06 taamu H07 — H08 ekindi H09 ekindi H10 ekindi
Kaji (2000:402) gives the roots -ndî:jo and -´`ndi for ‘another, other’. Most
informants gave inflected forms of class 7. H02 and H03 have added class 1
forms.
H06 has misread our Swahili item as ‹ingia›, meaning ‘to enter’, as her entry
corresponds to kutahámu ‘to enter, get into, get inside’ in Muzale’s MS.
522 thing
H01 ekintu H02 ekintu H03 ekintu H04 ekintu H05 tekeleza
kitu; thing, something
H06 kintu H07 — H08 ekintu H09 ekintu H10 ekintu
Muzale’s MS has ekintu. H05 has clearly misread our English item, as her
entry corresponds to Muzale’s kutéékereza ‘to think’.
523 end
H01 enzindo H02 enzindo H03 endekelelo H04 enzindo H05 ahanzido
mwisho; end
H06 enzindo H07 — H08 anziindo H09 endekelelo H10 enzindo
Muzale’s MS has enzindo ‘end, final’, while Kaji (2000:167) has enzindo
‘last’. Note the seemingly odd initial vowel in H08’s entry.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
231
The entries of H03 and H09 is a nominal derivation based on the verb
kulekera, glossed as ‘to stop, cease, come to an end’ in Muzale’s MS. In Kurt
Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist, it is given as endekerero
‘stop, end’ (= Swedish slut).
H05’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:174) aha nzindo ‘end, point of a
thing’.
524 time
H01 akaanya H02 eizoba H03 omwanya H04 obushango H05 —
wakati; time, when
H06 omuda H07 — H08 amakilo H09 omwanya H10 amakilo
Muzale’s MS has eibânga ‘time, opportunity’, akáànya ‘time, opportunity’,
omwánya ‘place, position, time, opportunity’ and obushango ‘opportunity’.
H02’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s eizóòba ‘sun’.
H06’s entry seems to be a Hayaized adaptation of Swahili muda ‘time,
period’.
The entries of H08 and H10 correspond to Muzale’s amakîro ‘seasons, era’,
which is more a translation of Swahili wakati than English time.
525 year
H01 omwaaka H02 omwaga H03 omwaka H04 omwaka H05 omwaka
mwaka; year
H06 omwaka H07 — H08 omwaka H09 omwaka H10 omwaka
Muzale’s MS has omwâka. Note the seeming odd spelling (or form) used by
H02.
526 week
H01 eilimanzi H02 eduminika H03 eilimansi H04 eilimasi H05 rubinika
juma; week
H06 edominika H07 — H08 eilimansi H09 eilimansi H10 eilimansi
Kaji (2000:153) gives eilimânsi ‘week’, a word that is also used to designate
‘Sunday’.
The same semantic association explains the entries of H02, H05 and H06, too,
which correspond to Kaji’s (2000:169) edominîka, another word for ‘Sunday’,
most commonly used by Catholic missionaries. (Note the alternate form given
by H05.)
232
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
527 day
H01 ekilo H02 ekilo H03 ekilo H04 ekiro/obwiire H05 kiro
siku; day
H06 ekilo H07 — H08 ekilo H09 ekilo H10 ekilo
Muzale’s MS has ekiro ‘day’ and ekíro ‘day of 24 hours’. The second item in
H04’s entry seems to correspond to Kaji’s (2000:148) obwî:le ‘weather’.
528 daytime
H01 omushana H02 omushana H03 bwamushana H04 omushana H05 burikiro
mchana; daytime/daylight
H06 omushana H07 — H08 omushana H09 omushana H10 omushana
Muzale’s MS has omushâna ‘day (not night)’.
H05’s entry translates as ‘every day’, and should orthographically have been
written as two words, namely, buli ‘every’ (invariable modifier; cfr Kaji
2000:403) and Muzale’s ekiro ‘day’ or ekíro ‘day of 24 hours’.
See also (433) above and (674) immediately below.
674 daylight
H01 ommushana H02 omu mushanai H03 — H04 — H05 —
Muzale’s MS has omushâna ‘day (not night)’. The entries of H01 and H02
seem to include a locative class 18 prefix.
529 night
H01 omukiro H02 omukilo H03 ekilo H04 ekiro H05 kiro
usiku; night
H06 omukilo H07 — H08 ekilo H09 ekilo H10 ekilo
The English-Haya index of Muzale’s MS has both ekíro and omukíro for
‘night’, though the former is glossed only ‘day of 24 hours’ in the main Haya
part. Kaji (2000:155) lists ekíro under ‘night’, but adds that it “usually
designates a day ... extending from morning to bedtime. To mean ‘night’, omu
‘in, during’ is necessary [as in omu kíro ‘at night’]” (idem; typography
slightly changed).
530 morning
H01 bwankya H02 bwankya H03 bwankyai H04 bwankyai H05 bwankya
asubuhi; morning
H06 bwankya H07 — H08 bwankya H09 bwankya H10 bwankya
Muzale’s MS has obwánkya ‘morning’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
233
531 evening
H01 bwaigoro H02 bwaigolo H03 bwaigolo H04 bwaigoro H05 bwaigolo
jioni; evening (not darkness/after sunset)
H06 bwaigolo H07 — H08 bwaigoro H09 bwaigolo H10 bwaigolo
Muzale’s MS has obwaigoro ‘evening’.
532 today
H01 kileki H02 kileki H03 kileki H04 mbwenu H05 kileki
leo; today
H06 mbwenu H07 — H08 mbwenu H09 mbwenu H10 kileki
Muzale’s MS has kiréèki ‘today’ (a noun). Kaji (2000:155) has kiró
eki~kir’ê:ki ‘this day’ and mbwê:nu ‘today’, the latter being an adverb.
533 tomorrow
H01 nyenkya H02 nyenkyai H03 nyenkyai H04 nyenkyai H05 nyenkya
kesho; tomorrow
H06 nyenkya H07 — H08 nyenkya H09 nyenkyai H10 nyenkya
Muzale’s MS has nyénkya ‘tomorrow’. Note the final -i used by several
informants.
534 yesterday
H01 nyeigoro H02 nyeigolo H03 nyeigolo H04 nyeigoro H05 nyeigolo
jana; yesterday
H06 nyeigolo H07 — H08 nyeigoro H09 nyeigolo H10 nyeigolo
Muzale’s MS has nyéìgoro ‘yesterday’.
535 long ago
H01 niila H02 eibanga lingi lyalabileo H03 nila H04 eirai H05 ebilo ebye enyuma
kale; long ago
H06 nila H07 — H08 niira H09 eila H10 eila
Muzale’s MS has éíra ‘long ago’. Kaji (2000:155) has éíla ‘those old days’
and nî:la ‘in the past; already’.
H02’s entry translates roughly as ‘many times have passed’. The individual
items correspond to Muzale’s eibânga ‘time, opportunity’, -ingi ‘many’, and a
perfect derivation of kurábira ‘to pass at; to pass through’ (applicative of
kurâba ‘to go via, pass by’).
H05’s entry translates roughly as ‘days of the past’, being comprised of the
plural of ekiro ‘day’ (or, ekíro ‘day of 24 hours’), an associative/genitive
marker (cfr Kaji 2000:393), and enyuma ‘behind, at the back of at rear’
(additionally glossed as ‘after; later’ by Kaji 2000:171).
234
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
536 to be angry
H01 kutamwa H02 kutamwa/kunigala H03 okutamwa H04 kutamwa H05 kutamwa
kasirika; to be angry
H06 tamwa H07 — H08 kukwatwa ekiniga H09 okutamwa H10 kutamwa
Muzale’s MS has kunoba ‘to be angry; to hate’ and kutâmwa ‘to become
angry; to dislike’. Kaji (2000:319) has also okunig:ala ‘to get angry’.
The items in H08’s entry correspond to Muzale’s kukwâta ‘to hold; to catch;
to arrest’ and ekiníga ‘anger’.
537 to hate
H01 kutayenda H02 kutamwa H03 okutamwa H04 kutamwa H05 —
chukia; to hate
H06 tamwa H07 — H08 kutamwa H09 okunoba H10 kunoba
Muzale’s MS has kunoba ‘to be angry; to hate’, although most of our
informants’ replies correspond to kutâmwa ‘to become angry; to dislike’.
H01’s entry comprises a negation marker -ta- (cfr Rascher 1958:22) on the
verb kwenda ‘to like, love; to want; to admire’.
538 desire
H01 kwenda H02 kwegomba H03 okutamani H04 kwegomba H05 —
tamaa; desire
H06 etamaa H07 — H08 kwenda H09 okwegomba H10 orushusho
Muzale’s MS has kwenda ‘to like, love; to want; to admire’ and kwégomba ‘to
desire; to admire’.
H03 seems to have given us a Hayaized adaptation of Swahili tamani ‘to
desire, want’, while H06 has given us a Hayaized Swahili noun tamaa.
H10’s entry comprises a noun corresponding to Muzale’s orushusho ‘longing
to see someone; homesickness; nostalgia’.
539 to wonder
H01 kushamaala H02 kushobelwa H03 okushangaa H04 kushoberwa H05 kutina
staajabu; to wonder/be surprised
H06 kushobelwa H07 — H08 kushoberwa H09 okushobelwa H10 kushamara
Muzale’s MS has kushamaara ‘to watch with wonder’. Kaji (2000:319) has
also okushobelwa ‘to be surprised, astonished’. Cfr also (675) immediately
below.
H03 has seemingly given us a Hayaized version of Swahili shangaa ‘to be
surprised, amazed’, as otherwise the closest Haya match in Muzale’s MS
seems to be kushanga ‘to find’.
H05’s entry seemingly corresponds to Muzale’s kutíìna ‘to fear, be afraid of’.
Kaji (2000:320) has okutî:na ‘to be afraid of, fear; to feel uneasy’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
235
675 to be surprised
H01 okushangaza H02 kushobelwa H03 okushangaa H04 kushoberwa H05 —
Kaji (2000:319) has also okushobelwa ‘to be surprised, astonished’. Cfr also
(539) immediately above.
H01 and H03 have given us Hayaized adaptations of Swahili shangaa ‘to be
surprised, amazed’ and its causative form shangaza ‘to surprise someone’,
respectively.
540 suspecion
H01 kulengeeshanya H02 amashaka H03 — H04 kwelalikilila H05 —
shaka; suspecion
H06 amashaka H07 — H08 kusitara H09 okulengeshenia H10 omwaga
Note that our English item suffers from an embarrasing misspelling. It should
have been ‹suspicion›.
For ‘to doubt; to suspect’, Kaji (2000:322) says there exist “[n]o adequate
word” in Haya. However, he does give okulenga ‘to suppose; to suspect’
(idem:334). This seems also to be the derivative base for both the entries of
H01 and H09. Muzale (pc 2004/12) translates their entries as ‘to be
undecided’.
H02 and H06 have given us Hayaized adaptations of Swahili shaka~mashaka.
There is no match in our main Haya source material for H04’s entry. Muzale
(2004/12) says it derives from the southern Haya dialect(s), but is unsure of
its exact meaning. In neighbouring Nkore-Kiga, there is kwérarikirira ‘to
worry’ (Taylor 1959:90). Presumably H04’s entry means the same.
H08’s entry correspond to Muzale’s kusitara ‘to stumble’, while H10’s entry
corresponds to omwága ‘trouble’.
541 fear
H01 kutiina H02 obutini H03 okut[ina] H04 kutiina H05 kwekengela
hofu; fear
H06 kutina H07 — H08 amatiini H09 obutini H10 obutini
Muzale’s MS has obutîni ‘fear’ and kutíìna ‘to fear, be afraid of’. H08 has
either given a regular plural form of the noun, or else she has re-classified the
root from class 14 (abstracts) to class 6 (mass nouns).
H05’s entry seems to be an applicative derivation based on Muzale’s
kwékenga ‘to avoid‘.
236
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
542 shame
H01 enshoni H02 enshoni H03 enshoni H04 enshoni H05 enshoni
aibu; shame
H06 enshoni H07 — H08 enshoni H09 enshoni H10 enshoni
Muzale’s MS has enshôni ‘shame, shyness’.
543 pain
H01 kushaasha H02 okunenwa H03 amaumivu H04 amaganya H05 kutaa
omunda
maumivu; pain
H06 kushasha H07 — H08 ensheenyi H09 obushasi H10 obushasi
Muzale’s MS has obusháási ‘pain’, with its corresponding verb kushaasha ‘to
feel pain’, and also kunênwa ‘to become ill, fall sick; to feel pain; to suffer’.
H03 has given us a Hayaized Swahili noun.
H04’s entry seemingly corresponds to Muzale’s amagánya ‘compassion, pity,
sympathy’.
H05 seems to have misread our English item as ‹put in›, as the items in her
entry correspond to Muzale’s kúta ‘to put in’ and omunda ‘in, inside’.
H08’s entry refers to something painful (Muzale, pc 2004/12); cfr
amashéènywa ‘great pain’ in Muzale’s MS.
544 happiness
H01 amashemelelwa H02 ebyela H03 amashemelerwa H04 ebye¯ra
H05 shemelerwa
furaha; happiness
H06 amashemelelwa H07 — H08 ebyera H09 ebyela H10 amashemelerwa
Muzale’s MS has ebyééra ‘happiness’. He also has the verb kushémererwa ‘to
be/feel pleased’, which relates to the noun appearing in several of our
informants’ entries.
545 tiredness
H01 amalemwa H02 amalemwa H03 amalemwa H04 amalemwa H05 kulemwa
uchovu; tiredness
H06 kulemwa H07 — H08 amalemwa H09 amalemwa H10 okulemwa
Muzale’s MS has the verb kulemwa ‘to get tired; to be exhausted’. Most of
our informants have given a noun based on the same root.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
237
546 bad smell
H01 okunuuka kubi H02 kununka kubi H03 ealufu(mbi) H04 okununka kubi
H05 kumwenya kubi
harufu mbaya; bad smell
H06 kunuka kubi H07 — H08 olwoya lubi H09 olwoya lubi H10 okunuka kubi
Muzale’s MS has kununka and kunuuka, both glossed as ‘having a bad smell’,
and also orwôya ‘smell’. All informants have added a modifier, -bi ‘bad’,
which has been made to agree with the respective nouns. (Note that the
infinitives are simultaneously also nouns.)
H03 has given us a Hayaized Swahili harufu, followed by a Haya adjective
(prefixed with a class 9 agreement marker).
H05 has seemingly misread our English item as ‹bad smile›, as the first item
in her entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:239) okumwe:ña ‘to smile’. See also
H05’s entry in (371) above.
547 good smell
H01 okunuukage H02 kununka ge H03 akatachu H04 okununka gei
H05 kumwenya kurungi
harufu nzuri; good smell, flavour
H06 kunukage H07 — H08 akoya kalungi H09 okununkage H10 okunuka ge
Muzale’s MS has kununkage and kunuukage both glossed as ‘[having a]
sweet smell’.
H03’s entry corresponds to akataachu ‘aroma’ in Muzale’s MS.
H05 has seemingly misread our English item as ‹good smile›. The first item in
her entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:239) okumwe:ña ‘to smile’, while the
second item corresponds to Muzale’s -rúngi ‘good’. See also H05’s entry in
(371) above.
The first item in H08’s entry contains the same root as Muzale’s orwôya
‘smell’, though with what looks like a class 12 prefix. The second item
corresponds to Muzale’s -rúngi ‘good’.
676 flavour
H01 obunuzi H02 obulungo H03 — H04 — H05 —
H01’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s obunuzi ‘sweet taste; pleasant flavour;
nice feeling’.
H02’s entry refers to seasoning that is added in small doses (Muzale, pc
2004/12).
238
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
548 to remember
H01 okwijuka H02 kwijuka H03 okwi[ju]ka H04 okwijuka H05 kwijuka
kumbuka; to remember
H06 kwijuka H07 — H08 kwiijuka H09 okwijuka H10 kwinuka
Muzale’s MS has kwijuka.
H10 has either misread/misunderstood what we were asking for or simply
mistyped his entry, as it corresponds to kwinuka ‘to stop working’ in
Muzale’s MS.
549 to forget
H01 okweebwa H02 kwebwa H03 okwebwa H04 okweebwa H05 kwebwa
sahau; to forget
H06 kwebwa H07 — H08 kwebwa H09 okweba H10 kwebwa
Muzale’s MS has kwebwa.
550 to know
H01 okumanya H02 kumanya H03 okumanya H04 okumanya H05 kumanya
jua; to know
H06 eizoba H07 — H08 kumanya H09 okumanya H10 kumanya
Muzale’s MS has kumanya.
H06’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s eizóòba ‘sun’. Obviously he read only
our Swahili item, not the English one. Swahili jua has two possible readings.
Besides ‘to know’, it can also be read as ‘sun’, which is the meaning that H06
went for.
551 to hear
H01 okuhurira H02 kuhulila H03 okuhulira H04 okuhulila H05 k[uu]lira
sikia; to hear
H06 kuulila H07 — H08 kuhulila H09 okuhulila H10 kuhurila
Muzale’s MS has kuhúlira ‘to hear; to feel’.
552 noise
H01 enyindo H02 eyombo H03 ekelele H04 eyombo H05 eyombo
kelele; noise
H06 eyombo H07 — H08 eyombo H09 eyombo H10 eyombo
Muzale’s MS has eyómbo ‘noise’.
H01 has clearly misread our English item as ‹nose›. His entry corresponds to
Muzale’s enyîndo ‘nose’.
H03’s entry contains a Hayaized Swahili word.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
239
553 to see
H01 okubona H02 kubona H03 okubona H04 okubona H05 kubona
ona; to see
H06 kubona H07 — H08 kubona H09 okubona H10 kubona
Muzale’s MS has kubôna ‘to see; to forecast; to think’.
554 to touch
H01 okukwaata H02 kukolao H03 okukwata H04 okukwataho H05 kukwata
gusa; to touch
H06 kukolao H07 — H08 kukwataho H09 okukwatao H10 kukolao
Muzale’s MS has kukôra ‘to touch; to do; to make, [...]’ and kukoraho ‘to
touch’. Most informants, however, went for a verb corresponding to Muzale’s
kukwâta ‘to hold; to catch; to arrest’. Moreover, several entries contains
contain a suffixed (or rather, cliticized) locative class 16 marker (as does
kukoraho); thereby conveying ‘to hold/catch at something’
555 to taste
H01 okuloza H02 kuloza H03 okuloza H04 okuroza H05 kuloza
onja; to taste
H06 kuloza H07 — H08 kuloza H09 okuloza H10 kuloza
Muzale’s MS has kuroza.
556 bitter
H01 okusharila H02 enshalizi H03 obushalizi H04 kusha¯lila H05 kushalira
chungu; bitter, sour
H06 kushalila H07 — H08 nshalizi H09 okushalila H10 kusharila
Muzale’s MS has obushaalizi ‘bitterness’ (note the differing noun class used
by H02 and H08) as well as kushaalira ‘to taste bitter; to taste like pepper’.
677 sour
H01 okugaga H02 kugaga H03 — H04 kushalila H05 —
Muzale’s MS has kushaalira ‘to taste bitter; to taste like pepper’. Kaji
(2000:270) has also kugaga ‘to go bad (said of cooked food left for a long
time)’.
240
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
557 life
H01 obukilo H02 obulola H03 amaisha H04 obulola H05 —
maisha; life
H06 okutula H07 — H08 obulola H09 obulamu H10 obukilo
Muzale’s MS has oburora ‘life’, as well as kutúùra ‘to dwell, live, stay’.
The entries of H01 and H10 translate as ‘season’ (Muzale, pc 2004/12).
H03 has seemingly given us a Hayaized Swahili word.
H09’s entry has no match in our main Haya source materials. In one of Hans
Cory’s unpublished glossaries (MS 285), there is obulamu ‘life’; cfr also
Ganda obulamu ‘life; health, good health’ (Murphy 1972:40).
558 to die
H01 okufa H02 okufa H03 okufa H04 okufa H05 kufa
(ku)fa; to die
H06 kufa H07 — H08 kufa H09 okufa H10 kufa
Muzale’s MS has kúfa ‘to die’.
559 death
H01 enfu H02 olufu H03 ekifo H04 orufu H05 yafa
kifo; death
H06 okufa H07 — H08 olufu H09 olufu H10 orufu
Kaji (2000:265) has olúfu, with plural énfu. Note the seemingly odd noun
class used by H03. This is presumably due to influence from Swahili kifo.
H05’s entry contains a finite verb meaning ‘he/she died’ and comprises a 3SG
subject marker, a past tense marker, and the verb kúfa ‘to die’ (Muzale, pc
2006/03; see also Rascher 1958:25).
H06 has given a verb; see also (558) immediately above.
560 corpse
H01 omufu H02 omufu H03 omuzoga H04 omufu H05 —
maiti; corpse
H06 omufu H07 — H08 omufu H09 omufu H10 omufu
Kaji (2000:265) has omúfu ‘dead body, corpse’.
H03 has seemingly given us a Hayaized adaptation of Swahili mzoga ‘corpse;
carcass’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
241
561 to bury
H01 okuziika H02 kuzika H03 okuzika H04 okuziika H05 —
zika; to bury
H06 kutabila H07 — H08 kuzika, kutabila H09 okuziika/okubyalila H10 kuzika
Muzale’s MS has kuziika ‘to bury (the dead)’ and kutabira ‘to bury (generic)’.
The second item in H09’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kubyálira ‘to
transplant’.
562 grave
H01 enyanga H02 enyanga H03 enyanga/amalaro/ekaburi H04 entaana H05 —
kaburi; grave
H06 kitulo H07 — H08 entaana H09 enyanga H10 enyanga
Muzale’s MS has enyanga ‘grave(s), tomb(s)’, amaráàro ‘a grave where a
person’s body was buried’, and ekitúùro ‘grave’.
The third item in H03’s entry is seemingly a Hayaized Swahili word. (It does
seem curious that he should include it, as he has already given two legitimate
Haya words.)
The word given by H04 and H08 has no match in our main source material. It
is acceptable, however, but rarely used as it is a taboo word (Muzale, pc
2006/03); cfr also Nyambo entáána ‘grave’ (Rugemalira 2002:118), Ganda
entaana ‘grave, tomb (usually one that has not yet been used)’ (Murphy
1972:449).
563 God
H01 omukama/katonda H02 omukama/katonda H03 mungu H04 ruhanga/mungu
H05 katonda
Mungu; God
H06 mungu H07 — H08 katonda H09 omukama H10 katonda
Muzale’s MS has katonda ‘the creator, god’, mungu ‘god’, and ruhánga ‘the
creator, god’. Muzale’s MS has omukâma glossed as ‘king, chief’, while. Kaji
(2000:2119 lists it as one of several words for ‘God’.
564 spirit
H01 omwooyo H02 emanzi H03 malaika/omumalaika H04 omushambwa
H05 kashasila/embandwa
pepo; spirit, ghost
H06 mwigulu H07 — H08 omuzimu H09 enchweke H10 emizimu
Muzale’s MS has omwoyo ‘heart, soul, spirit’, omushâmbwa ‘ancestral spirit’,
omuzîmu ‘god, deity, ancestral spirit, ogre, genie’, enchwêke ‘dead person’s
spirit’, as well as omuchwêzi ‘ancestral spirit’.
242
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
The entries of H02 and H03 correspond to Muzale’s emánzi ‘hero’ and
maráìka ‘angel’, respectively.
The first item in H05’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s Kashaasira ‘god of
justice’, the second to embándwa ‘deity-possessed diviner’.
H06’s entry is composed of a locative class 18 prefix and the noun eiguru
‘sky, heaven’, thus meaning ‘in the heavens’ (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
678 ghost
H01 emizimu H02 omuzimu H03 — H04 omuzimu H05 —
Muzale’s MS has omuzîmu ‘god, deity, ancestral spirit, ogre, genie’. H01 has
given a plural form.
565 taboo
H01 ekizila H02 ekitango H03 — H04 omuziro H05 —
mwiko; taboo
H06 kizila H07 — H08 omuzizo H09 omuzila H10 omuzilo
Muzale’s MS has ekizíra and omuziro. H08 has either mistyped her entry, or
else given a dialectal form.
H02’s entry is derived from the verb kutânga ‘to prevent, obstruct, forbid,
hinder, hamper’, and refers to something which prevents someone from doing
something (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
566 sooth saying
H01 kuraguza H02 — H03 — H04 okuholeleza H05 kugamba mpola
piga bao (ramli); to devine, sooth saying
H06 kulaguza H07 — H08 kulaguza H09 kulaguza H10 kulaguza
Muzale’s MS has kuraguza ‘to consult a diviner’.
Quite clearly, those filling in the Swahili/English list were much helped by
the Swahili item in our word list. Those filling in the English list clearly had
trouble with our English item. For instance, H05’s entry translates literally as
‘to speak slowly’.
There is no obvious match in our main Haya source material for H04’s entry,
but neighbouring Nyambo has kuhóreereza ‘to pacify’ (Rugemalira 2002:52).
567 doctor
H01 omutambi H02 omutambi H03 omutambi H04 omutambi H05 rwigi
mganga; doctor, medicineman
H06 emba[n]dwa H07 — H08 omutambi H09 omutambi H10 omutambi
Muzale’s MS has omutâmbi ‘doctor, physician, medicine person’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
243
H05 has clearly misread our English item, as her entry corresponds to
Muzale’s orwigi ‘door’.
H06’s entry seemingly corresponds to Muzale’s embándwa ‘deity-possessed
diviner’; cfr also Nyambo embándwa ‘traditional priest’ (Rugemalira
2002:81).
679 medicineman
H01 — H02 omutambi H03 — H04 omutambi H05 —
Muzale’s MS has omutâmbi ‘doctor, physician, medicine person’.
568 witch
H01 omulogi H02 omulogi H03 omulaguzi/omulogi H04 omulogo H05 reba
mchavi; witch, magician
H06 mulugi H07 — H08 omulogi H09 omulogo H10 omulogi
Muzale’s MS has omurogi~omurogo ‘sorcerer, witch, wizard’.
The first item in H03’s entry is related to Kaji’s (2000:259) omulagûza ‘he
who consults a diviner’ and is derived from the verb kuragura ‘to foretell’.
H03’s form with a final -i (instead of -a) is well-formed but not commonly
used (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
H05 seems to have misread our English item as ‹watch›, as her entry most
likely corresponds to Muzale’s kuleeba ‘to look, watch; observe; forecast’.
See also her entry in (569) below.
680 magician
H01 — H02 omutambi we kienyeji H03 — H04 omulogi H05 —
Muzale’s MS has omurogi~omurogo ‘sorcerer, witch, wizard’.
The phrase in H02’s entry is most likely a mix of Haya and Swahili items.
The first item corresponds to Muzale’s omutâmbi ‘doctor, physician,
medicine person’, while the last corresponds to Swahili kienyeji ‘local,
native’; cfr also the Swahili phrase mganga wa kienyeji ‘local doctor’.
569 to bewitch
H01 okuroga H02 kuloga H03 okulaguza/okuloga H04 okuloga H05 kuleba
roga; to bewitch
H06 kuloga H07 — H08 kuloga H09 okuloga H10 kuroga
Muzale’s MS has kuroga ‘to bewitch’. The first item in H03’s entry
corresponds to Muzale’s kuraguza ‘to consult a diviner’.
H05 seems to have misread our English item as ‹watch›, as her entry most
likely corresponds to Muzale’s kuleeba ‘to look, watch; observe; forecast’.
See also her entry in (568) above.
244
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
570 sorcery
H01 uburogi H02 obulogi H03 — H04 ukuloga H05 —
uchawi; sorcery
H06 omulogi H07 — H08 amalogo H09 obulogo H10 oburogi
Muzale’s MS has oburogi~oburogo ‘magic, witchcraft’. H08 has given a
plural form.
H04 has given a verb corresponding to Muzale’s kuroga ‘to bewitch’, though
note the seemingly odd augment used by our informant.
571 big, great
H01 kihango H02 kihango H03 ekihango H04 kihango kyamani
H05 mpango/kiango
kubwa; big, great
H06 mpango H07 — H08 mpango H09 empango H10 kihango
Muzale’s MS has -pângo~hângo. Note how all informants have given forms
inflected in either class 7 or 9, or both. Compare this with the inflected forms
in the next entry below.
See also (575) and (590) below.
572 little, small
H01 kake H02 kake H03 ekike H04 kike H05 kike/kake
dogo; little, small
H06 nke H07 — H08 kake H09 enke H10 kike
Kaji (2000:345) gives the root as -´ke (with a high tone falling on a preceding
agreement marker). Note how our informants have chosen forms inflected in
classes 7, 9 and/or 12. Class 12 has been obviously used since it is the socalled diminutive class, thereby being semantically linked to ‘smallness’.
The class 9 form appearing in H06’s entry may be a subtle Swahili influence,
as class 9 (in Swahili) can sometimes function as a sort of default noun class
when referring to things of unknown class belonging.
See also (487) and (513) above, plus (576) below.
573 long
H01 kilaikilai H02 kilai H03 ekilaikila H04 kiraikirai H05 kilakila
refu; long, deep, high
H06 ndanda H07 — H08 nda, omunda H09 endanda H10 kiraikila
Muzale’s MS has the roots -ra(i) and -reingwa. Several informants have given
a reduplicated form of the former, based on the structure AGR-Root-AGRRoot (cfr Kaji 2000:348).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
245
The entries of H06, H08 and H09 contain inflected forms of the root -ra
(nasal prefix + -ra gives nda). Incidentally, Hans Cory, in his unpublished
glossary (MS 285), gives “-rai, ndai, etc.” under the entry long.
The second item in H08’s entry may possibly correspond to Muzale’s omunda
‘in, inside’, assuming she made an association from ‘deep’ to ‘inside’.
681 deep
H01 — H02 omunda H03 — H04 ahansi H05 —
Muzale’s MS has omunda ‘in, inside’ and ahánsi ‘below, on the ground,
underneath’.
682 high
H01 kilai H02 eigulu H03 eigulu H04 eiguru H05 —
Kaji (2000:348) has -la(i) ‘tall, high’. Muzale’s MS has also eigúru ‘up,
above’.
574 short
H01 kigufi H02 kigufi H03 ekigufi H04 kigufi H05 kigufi
fupi; short
H06 ngufi H07 — H08 ngufi H09 engufi H10 ekigufi
Muzale’s MS has -gûfi ‘short’. The forms given by our informants are
inflected for classes 7 and/or 9.
575 wide, broad
H01 kihango H02 kitalakile H03 ekihango H04 kihango H05 —
pana; wide, broad
H06 mpango H07 — H08 mpango H09 empango H10 kihango
Muzale’s MS has gives -pângo~hângo ‘big, large’, by our informants
inflected in classes 7 and/or 9.
H02’s entry contains a derivation of the verb kutaraka ‘to spread out, sprawl’
meaning ‘something that has spread’ (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
See also (571) above and (590) below.
576 narrow
H01 katikaati H02 kake H03 ekike H04 kike H05 —
embamba; narrow
H06 lutiluti H07 — H08 guke, kake H09 enkenke H10 kikeikike
For ‘narrow’, Kaji (2000:351) gives -´ke, with a high tone on a preceding
agreement marker. The inflected forms given by some of our informants are
those of classes 12, 7, 9 and/or (curiously?) 3. Kaji (2000:351) gives also the
reduplicated variant AGR-kei-AGR-´ke, which corresponds to H10’s entry.
246
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
The entries of H01 and H06 contain reduplicated forms based on the root -´`ti
‘thin, slim’ (cfr Kaji 2000:347f).
See also (487), (513) and (572) above.
577 heavy
H01 kuzikiila/nkilemeela H02 sikila H03 ekikusikila H04 kisikiile H05 kusikila
zito; heavy
H06 nesikila H07 — H08 nesikila H09 eikisikili H10 kusikila
Muzale’s MS has ekiríkusikiira ‘heavy’. Kaji (2000:351) has okusiki:la ‘to be
heavy’. Our informants’ entries are all (but one) derived from, or at least
formally related to either one of these. (Note the voiced stem-initial z- in
H01’s entry.)
The second item in H01’s entry is obviously related to Muzale’s kulemeera
‘to rest heavily on; to be burdensome’. For an explanation of the inflected
form, see comments in (595) further below.
578 light
H01 kulauka H02 yanguilila H03 omwanga H04 tit[u]likusikila H05 kwaka
epesi; light
H06 lauka H07 — H08 kwanguilala, kwolobela H09 ekwanguilila H10 kulauka
Muzale’s MS has kurahuka ‘to be light (in weight)’.
Although our intention was to elicit a word denoting the opposite of ‘heavy’,
a couple of informants interpreted our English item as the opposite of ‘dark’
(due to no fault of theirs, but a non-discriminating word list, we should add).
Thus H05’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kwaka ‘to become lit; to flash; to
glitter’, while H03’s entry contains a Hayaized adaptation of Swahili mwanga
‘light (lumination)’.
The entries of H02, H08 (first item) and H09 are presumably derived from
Muzale’s kwanguwa ‘to move quickly’. A reduplicated applicative extension,
i.e. -ilil- or -irir-, is commonly used for intensifying the semantics of the verb
(cfr Rascher 1958:84).
H04’s entry seems to mean ‘we are not heavy’, being constructed of a
negation marker ti-, 1st person plural pronoun -tu-, auxiliary -li, followed by
the infinitive form of okusiki:la ‘to be heavy’ (Kaji 2000:351); cfr also
titulikwiija ‘we are not coming’ (Rascher 1958:23).
The second item in H08’s entry corresponds to an applicative derivation of
Muzale’s kwóroba ‘to become weak/soft’.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
247
579 good
H01 kirungi H02 kilungi/ndungi H03 ekilungi H04 kirungi H05 kirungi
ema; good
H06 ndungi H07 — H08 mulungi H09 endungi H10 kirungi
Muzale’s MS has -rúngi. Most of the forms given by our informants are
inflected for classes 7 and/or 9. One informant, H08, used a form inflected for
class 1.
580 bad
H01 kibi H02 kibi/mbi H03 ekibi H04 kibi H05 kibi
baya; bad
H06 mbi H07 — H08 mubi H09 embi H10 kibi
Muzale’s MS has -bi. Most of the forms given by our informants are inflected
for class 7. Three informants gave class 9 forms, and one informant gave a
form inflected for class 1.
581 clean
H01 kyeela H02 kisafi H03 ekisafi H04 kateitei H05 shemera
safi; clean
H06 ndungi H07 — H08 kwela H09 eikwela H10 kirige
Muzale’s MS has kushémera ‘to become clean; to become beautiful’.
Muzale’s MS has also kwêra ‘to become clean; to become white’. Kaji
(2000:361) has okwê:la ‘to be white, clean’. Note how H01 has taken the verb
root and used it as an adjective root inflected for class 7. Note also how H09
has prefixed a class 9 agreement marker on the entire verb form, i.e. including
the ku-prefix.
H02 and H03 have seemingly given us Hayaized Swahili words.
H04’s entry contains an ideophone referring to something that is clean, white,
free of blemish(es) (Muzale, pc 2006/03). The otherwise closest match is to
be found in Hans Cory’s unpublished Haya vocabularies (MS285), where we
find “cicada, akateitei”.
H06’s entry corresponds to -rúngi ‘beautiful’ in Muzale’s MS.
H10’s entry is a finite verb meaning ‘it is well’, and is composed of an
inanimate subject marker of class 7, the (defective) verb root -li ‘to be’, and
the adverbial postclitic -ge ‘well, properly’ (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
248
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
582 dirty
H01 kichaafu H02 kihagaile H03 ekichafu H04 kibi H05 kibi
chafu; dirty
H06 ntanju H07 — H08 enchafu, eina kamogo H09 eagaile H10 kibi
Kaji (2000:361) has -châ:fu (specified as a Swahili loan) and -´bi (with a high
tone falling on a preceding agreement marker) ‘ugly, bad-looking’ (idem).
The entries of H02 and H09 are based on perfect derivations of Muzale’s
kuhágara ‘to become contaminated; to be defiled’.
H06’s entry is seemingly derived from Muzale’s obutanju ‘state or tendency
of being dirty’.
The second item in H08’s entry presumably translates as ‘having a blemish’,
and includes a so-called defective verb ina ‘to have’ (cfr Rascher 1958:59;
Kaji 2000:289). The object noun has no clear match in our main Haya source
materials, but is neighbouring languages we find, e.g. Nyambo akamógo
‘shortcoming’ (Rugemalira 2000:68), Ganda akamogo ‘blemish, stain, spot;
defect; grudge, rancor’ (Murphy 1972:151), Nkore-Kiga akamógo ‘blemish,
vice’ (Taylor 1959:38).
583 hard
H01 kuguma H02 kinguma H03 obugumi H04 (ni)kiguma/kuguma H05 guma
gumu; hard
H06 sikila H07 — H08 ekikuguma H09 eikuguma H10 kuguma
Kaji (2000:352) has okuguma ‘to be hard’ and obugúmu ‘hardness’. Note how
a few informants have added (inanimate) agreement markers on a full
infinitive form, and not just the root.
As for the inflected form in H04’s entry, see comments in (595) below.
H06’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:351) okusiki:la ‘to be heavy’.
584 soft
H01 kulauka H02 nkyolobelela H03 — H04 (ni)kyoroba (kworoba) H05 kuterera
ororo; soft
H06 yela H07 — H08 kunyirira H09 eikwoloba H10 kworoba
Kaji (2000:352) has okulauka ‘to be quick in doing; to be light’, okwó:loba
‘to be tender, easy, fine’ (idem:353), and okutelela ‘to be smooth; to be
slippery; [...]’ (idem:355+230). As for the inflected form in H04’s entry, see
comments in (595) below.
H02’s entry is presumably derived from okwó:loba ‘to be tender, easy, fine’
(Kaji 2000:353) by way of a reduplicated applicative extension, -elel-, which
intensifies the semantics of the verb (cfr Rascher 1958:84).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
249
H06’s entry presumably corresponds to Muzale’s kwêra ‘to become clean; to
become white’.
H08’s entry contains a verb meaning something like ‘to look presentable,
acceptable’ (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
585 wisdom
H01 obusara H02 obumanyi H03 amakune H04 obw[g]ezi/obumanyi H05 makune
hekima; wisdom
H06 obu[ei]ewa H07 — H08 obumanyi H09 obumanyi H10 obumanyi
Muzale’s MS has obwênge ‘wisdom’, though most of our informants’ entries
correspond to Muzale’s obumanyi ‘knowledge’.
H01 has seemingly given us a Hayaized Swahili busara ‘wisdom, skill, good
judgement’.
The entries of H03 and H05 seemingly correspond to Muzale’s amakûne
‘respect’.
The first item in H04’s entry is presumably an abstract noun derived from
what Kaji (2000:370) gives as amagêzi ‘cleverness; wisdom’; cfr also
omugêzi ‘clever person’ in Muzale’s MS.
There is no clear match for H06’s entry in our main Haya source material.
His writing looks a bit messy, but he has probably given us an entry based on
Swahili elewa ‘to understand’.
586 idiocy
H01 — H02 obufela H03 — H04 obufeela H05 —
upumbavu; idiocy
H06 mufela H07 — H08 obufela H09 obufela H10 obufela
Muzale’s MS has omufeera ‘foolish person’. Several informants have given
an abstract derivation based on the same.
587 black
H01 nkilagula H02 neilagula H03 okwilagula H04 kiragula H05 kwilagura
eusi; black, dark
H06 kwilagula H07 — H08 kwilagula H09 eikwilagula H10 kwilagula
Muzale’s MS has kwíragura ‘to be black’, with variants káíraguju and
kííraguju.
683 dark
H01 omwilima H02 mwilima H03 omwilima H04 omwilima H05 —
Muzale’s MS has omwírima ‘darkness’.
250
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
588 red
H01 kutukula H02 kutukula H03 obutukuzi/kutukula H04 (ki)tukula H05 kutukula
ekundu; red
H06 kutukula H07 — H08 eikutukula H09 eikutukula H10 kutukura
Muzale’s MS has kutukura ‘to be red; to become red’, plus the adjectives
katuku, kituku, tukutuku, and tuku.
The first item in H03’s entry is seemingly derived from a causative form of
the verb kutukura; thus obutukuzi ‹ -tukuza (cfr Rascher 1958:65).
589 white
H01 kyeera H02 kwela H03 okwela/kwela H04 (ni)kyela H05 kwera
eupe; white
H06 kwela H07 — H08 eikwela H09 eikwela H10 kwela
Muzale’s MS has kwêra ‘to become clean; to become white’. Kaji (2000:361)
has okwê:la ‘to be white, clean’. As for the inflected form in H04’s entry, see
comments in (595) below.
590 thick
H01 kihango H02 omugoma H03 ekisibo H04 kihango H05 —
nene; thick
H06 mpango H07 — H08 empango H09 empango H10 kihango
Muzale’s MS has -pângo~hângo ‘big, large’. Most of our informants have
given forms inflected in classes 7 and/or 9.
H02’s entry has no match in our main Haya source materials. However, Kaji
(2000:346) does have okugomoka ‘to grow fat’ and okugomola ‘to fatten up’,
both of which seem to be derived from a root -goma.
H03 has seemingly made a curious misreading, as his entry presumably
corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:244) ekisi:bo ‘fasting period’.
See also (571) and (575) above.
591 sweet
H01 kunura H02 kunula H03 obunuzi H04 (ni)kinura H05 kunula
tamu; sweet
H06 kunula H07 — H08 eikunula H09 eikunula H10 kunula
Muzale’s MS has kunura ‘to be sweet’. As for the inflected form in H04’s
entry, see comments in (595) below.
H03’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s obunuzi ‘sweet taste, pleasant flavour;
nice feeling’, which is an abstract noun derived from a causative form of the
verb; thus obunuzi ‹ -nuza ‹ -nura (cfr Rascher 1958:65). Cfr H03’s entry also
in (588) above.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
251
592 weak
H01 kunegena H02 kunegena H03 okwoloba H04 kyoroba H05 mnafu
dhaifu; weak
H06 mnafu H07 — H08 teina mani H09 eikwoloba H10 kwoloba
Muzale’s MS has kwóroba ‘to become weak/soft’.
The entries of H01 and H02 contain a verb meaning ‘to be weak; to be loosefitting, not well-tightened’ (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
The entries of H05 and H06 are clearly derived from an adjective root given
as -nafu ‘lazy’ by Kaji (2000:352). Their choice may well have been
influenced by the faintly similar Swahili dhaifu.
H08’s entry translates roughly as ‘without strength’, and includes a negated
form of the so-called defective verb ina ‘to have’ (cfr Rascher 1958:59f; Kaji
2000:289). The object noun corresponds to Muzale’s amáàni ‘strength’. See
also Kaji (2000:352) for a similar construction involving the negated auxiliary
okutágila ‘to not have’.
593 cold
H01 embeho H02 mbeho H03 embeho H04 kuhola H05 mbeo
baridi; cold
H06 kuola H07 — H08 embeho H09 embeo H10 embeo
Muzale’s MS has embêho ‘cold’ and kuhôra ‘to cool down’.
594 dry
H01 kyooma H02 kwooma H03 okwoma H04 kyomile H05 kwoma
kavu; dry
H06 kwoma H07 — H08 eyomile H09 eyomile H10 kwoma
Muzale’s MS has kwôma ‘to dry’. Three informants have given entries based
on a perfect derivation of the same verb.
595 to be enough
H01 kumala H02 kumala H03 okumala/okutosha H04 nikimala H05 kumala
tosha; to be enough
H06 mala H07 — H08 eikumala H09 eikumala H10 kumala
Muzale’s MS has kumara ‘to be sufficient; to be enough’. Interestingly, H03
has given both the Haya word as well as a Hayaized Swahili word.
As in several other entries, H04 has here given an inflected verb form. The niprefix marks the ‘immediate present’, but it also conveys a sense of a “general
state or condition” (Rascher 1958:15). The -ki- is a class 7 (inanimate) subject
marker. Cfr also H04’s entries in (520), (583), (584), (589), and (591) above,
plus (596) immediately below.
252
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
596 to be suitable
H01 kugasha H02 kugobesheleza H03 — H04 nikigasha H05 kushemela
faa; to be suitable
H06 kubasa H07 — H08 eikushobooka H09 eikusana H10 kugasha
Muzale’s MS has kubaasa ‘to be able to’, kugobeeshereza ‘to complete,
accomplish; to keep promise’ and kushobooka ‘to be clear; to be understood’.
The verb appearing in the entries of H01, H04, and H10 has no clear match in
our main Haya source material; though cfr Nkore-Kiga kugasha ‘to be useful’
(Taylor 1959:53). As for the inflected form used by H04, see comments in
(595) immediately above.
H05’s entry seemingly corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:360+368) okushémela ‘to
be beautiful, pretty, good-looking; to be interesting’.
There is no match in our main Haya source material for H09’s entry, but
neighbouring Nyambo has kusaana ‘to befit, suit, match’ (Rugemalira
2002:145).
597 new
H01 kiya H02 kihya/empya H03 ekihya H04 kihya H05 kiya
pya; new
H06 kiya H07 — H08 akaya H09 engenyi/empya H10 kiya
Muzale’s MS has -hya ‘new’. Most informants gave inflected forms in classes
7 and/or 9, except H08 who has given a class 12 form.
The first item in H09’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:358) -geñi ‘new;
foreign’.
598 fat (human)
H01 muhango H02 muhango H03 omugomoke H04 agomokile H05 muango
(omuntu)
nene; fat (human)
H06 kiango H07 — H08 omuhango H09 egomokile H10 omuhango
Muzale’s MS has gives -pângo~hângo ‘big, large’, by our informants
inflected in classes 1 and/or 7.
The word appearing in the entries of H03, H04 and H09 is derived from
Muzale’s kugomoka ‘to fatten up; to become fat’. The latter two informants
have given forms based on a perfect derivation.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
253
599 fat (animal)
H01 kihango H02 kihango H03 embango H04 kihango H05 kiango (ekintu)
nono; fat (animal), (also voluptuos woman)
H06 okushala H07 — H08 kugomoka H09 eshajwaile H10 kishaju
Muzale’s MS has -pângo~hângo ‘big, large’, by our informants inflected in
classes 7 (presumably for derogativeness here) and/or 9.
H06’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:347) okusha:la ‘to be fatty’; also ‘to
make a frying noise in oil’ (idem:275). Muzale’s MS has eshaara ‘greasy
meat’.
H08’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:346) okugomoka ‘to grow fat’.
Muzale’s MS has also ekishâju ‘fat of meat’, which corresponds to H10’s
entry. H09’s entry is based on the same root, which from a hypothetical verb
root -shaja seems to have gone via a passive -shajwa through a perfect
-shaw(a)ile (?) to a adjective or noun eshajwaile with a possible reading of
‘that which has become fat’.
684 voluptuous woman
H01 — H02 — H03 — H04 — H05 —
600 thin, slim
H01 kike/muke H02 katikati/muti muti/muke H03 omuke H04 atebile
H05 mke/kalega
embamba; thin, slim
H06 kike H07 — H08 muke, kake H09 etebile H10 kike
For ‘small, little’, Kaji (2000:351) gives -´ke, with a high tone on a preceding
agreement marker. The inflected forms given by some of our informants are
those of classes 7, 1, and 12.
The root appearing in H02’s entry corresponds to Kaji’s (2000:347) -´`ti ‘thin,
slim’, which our informant has inflected for classes 12 and 1. The formula for
reduplication is given as AGR-´ti-AGR-´`:ti which Kaji (idem:348) says is
“more widely used”.
The entries of H04 and H09 contain a perfect derivation based on Muzale’s
kuteba ‘to become lean; to grow thin’.
The second item in H05’s entry is seemingly an adjective derived from a verb
corresponding to Muzale’s kuleega ‘to tighten, pull tighter’.
254
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
601 green
H01 — H02 kyagruni H03 ekibabi kibisi H04 kibabi H05 kibisi
kijani; green
H06 kibisi H07 — H08 nyalubabi H09 kibabi kibisi H10 kibabi kibisi
Muzale’s MS gives the phrase kibabi kibîsi for ‘green’; ekibabi being the
word for ‘leaf’.
H02’s entry looks clearly like a Hayaized adaptation of English green.
However, the same word is attested for neighbouring Nkore-Kiga, too, i.e. -a
guríìni (Taylor 1959:167), so it might be that the English-originating stem has
been incorporated into at least one language in the area.
H08 has given a seemingly odd form, though Rascher (1958:70) does claim
that the prefix nya- can be used to “intensify the meaning of a word”.
602 yellow
H01 — H02 kyayelo H03 ekibabi kihile H04 — H05 njano
kimanjano; yellow (also manjano)
H06 gwa njano H07 — H08 kachungwa H09 kibabi kiile H10 orwonge
Muzale’s MS has kihíìse ‘yellow’ and oruhíìse ‘yellow, orange’. The entries
of H03 and H09 translate literally as ‘yellow leaf’.
H02 has given us a Hayaized English word; cfr also his entry in (601)
immediately above.
H05 and H06 have seemingly given us Hayaized forms of the Swahili word.
H08’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s eichúnkwa ‘orange’, albeit he has given
the root in its Swahili form chungwa.
H10’s entry relates to a phrase given as elangi y’ó:longwa which Kaji
(2000:379) says refers to the “color of a plant called olwongwa, which gives
bright yellow flowers”. Cfr also Nyambo ehongo ‘yellow colour’ (Rugemalira
2002:51).
603 same, equal
H01 kwiganilana H02 kwigana H03 sawasawa H04 kwigana H05 nikwo
sawa; same, equal, balanced, straight
H06 nikyo H07 — H08 kwigana H09 ebilikushushana H10 kwigana
Muzale’s MS has kwigana ‘to be equal’. H01 has given a derived form
containing an applicative and a reciprocal extension.
H03 has given us a Swahili word.
The entries of H05 and H06 correspond to Kaji’s (2000:411) ní kyo ‘it is the
one’, which includes a pronominal stem glossed as ‘the very’ by Kaji
(idem:366).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
255
H09’s entry contains a phrase roughly translatable as ‘they resemble each
other’, being composed of a class 8 inflected pronominal followed by a
reciprocal derivation of Muzale’s kushusha ‘to resemble’, i.e. kushushana ‘to
resemble one another’.
685 balanced
H01 kwiganilana H02 kwiganilana H03 — H04 — H05 —
Muzale’s MS has kwigana ‘to be equal’, which is the derivative base for the
word appearing in our informants’ entries.
686 straight
H01 — H02 kugololoka H03 — H04 — H05 —
Muzale’s MS has kugorora ‘to straighten, iron out’. H02’s entry looks like a
reversive derivation of that. Incidentally, Muzale’s MS has also kugorogoka
‘to be straight’.
604 fire
H01 omulilo H02 omuliro H03 omulilo H04 mulilo H05 mliro
moto; fire
H06 mulilo H07 — H08 omulilo H09 omulilo H10 omulilo
Muzale’s MS has omuliro ‘fire’.
605 lukewarm
H01 — H02 nyangololwa H03 — H04 kutagata H05 —
vuguvugu; lukewarm
H06 kutagata H07 — H08 kutagata H09 koya koya H10 kutagata
Muzale’s MS has kutagata glossed as ‘to become warm’.
H02 has seemingly misread our English item as referring to some kind of
worm. His entry is clearly related to Kaji’s (2000:64) ekiñangoróro
‘centipede’. In Kurt Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist, we find
omunyongororo ‘tape worm’ (= Swedish binnikemask). In neighbouring
languages we find, e.g. Nyambo omunyongororwa ‘earth worm’ (Rugemalira
2002:94), Nkore-Kiga omunyongoróra~omunyongorórwa ‘earthworm’.
H09’s entry has no match in our main Haya source materials, but cfr Nyambo
akooyóoyo ‘lukewarm temperature’ (Rugemalira 2002:73), plus Nkore-Kiga
kooyakóòya ‘to be lukewarm’ and akooyóòyo ‘lukewarm water’ (Taylor
1959:48).
256
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
606 moist, humid
H01 — H02 amaizi maizi H03 — H04 nkihola H05 —
a maji; moist, humid
H06 amazi H07 — H08 kushaaba H09 ebibisi H10 kushaba
Muzale’s MS has kushaaba ‘to become wet/soaked/drenched’. In Kurt
Löfgren’s unpublished Swedish-Haya wordlist, we find also kuhola ‘to be
moist’. As for the inflected form given by H04, see comments in (595) above.
H02’s entry, though consisting of well-formed Haya words, seems to contain
a construction parallel to the Swahili phrase maji maji ‘watery’.
H06 has given us the word for ‘water’. He does, however, seem to have given
a slightly Swahili-influenced form lacking an i-vowel in the root. Muzale’s
MS has the word as amáìzi (cfr also H02’s entry).
607 old, from the past
H01 eila/kikuru H02 kikulu kye rai H03 — H04 kikulu H05 mugulusi
a zamani; old, from the past
H06 ya nila H07 — H08 ya nila H09 ebyeila H10 eila
Muzale’s MS has the adjective root -kuru ‘old’ as well as the noun éíra ‘long
ago’, glossed as ‘those old days’ by Kaji (2000:155). H09 has given an
inflected form of the latter. Kaji (2000:155) also has the adverb nî:la ‘in the
past’.
H02’s entry translates roughly as ‘very old’, and includes an adjective -la(i),
glossed as ‘tall, high; long; deep’ by Kaji (2000:348ff).
H05’s entry is seemingly related to or derived from Muzale’s obugurûsi ‘old
age (of men); old men [diminutive]’.
608 of very long time ago
H01 niila H02 eirai H03 kya nila H04 kyeirai muno H05 ebilo ebilabileo
a kale; of very long time ago
H06 bye eua H07 — H08 ya nila H09 ebyeila muno H10 kala
Kaji (2000:155) gives the adverb nî:la ‘in the past’, the adjective root
-la(i)‘tall, high; long; deep’ (idem:348ff), as well as the noun éíra ‘those old
days’ (idem:155).
The second items in the entries of H04 and H09 correspond to Kaji’s
(2000:411) múno ‘very; much’.
H05 has replied with a noun plus relative clause meaning something like
‘days that have passed’. It is composed of a plural form of ekiro ‘day’
followed by a relative pronoun ebi-, the verb kurâba ‘to pass by’, and a
postclitic -ho ‘there’ (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
257
There is no obvious match in our main Haya source material for H06’s entry,
unless what looks like ‹U› should in fact be ‹LI›, in which case the second
item could correspond to Kaji’s (2000:155) éíra ‘those old days’.
The inflected form in H10’s entry looks like it is influenced by Swahili kale.
609 (to be) straight
H01 kwiganilana/kunyooka H02 kugololoka H03 okunyoka H04 kwemerera ge
H05 —
a kunyoka; (to be) straight
H06 kwegolola H07 — H08 kugololoka H09 okugologoka H10 kugolora
Muzale’s MS has kugorora ‘to straighten, iron out’ as well as kugorogoka ‘to
be straight’. The forms given by H02, H08 and H09 are presumably
derivations based on the former.
The first item in H01’s entry is derived from Muzale’s kwigana ‘to be equal’,
containing an applicative and a reciprocal extension.
The entries of H02 (second item) and H03 are clearly Hayaized adaptations of
the Swahili word.
H04’s entry corresponds to Muzale’s kwémeerera ‘to stand up; to stand still;
to come to a halt’.
610 of cylindrical shape, round
H01 omviringo H02 ekizingirile H03 omviringo H04 — H05 kuzungukya
mviringo; of cylindrical shape, circle, round thing
H06 kuzunguka H07 — H08 — H09 ekibumbilile H10 omviringo
Muzale’s MS has omuzííngozo ‘circle’, a word lacking from all our
informants. H01, H03 and H10 have given Hayaized Swahili words.
H02 seems to have misunderstood something. The word he has given is a
well-formed Haya word, but it means ‘intervowen’ (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
The entries of H05 and H06 are presumably related to kuzingooka ‘to go
round’ in Muzale’s MS. However, the forms given seem more likely to be
based on Swahili kuzunguka ‘to go round’.
H09’s entry seemingly translates as ‘something that has been made round’,
being composed of a noun derived from Muzale’s bumbirííre, which is the
perfect form of kubúmbirira ‘to make something round’.
258
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
687 circle, round thing
H01 kahilingililo H02 — H03 omuduara H04 — H05 —
Interestingly, both informants gave Swahili-based forms in (610) immediately
above, but different words altogether here.
H01’s entry is derived from the verb kuhiringirira, which refers to the act of
forming something ball-like with ones hands (Muzale, pc 2006/03).
H03’s entry is a Hayaization of Swahili duara ‘circle’.
611 I, me
H01 inye H02 inye nyowe H03 nyowe H04 inye H05 inye/ninye
mimi; I, me
H06 inye H07 — H08 nyowe, inye H09 nyowe H10 inye
Kaji (2000:388) has iñe and ñówe. The latter is used “mainly in Kiziba”
(idem).
612 you (sing)
H01 iwe H02 iwe H03 iwe H04 iwe H05 iwe
wewe; you (sing)
H06 iwe H07 — H08 iwe H09 iwe H10 iwe
Kaji (2000:388) has iwe.
613 he/she/it, him/her/it
H01 wenene H02 wenene/kyonene H03 wenene/kyonene H04 wenene
H05 msigazi/mwisiki/kintu
yeye; he/she/it, him/her/it
H06 wenene H07 — H08 wenene H09 wenene H10 wenene
Kaji (2000:388) has wé:nêne. Two informants added inanimate forms
inflected for class 7; obviously in response to the ‹it› in our English item.
H05 have given an interesting reply here, corresponding to Muzale’s
omusígazi ‘boy’, omwísiki ‘girl‘ and ekintu ‘thing’.
614 we, us
H01 ichwe H02 itwe/ichwe, chwenene H03 ichwe H04 ichwe H05 ichwe/ichwe
sisi; we, us
H06 ichwe H07 — H08 ichwe H09 ichwe H10 ichwe
Kaji (2000:388) has ichwe.
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
259
615 you (pl)
H01 inywe H02 inywe H03 inywe H04 inywe H05 inywe
n(y)inyi; you (pl)
H06 inywe H07 — H08 inywe H09 inywe H10 inywe
Kaji (2000:388) has iñwe.
616 they, them
H01 bonene/abo H02 abo, bonene H03 bonene H04 bonene H05 abo/bonene
wao; they, them
H06 bonene H07 — H08 bonene H09 bonene H10 bonene
Kaji (2000:388) has bó:nêne ‘they, them’ and -â:bo ‘their’.
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
follows (17)
follows (35)
follows (60)
follows (75)
follows (82)
follows (84)
follows (90)
follows (95)
follows (100)
follows (110)
follows (110)
follows (135)
follows (136)
follows (156)
follows (159)
follows (164)
follows (165)
follows (170)
follows (170)
follows (183)
follows (187)
follows (191)
follows (206)
follows (207)
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
follows (207)
follows (204)
follows (204)
follows (210)
follows (213)
follows (224)
follows (236)
follows (244)
follows (244)
follows (263)
follows (264)
follows (272)
follows (275)
follows (276)
follows (302)
follows (305)
follows (319)
follows (328)
follows (335)
follows (352)
follows (367)
follows (368)
follows (377)
follows (389)
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
follows (394)
follows (424)
follows (426)
follows (435)
follows (437)
follows (452)
follows (462)
follows (489)
follows (514)
follows (528)
follows (539)
follows (547)
follows (556)
follows (564)
follows (567)
follows (568)
follows (573)
follows (573)
follows (587)
follows (599)
follows (603)
follows (603)
follows (610)
Indexes
ENGLISH INDEX
The numbers refer to items, not pages.
1 ......................................... 492
2 ......................................... 493
3 ......................................... 494
4 ......................................... 495
5 ......................................... 496
6 ......................................... 497
7 ......................................... 498
8 ......................................... 499
9 ......................................... 500
10 ....................................... 501
11 ....................................... 502
20 ....................................... 503
21 ....................................... 504
30 ....................................... 505
40 ....................................... 506
50 ....................................... 507
60 ....................................... 508
70 ....................................... 509
80 ....................................... 510
90 ....................................... 511
100 ..................................... 512
abuse .................................. 175
accept ................................. 187
accuse ................................ 180
acknowledge ...................... 187
admit mistake .................... 181
adult ................................... 134
agree .......................... 187, 637
air ....................................... 430
all ....................................... 489
allow .................................. 150
alone .................................. 488
angry .................................. 536
animal ................................ 312
ankle .................................... 40
another ............................... 521
answer................................ 146
ant ...................................... 339
arm ........................... 24, 27, 28
armpit................................... 25
arrive.................................... 87
arrow.................................. 301
ash(es)................................ 216
ask...................................... 145
aunt .................................... 121
axe ..................................... 250
baboon ............................... 326
baby ................................... 133
back ..................................... 32
backyard .................... 207, 640
bad ..................................... 580
bad smell ........................... 546
bag ..................... 244, 648, 649
balanced .................... 603, 685
banana ............................... 408
bark.................................... 481
barter ................................. 389
basket ................................ 245
bat ...................................... 325
be angry ............................. 536
be boiling........................... 222
be born................................. 81
be drunk............................. 196
be enough .......................... 595
be full up ........................... 399
be full/filled ....................... 490
be ill..................................... 67
be intoxicated .................... 196
be satisfied with food ........ 399
be sick ........................... 67, 75
be straight .......................... 609
be suitable ......................... 596
be surprised ............... 539, 675
be tired................................. 58
beans (large) ...................... 412
beard .................................... 11
bed ..................................... 241
bee ..................................... 338
beg ..................................... 147
belch .................................. 400
bend ................................... 362
bewitch .............................. 569
big...................................... 571
bird .................................... 345
bite..................................... 313
bitter .................................. 556
black .................................. 587
black pepper ...................... 416
blind .................................... 63
blood.................................... 46
blow (of wind) ...................440
blunt knife ..........................253
body .......................................1
boil .............................222, 223
boiling ................................222
bone......................................44
border .................................516
born ......................................81
bottle ..................................246
bow ....................................300
boy .....................................127
brain .......................................4
branch ................................472
break ..................................363
break open..........................364
breasts ..................................35
breathe......................... 50, 385
bring .....................................98
bring water .........................227
broad ..................................575
broom .................................254
brother (elder) ....................125
buffalo ................................317
build ...................................197
bull .....................................279
burden ................................272
burn ....................................213
burp ....................................400
bury ....................................561
buy .....................................387
calabash..............................247
calf .....................................282
call (someone)....................137
cap ..............................426, 667
carve wood .........................368
cassava ...............................414
cat.......................................296
cattle...........................275, 653
cattlekeeper ........................278
cave ....................................453
chair ...................................242
change ........................389, 664
charcoal ..............................214
chase ..........................170, 634
cheat ...................................172
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
cheek ......................................8
chest .....................................34
child (my)...........................122
childless woman.................132
chin ......................................10
circle ..........................610, 687
clan.....................................107
clap hands ..........................167
clay.....................................462
clean ...................................581
close ...................204, 377, 642
cloth ...................................422
cloth bag.....................244, 649
cloud ..................................441
coarse mat ..........................243
cobra ..................................332
cock ....................................295
cold ....................................593
come.....................................86
come back ....................95, 624
come to a stop ..............90, 623
compound ..........................207
condemn.............................174
conversation .......................143
converse .............................144
cook....................................220
corpse .................................560
cough............................. 71, 72
count ..................................491
count (numbers) .................484
country .......................447, 452
cover ..................................233
cow(s) ........................275, 281
cowshed .............................206
crab ....................................330
crash ...................................165
crocodile ............................331
crush...................................236
cry (of sadness) ..................138
cultivate......................264, 651
cure ......................................78
cut ......................................235
cut firewood .......................260
cut wood.............................374
cylindrical shape ................610
dance ..................................190
dark ............................587, 683
darkness .............................431
date palm............................479
daughter .............................124
dawn...................................432
day......................................527
daylight ......................528, 674
daytime ..............................528
deaf ......................................65
death...................................559
debt ....................................390
decide .................................185
deep ............................573, 681
deny....................................182
describe...................... 156, 630
desire ................................. 538
devine ................................ 566
die ...................................... 558
different ............................. 520
dig ...................................... 265
dirty ................................... 582
disease ................................. 66
dismiss from work ..... 170, 635
divide ................................. 365
do ....................................... 355
doctor ................................. 567
dog ..................................... 297
donkey ............................... 285
door.................................... 202
dove ................................... 660
dream .............................60, 61
dress well ........................... 666
drew well ........................... 424
drill ............................ 100, 625
drink................................... 402
drip..................................... 383
drive off ............................. 170
drum...........................190, 191
drunk.................................. 196
dry...................................... 594
dumb .................................... 64
dust .................................... 459
eagle................................... 351
ear ........................................ 15
earth ........................... 462, 671
earthen pot ......................... 225
eat ...................................... 396
egg ..................................... 403
eight ................................... 499
eighty ................................. 510
elbow ................................... 26
elephant ............................. 318
eleven................................. 502
end ..................................... 523
enmity ................................ 169
enough ............................... 595
enter ................................... 205
equal .................................. 603
evening .............................. 531
explain ............................... 156
extinguish fire .................... 217
eye ....................................... 13
face ........................................ 7
fall...................................... 104
far (away) .......................... 518
farm ................................... 263
fat (animal) ........................ 599
fat (human) ........................ 598
father.................................. 115
fear ..................................... 541
feather ................................ 346
feed .................................... 277
female sheep ...................... 291
fence .................................. 207
261
fetch water ......................... 226
fever .................................... 68
few............................. 487, 513
fifty .................................... 507
fight ................................... 168
fill ...................................... 231
filled .................................. 490
filter ................................... 230
finance ............................... 394
finger(s) ............................... 30
finish.................................. 354
fire ............................. 212, 604
fire a gun ........................... 303
fireplace............................. 219
firestones ........................... 219
firewood ............................ 218
fish............................. 310, 329
fish hook............................ 311
five .................................... 496
flavour ....................... 547, 676
float ................................... 382
flour ................................... 418
flower ................................ 482
fly .............................. 341, 348
follow .................................. 94
food ................................... 397
foot ...................................... 38
forehead................................. 6
foreigner .................... 110, 626
forest.................................. 448
forge iron ........................... 369
forget ................................. 549
four .................................... 495
fourty ................................. 506
fox ..................................... 319
friend ................................. 109
frog .................................... 336
from the past...................... 607
frontyard .................... 207, 641
fruit .................................... 475
fry ...................................... 221
full ..................................... 490
full up ................................ 399
funds .................................. 392
fur ...................................... 314
game .................................. 189
garden ................................ 209
garment.............................. 422
get ...................................... 152
ghost .......................... 564, 678
giraffe ................................ 320
girl ..................................... 128
give .................................... 151
give birth ............................. 80
go......................................... 82
go away ............................... 85
goat .................... 286, 287, 288
God .................................... 563
good................................... 579
good smell ......................... 547
262
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
grain ................................... 273
grass ................................... 480
grave .................................. 562
great ................................... 571
green .................................. 601
grill ............................ 213, 645
grind................................... 238
grinder ............................... 239
group (of people) ............... 486
grow ..................... 60, 469, 619
grow crops ......................... 264
guest................................... 110
guineafowl ......................... 349
gun ..................................... 302
hair ......................................... 5
hammer .............................. 248
hand ......................... 23, 27, 28
hang (something) ............... 259
happiness ........................... 544
hard .................................... 583
harvest ............................... 269
hat ...................................... 426
hate .................................... 537
hawk .................................. 350
he ....................................... 613
he-goat ............................... 286
head ....................................... 3
hear .................................... 551
heart ..................................... 48
heat .................................... 436
heavy ................................. 577
heel ...................................... 41
help .................................... 148
hen ..................................... 294
her ...................................... 613
hide .................................... 173
high ............................ 573, 682
highway ............................. 464
him ..................................... 613
hippo .................................. 321
hit ....................... 164, 165, 656
hit with a knife, etc ............ 305
hit with the hand ................ 163
hoe ..................................... 266
hold .................................... 381
hole .................................... 454
honey ................................. 404
horn(s) ............................... 315
house.................................. 198
humid ................................. 606
hundred .............................. 512
hunger ................................ 395
hunt .................................... 298
hunter ................................. 299
husband.............................. 114
hyena ................................. 322
I.......................................... 611
idiocy ................................. 586
ill.......................................... 67
intestines .............................. 47
intoxicated ......................... 196
iron .................................... 370
it ........................................ 613
jackal ......................... 319, 657
jaw ......................................... 9
judge .......................... 178, 179
jump .................................. 102
keep animals.............. 276, 654
keep cattle ......................... 276
kidney .................................. 52
kill ..................................... 306
kitchen ....................... 210, 644
knead ................................. 367
knee ..................................... 37
knife .................. 251, 252, 253
knock ......................... 165, 633
knot.................................... 258
know .................................. 550
lake .................................... 457
lamb........................... 289, 292
lamp................................... 256
land .................................... 447
landscape ................... 452, 670
language ............................ 139
laugh .................................. 192
law ..................................... 177
leaf..................................... 473
learn................................... 158
leave .................................... 83
left hand/arm ....................... 28
leg ........................................ 39
leopard............................... 323
lies ..................................... 176
life ..................................... 557
light ................................... 578
light fire ............................. 211
lightening .......................... 444
like..................................... 118
line..................................... 517
lion .................................... 324
lip ........................................ 17
little ................................... 572
live..................................... 384
liver ..................................... 51
lizard.................................. 334
load .................................... 272
lock ............ 204, 377, 643, 663
long.................................... 573
long ago ..................... 535, 608
long time ago..................... 608
look.................................... 155
louse .................................. 344
love .................................... 118
luggage ...................... 272, 652
lukewarm........................... 605
lung...................................... 49
machete ............................. 249
magician .................... 568, 680
mainroad............................ 464
maize ................................. 419
make noise .................136, 629
male sheep .........................291
man ....................................130
mango ................................411
many ..................................485
market ................................386
marriage .............................112
marry ..................................113
mash ...........................236, 647
maternal uncle....................120
me ......................................611
measure ..............................514
meat..............................43, 405
medicine...............................79
medicineman ..............567, 679
metal pot ....................224, 646
milk ..............35, 283, 406, 618
mill ............................ 238, 239
millet ..................................420
mine ...................................454
mix .....................................232
moist ..................................606
money ........................392, 393
monkey ..............................327
month .........................437, 669
moon ..................................437
morning ..............................530
mortar.................................239
mosquito ............................342
mother ................................117
mountain ....................449, 450
mouse .................................328
mouth .....................16, 17, 617
move ............................82, 621
much ..................................485
mud ....................................460
music ..........................191, 638
nail(s) ...................................31
name...................................106
narrow ................................576
navel.....................................36
near ....................................519
neck ......................................21
negate .................................182
new.....................................597
newcomer...................110, 627
night ...................................529
nine ....................................500
ninety .................................511
noise ...................................552
nose ......................................12
number ...............................491
oath ....................................184
obey....................................119
oil .......................................407
old, from the past ...............607
old man ..............................108
one......................................492
open....................................203
open country ......................452
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
orange ................................409
oxe......................................280
oyster shell .........................335
paddock ..............................206
pain ......................75, 543, 620
paint ...................................372
palm of hand ........................29
paper bag....................244, 648
parade.................................100
pastoralist ...........................278
paternal aunt.......................121
pay......................................391
pearce .................................305
pepper ................................416
person.................................105
pestle (for pounding)..........240
pick from a tree ..................270
pick up from ground ..........271
pig ......................................293
pigeon ........................352, 660
place ...................................465
plant ...................................468
plant (seeds) .......................267
plantation ...................263, 650
plastic bag ..........................244
plate hair ............................429
play ........................... 189, 193
plough ................................264
pot ......................224, 225, 646
potato (root) .......................415
pound .........................236, 237
pour ....................................228
present ................................153
produce ..............................273
prohibit...............................186
pulverize ............................238
punish.................................188
push ....................................359
put in ..................................360
quarrel ....................... 161, 162
race.....................................107
rain ............................ 442, 443
raise ....................................366
rat ...............................328, 658
read ....................................159
really ..................................183
red ......................................588
refuse..................................149
refute ..................................182
relative ...............................111
remember ...........................548
renounce.............................182
reply ...................................146
request ................................147
rest........................................88
return ....................................95
rib .........................................33
rice .....................................421
rifle.............................302, 655
right hand/arm......................27
ring..................................... 428
ripen ................................... 477
river ................................... 456
road ............................ 463, 464
roast ........................... 213, 645
rock .................................... 450
roof .................................... 200
room for storing grain........ 274
root..................................... 471
rope .................................... 257
rot....................................... 478
round thing ........................ 610
run........................................ 93
saliva.................................... 53
salt ..................................... 417
same ................................... 603
sand.................................... 461
satisfied with food ............. 399
saucepan ............................ 224
saved produce .................... 273
scar....................................... 77
scratch................................ 380
scrub .................................. 379
see ...................................... 553
seed .................................... 483
sell ..................................... 388
send................................ 96, 97
seven .................................. 498
seventy ............................... 509
sew ..................................... 261
shade .......................... 435, 668
shadow ............................... 435
shake .................................. 229
shake milk.......................... 284
shame ................................. 542
sharp knife ......................... 252
sharpen a pencil ......... 368, 662
she...................................... 613
she-goat ............................. 288
sheep .......................... 290, 291
shield ................................. 307
shine................................... 434
shiver ................................... 69
shoe.................................... 427
shoot out ............................ 469
shoot with a gun ................ 303
short ................................... 574
shoulder ............................... 22
shout .................................. 136
show................................... 154
shut ............................ 204, 377
sick................................. 67, 75
sickness................................ 66
silver .......................... 394, 665
sing .................................... 194
sister (elder) ....................... 126
sit ........................... 84, 91, 622
six ...................................... 497
sixty ................................... 508
skin ...................................... 42
263
slap .................................... 163
sleep .................................... 59
slim .................................... 600
small .................................. 572
smell .......................... 546, 547
smelt .................................. 371
smoke ................................ 215
snail ........................... 335, 659
snake.................................. 333
sneeze .................................. 57
snore .................................... 62
soft..................................... 584
something .......................... 522
son ..................................... 123
song ................................... 195
sooth saying....................... 566
sorcery ............................... 570
sound ......................... 135, 628
sour ............................ 556, 677
speak.................................. 140
spear .................................. 304
spider ................................. 343
spirit .................................. 564
split wood .......................... 374
squeeze .............................. 375
stable ......................... 206, 639
stand .................................... 90
star ..................................... 438
start .................................... 353
stay ...................................... 84
steal ................................... 171
stick ................................... 308
stomach ................................. 2
stone .................................. 458
story................................... 142
stove .................................. 210
straight............... 603, 609, 686
strike .................. 164, 165, 632
study .......................... 159, 631
suburb ................................ 467
suck ................................... 376
sugarcane........................... 410
suitable .............................. 596
sun ..................................... 433
surprised .................... 539, 675
suspecion ........................... 540
sweat.................................... 54
sweep................................. 255
sweet.................................. 591
swell .................................... 76
swim .................................. 101
table ................................... 398
taboo .................................. 565
tail...................................... 316
take a bath ........................... 55
take away............................. 99
take water .......................... 227
taste ................................... 555
teach .................................. 157
tear....................................... 14
264
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
tell ...................................... 141
ten ...................................... 501
termite................................ 340
them ................................... 616
they .................................... 616
thick ................................... 590
thin ..................................... 600
thing ................................... 522
thirst ................................... 401
thirty .................................. 505
thorn................................... 474
three ................................... 494
throat.................................... 20
throw away ........................ 103
thunder ............................... 445
till....................................... 516
time .................................... 524
tired...................................... 58
tiredness ............................. 545
to abuse .............................. 175
to accept............................. 187
to accuse ............................ 180
to acknowledge .................. 187
to admit mistake ................ 181
to agree ...................... 187, 637
to allow .............................. 150
to answer............................ 146
to arrive................................ 87
to ask.................................. 145
to barter.............................. 389
to be angry ......................... 536
to be boiling ....................... 222
to be born ............................. 81
to be drunk ......................... 196
to be enough ...................... 595
to be full up........................ 399
to be full/filled ................... 490
to be ill ................................. 67
to be intoxicated ................ 196
to be satisfied with food .... 399
to be sick........................ 67, 75
to be straight ...................... 609
to be suitable...................... 596
to be surprised ........... 539, 675
to be tired ............................. 58
to beg ................................. 147
to bend ............................... 362
to bewitch .......................... 569
to bite ................................. 313
to blow (of wind) ............... 440
to boil......................... 222, 223
to break .............................. 363
to break open ..................... 364
to breathe ..................... 50, 385
to bring ................................ 98
to bring water..................... 227
to build............................... 197
to burn................................ 213
to bury................................ 561
to buy ................................. 387
to call (someone) ............... 137
to carve wood .................... 368
to change ................... 389, 664
to chase...................... 170, 634
to cheat .............................. 172
to clap hands...................... 167
to close .............. 204, 377, 642
to come ................................ 86
to come back ............... 95, 624
to come to a stop ......... 90, 623
to condemn ........................ 174
to converse ........................ 144
to cook ............................... 220
to cough ............................... 72
to count (numbers) ............ 484
to cover.............................. 233
to crash .............................. 165
to crush .............................. 236
to cry (of sadness) ............. 138
to cultivate ................. 264, 651
to cure.................................. 78
to cut.................................. 235
to cut firewood .................. 260
to cut wood ........................ 374
to dance ............................. 190
to decide ............................ 185
to deny ............................... 182
to describe ................. 156, 630
to devine ............................ 566
to die.................................. 558
to dig ................................. 265
to dismiss from work. 170, 635
to divide............................. 365
to do................................... 355
to dream............................... 60
to dress well ...................... 666
to drew well....................... 424
to drill ........................ 100, 625
to drink .............................. 402
to drip ................................ 383
to drive off......................... 170
to drum .............................. 190
to eat .................................. 396
to enter............................... 205
to explain ........................... 156
to extinguish fire ............... 217
to fall ................................. 104
to feed................................ 277
to fetch water..................... 226
to fight ............................... 168
to fill .................................. 231
to filter ............................... 230
to finish ............................. 354
to fire a gun ....................... 303
to fish................................. 310
to float ............................... 382
to fly .................................. 348
to follow .............................. 94
to forge iron....................... 369
to forget ............................. 549
to fry...................................221
to get ..................................152
to give ................................151
to give birth ..........................80
to go .....................................82
to go away ............................85
to grill.........................213, 645
to grind ...............................238
to grow .................60, 469, 619
to grow crops .....................264
to hang (something) ...........259
to harvest............................269
to hate.................................537
to hear ................................551
to help ................................148
to hide ................................173
to hit ...................164, 165, 656
to hit with a knife, etc ........305
to hit with the hand ............163
to hold ................................381
to hunt ................................298
to judge ..............................179
to jump ...............................102
to keep animals ..........276, 654
to keep cattle ......................276
to kill ..................................306
to knead..............................367
to knock .....................165, 633
to know ..............................550
to laugh ..............................192
to learn ...............................158
to leave .................................83
to light fire .........................211
to like .................................118
to live .................................384
to lock ........204, 377, 643, 663
to look ................................155
to love ................................118
to make noise .............136, 629
to marry..............................113
to mash .......................236, 647
to measure ..........................514
to milk ................................283
to mill .................................238
to mix .................................232
to move ........................82, 621
to negate .............................182
to obey ...............................119
to open ...............................203
to pain ..........................75, 620
to paint ...............................372
to parade.............................100
to pay .................................391
to pearce [sic!] ...................305
to pick from a tree ..............270
to pick up from ground ......271
to pierce [as pearce!] .........305
to plant (seeds) ...................267
to plate hair ........................429
to play ................................193
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
to plough ............................264
to pound .....................236, 237
to pour ................................228
to prohibit...........................186
to pulverize ........................238
to punish.............................188
to push................................359
to put in ..............................360
to quarrel ............................162
to rain .................................443
to raise................................366
to read ................................159
to refuse .............................149
to refute ..............................182
to remember .......................548
to renounce.........................182
to reply ...............................146
to request............................147
to rest ...................................88
to return................................95
to ripen ...............................477
to roast .......................213, 645
to rot ...................................478
to run ....................................93
to scratch ............................380
to scrub...............................379
to see ..................................553
to sell..................................388
to send ............................96, 97
to sew .................................261
to shake ..............................229
to shake milk ......................284
to sharpen a pencil .....368, 662
to shine ...............................434
to shiver ...............................69
to shoot out ........................469
to shoot with a gun.............303
to shout...............................136
to show ...............................154
to shut.........................204, 377
to sing.................................194
to sit .......................84, 91, 622
to slap .................................163
to sleep .................................59
to smelt...............................371
to sneeze...............................57
to snore.................................62
to speak ..............................140
to split wood ......................374
to squeeze...........................375
to stand .................................90
to start ................................353
to stay ...................................84
to steal ................................171
to strike ..............164, 165, 632
to study ...................... 159, 631
to suck................................ 376
to sweep ............................. 255
to swell ................................ 76
to swim .............................. 101
to take a bath........................ 55
to take away ......................... 99
to take water ...................... 227
to taste................................ 555
to teach .............................. 157
to tell .................................. 141
to throw away .................... 103
to touch .............................. 554
to trickel............................. 383
to try .................................. 358
to turn something ............... 361
to twine rope ...................... 373
to twist rope ....................... 373
to uncover .......................... 234
to undress........................... 425
to vomit................................ 70
to wait .................................. 89
to walk ................................. 92
to wash (hands).................... 56
to wash clothes .................. 262
to wear ............................... 423
to wear (on the head) ......... 424
to weed .............................. 268
to weigh ..................... 514, 673
to wipe ............................... 378
to wonder ........................... 539
to work............................... 357
to work with clay ....... 367, 661
to wound .............................. 74
to write............................... 160
today .................................. 532
tomorrow ........................... 533
tongue .................................. 18
tooth ..................................... 19
touch .................................. 554
trap ..................................... 309
tree ..................................... 470
tribe.................................... 107
trickel ................................. 383
truth ........................... 183, 636
try....................................... 358
turn something ................... 361
twenty ................................ 503
twenty one ......................... 504
twin .................................... 129
twine rope .......................... 373
twist rope ........................... 373
two ..................................... 493
uncle .................................. 120
uncover .............................. 234
265
undress .............................. 425
unripe ................................ 476
untill .................................. 516
us ....................................... 614
valley ................................. 451
vegetables .......................... 413
vein ...................................... 45
village ................................ 466
voice .................................. 135
voluptuos ........................... 599
vomit ................................... 70
wait ...................................... 89
walk ..................................... 92
wall .................................... 199
war..................................... 166
wash (hands) ....................... 56
wash clothes ...................... 262
water .................................. 455
water hole .......................... 208
way .................................... 463
we ...................................... 614
weak .................................. 592
wear ................................... 423
wear (on the head) ............. 424
weed .................................. 268
week .................................. 526
weigh ......................... 514, 673
weight ................................ 515
well .................................... 208
when .................................. 524
white .................................. 589
whole ......................... 489, 672
wide ................................... 575
wife.................................... 116
wind................................... 439
window .............................. 201
wing................................... 347
wipe ................................... 378
wisdom .............................. 585
witch .................................. 568
woman ............................... 131
woman (childless) ............. 132
woman (voluptuos) ........... 599
wonder............................... 539
work .......................... 356, 357
work with clay........... 367, 661
world ................................. 446
worm ................................. 337
wound ............................ 73, 74
write .................................. 160
year .................................... 525
yellow ................................ 602
yesterday ........................... 534
you (pl) .............................. 615
you (sing) .......................... 612
266
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
SWAHILI INDEX
The numbers refer to items, not pages.
acha...................................... 83
adhibu ................................ 188
aibu .................................... 542
akiba la nafaka ................... 273
alfajiri ................................ 432
ambia ................................. 141
amuru ................................. 185
andika ................................ 160
anguka ............................... 104
anza.................................... 353
ardhi ................................... 447
arobaini .............................. 506
asali.................................... 404
asubuhi............................... 530
baba yangu......................... 115
badilisha(na) ...................... 389
barabara ............................. 464
baridi.................................. 593
baya ................................... 580
beberu ................................ 286
bega ..................................... 22
bichi ................................... 476
binti.................................... 124
bonde ................................. 451
bubu ..................................... 64
buibui ................................. 343
bunduki .............................. 302
bustani ............................... 209
buyu ................................... 247
bweha................................. 319
chache ........................ 487, 513
chafu .................................. 582
chakula............................... 397
chana nywele ..................... 429
changanya .......................... 232
chanja kuni ........................ 260
chatu .................................. 332
chawa ................................. 344
cheka.................................. 192
chemka............................... 222
chemsha ............................. 223
cheua.................................. 400
cheza .................................. 193
cheza ngoma ...................... 190
chimba ............................... 265
chipua ................................ 469
chipuka .............................. 469
choka ................................... 58
choma ........................ 213, 305
chonga ............................... 368
chozi .................................... 14
chui .................................... 323
chuja .................................. 230
chukia ................................ 537
chukua ................................. 99
chukua maji ....................... 227
chuma ................................ 370
chuma matunda ................. 270
chumvi............................... 417
chungu ....................... 339, 556
chungwa ............................ 409
chupa ......................... 102, 246
chura .................................. 336
dada ................................... 126
damu .................................... 46
danganya ........................... 172
dawa .................................... 79
deni .................................... 390
dhaifu ................................ 592
dirisha ................................ 201
dogo................................... 572
dunia .................................. 446
ekundu ............................... 588
elea .................................... 382
eleza .................................. 156
ema .................................... 579
embamba ................... 576, 600
embe .................................. 411
enda ..................................... 82
epesi .................................. 578
eupe ................................... 589
eusi .................................... 587
fa........................................ 558
faa ...................................... 596
fagia................................... 255
fanya .................................. 355
fanya kazi .......................... 357
fedha .................................. 394
ficha................................... 173
figo ...................................... 52
fika ...................................... 87
fimbo ................................. 308
finyanga............................. 367
fisi...................................... 322
fua chuma .......................... 369
fua nguo............................. 262
fuata..................................... 94
fuga.................................... 276
fukuza ................................ 170
fundisha ............................. 157
fundo ................................. 258
fundo la mguu ..................... 40
funga.......................... 204, 377
fungua................................ 203
funika ................................ 233
funua.................................. 234
fupi .................................... 574
furaha ................................ 544
fyonza ................................376
gawanya .............................365
ghala ya nafaka ..................274
giza.....................................431
gombana.............................162
gome ..................................481
gonga..................................165
goti .......................................37
gumu ..................................583
gusa ....................................554
hadithi ................................142
hajivale...............................350
hakimu ...............................178
hamsini...............................507
harufu mbaya .....................546
harufu nzuri........................547
hekima................................585
hela.....................................393
hesabu ........................484, 491
hewa ...................................430
hofu ....................................541
homa ....................................68
hukumu ..............................179
iba ......................................171
imba ...................................194
ingi .....................................485
ingia ...................................205
ingine .................................521
ini .........................................51
inzi .....................................341
ishi......................................384
ishirini ................................503
ishirini na moja ..................504
ita .......................................137
iva ......................................477
ja ..........................................86
jaa.......................................490
jabali ..................................450
jamaa ..................................111
jamvi ..................................243
jana.....................................534
jani .....................................473
jaribu ..................................358
jasho .....................................54
jaza .....................................231
jembe..................................266
jenga...................................197
jeraha....................................73
jibu .....................................146
jicho .....................................13
jifunza ................................158
jiko .....................................210
jina .....................................106
jino .......................................19
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
jioni ....................................531
jiwe ....................................458
jogoo ..................................295
joto .....................................436
jua ..............................433, 550
juma ...................................526
kaa ........................84, 214, 330
kaanga ................................221
kabila..................................107
kaburi .................................562
kaka ....................................125
kale.............................535, 608
kamba.................................257
kamua.................................283
kana ....................................182
kanga ..................................349
karibu .................................519
kasirika...............................536
kata.....................................235
kataa ...................................149
kataza .................................186
kavu....................................594
kazi.....................................356
kelele ..................................552
kesho ..................................533
keti .......................................91
kiapo ..................................184
kiatu ...................................427
kiazi....................................415
kiboko ................................321
kichwa ....................................3
kidevu ..................................10
kidole ...................................30
kifo .....................................559
kifua .....................................34
kiganja..................................29
kijani ..................................601
kijiji ....................................466
kikapu ................................245
kikohozi ...............................71
kimanjano ..........................602
kimbia ..................................93
kinu ....................................239
kinywa..................................16
kipaji ......................................6
kipofu ...................................63
kiri kosa .............................181
kisigino cha mguu ................41
kisima.................................208
kisu.....................................251
kisu (ki)butu .......................253
kisu kikali...........................252
kitanda................................241
kitanga..................................29
kiti ......................................242
kitongoji .............................467
kitovu ...................................36
kitu .....................................522
kiu ......................................401
kivi .......................................26
kivuli.................................. 435
kiziwi ................................... 65
koa ..................................... 335
kofia ................................... 426
kohoa ................................... 72
kondoo ............................... 290
kondoo dume ..................... 291
kondoo jike ........................ 291
koo ....................................... 20
koroma ................................. 62
kovu ..................................... 77
kubali ................................. 187
kubwa ................................ 571
kucha ................................... 31
kuku ................................... 294
kumbuka ............................ 548
kumi ................................... 501
kumi na moja ..................... 502
kuna ................................... 380
kundi la watu ..................... 486
kuni .................................... 218
kunyoka ............................. 609
kwapa................................... 25
kwata ................................. 100
kweli .................................. 183
la ........................................ 396
laani ................................... 174
lala ....................................... 59
leo ...................................... 532
leta ....................................... 98
lewa ................................... 196
lia ....................................... 138
lima .................................... 264
lipa ..................................... 391
lisha ................................... 277
lugha .................................. 139
mafiga ................................ 219
mafuta ................................ 407
mahali ................................ 465
maharagwe......................... 412
mahindi .............................. 419
maisha................................ 557
maiti ................................... 560
maji ............ 226, 227, 455, 606
majivu ................................ 216
makaa................................. 214
maksai................................ 280
maliza ................................ 354
mama yangu ...................... 117
mamba ............................... 331
manyoya ya wanyama ....... 314
mapambazuko.................... 432
mate ..................................... 53
matumbo .............................. 47
maumivu ............................ 543
maziwa......................... 35, 406
mazungumzo ..................... 143
mbali .................................. 518
mbegu ................................ 483
mbili................................... 493
267
mboga ................................ 413
mbogo................................ 317
mbu.................................... 342
mbuzi................................. 287
mbuzi jike.......................... 288
mbwa ................................. 297
mchana .............................. 528
mchanga ............................ 461
mchavi ............................... 568
mchele ............................... 421
mchezo .............................. 189
mchi................................... 240
mchwa ............................... 340
mdomo ................................ 17
meko .................................. 219
meza .................................. 398
mfugaji .............................. 278
mfuko ................................ 244
mfupa .................................. 44
mganga .............................. 567
mgeni................................. 110
mgongo................................ 32
mguu.................. 38, 39, 40, 41
mia..................................... 512
mimi .................................. 611
mimina .............................. 228
mjomba.............................. 120
mjusi .................................. 334
mke .................................... 116
mkia................................... 316
mkono............................ 23, 24
mkono wa kulia ................... 27
mkono wa kushoto .............. 28
mkuki ................................ 304
mlango............................... 202
mlima ................................ 449
mmea ................................. 468
mnyama ............................. 312
moja................................... 492
moshi ................................. 215
moto .......................... 212, 604
moyo.................................... 48
mpaka ................................ 516
mshale ............................... 301
mshipa wa damu.................. 45
msichana............................ 128
msitu .................................. 448
mstari................................. 517
mtama ................................ 420
mtego................................. 309
mtende ............................... 479
mti ..................................... 470
mto .................................... 456
mtoto mchanga .................. 133
mtu .................................... 105
mtu mzima kwa umri ........ 134
mtungi ............................... 225
muhogo.............................. 414
mume................................. 114
Mungu ............................... 563
268
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
muwa ................................. 410
mviringo ............................ 610
mvua .................................. 442
mvulana ............................. 127
mwaka ............................... 525
mwana kondoo .................. 292
mwana mbuzi .................... 289
mwana wa kiume ............... 123
mwana(m)ume ................... 130
mwanamke......................... 131
mwanamke tasa ................. 132
mwanangu ......................... 122
mwezi ................................ 437
mwiba ................................ 474
mwiko ................................ 565
mwili...................................... 1
mwindaji ............................ 299
mwisho .............................. 523
mwitu ................................. 448
mzee................................... 108
mzigo ................................. 272
mzizi .................................. 471
nafaka ................................ 238
nambari .............................. 484
nane ................................... 499
nawa mikono ....................... 56
nchi .................................... 447
ndama ................................ 282
ndani ya nyumba ............... 274
ndege ................................. 345
ndevu ................................... 11
ndizi ................................... 408
ndoa ................................... 112
ndoana ............................... 311
ndoto .................................... 61
ndovu ................................. 318
nene ........................... 590, 598
ng’aa .................................. 434
ng’ombe ............................. 275
ng’ombe dume ................... 279
ng’ombe jike ...................... 281
ngao ................................... 307
ngoja .................................... 89
ngoma ................................ 191
ngozi .................................... 41
nguo ................................... 422
ngurumo............................. 445
nguruwe ............................. 293
ninyi ................................... 615
njaa .................................... 395
njia ..................................... 463
njiwa .................................. 352
nne ..................................... 495
nono ................................... 599
nunua ................................. 387
nyama .......................... 43, 405
nyani .................................. 326
nyanyua ............................. 366
nyasi................................... 480
nyati ................................... 317
nyesha................................ 443
nyinyi ................................ 615
nyoka ................................. 333
nyota .................................. 438
nyuki.................................. 338
nyumba .............................. 198
nyundo............................... 248
nyungunyungu................... 337
nywa .................................. 402
nywele ................................... 5
oa ....................................... 113
oga ....................................... 55
ogelea ................................ 101
okota .................................. 271
omba .................................. 147
ona ..................................... 553
onja .................................... 555
onyesha.............................. 154
ororo .................................. 584
ota ........................................ 60
ote ...................................... 489
oza ..................................... 478
pa ....................................... 151
paa ..................................... 200
pacha ................................. 129
pafu...................................... 49
paka ................................... 296
paka rangi .......................... 372
palilia................................. 268
pana ................................... 575
panda mbegu ..................... 267
panga ................................. 249
pango ................................. 453
pangusa.............................. 378
panya ................................. 328
pasua.................................. 364
pata .................................... 152
peke ................................... 488
peleka .................................. 97
pembe ................................ 315
penda ................................. 118
pepo ................................... 564
pesa.................................... 392
pete .................................... 428
piga .................................... 164
piga bao ............................. 566
piga bunduki...................... 303
piga chafya .......................... 57
piga kelele ......................... 136
piga kofi ............................ 163
piga makofi ....................... 167
piga mbweu ....................... 400
pigana ................................ 168
pika .................................... 220
pilipili manga .................... 416
pima................................... 514
pinda .................................. 362
ponda ................................. 236
ponya ugonjwa .................... 78
popo................................... 325
pota kamba .........................373
pua........................................12
pumua ..........................50, 385
pumzika................................88
punda..................................285
pya......................................597
radi .....................................444
rafiki...................................109
ramli ...................................566
refu .....................................573
roga ....................................569
rudi .......................................95
ruhusu ................................150
ruka ....................................348
saba ....................................498
sabini ..................................509
safi......................................581
saga nafaka.........................238
sahau ..................................549
saidia ..................................148
samaki ................................329
sauti ....................................135
sawa ...................................603
sema ...................................140
shaka ..................................540
shamba ...............................263
shangazi .............................121
shavu ......................................8
sheria ..................................177
shiba ...................................399
shika ...................................381
shimo..................................454
shingo...................................21
shoka ..................................250
shona ..................................261
shtaki ..................................180
sikia ....................................551
sikio......................................15
siku.....................................527
simama .................................90
simba ..................................324
sisi ......................................614
sita ......................................497
sitini ...................................508
soko ....................................386
sokota kamba .....................373
soma ...................................159
songa ..................................375
staajabu ..............................539
sufuria ................................224
sugua ..................................379
suka nywele .......................429
sukasuka maziwa ...............284
sukuma ...............................359
taa.......................................256
tai .......................................351
tamaa ..................................538
tamu ...................................591
tano ....................................496
tapika....................................70
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
tatu .....................................494
tawi ....................................472
taya.........................................9
tazama ................................155
teka maji.............................226
tema....................................374
tembea ..................................92
tembo .................................318
tetemeka ...............................69
teuka...................................400
thelathini ............................505
themanini ...........................510
tia .......................................360
tii ........................................119
tikisa...................................229
tiririka ................................383
tisa ......................................500
tisini ...................................511
tofauti .................................520
toka ......................................85
tope ....................................460
tosha ...................................595
tukana.................................175
tuma .....................................96
tumbili ................................327
tumbo .....................................2
tunda ..................................475
tundika ...............................259
tupa ....................................103
twanga ................................237
twiga ..................................320
ua........................207, 306, 482
ubavu ................................... 33
ubawa................................. 347
ubongo ................................... 4
uchawi ............................... 570
uchovu ............................... 545
udongo ............................... 462
ufagio ................................. 254
ugomvi ............................... 161
ugonjwa ............................... 66
ugua ..................................... 67
uhasama ............................. 169
ukuta .................................. 199
ulimi..................................... 18
uliza ................................... 145
uma .................................... 313
umiza ................................... 74
umwa ................................... 75
unga ................................... 418
unyoya wa ndege ............... 346
upepo ................................. 439
upinde ................................ 300
upumbavu .......................... 586
usiku .................................. 529
uso ......................................... 7
uta ...................................... 300
uwanda............................... 452
uwingu ............................... 441
uwongo .............................. 176
uza ..................................... 388
uzito ................................... 515
vaa ..................................... 423
vidole ................................... 30
269
vika .................................... 424
vimba................................... 76
vita..................................... 166
vua nguo ............................ 425
vua samaki......................... 310
vuguvugu........................... 605
vuma .................................. 440
vumbi ................................ 459
vuna ................................... 269
vunja .................................. 363
wakati ................................ 524
wao .................................... 616
washa moto ....................... 211
wewe ................................. 612
wimbo................................ 195
winda ................................. 298
yai ...................................... 403
yeye ................................... 613
yeyusha.............................. 371
zaa ....................................... 80
zaliwa .................................. 81
zamani ............................... 607
zawadi ............................... 153
zika .................................... 561
zima ................................... 217
zito..................................... 577
ziwa ................................... 457
zizi ..................................... 206
zungumza .......................... 144
zungusha............................ 361
HAYA INDEX
The numbers refer to items, not pages.
abalongo.............................129
abantu.................................486
abanyaruganda ...................111
abarango (omurongo).........129
abarongo ............................129
abo......................................616
agomokile ..........................598
ahai.....................................519
ahanchuro...........................208
ahansi ...........................26, 681
ahantu.................................465
ahanzido .............................523
ahara...................................518
aheru ye nsi ........................452
ahi ......................................519
akaanya ..............................524
akababi ...............................473
akabuzi ...............................289
akagongoijoli .......................40
akaguruma..........................416
akahitano ........................... 436
akajangu............................. 296
akajangwa .......................... 296
akakofila ............................ 667
akakongolito ........................ 40
akana kembuzi ................... 289
akana kentama ................... 292
akanwa ................................. 16
akanya................................ 465
akanyasi ............................. 480
akashanda ka akanyonyi .... 346
akashwa ............................. 340
akasingoijolya...................... 41
akasinjoigolya...................... 41
akasinjoigolyo ..................... 40
akasosi ............................... 224
akata................................... 300
akataama .................... 289, 292
akatachu ............................. 547
akatadooba ......................... 256
akatama ............................. 292
akaya ................................. 597
akayaga.............................. 430
akileju .................................. 10
akoya kalungi .................... 547
ala ...................................... 518
alai ..................................... 518
alai muno ........................... 518
amabeele.............................. 35
amabele ............................... 35
amabunda ............................ 47
amachwanta......................... 53
amaela ....................... 392, 393
amaela gesiliva .................. 394
amaembe ........................... 315
amaganya .......................... 543
amagi ................................. 403
amaguru............................... 39
amahanga .......................... 446
amahela ............. 392, 393, 394
270
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
amahembe.......................... 315
amahiga ............................. 219
amaiga ............................... 219
amaisha .............................. 557
amaisho................................ 13
amaizi ................................ 455
amaizi maizi ...................... 606
amajuta .............................. 407
amakala.............................. 214
amakara ............................. 214
amakilo .............................. 524
amakune............................. 585
amala ................................... 47
amalaka................................ 20
amalaro .............................. 562
amalemwa.................... 58, 545
amalila ................................. 14
amalogo ............................. 570
amapapa ............................. 347
amara ................................... 47
amaraka ............................... 20
amashaka ........................... 540
amashemelelwa ................. 544
amashemelerwa ................. 544
amata ................... 35, 406, 618
amatai ........................ 406, 618
amateeka ............................ 177
amateka.............................. 177
amatiini .............................. 541
amaumivu .......................... 543
amawa................................ 474
amazi ................................. 606
amaziga................................ 14
amazima..................... 183, 636
[a]mwanyi.......................... 109
andika ................................ 160
anika .................................. 259
anyanja............................... 457
anziindo ............................. 523
atagamba.............................. 64
a[t]aikubona ......................... 63
ataikuhulila .......................... 65
atebile ................................ 600
ayi ...................................... 519
bagala................................. 268
bake ........................... 487, 513
bala enamba ....................... 484
balongo .............................. 129
bangi .................................. 486
bantu bangi ........................ 486
banza.................................. 353
bara .................................... 491
baza.................................... 145
begana................................ 365
beya ................................... 172
bibili................................... 493
bicholi ................................ 419
bichwanta............................. 53
bichwi ................................ 441
bigunju ............................... 312
bike ............................ 487, 513
binga .................................. 170
bingi .................................. 485
bingi ebibalwa ................... 485
binna .................................. 495
binyasi ............................... 480
bishabo .............................. 460
bishatu ............................... 494
bitano................................. 496
bitoke................................. 408
bitunganwa ........................ 653
bona ................................... 489
bona amo ........................... 489
bonene ............................... 616
boona ................................. 489
bubeho ............................... 435
buguluma........................... 416
buhunga ............................. 418
bumba bumba .................... 367
burikiro .............................. 528
buro ................................... 420
buso ....................................... 7
bustani ............................... 209
butanju............................... 459
butogo................................ 133
butono................................ 133
buunga ............................... 418
bwaigolo ............................ 531
bwaigoro............................ 531
bwamba ............................... 46
bwamushana ...................... 528
bwankya .................... 432, 530
bwankyai ........................... 530
bwogi................................. 252
bwoki................................. 404
bwongo .................................. 4
byakulya ............................ 397
byala .................................. 267
bye eua .............................. 608
byona ................................. 672
byoona ....................... 489, 672
chinga ................................ 204
chingula ............................. 203
chumba .............................. 220
chumita .............................. 305
chunda ............................... 229
chundwa .............................. 69
chupa ................................. 246
chwa .................................. 374
chwenene........................... 614
dada ................................... 126
eadhabu ............................. 188
eagaile ............................... 582
eaina ye njoka.................... 332
ealama ................................. 77
ealufu(mbi) ........................ 546
ebala .................................. 106
ebaluro............................... 142
ebati ................................... 200
ebesha ................................ 272
ebiba...................................352
ebibalwa .............................491
ebibisi.................................606
ebibyarwa...........................468
ebicholi ..............................419
ebichwanta ...........................53
ebichwantai ..........................53
ebichwi...............................441
ebigano...............................142
ebigemulo ..........................153
ebihimba ............................412
ebiimba ..............................412
ebiita ..................................166
ebijegejege .........................394
ebijwile ..............................490
ebikya...................................21
ebilatwa ..............................427
ebileju ..................................11
ebili ....................................493
ebilikushushana..................603
ebilo ebilabileo...................608
ebilo ebye enyuma .............535
ebiloto ..................................61
ebimezile ............................468
ebireju ..................................11
ebiroto ..................................61
ebishaabo ...........................460
ebishabo .............................460
ebishanda ...........314, 346, 347
ebishuba .............................176
ebita....................................166
ebitabalwa ..........................485
ebitoke................................408
ebiyaha .................................49
ebondo..................................49
ebyakulya ...........................397
ebyala ...................................30
ebyara...................................30
ebyeila ................................607
ebyeila muno......................608
ebyela .................................544
ebyera.................................544
ebyoma...............................370
ebyoya ................................346
ebyoya bya kami ................314
echuchu ......................314, 459
echupa ........................102, 246
edali....................................200
edominika ..........................526
eduminika ..........................526
efumolo ......................142, 143
efumuro ..............................143
efweeza ..............................665
egaju...................................281
egemuro .............................153
egomokile ..........................598
egufa ....................................44
ehewa .................................430
ehiua...................................482
ehuli ...................................403
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
eibaale ................................458
eibaba .................................473
eibabi..................................473
eibala ..................................106
eibale ..........................450, 458
eibanga .......................449, 450
eibanga lingi lyalabileo ......535
eibanja ................................390
eibara..........................106, 484
eibati ..................................200
eibega ...................................22
eibege ...................................22
eibenga ...............................652
eibengo...............................272
eibikilo ...............................274
eibugumo ...........................436
eibumba..............................462
eibunda.............................2, 47
eichumbano ..........................54
eichumbilo .........................644
eichumi ..............................301
eichumu......249, 300, 301, 304
eichungwa ..........................409
eichunkwa ..........................409
eichwi.................................216
eidilisha ..............................201
eidirisha..............................201
eifa .....................................395
eigufa ...................................44
eigufya .................................44
eigulu .................................682
eiguru .........445, 446, 447, 682
eihanga .......................107, 447
eihata ....................................73
eihembe ..............................315
eihuli ..................................403
eihuta....................................73
eihwa ..................................474
eiiwa...................................474
eijiko ..........................210, 644
eijiwi ..................................216
eijwi ...................................216
eikala ..................................214
eikani..........273, 274, 392, 394
eikiiba ................................660
eikisikili .............................577
eikola..................................356
eikuguma............................583
eikumala.............................595
eikundi lya abantu ..............486
eikunula..............................591
eikusana .............................596
eikushobooka .....................596
eikutukula ..........................588
eikwela .......................581, 589
eikwilagula.........................587
eikwoloba.................. 584, 592
eila..............................535, 607
eilaka ....................20, 135, 628
eilamu ................................179
eiliho .................................. 401
eilimansi ............................ 526
eilimanzi ............................ 526
eilimasi .............................. 526
eilimbe ......................... 54, 436
eiliwo ................................. 401
eiliyo .................................. 401
eilobo ................................. 311
eimela ................................ 468
eina kamogo ...................... 582
eine ...................................... 51
einei ..................................... 51
einembe ............................. 411
eini ................................. 51, 52
einoni ................................. 462
einyembe ........................... 411
eipapa................................. 347
eirai ............................ 535, 608
eiraka ......................... 135, 628
eirembo .............................. 641
eiriho.................................. 401
eirila ..................................... 14
eirimbe ............................... 436
eirobo ................................. 311
eirungu ............................... 670
eishoke ........................... 5, 430
eishumi ...................... 258, 491
eitaagi ................................ 472
eitabi .................................. 472
eitagato .............................. 436
eitagi .................................. 472
eitaka ................. 447, 461, 462
eitama .................................... 8
eitunda ............................... 475
eiua .................................... 482
eiuli .................................... 403
eiuwa ................................. 482
eiwa ................................... 474
eiyembe ............................. 315
eiyuli .................................. 403
eiyuri.................................. 403
eiyuwa ............................... 482
eiziga ................................... 14
eizoba................. 433, 524, 550
eizooba............................... 433
ekabila ............................... 107
ekaburi ............................... 562
ekarata erikwilagura .......... 416
ekasuuku ............................ 352
ekelele................................ 552
ekiaa..................................... 49
ekiaha................................... 49
ekiazi ................................. 339
ekiba .......................... 352, 660
ekibabi ............................... 473
ekibabi kibisi ..................... 601
ekibabi kihile ..................... 602
ekibani ............................... 274
ekibanja ............. 209, 263, 650
ekibanzi ............................. 481
271
ekibego .............................. 153
ekibeho .............................. 435
ekibeo ................................ 435
ekibi................................... 580
ekibila ................................ 448
ekibira................................ 448
ekibisi ................................ 476
ekibo .................................. 245
ekiboko .............................. 308
ekibumbilile ...................... 610
ekibyalwa .......................... 468
ekichafu ............................. 582
ekicholi .............................. 419
ekichoori............................ 419
ekichuro............................. 208
ekichweka.......................... 467
ekichweka kyekyalo .......... 467
ekichwi .............................. 441
ekiere ................................... 73
ekifagizo ............................ 254
ekifo .................................. 559
ekifuba........................... 20, 34
ekifuko .............................. 648
ekifungo ............................ 258
ekigagile ............................ 478
ekigando ............................ 414
ekiganja ............. 23, 27, 28, 29
ekigano .............................. 142
ekigaya .............................. 326
ekigele ................................. 40
ekigemulo .......................... 153
ekighani ............................. 142
ekigufi ............................... 574
ekigunju............................. 312
ekigusha ............................ 410
ekihaha ................................ 49
ekihango .................... 571, 575
ekihimba ekiango .............. 412
ekihugahugu ...................... 325
ekihumi.............................. 351
ekihungu .................... 350, 351
ekihya ................................ 597
ekiiba ......................... 352, 660
ekiile .......................... 435, 477
ekiina ................................. 454
ekijaga ............................... 330
ekijele ................................ 349
ekijoka ............................... 337
ekijuju................................ 481
ekijwi............................. 37, 41
ekikapo .............................. 245
ekikapu .............................. 245
ekikarango ......................... 224
ekike .......................... 572, 576
ekikele ............................... 336
ekikere ............................... 336
ekikololo.............................. 71
ekikona .............................. 351
ekikonko ............................ 335
ekikuguma ......................... 583
272
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
ekikusikila ......................... 577
ekikyakula ......................... 397
ekilaalo .............................. 206
ekilaba ............................... 475
ekilaikila ............................ 573
ekilalo ................................ 206
ekilapo ............................... 184
ekilaro ................................ 206
ekilatwa ............................. 427
ekileju .............................. 9, 10
ekilele ................................ 247
ekilenge ................... 38, 39, 41
ekilibwa ............................. 414
ekiliibwa ............................ 414
ekilika ................................ 225
ekilo ........................... 527, 529
ekilonda ............................... 73
ekilooto ................................ 61
ekiloto .................................. 61
ekilungi .............................. 579
ekimasha ............................ 280
ekimbara ............................ 349
ekimela .............................. 468
ekina .................................. 454
ekina kya maizi.................. 208
ekinailo .............................. 184
ekinairo .............................. 184
ekindi ................................. 521
ekintu ................................. 522
ekintwangilo ...................... 240
ekintwangiso...................... 240
ekiny .................................. 337
ekinyamjagaja.................... 330
ekinyasi.............................. 480
ekinyawawa ............... 319, 350
ekinyila ...................... 335, 659
ekinyira .............................. 659
ekinyirai ............................. 659
ekinyomanyomi ................. 435
ekinyomo ........................... 339
ekinyoni ............................. 345
ekinyonyi ................... 345, 351
ekinyumanyumi ................. 435
ekipaji .................................... 6
ekipalala............................. 339
ekipanka............................. 249
ekipapa kye kinyonyi......... 346
ekiralo ................................ 206
ekirambo ............................ 244
ekiratwa ............................. 427
ekireju .................................. 10
ekiribwa ............................. 414
ekiro ........................... 527, 529
ekironda ............................... 73
ekisafi ................................ 581
ekishaba ............................. 460
ekishabo ............................. 460
ekishambu.......................... 468
ekishanda ................... 346, 347
ekishanda kye nyonyi ........ 346
ekisholoba ......................... 335
ekishoroba ......................... 335
ekishubu ............................ 247
ekishushu........................... 481
ekishusi.............................. 247
ekisibo ............................... 590
ekisibu ............................... 107
ekisika ............................... 207
ekisinzilyo ........................... 41
ekisinzir[y]o ........................ 41
ekiso .................................. 249
ekitabo ............................... 241
ekitagi ................................ 472
ekitakaile ........................... 476
ekitakakuzile ..................... 476
ekitakuli............................. 415
ekitanda ............................. 241
ekitango ............................. 565
ekitarago ............................ 323
ekitaratamba ...................... 325
ekitebe ............................... 242
ekitenge ............................. 410
ekitengo ............................... 69
ekiti.................................... 308
ekitoke ............................... 408
ekitunga ............................. 208
ekitwangilo ................ 239, 241
ekitwangiro........................ 239
ekiwi .................................... 26
ekiyaha ................................ 49
ekizila ................................ 565
ekizina ............................... 195
ekizingirile ........................ 610
ekofiila .............................. 426
ekofila........................ 426, 667
ekofula............................... 667
ekoo ..................................... 20
ekutwi .................................. 15
ekwanguilila ...................... 578
ekyaaro .............................. 466
ekyakulya .......................... 397
ekyala .................................. 30
ekyalo ................................ 466
ekyambo ............................ 311
ekyara .................................. 30
ekyaro ........................ 466, 467
ekyase ................................ 472
ekyeeyo ............................. 254
ekyelelezo.......................... 254
ekyerelezo ......................... 254
ekyeyo ............................... 254
ekyoma .............................. 370
ekyooma ............................ 370
ekyoya ............................... 346
elaka .................................. 135
eleza .................................. 151
eliho................................... 401
eliino.................................... 19
eliisho .................................. 13
elimbe ................................ 436
elino .....................................19
elisho ....................................13
eliwo ..................................401
elizi ......................................14
elongoolo ...........................153
elugo ..................................207
elushwi ...............................200
emamba ..............................331
emanzi ................................564
embaga ...............................486
embaizi...............................250
embaju..................................49
embalabala .................463, 464
embanda ...............................33
embandwa ..........................564
emba[n]dwa .......................567
embango.............................599
embara................................344
embarabara.................463, 464
embavu.................................33
embeba ...................... 328, 658
embeba y’o munju .............658
embeho...............................593
embeo.................................593
embi ...................................580
embiko ...............................273
emboga...............................413
emboga za amajani ............413
embogo ......................317, 318
embubi ...............................343
embula buzi................287, 288
embulabuzi.........................288
embundi .............................302
embundu ............................302
embuzi........286, 287, 288, 289
embwa ................................297
embwoigola........................319
embyalwa ...........................483
emeeza ...............................398
emeza .................................398
emfuka ...............................266
emfulu ................................329
emibwi ...............................342
emigenzo ............................177
emihango............................177
emiku .................................177
emilimo ..............................356
emimea...............................468
emishenga ya emyaka ........273
emishipa yo bwamba ...........45
emishuli yobwamba .............45
emitwaalo...........................273
emizi ..................................471
emizimu .....................564, 678
emo ....................................492
emoi ...................................492
empako...............................453
empambo..............31, 273, 483
empango.............571, 575, 590
empaya .......................286, 291
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
empeleelo ...........................516
empelege ............................412
emperege ............................412
empeta ................................428
empia..................................393
empiita .................................54
empiri .................................332
empisi.........................322, 323
empita ..................................54
empiya........................392, 393
empubi ...............................343
empugahugu.......................325
empugaugu.........................325
empume................................63
empumi ..............................322
empunda.............................285
empuni ...............322, 319, 322
empunu ..............................293
empuumi ............................323
empya.................................597
emuga.................................225
emushenye .........................461
emyaka ...............................468
emyenda .............................422
emyendo.............................422
enamba ...............................491
enazi ...................................479
enchafu...............................582
enchulo...............................208
enchuro ..............................208
enchweela ..........................332
enchweke ...........................564
enchwela ............................332
enda ....................344, 363, 367
endabyo ..............................444
endai...................................349
endamu...............................179
endanda ..............................573
endashana...........................166
endekelelo ..........................523
endimilo .............209, 263, 650
endimiro .....................209, 263
endogobe ............................285
endoto ..................................61
endungi ..............................579
endururu .............................628
endwaara ..............................66
endwala ................................66
endwano .............................161
endyamiti ...........................250
enfi .....................................329
enfu ....................................559
enfuka ................................266
enfukuzi .............................328
enfulu .................................329
enfuma ...............................415
enfundo ................................40
enfuru .................................329
engabi.................................317
engabo ................................307
engamba............................. 139
engambo ............................ 139
engashu .............................. 281
engaya........................326, 327
engeli ye njoka................... 332
engenyi .............................. 597
engo ........................... 322, 323
engo bugondo .................... 323
engoi .................................. 323
engoma .............................. 191
engoto .................................. 21
engozi .................................. 42
engufi ................................. 574
engurube ............................ 293
eningiri............................... 665
enjala ......................... 395, 490
enjangwa............................ 296
enjara ................................. 395
enjiwa ................................ 352
enjoju ................................. 318
enjoka ................................ 333
enjoki ................................. 338
enju .................................... 198
enjubu ........................ 317, 321
enjula ................................. 442
enjula kugwa...................... 443
enjura ................................. 442
enjura kugwa ..................... 443
enjura ya gwa..................... 443
enkaga................................ 508
enkanga.............................. 349
enke ................................... 572
enkelemeke ........................ 133
enkende.............. 326, 327, 576
enkeremeke........................ 133
enkima ............................... 327
enkobe ............... 285, 326, 327
enkoju ............................ 73, 77
enkoko ............................... 294
enkoko (nshenya) .............. 294
enkokola .............................. 26
enkokolomi ........................ 295
enkokolomi (enshaki) ........ 295
enkokomi ........................... 295
enkokora .............................. 26
enkokoromi........................ 295
enkolola ............................... 71
enkololo ............................... 71
enkomezi ........................... 339
enkoni ................................ 308
enkoro .................................. 52
enkorola ............................... 71
enkorolo ............................... 71
enkorora ......................... 26, 71
enkuba ....................... 444, 445
enkungani .......................... 161
enkwaju ............................. 351
enkwi ................................. 218
enkyeyo ............................. 254
enobi .................................. 169
273
enono ................................... 31
enono emoi .......................... 31
enono zingi .......................... 31
ensano................................ 418
enseiso ............................... 239
enshaho.............................. 244
enshaija.............................. 286
enshaki .............................. 295
enshalizi ............................ 556
enshambi ........................... 331
enshao................................ 244
enshao y’o mwenda........... 649
enshao y’o rupapuro .......... 648
ensheenyi........................... 543
enshenya ............................ 294
enshololo ........................... 520
enshoni .............................. 542
enshua................................ 225
enshuha.............................. 225
enshumba .......................... 281
enshumbakazi .................... 281
enshumule ......................... 280
enshuwa............................. 225
enshweela .......................... 341
enshweera .......................... 341
enshwela ............................ 341
ensi .................... 446, 447, 671
ensi busha .......................... 452
ensi eihanga ....................... 447
ensi ekingwile ................... 452
ensigo ............................ 51, 52
ensimbi .............................. 394
ensindizi ............................ 350
enso ................................... 240
ensongo ................................. 6
entaama ............. 290, 291, 292
entaama (omwana) ............ 289
entaana .............................. 562
entalatabi ........................... 325
entale ................................. 324
entama ............... 290, 291, 314
entama enshaija ................. 291
entama ento ....................... 292
entare ................................. 324
ente .... 275, 279, 280, 281, 653
ente ezilima ....................... 280
entebe ........................ 242, 398
entwiga .............................. 320
enum .................................. 279
enumi......................... 279, 280
enwa .................................. 339
enyakwali ............................ 25
enyakwawa .......................... 25
enyama ........................ 43, 405
enyana ............... 282, 289, 292
enyanga ............................. 562
enyanja ...................... 456, 457
enyanyinyi ......................... 438
enyemi ............................... 286
enyindo ........................ 12, 552
274
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
enyoka ............................... 333
enyome .............................. 639
enyondo ............................. 248
enyondo y’omuti................ 249
enyonyi .............................. 345
enyuma ................................ 32
enyuma y’e kiganja ............. 29
enyumanju ................. 207, 640
enyundo ............................. 248
enyungu ............. 224, 225, 646
enzigu ................................ 169
enzindo .............................. 523
esefulia............................... 225
eshaabo .............................. 460
eshabo ................................ 460
eshajwaile .......................... 599
eshamba ..................... 209, 263
eshelia ................................ 177
esheria................................ 177
eshoke .................................... 5
esigara................................ 215
esoko.................................. 386
etala ................................... 256
etamaa................................ 538
etara ................................... 256
etaya....................................... 9
etebile ................................ 600
etofauti ............................... 520
eunga ................................. 418
eyambi ............................... 331
eyela................................... 393
eyombo .............................. 552
eyomile .............................. 594
eyuli ................................... 403
ezawadi .............................. 153
fuka .................................... 228
fula emyendo ..................... 262
fumola................................ 144
fundikila............................. 233
fundula ............................... 234
fundura............................... 234
gabili .................................. 503
gabili na emoi .................... 504
gabili ne moi ...................... 504
gabili nemo ........................ 504
galuka .................................. 95
galula ................................... 98
gamba ................140, 144, 156
gambila ...................... 141, 156
gana ................................... 506
ganai .................................. 506
garuka .................................. 95
gashatu ............................... 505
gatano ................................ 507
gatanu ................................ 507
genda ................................... 82
goba ..................................... 87
gonza ................................. 118
goya ................................... 375
guke ................................... 576
gula .................................... 387
guluka ................................ 348
guma .................................. 583
guruguka............................ 102
guruka................................ 348
guza ................................... 388
gwa ............................ 104, 443
gwa njano .......................... 602
haa muliro ......................... 219
hai ...................................... 519
haii..................................... 519
hakimu............................... 178
hala .................................... 518
halala ................................. 341
hara .................................... 518
harai................................... 518
harara................................. 341
henda ................................. 363
hutaz[u] ............................... 74
iba ...................................... 114
ibale ................................... 458
ibanye ................................ 114
ibare................................... 458
ibili .................................... 493
ibunda .................................... 2
ibyara empambo ................ 267
ichumbilo .......................... 210
ichwe ................................. 614
iga ...................................... 298
iguta................................... 399
ijiko ................................... 644
ijula.................................... 490
ijuza ................................... 231
ikala ..................................... 84
ikumi ................................. 501
ikumi n’emoi ..................... 502
ikumi ne emo..................... 502
ikumi ne moi ..................... 502
ikumi nemo ....................... 502
ikumi nemoi ...................... 502
ikya .............................. 50, 385
iluka..................................... 93
imukya............................... 366
ina ...................................... 495
inaa .................................... 495
inai..................................... 495
indula......................... 361, 389
ingisa ................................. 389
inika................................... 362
inye .................................... 611
inye nyowe ........................ 611
inyembe ............................. 411
inywe ................................. 615
iroko .................................... 85
iruka .................................... 93
ishatu ................................. 494
ishenkazi............................ 121
ishoke .................................... 5
[i]shomika ......................... 258
ita............................... 207, 306
itaanu..................................496
itama ......................................8
itanu ...................................496
itunda .................................475
itwe ....................................614
iwe......................................612
iyamu obuchafu .................230
iyuli ....................................403
juba emfulu ........................310
juba enfulu .........................310
jubula .........................150, 185
jula emyenda ......................425
jula omwendo.....................425
juma ...................................175
juna ....................................148
junda ..................................478
jwala...................................423
jweka ..................................424
kachungwa .........................602
kagete .................................293
kahilingililo ........................687
kaka ....................................125
kake ............513, 572, 576, 600
kala.....................................608
kalanga ...............................221
kalega .................................600
kama...................................283
kama amata ........................284
karanga...............................221
kashasila.............................564
kashoke ..............................105
katama kamungu ................292
kate nyanja .........................321
kateitei................................581
katenkazi ............................121
katikaati..............................576
katikati ...............................600
katonda...............................563
kenena ................................230
kengere...............................428
kiango ........................571, 598
kiango (ekintu) ...................599
kibabi .........................473, 601
kibabi kibisi .......................601
kibabi kiile .........................602
kibanja................................263
kibi .............................580, 582
kibisi ..........................476, 601
kibumba .............................462
kichaafu..............................582
kicholi ................................419
kichwi ..................................37
kifuba ...............................8, 34
kigando ..............................414
kigani .................................142
kigaramatwi .........................65
kigega.................................245
kigemulo ............................153
kigufi ..................................574
kigunju ...............................312
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
kigusha ...............................410
kihagaile.............................582
kihango ......571, 575, 590, 599
kihango kyamani................571
kihya ..................................597
kiile ....................................477
kike ....487, 513, 572, 576, 600
kikeikike ............................576
kikele..................................336
kikomakome ekiango .........331
kikulu .................................607
kikulu kye rai .....................607
kikumi ................................512
kikuru .................................607
kilaalo ................................206
kilai ............................573, 682
kilaikilai .............................573
kilakila ...............................573
kilatwa................................427
kileju ....................................10
kileki ..................................532
kilenge......................38, 39, 41
kilibwa ...............................414
kiloto ....................................61
kilungi ................................579
kimo ...................................492
kimuga ...............................225
kina ....................................454
kinaana ...............................510
kinana.................................510
kinanai................................510
kinguma .............................583
kintu ...........................522, 613
kinyira ................................659
kiragula ..............................587
kiraikila ..............................573
kiraikirai.............................573
kirige ..................................581
kiro .............................527, 529
kirungi ................................579
kisafi ..................................581
kishaju ................................599
kishubu...............................247
kishusi ................................247
kishweera ...........................114
kisikiile ..............................577
kitalakile ............................575
kitanda................................241
kitebe..................................242
(ki)tukula............................588
kitulo ..................................562
kiya ....................................597
kizila ..................................565
kofira ..................................426
kola ....................................355
kola emilimo ......................357
kolola .............................71, 72
koma ..........................204, 377
komaga...............................165
komorola ............................203
korora................................... 72
koya koya .......................... 605
kua ..................................... 151
kuandika ............................ 160
kuarara ............................... 221
kubagala............................. 268
kubala ................................ 514
kubala enamba ................... 484
kubanza.............................. 353
kubao ................................. 153
kubara ........................ 484, 491
kubasa ................................ 596
kubaza........................ 145, 147
kubaziira ............................ 261
kubazila ............................. 261
kubeiya ...................... 172, 176
kubika ................................ 273
kubilikila............................ 633
kubinga ...... 170, 172, 634, 635
kubinga aikola ................... 635
kubiringula......................... 625
kubohelela ......................... 373
kubona ....................... 152, 553
kubonabona ....................... 188
kubonabonya ............. 100, 188
kubumba .................... 367, 661
kubwoigola ........................ 481
kubyaara ............................ 267
kubyaila ............................. 619
kubyala ...................... 267, 650
kubyala empambo.............. 267
kubyama .............................. 59
kubyara ...................... 267, 469
kuchiija .............................. 230
kuchooka ........................... 102
kuchula .............................. 138
kuchuluza........................... 389
kuchuma ............................ 165
kuchumba .......................... 220
kuchumita .......................... 656
kuchumit[i]sa omuyo......... 656
kuchunda ................... 229, 284
kuchunda amata ................. 284
kuchundwa........................... 69
kuchura .............................. 138
kuchuunda ......................... 284
kuchwara ........................... 423
kuchweka omutwe ............. 424
kuelela ............................... 382
kuenda ............................... 363
kufa .................................... 558
kufuga ........................ 276, 654
kufula ................................. 262
kufula emyenda ................. 262
kufumola............................ 144
kufundikira ........................ 233
kufundura........................... 234
kufura emyendo ................. 262
kugaba ............................... 365
kugabana............................ 365
275
kugaga ............................... 677
kugaluka .............................. 95
kugaluka enyuma .............. 624
kugamba ............................ 140
kugamba amazima............. 636
kugamba mpola ................. 566
kugambila .......................... 141
kugambira.......................... 141
kugambira eguru ............... 136
kugaruka ...................... 95, 624
kugarulwa ............................ 70
kugarura ekintu ................. 361
kugasha.............................. 596
kugaya ................................. 62
kugela ........................ 382, 383
kugenda ........... 82, 85, 92, 621
kugenda ala ......................... 85
kugesha.............................. 269
kugeya ............................... 175
kugila................................. 152
kugila mbali wagya ............. 99
kugira ekiere........................ 74
kugoba ................................. 87
kugoba andekelelo............. 623
kugobesheleza ................... 596
kugobora............................ 391
kugobyangana ................... 375
kugololoka................. 609, 686
kugolora ............................ 609
kugomoka .......................... 599
kugona ................................. 62
kugonza ............................. 118
kugula ................................ 387
kugulu.................................. 39
kuguluka ............................ 102
kuguma .............................. 583
kuguruka............................ 102
kuguruka omugua.............. 373
kuguza ............................... 388
kugwa ........................ 104, 443
kugwa kwe njula ............... 443
kuha ................................... 151
kuhalala ............................. 348
kuhana ............................... 188
kuhanika ekintu ................. 259
kuharara............................. 348
kuhenda ............................. 363
kuhenda olwigi .................. 364
kuhende ............................. 363
kuhesha...................... 369, 371
kuhesha ebyoma ................ 369
kuhiga ................................ 298
kuhiguta............................. 399
kuhikya ................................ 50
kuhikyaho ............................ 88
kuhindula........................... 664
kuhindula ekintu................ 361
kuhindura .......................... 361
kuhinga .............................. 389
ku[hi]ri[ng]ta ..................... 625
276
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
kuhiruka ............................... 93
kuhisa................................. 477
kuhola ................................ 593
kuholola ............................. 146
kuhondela ............................ 94
kuhoya ............................... 194
kuhulila .............................. 551
kuhurila.............................. 551
kuhurura..................... 269, 270
kuhutala ............................... 74
kuhutaza............................... 74
kuiga .......................... 298, 376
kuija ..................................... 86
kuijula ................................ 490
kuijura................................ 490
kuikala ................................. 84
kuikilizya ........................... 187
kuikya ............................ 11, 35
kuimba ............................... 194
kuindula ............................. 389
kuindulana ......................... 389
kuinunula ........................... 366
kujuba ................................ 310
kujuba enfi ......................... 310
kujubula ............................. 150
kujubura ............................. 150
kujugumba ........................... 69
kujula ................................. 425
kujula emyendo ................. 425
kujuma ............................... 175
kujuna ................................ 148
kujunda .............................. 478
kujura ................................. 425
kujuula ............................... 425
kujwaara ............................ 424
kujwala .............................. 423
kujwala ekofila .................. 424
kujwalagei ......................... 666
kujweka ............................. 424
kukama .............................. 283
kukalanga........................... 221
kukaranga .......................... 645
kukenena............................ 230
kukinga .............. 204, 377, 642
kukinga olwigi ................... 377
kukingula ........................... 203
kukingura ........................... 203
kukiza .................................. 78
kukola ................ 355, 356, 357
kukola emilimo .................. 357
kukola omulimo................. 357
kukolao .............................. 554
kukolola ............................... 72
kukolora ............................... 72
kukoma ...... 204, 377, 643, 663
kukomelela ........................ 361
kukomolola ........................ 203
kukomolora........................ 203
kukora ................................ 355
kukotola ............................. 380
kukula ........................ 469, 619
kukunda ............................. 181
kukunga ............................. 136
kukunila............................. 119
kukunira ............................ 119
kukwata ..................... 381, 554
kukwataho ......................... 554
kukwatangana.................... 229
kukwatwa ekiniga ............. 536
kukya ................................... 50
kulaama ............................. 174
kulagaza ............................ 378
kulagaza (ne ebiganja) ...... 163
kulaguza ............................ 566
kulama ............................... 174
kulamula .................... 179, 185
kulapa ................................ 184
kulasha alai........................ 103
kulauka ...................... 578, 584
kulaumu............................. 174
kulaza ................................ 217
kulaza omulilo ................... 217
kuleba ........................ 155, 569
kuleeba .............................. 155
kuleeta ................................. 98
kuleka .................................. 83
kulelembya ........................ 259
kulemba ............................. 520
kulembelela ....................... 259
kulemwa ...................... 58, 545
kulenga ...................... 358, 673
kulengeeshanya ................. 540
kulengesa........................... 358
kuleta amaizi ..................... 227
kuleta ................................... 98
kulibatilila ......................... 100
kulila.................................. 138
kulila olw’o bujune ........... 138
kulima........ 264, 265, 469, 651
kulimisa ente ..................... 264
kulimiza enfuka ................. 265
kulinda......................... 89, 173
kulipa................................. 391
kulipira .............................. 394
kulisa ................................. 277
kuloga ................................ 569
kulola................................. 384
kulonda .............................. 271
kulonda ansi ...................... 271
kuloota................................. 60
kulota................................... 60
kuloza ................................ 555
kuluma............................... 313
kulwala .......................... 67, 75
kulwana ..................... 162, 168
kulya .................................. 396
kumala ....................... 354, 595
kumala eibanja .................. 391
kumanya ............................ 550
kumanyisa ......................... 630
kumara ...............................354
kumela................................469
kumera ...............................469
kumiga ...............................375
kumila ............................20, 76
kumwenya ..........................371
kumwenya kubi..................546
kumwenya kurungi ............547
kumyama..............................59
kumyola omuguha .............373
kunaaba ................................56
kunaba ..................................56
kunaba emikono ...................56
kunaga ................................103
kunahila..............................184
kunda eikosa ......................181
kunegena ............................592
kunenwa ...............................75
kunigala..............................536
kunoba................................537
kunuka kubi .......................546
kunukage ............................547
kunula ................................591
kunulilira ..............................54
kununka ge .........................547
kununka kubi .....................546
kunura ................................591
kunya..................................402
kunyama...............................59
kunyirira.............................584
kunyooka............................609
kunyulura ...................165, 621
kunywa...............................402
kuola ..................................593
kuolora ...............................146
kuondela...............................94
kupima .......................514, 673
kuragira ................................96
kuraguza.............................566
kurila muno ........................138
kuroba ................................311
kuroga ................................569
kuruga ..................................83
kurukumba .........................383
kurunga ..............................645
kurwala ..........................66, 75
kusa ............................238, 371
kusa alubengo ....................236
kusa omumashini ...............238
kusangila ............................231
kushaaba ............................606
kushaasa .........................74, 75
kushaasha ...........................543
kushaba ......................147, 606
kushabika ...........................223
kushala ...............................235
kushalila .....................556, 677
kushalira.............................556
kushamaala ........................539
kushamara ..........................539
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
kushara ...............................235
kushara embao ...................374
kusharila.............................556
kushasa...............................620
kushasha.............................543
kusheenya ..........................260
kusheka ..............................192
kusheleka ...........................173
kushemba ekihere ..............368
kushemela ..........................596
kushenya ............................260
kushereka ...................171, 173
kushesha.............................228
kushobelwa ................539, 675
kushoberwa ................539, 675
kushobolola ................156, 630
kushobolora........................156
kushoborora .......................630
kushokola ...........................265
kushola ...............................269
kusholoma ..........................270
kushoma .....................159, 631
kushona emyenda...............261
kushongola .........................368
kushongola ekalamu ..........662
kushoroma..........................269
kushuba enyuma ................624
kushubaba ..........................624
kushuka ..............................373
kushuka eishoke .................429
kushulula ............................234
kushulura............................234
kushuntama ..................91, 622
kushutama ....................91, 622
kushwagwa ..........................67
kushweeka..........................233
kushweeka enkwi ...............368
kushweka ...........................233
kushwela ............................113
kushwera ............................113
kushwerwa .........................113
kusiga erangi ......................372
kusiga ...........................83, 372
kusiiga ................................372
kusikila...............................577
kusindagira.........................381
kusindika ....................188, 359
kusinga ...............................379
kusitala ...............................363
kusitara...............................540
kutaa amaizi .......................226
kutaa omunda .............543, 620
kutaamu..............................205
kutabangula ........................232
kutabika................................70
kutabila ..............................561
kutagasa .............................222
kutagasa (ekintu)................223
kutagata ..............................605
kutaha.................................205
kutaha amaizi..................... 226
kutahamu ........................... 205
kutamba ............................... 78
kutambila ............................. 78
kutambuka ................... 92, 357
kutambya ........................... 188
kutamila ............................. 196
kutamira ............................. 196
kutamu ............................... 360
kutamwa .................... 536, 537
kutanaka............................... 70
kutanga ...................... 186, 632
kutangiza ........................... 307
kutashangana ..................... 520
kutaulila ............................... 65
kutayenda........................... 537
kuteekamu ......................... 360
kuteela ............... 164, 632, 633
kuteela embundu................ 303
kuteela enganja .................. 167
kuteelangana ...................... 168
kuteera ............................... 633
kutela ......................... 164, 165
kutela amagulu .................. 100
kutela amajwi .................... 367
kutela ekintu ...................... 633
kutela embundu ................. 303
kutela enduru ..................... 629
kutela enganja .................... 167
kutela eruhi ........................ 163
kutela eyombo ........... 136, 629
kutela n’e mbundu ............. 303
kutela oluhi ........................ 163
kutela oluwi ....................... 163
kutela oruhi ........................ 163
kutelangana........................ 168
kutelanisa ........................... 232
kutele eyombo ................... 629
kutema ............................... 235
kutema enkwi .................... 260
kutema orukwi ................... 260
kutengeta ............................. 69
kutengya ............................ 229
kutera embundu ................. 303
kutera enganja.................... 167
kuterangana ....................... 168
kuterera .............................. 584
kutiina ................................ 541
kutina ......................... 539, 541
kuto omunda ye kintu ........ 360
kutogosa............................. 222
kutogosa ekintu.................. 223
kutoijela ............................. 180
kutoijera ............................. 180
kutola ................................. 152
kutomela ............................ 165
kutukula ............................. 588
kutukura ............................. 588
kutula ................................. 384
kutuma ................................. 96
277
kutuma ekintu...................... 97
kutuma omuntu ................... 96
kutundiika.......................... 259
kutunga ebitunganwa ........ 654
kutunga ente ...................... 276
kutwala .................... 97, 98, 99
kutwala alai ......................... 99
kutwalila .............................. 97
kutwanga ........... 165, 236, 237
kutwanga omukitwangilo .. 237
kutwekela ............................ 97
kuulila................................ 551
k[uu]lira............................. 551
kuvuma .............................. 440
kuya ................................... 477
kuyeyuka ........................... 371
kuyoya ............................... 190
kuzaala ................................ 80
kuzala .................................. 80
kuzalwa ............................... 81
kuzana ....................... 189, 193
kuzana engoma.................. 190
kuzana omupira ................. 189
kuzana omuziki ................. 190
kuzarwa ............................... 81
kuzia .................................. 101
kuziimba .............................. 76
kuzika ................................ 561
kuzikiila............................. 577
kuzimba ............................... 76
kuzina ................................ 194
kuzinga .............................. 362
kuzingoka .......................... 362
kuzingoza .......................... 361
kuziya ................................ 101
kuzunguka ......................... 610
kuzungukya ....................... 610
kwaaga .............................. 380
kwaga ................................ 380
kwagiliza ........................... 371
kwaka ........................ 434, 578
kwakya omulilo ................. 211
kwakya omuliro................. 217
kwanga .............. 149, 182, 632
kwanguilala ....................... 578
kwasa......................... 152, 374
kwasa enkwi ...................... 374
kwashama .......................... 136
kwata ......................... 364, 381
kwebaijagala...................... 400
kwebwa ............................. 549
kweechuza ......................... 181
kweeta omuntu .................. 137
kweetonga ......................... 182
kweeya .............................. 255
kwega ........................ 158, 631
kwegesa ............................. 157
kwegolola .......................... 609
kwegomba ................. 118, 538
kwekengela........................ 541
278
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
kwekomyage...................... 158
kwekuma ........................... 400
kwela ......................... 581, 589
kwelalikilila ....................... 540
kwelela............................... 382
kwelera .............................. 255
kwemalila .......................... 639
kwemanyiiza...................... 625
kwemelela.................... 90, 623
kwemelera ......................... 623
kwemerela ........................... 90
kwemerera ge .................... 609
kwenda....................... 118, 538
kwengelela ......................... 434
kwengerela......................... 434
kwera ................................. 589
kwesaimula .................. 57, 375
kweta ................................. 137
kweta (nanka) .................... 137
kweta (omuntu).................. 137
kwetaimula .......................... 57
kwetengya.......................... 621
kwetonga ........................... 182
kwetoya ..................... 119, 184
kweya......................... 255, 652
kweyemela ......................... 639
kwiba ................................. 171
kwigana ............................. 603
kwiganilana ....... 603, 609, 685
kwiguta .............................. 399
kwiija ................................... 86
kwiijuka ............................. 548
kwiijuza ............................. 366
kwiikiliza ........................... 187
kwiikya .............................. 385
kwiite ................................. 623
k[wii]yao amaizi ................ 227
kwija .................................... 86
kwijuka .............................. 548
kwijula ............................... 490
kwijuza .............................. 231
kwikala ........................ 84, 384
kwikalage........................... 639
kwikiliza .................... 187, 637
kwikiliza amaf[u] .............. 181
kwikiliza obufakale ........... 181
kwikiriza ............................ 637
kwikya ............. 50, 78, 88, 385
kwikyaho ............................. 88
kwilagula ........................... 587
kwilagura ........................... 587
kwililijanya ........................ 375
kwiluka ................................ 93
kwilukya ............................ 634
kwimukya .................... 83, 366
kwimukya eigulu ............... 366
kwimukya kugya halai......... 85
kwinama ............................ 362
kwinika .............................. 362
kwinikila ............................ 283
kwinuka ............................. 548
kwiruka................................ 93
kwita .................................. 306
kwitulula............................ 228
kwiya ................................. 269
kwiya ahansi...................... 271
kwiyamu ............................ 378
kwiyao ekintu ahamti ........ 270
kwoga .......................... 55, 101
kwogya .............................. 262
kwogya emikono ................. 56
kwokwo ............................. 183
kwokwokwo ...................... 183
kwokya ....................................
........ 213, 305, 369, 436, 645
kwokya enyama................. 645
kwola ................................. 369
kwoleka ............................. 154
kwolekelera ....................... 156
kwolekya ........................... 154
kwoloba ............................. 592
kwolobela .......................... 578
kwolobya ........................... 371
kwoma ............................... 594
kwomba ..................... 136, 629
kwombeka ......................... 197
kwonka .............................. 376
kwonkya ............................ 376
kwooga ................................ 55
kwooma ............................. 594
kwoombeka ....................... 197
kworoba............................. 584
kya nila .............................. 608
kyagruni ............................ 601
kyakulya ............................ 397
kyala .................................... 30
kyalo .................................. 466
kyayelo .............................. 602
kyeela ................................ 581
kyeera ................................ 589
kyeirai muno ..................... 608
kyenda ............................... 511
kyendai .............................. 511
kyeyemeile ........................ 639
kyomile.............................. 594
kyona ................................. 489
kyonene ............................. 613
kyonka ............................... 488
kyooma .............................. 594
kyoona ............................... 672
kyoroba.............................. 592
lagaza ................................ 378
lama ................................... 174
lamba ................................. 376
lauka .................................. 578
laza .................................... 217
leba .................................... 155
leeba .................................. 155
leka ...................................... 83
lemwa .................................. 58
lenga...................................358
lengesa ...............................358
leta........................................98
leta amaizi ..........................227
libisi ...................................476
lifile ....................................478
liile .....................................477
lila ......................................138
lima ....................................264
linda .....................................89
lindao ...................................89
lisa ......................................277
londo ..................................271
lota .......................................60
lugamu .................................85
lugao ....................................85
luma ...................................313
lunga ..................................221
lunyangololwa....................337
lushelo ................................151
lutiluti.................................576
lwala...............................67, 75
lwana ..................................162
lwanga ................................451
lya ......................................396
maawe ................................117
mae.....................................117
mae wange .........................117
magufa .................................44
mahiga................................219
maino ...................................19
maisho ..................................13
maizi ..................................455
majuta ................................407
makumi ga bili ...................503
makumi gabili ....................503
makumi gabili n’emoi ........504
makumi gabili nemo ..........504
makumi gabili nemoi .........504
makumi gabiri ....................503
makumi gana......................506
makumi ganai.....................506
makumi gashatu .................505
makumi gataanu .................507
makumi gatanu...................507
makune...............................585
mala............................354, 595
malaika...............................564
malira ...................................14
malumi ...............................120
marumi ...............................120
mata............................406, 618
matai ..................................111
matwi ...................................15
maua...................................482
mawe ..................................117
mawe wange ......................117
mawee ................................117
mbali ..................................516
mbali bata empambo ..........274
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
mbara bara .........................463
mbeba.................................658
mbeho ........................430, 593
mbeo ..................................593
mbi .....................................580
mbili .......................................1
mbisi ..................................476
mbwa..................................297
mbwenu..............................532
mchele ................................421
menshaija ...........................120
meza ...................................398
mhagazi ..............................291
mibazi ..................................79
mishuli .................................45
mjajalo ...............................386
mjomba ..............................120
mka ....................................116
mkazi..................................116
mke ....................................600
mkira ..................................316
mkunirwa ...........................315
mkuruwa (omwisiki)..........126
mkuruwa (omwojo) ...........125
mliro...................................604
mmiro.....................................9
mnafu .................................592
mnyanya.............................126
mnyanyazi ..........................125
mpako ................................453
mpango ..............571, 575, 590
mpaya.................................291
mpunu ................................293
mshaija wa .........................114
msigazi .......................127, 613
msikazi ...............................127
mtita .....................................64
mtwe ......................................3
muanda...............................463
muanda gukuru ..................464
muango (omuntu)...............598
mubi ...................................580
mubwi ................................342
mufela ................................586
mugua ................................257
mugulusi ............108, 134, 607
muhala................................124
muhango ............................598
muhara ...............................124
mukaaga .............................497
mukaga...............................497
mukagai..............................497
mukazi................................131
mukazi wange ....................116
mukaziwe ...........................116
muke ..................................600
mukeka...............................249
mukulu ...............................134
mukulu wange....................125
mukulu wange....................126
mukuru............................... 134
mukuruwang-omusigazi .... 125
mukuruwange-omwisiki .... 126
mukyala ............................. 116
mulilo................................. 604
muliro ................................ 212
mulongo ............................. 129
mulugi................................ 568
mulumuna .......................... 111
mulungi.............................. 579
munaana............................. 499
munana .............................. 499
mungu ................................ 563
muntu mkuru ..................... 134
muntu mukulu.................... 134
munwa ......................... 16, 617
munya ................................ 334
munyanya .................. 125, 126
munyanyazi ............... 125, 126
munywanyi ........................ 109
murumuna.................. 125, 126
mushana ............................. 433
mushanju ........................... 498
mushenye ........................... 461
mushwago............................ 68
mutabani-wa ...................... 123
mutabani ............................ 123
muti.................................... 470
muti muti ........................... 600
muwanda ........................... 463
muyo .................................. 251
muyo gulikushara .............. 252
muyo ogutaikushara .......... 253
muzi ................................... 471
mwana wange .................... 122
mwanawa ........................... 122
mwenda ............................. 500
mwendai ............................ 500
mwezi ................................ 437
mwiga ................................ 456
mwigulu ............................. 564
mwilima ..................... 431, 683
mwisiki ...................... 124, 613
mwojo ................................ 123
mwolozi ............................. 278
mwonyo ............................. 417
n’shumbakazi..................... 281
naba emikono ...................... 56
naga ................................... 103
nchwera ............................. 332
nda ..................................... 573
ndagano ............................. 184
ndanda ............................... 573
ndungi ........................ 579, 581
ndwano eziango ................. 166
ndyamiti ............................. 250
negwa................................. 443
neilagula ............................ 587
nesikila............................... 577
ngoma ................................ 191
279
ngoto.................................... 21
ngufi .................................. 574
niila............................ 535, 608
niira ................................... 535
nikigasha ........................... 596
(ni)kiguma ......................... 583
(ni)kyela ............................ 589
(ni)kyeshusha .................... 520
(ni)kyoroba (kworoba) ...... 584
nikimala............................. 595
(ni)kinura........................... 591
nikwo......................... 183, 603
nikyo.................................. 603
nila..................................... 535
ninye .................................. 611
njangwa ............................. 296
njano .................................. 602
njara................................... 395
njura .................................. 442
nkaaga ............................... 508
nkaga ................................. 508
nkagai ................................ 508
nke ............................. 513, 572
nkelemeke ......................... 133
nkihola............................... 606
nkilagula ............................ 587
nkilemeela ......................... 577
nkoju.................................... 77
nkolatima........................... 332
nkolora ................................ 71
nkyolobelela ...................... 584
nshaanju ............................ 509
nshalizi .............................. 556
nshanju .............................. 509
nshololo ............................. 520
ntanju................................. 582
ntungurumaiba .................. 352
nyaihanda .......................... 464
nyakashero ........................ 386
nyakwawa............................ 25
nyalubabi ........................... 601
nyama .................... 43, 59, 405
nyana ................................. 282
nyanga ............................... 453
nyangololwa .............. 337, 605
nyanja ................................ 457
nyeigolo............................. 534
nyeigoro ............................ 534
nyenka ............................... 488
nyenkai .............................. 488
nyenkya ............................. 533
nyenkyai ............................ 533
nyindo.................................. 12
nyingi ................................ 485
nyokolomi ......................... 120
nyokoromi ......................... 120
nyowe ................................ 611
nyungu ya kyoma .............. 646
nyurura amabere................ 284
oandike .............................. 160
280
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
obishabo............................. 462
obubiko .............................. 274
obuchumbilo ...................... 210
obudaaga............................ 418
obu[ei]ewa ......................... 585
obufeela ............................. 586
obufela ............................... 586
obuguluma ......................... 416
obuguma ............................ 416
obugumi ............................. 583
obuguruma ......................... 416
obuhanika .......................... 394
obuhunga ........................... 418
obuhuta ................................ 73
obuhuunga ......................... 418
obukilo ............................... 557
obulamu ............................. 557
obulime .............................. 209
obulogi ............................... 570
obulogo .............................. 570
obulola ............................... 557
obulungo ............................ 676
obulwaile ............................. 66
obumanyi ....................... 6, 585
obunuzi ......................591, 676
obunyaasi ........................... 480
obunyangele....................... 337
obunyangere ...................... 337
obunyasi............................. 480
oburogi............................... 570
oburwaile ............................. 66
obusara............................... 585
obushalizi........................... 556
obushango.......................... 524
obushasi ............................. 543
obushwa ............................. 340
obushwele .......................... 112
obushwere.......................... 112
obusikiki ............................ 515
obusikizi ............................ 515
obuso ................................. 6, 7
obuso bwe nsi .................... 670
obusooka............................ 670
obustani ............................. 209
obuta .......................... 300, 301
obutai ................................. 300
obutaka .............................. 447
obutini................................ 541
obutukuzi ........................... 588
obutumbo ............................. 47
obuunga ............................. 418
obuyaga ............................. 430
obuyo ................................. 653
obwamba ............................. 46
obwazi ............................... 340
obwekumo ......................... 400
obw[g]ezi ........................... 585
obwigusi ............................ 399
obwiiko .............................. 169
obwiire ............................... 527
obwiko............................... 169
obwoki............................... 404
obwong’u .............................. 4
obwongo ................................ 4
obwongu ................................ 4
obwoya .............................. 314
ogwabulyo ........................... 27
ogwabumosho ..................... 28
oije....................................... 86
oikilize....................... 119, 187
okitara................................ 307
okofila ............................... 426
okuamua ............................ 185
okuandika .......................... 160
okubagala .......................... 268
okubagara .......................... 268
okubaija ............................. 368
okubala ...................... 484, 491
okubanza ........................... 353
okubara .............................. 484
okubaza ............................. 145
okubaziila .......................... 261
okubazira ........................... 261
okubegana ......................... 365
okubeiha ............................ 172
okubeihya .......................... 172
okubeiya ............................ 172
okubela .............................. 148
okubiba .............................. 267
okubinga ............ 170, 634, 635
okuboha ............................. 257
okuboigola......................... 481
okubona ..................... 444, 553
okubonaboni(y)a ............... 188
okubumba .................. 367, 661
okubunda ........................... 668
okubyala .................... 267, 469
okubyalila .......................... 561
okubyama ............................ 59
okubyara ............................ 267
okuchanganya.................... 232
okuchemsha............... 222, 223
okuchoka ........................... 102
okuchonga ................. 368, 662
okuchuja ............................ 230
okuchuma .......................... 359
okuchumba ........................ 220
okuchumba (amaizi).......... 223
okuchumita ........................ 305
okuchunda ......................... 229
okuchunda amata............... 284
okuchunda amatai ............. 284
okuchundwa ........................ 69
okuchura ............................ 138
okuchwi ............................... 37
okuchwija .......................... 230
okuelezea........................... 630
okufa.......................... 558, 559
okufafa[nua] ...................... 156
okufagia............................. 255
okufuga ......................276, 654
okufuga ente.......................276
okufula ...............................262
okufula emvenda................262
okufula emyendo ...............262
okufuliza ..............................57
okufumola ..........................144
okufura ...............................262
okufura emyenda ...............262
okufyatua amatofali ...........661
okugaana engoma ..............190
okugaba ..............................365
okugabila............................277
okugaga ..............................677
okugaluka.....................95, 624
okugalulwa...........................70
okugamba...........................140
okugambila ........................141
okugambila eigulu .............136
okuganila............................144
okugaruka ............................95
okugela.......................382, 383
okugenda ..........82, 83, 85, 621
okugenda ala ........................85
okugoba................................87
okugologoka ......................609
okugona................................62
okugonza ............................118
okugula ..............................387
okugulu ..........................38, 39
okugura ..............................387
okuguru ..........................38, 39
okuguruka ..........................102
okuguza ..............................388
okugwa.......................104, 443
okugwa kwa enjula ............443
okugwa kwenjula ...............443
okugya harai.........................85
okuha..................................151
okuha amaizi ......................226
okuha eadhabu ...................188
okuha omukono .................229
okuhabwa ...........................152
okuhalala ............................348
okuhandiika........................160
okuhanika...........................259
okuharara ...........................348
okuhela...............................170
okuhenda ............................363
okuhendeka ........................363
okuhesha ............................369
okuhesha ............................371
okuhiga ..............................298
okuhiiga .............................298
okuhilingita ........................100
okuhindujanya....................389
okuhindula .................361, 664
okuhindula (ekintu)............361
okuhindura .................373, 664
okuhinduzanya ...................389
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
okuholeleza ........................566
okuholola ...........................146
okuholoola .........................146
okuholora ...........................146
okuhondela...................94, 119
okuhoya..............................194
okuhozoola.........................146
okuhulila ............................551
okuhulira ....................119, 551
okuhumula ...........................88
okuhurira ............................551
okuhutaaza ...........................74
okuhutaza .............................74
okuhya................................477
okuimba .............................194
okuindulana........................389
okujangula..........................175
okujenga.............................194
okujuba ..............................310
okujubula ...........................150
okujuguta ...........................369
okujula ...............................425
okujuma .............................175
okujuma kw’o muyaga ......440
okujumangana ....................162
okujumbika ........................221
okujuna ..............................148
okujunda ............................478
okujuruga ...........................232
okujuula .............................425
okujuura .............................425
okujwaala ...........................423
okujwala.....................423, 424
okujwala gei .......................666
okujwara ............................423
okujweka ............................424
okujwi ............................37, 40
okukaguza ..........................137
okukama.............................283
okukamula..........................375
okukanda ............................367
okukaranga.........................221
okukenena ..........................230
okukila .................................78
okukinga ..................................
.........204, 377, 642, 643, 663
okukingula .................203, 204
okukituma ............................97
okukiza oburwaile................78
okukola ......................355, 357
okukola omulimo ...............357
okukolola .............................72
okukoma ............................377
okukora ......................355, 357
okukorola .............................72
okukoza ebyamani .............100
okukula ......................477, 619
okukuna..............................119
okukunda....................187, 637
okukungana ........................162
okukungereza..................... 138
okukunila ........................... 119
okukura ...................... 469, 619
okukwaata.................. 381, 554
okukwasa ........................... 152
okukwata ................... 381, 554
okukwataho ....................... 554
okukwatao ......................... 554
okukwatwa......................... 180
okulaama ........................... 174
okulaaza omuliro ............... 217
okulagaza ........................... 378
okulagila .............................. 96
okulaguza........................... 569
okulahumu ......................... 174
okulama ............................. 174
okulamula .................. 179, 185
okulamuza ......................... 389
okulanga ............................ 221
okulasha ............................. 103
okulaza omulilo ................. 217
okulaza omuriro................. 217
okuleba .............................. 155
okuleeba............................. 155
okuleeta ............................... 98
okulelembya ...................... 259
okulemwa .................... 58, 545
okulenga ............................ 358
okulengesa ......................... 358
okulengeshenia .................. 540
okuleta ................................. 98
okuleta amaiza ................... 227
okuleta enganja .................. 167
okuleta oluhi ...................... 163
okuliisa (ente) .................... 277
okulila ................................ 138
okulima .............. 264, 265, 651
okulima ekiina ................... 265
okulima ekishambu............ 268
okulimisa enyamaishwa .... 264
okulinda ............................... 89
okulipa ............................... 391
okulisa ............................... 277
okuloga .............................. 569
okulokola ........................... 148
okulola ............................... 384
okulonda ............................ 271
okulonda ahansi ................. 271
okuloota ............................... 60
okulota ................................. 60
okuloza .............................. 555
okuluma ..................... 313, 620
okulwaana.......................... 165
okulwala ........................ 67, 75
okulwana ................... 162, 168
okulya ................................ 396
okumala ..................... 354, 595
okumala (eibanja) .............. 391
okumanya .......................... 550
okumara ............................. 354
281
okumela ............................. 469
okumtuma............................ 96
okunaaba ............................. 56
okunaba ebyala.................... 56
okunaba emikono ................ 56
okunaga ............................. 103
okunagila ............................. 59
okunena ............................. 313
okunenwa .......................... 543
okunoba ............................. 537
okunoga ............................. 270
okunuka ge ........................ 547
okunuka kubi ..................... 546
okununka gei ..................... 547
okununka kubi ................... 546
okununkage ....................... 547
okunuuka kubi ................... 546
okunuukage ....................... 547
okunya ............................... 402
okunyama ............................ 59
okunyinya .......................... 164
okunyoka ........................... 609
okunyukura........................ 271
okunyunya ......................... 376
okunywa .................... 376, 402
okuogosha ......................... 373
okuolola............................. 146
okuondela ............................ 94
okupima..................... 514, 515
okuramula.......................... 179
okuranda ekyoma .............. 369
okurasha ............................ 305
okuroga.............................. 569
okurota ................................ 60
okuroza .............................. 555
okurugaho............................ 83
okuruka o[mu]gwa ............ 373
okuruma ............................ 313
okurwaana ......................... 168
okurwaara ...................... 67, 75
okurwana ................... 162, 168
okurwara........................ 67, 75
okusa ......................... 237, 238
okusaidia ........................... 148
okushaala........................... 222
okushaasa .......................... 620
okushaba............................ 147
okushabura ........................ 103
okushala .................... 235, 599
okushalila .......................... 556
okushangaa ................ 539, 675
okushangaza ...................... 675
okushara ............................ 235
okusharila .......................... 556
okusharula ......................... 269
okushasa ............................ 188
okushasha ............................ 75
okushaza ............................ 223
okusheesha ........................ 228
okusheka............................ 192
282
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
okusheleka ......................... 173
okushenya .......................... 260
okushenya enkwi ............... 260
okushereka ......................... 173
okushesha .......................... 228
okusheshamu ..................... 228
okushobelwa ...................... 539
okushobolola ..................... 156
okushoborora ..................... 156
okushokora ........................ 265
okushola............................. 269
okushoma................... 159, 631
okushomesa ....................... 157
okushona............................ 261
okushora ............................ 269
okushoroma ....................... 270
okushuka............................ 429
okushuka eishoka .............. 429
okushuka eishoke .............. 429
okushulula ......................... 234
okushumba ente ................. 276
okushuntama................ 91, 622
okushurula ......................... 234
okushurura ......................... 234
okushutula ................. 366, 381
okushweeka ....................... 233
okushweka ......................... 233
okushwela .......................... 113
okushwera.................. 112, 113
okusibika ........................... 259
okusigala.............................. 84
okusiiga ............................. 372
okusikila ............................ 515
okusindagira ...................... 164
okusindika ......................... 359
okusinga............................. 379
okusonoka............................ 74
okusora .............................. 376
okusosotora........................ 165
okuta omunda .................... 360
okutaa amaizi..................... 226
okutaamu ........................... 205
okutabira ............................ 264
okutabula ........................... 222
okutagata ........................... 222
okutagiriza ......................... 147
okutagula ............................. 14
okutaha .............................. 205
okutaha amaiza .................. 226
okutaha amaiza .................. 227
okutahamu ......................... 205
okutaibila ........................... 382
okutaishula......................... 150
okutamani .......................... 538
okutamba ............................. 78
okutambila ........................... 78
okutambuka ......................... 92
okutamiila .......................... 196
okutamiira.......................... 196
okutamila ........................... 196
okutamu............................. 360
okutamwa .................. 536, 537
okutanaka ............................ 70
okutanaki ............................. 70
okutanga ............................ 186
okutashushana ................... 520
okuteekamu ....................... 360
okuteela orugaganja .......... 167
okuteera ............................. 303
okutekamu ................. 231, 360
okutela ....... 164, 165, 378, 656
okutela ekelele................... 629
okutela elangi .................... 372
okutela enganja ................. 167
okutela hodi ....................... 633
okutela na embundu .......... 303
okutela omubya ................. 400
okutela oruhi ..................... 163
okutelana ........................... 232
okutelangana ..................... 168
okutema ..................... 235, 374
okutembesa........................ 366
okutengya .................. 229, 284
okut[ina] ............................ 541
okutogosa .......................... 223
okutogota........................... 222
okutoija.............................. 180
okutongola......................... 270
okutongora ........................ 270
okutontona......................... 383
okutosha ............................ 595
okutuhumiwa..................... 180
okutula....................... 384, 557
okutuma......................... 96, 97
okutunga .................... 276, 654
okutunga ubitunganwa ...... 276
okutura ................................ 84
okutuura ............................ 384
okutwala amaizi ................ 227
okutwanga ......... 236, 237, 239
okutwara ........................ 98, 99
okutwi.................................. 15
okuwa ................................ 151
okuyoya ............................. 190
okuzaala .............................. 80
okuzaalwa............................ 81
okuzaama .......................... 382
okuzaana............................ 193
okuzala ................................ 80
okuzalwa ............................. 81
okuzana ..................... 190, 193
okuzana (engoma) ............. 190
okuzana (omuziki)............. 190
okuzara ................................ 80
okuzia ................................ 101
okuziha .............................. 101
okuziika ............................. 561
okuzika .............................. 561
okuzimba ............................. 76
okuzinga ............................ 368
okuziya...............................101
okwaaka .............................434
okwaata ......................363, 365
okwaga ...............................380
okwagiliza ..........................371
okwahula ..............................99
okwakya omulilo ...............211
okwakya omuliro ...............211
okwakya omuriro ...............211
okwanga .....149, 182, 236, 632
okwara................................379
okwasa .......................260, 374
okwasa enkwi.....................260
okwashama ................136, 364
okwashana..........................136
okwata ................................364
okweba ...............................549
okwebwa ............................549
okweebwa ..........................549
okweega .............................158
okweegaana........................182
okweeya .............................255
okwega ...............................158
okwegesa............................157
okwegomba ........................538
okwela ................................589
okwelela .............................382
okwelera.............................382
okwemelela ..................90, 623
okwenda .............................118
okwengelela .......................434
okwengerera.......................434
okwesaimula ........................57
okweta ................................137
okwetooya ..........................174
okwetoya ............................181
okwetweka .........................424
okweya ...............................255
okwezi ................................437
okwiba................................171
okwiganyishania ................514
okwiguta ............................399
okwiija .................................86
okwiikya ............................385
okwiinama..........................362
okwiita ...............................306
okwiiya ..............................440
okwiiyaho ............................99
okwija ..................................86
okwijiwi ...............................37
okwijuka ............................548
okwijula .............................490
okwijuza.............................231
okwijwi ................................26
okwikala.......................84, 384
okwikaraho ..........................84
okwikilisha ekishobyo .......181
okwikiliza ..................187, 637
okwikiriza ..........................187
okwikiriza obushobe ..........181
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
okwikwa.............................385
okwikya..................50, 88, 385
okwikya endwala .................78
okwikyaho............................88
okwilagula..........................587
okwilila (yo).......................375
okwililayo ..........................621
okwiluka ..............................93
okwimuka ..........................366
okwinama...........................362
okwinamya.........................362
okwinika ............................362
okwinunula ........................366
okwiruka ..............................93
okwita ................................306
okwiya................................440
okwiyaho..............................99
okwoga.................................55
okwogosha .........................373
okwokwa ............................213
okwokya.....................213, 215
okwoleka ............................154
okwolekya ..........................154
okwoloba............................592
okwoma..............................594
okwomba............................136
okwombeka ........................197
okwonka.............................376
okworora ............................654
okye......................................88
olagile ..................................96
olile ....................................138
olola ...................................146
oluba ..............................6, 8, 9
olubaju .........................33, 465
olubala................................491
olubale..................................73
olubibi ................................516
olububi ...............................343
olubugo ..............................422
olubumba ...........................462
olubungo ............................206
olufu ...................................559
oluganda.............................107
olugega...............................245
olugo ..................................207
olugoye ..............................257
oluhanga.............................451
oluhoya ..............................195
oluhugahugu ......................325
oluimbo ..............................195
olukuta ...............................199
olukwi ................................218
olulabyo .................... 444, 445
olulimi ..........................18, 139
olulimi (elugha) .................139
olusha ...................................52
olushanju ............................308
olushato ..............................332
olushaya .................................9
olushoilima ........................ 432
olushubu ............................ 247
olushushu ............................. 42
olushwi .............................. 200
oluwoya ............................. 195
olwazi ................................ 450
olwelelezo.......................... 254
olweya ............................... 452
olwiba ................................ 660
olwigi ................................. 202
olwooma ............................ 370
olwoya ....................... 346, 430
olwoya lubi ........................ 546
ombili............................... 1, 42
omchele ............................. 421
omfi wa amaisho ................. 63
omfuko............................... 244
omguha .............................. 257
[om]gusha .......................... 420
omhagazi ........................... 288
omhigi................................ 299
omkazi ............................... 131
omkazi emugumba ............ 132
omkila ................................ 316
ommushana........................ 674
omnyanya .......................... 125
omshaija............................. 130
omtwangiro........................ 240
omu mushanai.................... 674
omuagazi ........................... 288
omuanda ............................ 463
omubazi ............................... 79
omubi wawe ...................... 169
omubili............................. 1, 42
omubustani ........................ 209
omubwi .............................. 342
omubwile ........................... 432
omubya .............................. 400
omuchele ........................... 421
omuchere ........................... 421
omuda ................................ 524
omuduara ........................... 687
omufi wa maisho ................. 63
omufu................................. 560
omufugi ............................. 278
omufuko..................... 244, 649
omufuko gwa nailoni ......... 244
omufuko gwe emyendo ..... 649
omufuko gwe karatasi ....... 648
omufuko gwo mwendo ...... 649
omugani ............................. 142
omugela ............................. 456
omugenyi ........... 110, 626, 627
omugerezi .......................... 178
omugoma ........................... 590
omugomoke ....................... 598
omugongo ............................ 32
omugugu .................... 272, 652
omuguha .................... 257, 272
omugulusi .......................... 108
283
omugumba......................... 132
omugurusi.......................... 108
omugusha .......................... 420
omuguwa ........................... 257
omuha ................................ 319
omuhagazi ......................... 288
omuhai............................... 657
omuhalagazi ...................... 289
omuhanda .......................... 463
omuhango .......................... 598
omuhesi ............................. 369
omuhigi ............................. 299
omuhiigi ............................ 299
omuhyaga .......................... 430
omuh[y]aga ....................... 439
omuhyo.............................. 251
omuhyo guhyoile............... 252
omuhyo gukuru bile .......... 253
omuhyo gulikutola ............ 252
omuhyo gutaina bwogi ...... 253
omuigi ............................... 299
omuisiki............................. 128
omujajalo........................... 386
omujajaro .......................... 386
omujomba.......................... 120
omukabunga bungu ........... 432
omukaikulu........................ 108
omukala ............................. 214
omukama ........................... 563
omukanwa ........................... 16
omukara............................. 214
omukasheeshe ................... 432
omukaze wange ................. 116
omukazi ..................... 116, 131
omukazi ataikuzala............ 132
omukazi mushwerwa......... 116
omukazi wa ....................... 116
omuke ................................ 600
omukeeka .......................... 243
omukeka ............................ 243
omukibuga......................... 641
omukila.............................. 316
omukilo ............................. 529
omukiro ............................. 529
omuko gwa bulyo ................ 27
omukono.................. 23, 24, 25
omukono gwa bubosho ....... 28
omukono gwa bulyo ............ 27
omukono gwa bumosho ...... 28
omuku................................ 177
omukubi ............................ 413
omukulu ............................ 134
omukundi ............................ 36
omukwala .......................... 116
omukwatane ...................... 111
omukwatani ....................... 111
omukyala ........................... 116
omukyoto .......................... 219
omulaguzi .......................... 568
omulamuzi......................... 178
284
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
omuleju ................................ 10
omuliisa ............................. 278
omulili ............................... 413
omulilo....................... 212, 604
omulilo omu mubili ............. 68
omulimo............................. 356
omulipe .............................. 391
omuliro ...................... 212, 604
omulisa .............................. 278
omulogi.............. 568, 570, 680
omulogo ............................. 568
omulongo ........................... 129
omulubibi........................... 516
omuluhanga ....................... 451
omulukyakya ..................... 432
omulumuna ........................ 111
omulyango ......................... 202
omumahiga ........................ 219
omumaiga .......................... 219
omumaisho ........................ 6, 7
omumaishonju ................... 641
omumalaika ....................... 564
omumauwa ........................ 209
omumea ............................. 468
omumeshe.......................... 479
omumilo............................... 20
omumwezi ......................... 437
omunda ...................... 573, 681
omundi ............................... 521
omunsi ............................... 446
omuntu ............................... 105
omuntu mukulu.................. 134
omuntu mukuru ................. 134
omuntu omukulu................ 134
omunwa ................. 16, 17, 617
omunya .............................. 334
omunya gwe ilungu ........... 334
omunyamahanga................ 626
omunyaruganda ................. 111
omunyasi ........................... 480
omunyogororo ................... 337
omunyoko .......................... 126
omunywanyi ...................... 109
omupaka ............................ 516
omuriro .............................. 212
omurongo........................... 129
omurubwibwi..................... 432
omurukyakya ..................... 432
omurumuna........................ 111
omushaija................... 114, 130
omushaija mukulu ............. 108
omushaija wa ..................... 114
omushaija wange ............... 114
omushale............................ 301
omushambwa ..................... 564
omushana ................... 433, 528
omushega ........................... 319
omushenye ......................... 461
omushenyi ......................... 461
omushipa gwo bwamba ....... 45
omushuli .............................. 45
omushu[mb]a .................... 278
omushumba (w’ente)......... 278
omushwa ................... 339, 340
omushwaago........................ 68
omushwago ......................... 68
omushwelwa...................... 116
omusi ................................... 45
omusigazi .......................... 127
omusikizi ........................... 673
omusindo ........................... 445
omusiri ...................... 263, 650
omustari............................. 517
omutabani .......................... 123
omutahi.............................. 109
omutahulila.......................... 65
omutai................................ 109
omutaji .............................. 394
omutambi .................. 567, 679
omutambi we kienyeji ....... 680
omutego..................... 309, 311
omutelano .......................... 486
omutende ........................... 479
omuti ................................. 470
omutima .............................. 48
omutita ................................ 64
omutungi wente ................. 278
omutwalo........................... 272
omutwangilo...................... 240
omutwangiso ..................... 240
omutwe .................................. 3
omuwala ............................ 124
omuwigi ............................ 299
omuyaga .................... 439, 440
omuyagha .......................... 439
omuyo................................ 251
omuyo guikushara ............. 252
omuyo gukurubile ............. 253
omuyo gutakushara ........... 253
omuyo gwo bwogi............. 252
omuyo ogukurubile ........... 253
omuyo ogukutora .............. 252
omuyo ogutaikushala ........ 253
omuyo ogutalikushala ....... 253
omuyo ogutoile ................. 252
omuyo oguyoile muno ...... 252
omuyo ogwikushara .......... 252
omuzaano .......................... 189
omuzano ............................ 189
omuzee .............................. 108
omuzi................................. 471
omuzigo..................... 272, 652
omuziiki ............................ 638
omuziki.............................. 638
omuzila .............................. 565
omuzilo.............................. 565
omuzimu.................... 564, 678
omuziro ............................. 565
omuzizo ............................. 565
omuzoga ............................ 560
omviringo...........................610
omwaaka ............................525
omwaanya ..........................465
omwaga ......................525, 540
omwaka ..............................525
omwambi ...................301, 304
omwami .............................114
omwana gwe entaama ........292
omwana gwe ntama ...........292
omwana muhara .................124
omwana mwisiki ................128
omwana mwojo..................123
omwana wa bwojo .............123
omwana wange ..................122
omwana wo’mwisiki
(omwisiki) .......................124
omwanda ............................463
omwanga ............................578
omwanya ....................465, 524
omweezi .....................437, 669
omwenda ............................422
omwendo............................422
omwezi.......................437, 669
omwiga ..............208, 451, 456
omwigala wa amatwi ...........65
omwigazi w’amatwi.............65
omwigazi wa amaisho..........63
omwigazi wa maisho ...........63
omwigazi wa matwi .............65
omwiiga omwiiga ..............456
omwiika .............................215
omwijiko ............................644
omwika ..............................215
omwilima ...................431, 683
omwirima ...........................431
omwisi................................240
omwisiki ....................124, 128
omwojo ......................123, 127
omwongu ...........................413
omwonyo ...........................417
omwonyu ...........................417
omwoojo ............................127
omwooyo ...........................564
omwoya..............................314
omwoya..............................346
omwoyo ...............................48
ondela...................................94
ondera ..................................94
ondijo .................................521
orola ...................................146
oruba ......................................9
orubaju .................................33
orubala .......................484, 491
orubale .................................73
orubanda ..............................33
orubele ...............................420
orubengo ............................239
orubibi ................................516
orubooko ............................308
orububi ...............................343
Ten annotated Haya wordlists
orubugu ..............................422
orufu...................................559
orufuma ..............................415
oruganda ............................107
orugingo .............................258
orugino ...................................9
orugo ..................................207
oruhanga ............................451
oruhi ...................................426
oruhimbo ............................195
oruhita ................................467
oruhoya ..............................195
oruhu ....................................42
oruhugahugu ......................325
oruhuguhugu ......................325
oruhumi ..............................351
orujuru................................517
orukoni ...............................308
orukuta ...............................199
orulimi..........................18, 139
o[ru]limi ...............................18
orushato..............................332
orushero .............................243
orushusho ...........................538
orushwi ..............................200
oruzilamili ..........................332
oruziramili..........................332
orwazi ................................450
orweru ................................452
orweya................................452
orwigi .................................202
orwigwi ..............................202
orwonge .............................602
owo luganda .......................111
oyemelele .............................90
oyete...................................137
ragaza .................................378
ramula ................................179
ramura ................................185
rasha ...................................103
raza.....................................217
reba ....................................568
ronda ..................................271
rubinika ..............................526
ruhanga ..............................563
rulimi....................................18
rwigi ...................................567
sawasawa ...........................603
shaba ..................................147
shabika ...............................222
shala ...................................235
shangazi .............................121
shangazi oyomba ...............648
shangazi wayomba .............244
shashula..............................391
sheka ..................................192
sheleka ...............................173
shemelerwa ........................544
shemera ..............................581
shenya enkwi .....................260
shereka ............................... 173
shesha ................................ 228
shokola............................... 265
sholoma ............................. 270
shoma................................. 159
shona.................................. 261
shuka eishoke .................... 429
shulula ............................... 234
shuntama........................ 84, 91
shurura ............................... 234
shutula ............................... 366
shweka ............................... 233
shwela ................................ 113
shwenkazi .......................... 121
siga erangi.......................... 372
sigina ................................. 238
sikila .......................... 577, 583
sindika ............................... 359
singa................................... 379
stovu .................................. 210
swenkazi ............................ 121
taa amaizi........................... 226
taamu ......................... 205, 521
tabanganya ......................... 232
tabona .................................. 63
tagasa ................................. 223
taha amaizi......................... 226
tahamu ............................... 205
taishula............................... 150
tambila ................................. 78
tambuka ....................... 92, 356
tamila ................................. 196
tamu ................................... 360
tamwa ........................ 536, 537
tanaka................................... 70
tanga .................................. 186
tara ..................................... 256
tata ..................................... 115
tata enkazi .......................... 121
tata wange .......................... 115
tata yange........................... 115
tatai wange......................... 115
tatenkazi............................. 121
teina mani .......................... 592
teka amoi ........................... 232
tekamu ............................... 360
tekeleza .............................. 522
tela ..................................... 164
tela embundu ..................... 303
tela empi ............................ 167
tela enganja ........................ 167
tela erangi .......................... 372
tela etela............................. 237
tela eyombo ....................... 136
tela oluwi ........................... 163
tela omubya ....................... 400
tela tela ......................165, 236
telana ................................. 232
telangana............................ 168
tele embundu ..................... 303
285
tema ................................... 235
tengya ................................ 229
tera embundu ..................... 303
tera oruhi ........................... 163
terangana ........................... 168
teranisa .............................. 232
tit[u]likusikila .................... 578
togosa ........................ 222, 223
togoseza............................. 223
togota................................. 222
toija.................................... 180
toijela................................. 180
tuta....................................... 76
twala ...................... 97, 99, 100
twala amaizi ...................... 227
twanga ....................... 236, 237
tweka ................................... 96
twekela ................................ 97
uburogi .............................. 570
ubusikizi ............................ 515
ukuloga .............................. 570
umushaija (iba).................. 114
upande ................................. 23
uta ...................................... 440
utaza .................................... 74
wenene ...................... 105, 613
wenka ................................ 488
ya nila ........................ 607, 608
yafa .................................... 559
yaga ................................... 380
yagha ................................. 380
yaka ................................... 434
yakya ................................. 211
yakya omulilo.................... 211
yanga ......................... 149, 182
yanguilila........................... 578
yasa.................................... 364
yega ................................... 158
yegesa ................................ 157
yehamule ............................. 57
yela .................................... 584
yelelela .............................. 255
yemelela .............................. 90
yemerela .............................. 90
yenda ................................. 118
yeng’erera.......................... 434
yenka ................................. 488
yenza ................................. 147
yeta .................................... 137
yeube ................................. 383
yeyegese ............................ 158
yoga ..................................... 55
yokya ......................... 213, 305
yolekya .............................. 154
yolola................................. 276
yombeka ............................ 197
yona ................................... 489
yonka ................................. 488
yoona ................................. 672
zala ...................................... 80
286
zalwa.................................... 81
zana.................................... 193
zana engoma ...................... 190
zarwa ................................... 81
zia ...................................... 101
zike .................................... 487
zimba ................................... 76
zina ............................ 194, 195
zinga omuguwa.................. 373
zingi ................................... 485
zingola ............................... 361
zizi ..................................... 653
Ten annotated Haya wordlists