ABBA–America
Italicized page numbers refer to illustrations. The following abbreviations are used in the index:
m = map; c = chart; p = photograph or picture; g = graph; crt = cartoon; ptg = painting; q = quote
A
ABBA, 853
Abernathy, Ralph, 766
Abington School District v.
Schempp, 497, c722, 723
abolitionists, 199–201, m200,
219, 221–22, m222, 223–24,
231; American Antislavery
Society, 200, m200; American
Colonization Society, 199;
call for emancipation,
199–200; early opposition,
199; resettlement program,
199; Underground Railroad,
221–22, m222; William
Garrison Society, 199–200
Abrams v. United States, 460
Acheson, Dean, 661, 671
Adams, Henry, q370
Adams, John, 77, 88, 101, 112,
157–58, 174; Declaration of
Independence, 88; defense
lawyer, 77; domestic problems, 157–58; political ideology, 101, 157; Quasi-War,
157; XYZ Affair, 157
Adams, John Quincy, 173,
188–89, p189, 192; AdamsOnis Treaty, 173
Adamson Act, 442
Adams-Onís Treaty, 173
Adams, Samuel, p9, q9, 78, 112,
114
Addams, Jane, 331, 347, q347,
357, 404
Administration of Justice Act, 84
Adoption and Safe Families
Act, 899
Advanced Research Project
Agency (ARPANET), 894
advertising, 323, p518, 519, 694,
699, 719, 899; ban on cigarette, 899; mass, 519; politics
and, 719; television, 699, 719
aerobics, 854
affirmative action, 813; challenges to, 813
Afghanistan, 848, 849, 869,
912–13, Reagan Doctrine and,
869; terrorists and, 913, 914,
915–16
Africa, 18, 21–23, 61, p61; music
of, 61, p61
African Americans: abolitionist
movement, 199–201, 219,
221–24, 231; activism, 383–84,
442, 749–50, 753–54; affirmative action and, 813; African
Colored Farmers’ National
Alliance, 381; after reconstruction, 381; American
Antislavery Society, 200,
m200; American Colonization
Society, 199; American
Revolution, impact of, 102;
assassination of Martin
Luther King, Jr., 765–66; black
codes, 269; black nationalism,
501–02; Black Panthers, 765;
black power, 764; Bloody
Sunday, 760; Brown v. Board of
Education, 268, 722, c722,
748–49, 751, 814; Chicago race
riots, 473; civil rights legislation, 747, 752, 757–59; civil
rights movement, 383, 688,
744–66; Colonial America, 60,
68; conditions in rural South,
381–82; constitutional amendments and, 128, 143–44, 153,
263, 268, 269–71, 382–83, 422,
722, 748; cowboys, 290; cultural assimilation, 764; culture of, 184, 498–502, 701–03,
852–53; de facto segregation,
747, 763; discrimination
against, 358, 383, 626, 627,
700, 702, 707; disenfranchisement, 381–82, 616; during
wartimes, 457–59, 625–27;
economic disparity and, p707,
707–08; economic rights of,
763–65; education, 184,
268–69, 274, p274, 751, 756;
Eisenhower and, 751–52;
emancipation after independence, 102, m103;
Emancipation Proclamation,
253, 254, 266; entrepreneurs,
185; explorers, 204;
Fourteenth Amendment,
269–70; free, 184–85; freedmen, 268–69; Freedom
Riders, 754–55; Great
Migration of, 50, 459, 498–99,
501, 627, m627; Harlem
Renaissance, 499–500; impact
of Reconstruction, 273, 277;
impact of Supreme Court
rulings, 722, 747; integration,
616, 751, 756; Johnson and,
737, 752, 759–60, 763;
Kennedy and, 755–56; Ku
Klux Klan, 272, p272, 274,
crt483, 483–84, 755; Liberian
settlement, 199; lynching, 383,
501, 688; mass migration to
Kansas, 381; Montgomery
bus boycott, 749–50; New
England Antislavery Society,
199–200; political “firsts,”
273, 809, 813, 814, 848; politics and, 271, 273, 501–02,
572–73, p688, 748; racial
pride, 499–502; racial purity
and separation, 501–02; role
of religion and, 184, 750–51;
segregation, 268, 380–84,
615–16, 747–49, 753–60; segregation sign, p268; “separatebut-equal” doctrine, 747;
sharecropping, 381; sit-in
movement, 753–54; unemployment and, 762; urban
problems of, 761–63; violence
against, 383, 483, 501, 751–52,
754, 759–60; voting rights,
501, 735; wartime contributions of, 254, p254, 403, 457,
472, p472, 616, p616, 785–86;
workplace and, 473, 625–27,
762. See also slavery.
African Empires, p18, 18–23,
m22; Ghana, 21–22; Mali,
p18, 18–21, 22; Songhai, 21;
West Africa, m22
Agent Orange, 780
Agnew, Spiro, 833, 841
Agricultural Adjustment
Administration (AAA), 559,
560, c560, 574
agricultural revolution, 13
agriculture: backcountry farming, 59; cash crops, 59, 182;
dry farming, 294; early crop
cultivation, 13–14; economic
crises, 182, 373–75, g519,
519–20, p520; government
and, 293, 294, 559, 561, 574,
576; grape boycott, 815;
political issues and, 372–76;
Resettlement Act, 567; sharecropping, 277; slash-andburn, 16; slavery and, 183–84;
subsistence farming, 59;
technological innovations in,
253, p293, 293–94; tenant
farming, 59, 277; U.S.
Department of, 430–31;
yeoman farmers, 183
AIDS, 876–77; AIDS quilt, p877
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 835
airline industry, 517, 868; deregulation of, 868
Akabogu-Collins, May, 906,
p906, q906
Akan people, the, 23, p23
Alabama, 234, 755–57, 759–60;
Selma March, 759–60; vote to
secede, 234
Alamo, Battle of the, 205–06
Alamogordo, New Mexico, 645
Alaska, 15
Albania, 900
Albany Conference, 75
Albany Plan of Union, 75
Albright, Madeleine, 902, p902,
q902
alcohol, 145, 147, 196–97,
424–25, 487–88, 876
Aldrin, Buzz, 726
Alexander VI, Pope, 26
Alfred P. Murrah Federal
Building, 904
Alger, Horatio, 349, p349
Alger, Philip R., q406
Alien and Sedition Acts, 157,
158, 159
aliens, 157, 158, 159
Ali, Muhammad, 731
Ali, Sonni, 22
Allen, Gracie, 538
Alliance for Progress, 725
Allied Forces, 608, 620–23
Allies, 452, 453, 465, 466, 467–68
All in the Family, 852, p853
allotments, 302
al-Qaeda, 913, 914, 916
amendments, 112, 126, c126, 128,
140–47; amendment process,
c126, 140
America: affluence of, 692–97,
874–75; after the American
Revolution, 102–03; anti-war
movement, 784–86, 791–92;
automobile society, 691;
beginnings of modern,
282–303; civil rights movement, 382–84, 573, 616, 626,
687–89, 721, 735, 744–66,
p751, p757, 802, 812–17; communism in, 474, 482, 585,
602, 610, 669–74; conformity
in, 693; conservatism in,
Index
989
America First Committee–Attucks, Crispus
Index
858–86; constitution of,
108–15; consumer society,
518–20, 693–94; corporate,
319–23, 367–68, 425, 519, 522;
counterculture, 802–05; crime
in, 64, 762, 876; cultural
impact on the world, 352,
494, 703, 852, 854; cultural
movements in, 68–69, 350,
499, 500, 502, 503, 504, 506,
539, 702, 806–10, 853, 854;
cultures of, 494–95, 698–703,
800–05, 850–53, p853, 854,
874–79; diversity in, 59, 64,
65–69, m68; during wartimes,
456–61, 625–30, 784–86,
891–92; education in, 101,
103, 197–98, 710, 736, 801,
808–09, 813–14, 817; English
colonization of, 40–70; environmentalism in, 819–23;
family life in, 647, 695, 851–52;
immigration to, 336–40,
597–98; income disparity in,
482–84, 627–30, 655, 686–91,
706–10, 874–75; industry in,
306–31; inequality in, 706–10,
732–38; isolationism, 587–88,
602; Jazz Age, 480–502; juvenile delinquency, 709–10; life
in the 1920s, p486; media in,
698–700; migration in, 12–16,
163–64, 181, 341–42, 627,
m627, 694; modernism in,
493–94; naming of, 26–27;
nationalism, 170–73;
nativism, 181, 227, 328, 340,
482–83, 506; neutrality in,
452, 453; postwar, p685,
686–710; Progressivism in,
416–42; Prohibition, 425,
487–88, 505, 531; Red Scare,
473–74, 668–74; reforms in,
194, 196–201, 371, 422; rights
in, 77, 78, 79, 85, 101, 104–05,
114, 721–23; segregation,
753–60; suburbs in, 694; theater opening night, ptg509;
treatment of minorities,
706–10; urbanization of, 181,
334–58, 370, 707–08, 737;
women in, 457–59, 617, 695,
806–10; youth culture in,
701–03, 800–02. See also
African Americans; Asian
Americans; big business;
colonies; economy, U.S.;
Hispanic Americans, United
States; women.
America First Committee, 602, 603
American Antislavery Society,
200, m200
American Association of
Retired Persons (AARP), 878
American Civil Liberties Union
(ACLU), 487
990
Index
American Colonization Society
(ACS), 199
amnesty, 267
Arkansas, 235, 899; secession, 235
amphtracs, 635–36
armistice, 468
American Communist Party,
545
Anaconda Plan, 248
arms control, 870–71
American Federation of Labor,
330–31, 376, 441, 815
anarchism, 328, 330, 483
arms race, 728, 801, crt836
anarchists, 483
arms reduction, 728, 905
Anasazi, the, 15
arms sales, 587–88, 602, crt602
Andros, Sir Edmund, 66
Armstrong, Louis Daniel, 498,
q498, 499, 500, 504, p504
American Federation of Labor
and Congress of Industrial
Organizations (AFL-CIO),
815
American Indian Movement
(AIM), 812, 816
Americanization, 340, 357
American Liberty League, 565
American Party, 227, c227, 228
Angel Island, 339, p339
Anglican Church, 44, 47, 50, 66,
102
Anglo-Saxonism, 393–94, 396,
409
An Indian Teacher Among
Indians, 303
annexation, 207
American Protective
Association, 340
annuities, 298
American Railway Union, 330
Anschluss, 590
American Revolution, 72–73,
ptg73, 74–75, ptg75, 76–80,
82–89, c84, p94, 94–96, m96,
ptg97, 97–99, 105, 666–67;
Battle at Bunker Hill, ptg87;
Battle of Concord and Battle
of Lexington, 86, m86; Battle
of Quebec, 75, ptg75, 76;
battles of, m96; beginnings
of, 82–89; British advantages
in, c95; causes and effects of,
c84; central idea behind,
666–67; colonial advantages
in, c95; Continental Army,
86, 95; Continental Congress,
84, 87; Continental Navy, 87,
97; decision for independence, 87–88; difficult
conditions of, 96–97, ptg97;
European involvement, 95,
97, 98, 99; impact of FrenchIndian War, 74–76; impact on
American society, 102–03;
militias, 95, 98; nationalism
after, 103; Olive Branch
Petition, 86, 87; Proclamation
of 1763, 76, m76; Treaty of
Paris, 76, 99, 105; Valley
Forge, 94, p94, 97, ptg97; war
at sea, 97–98; war for independence, 94–99; Washington
Crossing the Delaware, ptg73;
Western front of, 97
Anthony, Susan B., 371, p371,
422, p422
Armstrong, Neil, 726
Army-McCarthy hearings, 673
Army Nursing Corps, 457, p457
Arnaz, Desi, 698, p698
Arnold, Benedict, 99
ARPANET, 894
anti-Semitism, 596, 598
art: Andy Warhol, 804; counterculture, 804–05; Depressionera, 538–39; impact of
American Revolution on,
103; Middle Ages, p19;
modern Americana, 493;
Native American architecture, 13–15; New Deal
and, 566–67; Olmec, 13;
photography, 536, p536, 539;
pop, 804; realism in, 350–51;
social values and, 350–51;
Toltec, p13
antiterrorist bill, 915
Arthur, Chester A., 365
antitrust actions, 369, 429, 437,
440–41
Articles of Confederation and
Perpetual Union, 103–04,
109–10
anthrax, 915
Anti-Comintern Pact, 587
Antietam, Battle of, (Battle of
Sharpsburg), 251–53
Antifederalists, 112–15, 259
antitrust regulation, impact of,
369, 386, 425, 428, 431, 437,
559
antiwar movement, 784–86,
791–92
Anzio, 633
Apollo Theater, 500
Appalachia, 709
Appalachian Mountains, 76,
m76, 98, 103, 163, 203
appeasement, 590, p590
Apple computer, 893, p893
Appomattox Courthouse, p262,
263
artificial genes, 895
Asia, 12–13, 20, 36–37, 662–65;
spread of Cold War to,
662–65; trade with Europe,
20. See also China, Japan.
Asian Americans: immigration,
339–40; internment of, 628,
p628; treatment of, 628
Asia Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC), 903–04
assembly line, 515, p515
assimilation, policy of, 302, 708
Associated Press, 180
apportionment, 125, 144, 145
astrolabe, 21
appropriations, 124
astronauts, 878, p878, 879, p879
Aquinaldo, Emilio, 402, 404,
p404
Atahualpa, 32
American Socialist Party, 425;
candidacy of Eugene V.
Debs, 425
Arab nations, the, 678–79, 844,
884–85
Atlanta Compromise, 384
American Sugar Refining
Company, 369
Arafat, Yasir, 901
Atlantic Charter, 603, 604
arbitration, 330, 429
Atlantic Monthly, 196
Area Redevelopment Act, 721
Argentina, 291
atomic bomb, 596, 645–46, p646,
647, 663, 665, 673, 675
American Temperance Union,
197
Argonne Forest, Battle of, 468
Attlee, Clement, p657
Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 900
American Woman Suffrage
Association, 422, p422
Aristotle, 238–39
attorney general, 152–53,
755–56, 901
Americans with Disabilities
Act (ADA), 886
Americorps, 897
Arizona, 15, 422; voting rights
for women in, 422
Atkinson, Edward, 349, q349
Atlantic, Battle of the, 622–23
attrition, 247, 781
Attucks, Crispus, p81
0989-1017 AR Index-860712
11/25/03
8:58 AM
Page 991
audiencia–Bourke-White, Margaret
audiencia, 34
bank runs, 530, p530, 555
Audubon Society, 821
banks: commercial, 558;
Emergency Banking Relief
Act, 557; failures of, 530, p530,
533, 535; government insurance deposits, 558–59; holidays, 555, 557; regulations of,
558–59; runs on, 530, p530,
555, 557; system, 154, 171
Auschwitz, 595, 599–600
Austin, Moses, 202
Austin, Stephen F., 202, p202,
q202, 204, 205; negotiation
with Mexico, 205; organization of Texas army, 205; role
in Texas independence, 205
Austria, 450, 590, 597
Austro-Hungarian Empire,
450–52, 468
automobile, 514–16, p516,
613–14, g614, p614, 691, 823,
824–25; federal safety regulations, 823; global production
of, 824–25; impact on standard of living, 515; production of, 515–16, g614, p614,
824–25; social impact of, 516;
society, 691
auto workers strike, 568, p568
Avondale Mine, 326; disaster at,
p326
Axis Powers, 587, 588–89, 591,
m591, 608, 618–23, 631–37,
m643; rise and fall of, m643
Aztec, the, 14, p30, 30–31, p31;
battle with Cortéz, p31;
depictions of invaders, p30;
weapons of, p31
Babe Ruth, 494, p495
baby boom, 694, g694, 695
backcountry farming, 59
Bacon, Nathaniel, 59–60
Bacon’s Rebellion, 59–60, ptg60
bailiffs, 536
Baker, Ella, 754
Birney, James G., 207
Black Cabinet, 573
Bañuelos, Romana Acosta, 834,
p834
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 573,
p573
blacklists, 328
Baptists, 69, 102, 195
Better Homes and Gardens, 695
black nationalism, 501–02
Barak, Ehud, 901
Bevin, Ernest, 660
Black Panthers, 765
barbed wire, 291
bias, identifying, 397, 405, 407,
477, 519, 880
black power, 764; black power
salute, p765
bibliography, preparing, 767,
769
Blackshirts, 585
Barnett, Ross, 756
barnstormers, 494, p494
barrios, 459
Barry, Marion, 754
Barsukov, Yuri, 836
Barton, Clara, 254, 399, p399,
q399
Baruch, Bernard, 458
baseball, 210, p210, crt234,
ptg350
basic freedoms, 128
Bass, Leon, q599
Bataan Death March, 619, m624
Bataan Peninsula, 619
Bay of Pigs, 726–27
Bear Flag Republic, 209
Beatles, the, 805, p851
beat movement, 702, 801
beats, the, 702
Beck, Leon, 619, q619
Beckwourth, Jim, 204
Beecher, Catherine, 198
Beecher, Lyman, 195
Bee Gees, the, 852, p852
Baker, Josephine, 500
Belknap, William, 275
Baker v. Carr, 721, c722
Bell, Alexander Graham, 311–12
Bakke, Allan, 813, p813
Bell, John, 233
balanced budget, 565, 574, 898,
899
Bellamy, Edward, 355
Bellecourt, Clyde, 812
Bellecourt, Vernon, 812, p812,
q812
Biddle, Nicholas, 192
big business, 290–91, 319–23,
368–69, 373, 378, 393, 394,
395, 397, 424, 425, 428,
crt428, 429, 437, 440–41,
457–58, 557, 559–60, 625–27,
721, 885, 894, 898; advertising in, 323; consolidation of
industry, 320–23; cooperation with government, 557,
559; corporations, 320–23;
downsizing, 885, 898; fair
competition codes, 559;
farmers and, 373; holding
companies, 322; how the
Internet expanded, 894;
Kennedy and, 721; monopolies, 321; politics and,
368–69, 378, 393, 394, 395,
397, 425, 428, 437, 440; pricefixing, 559–60; Progressivism
and 425; ranching as,
290–91; recruitment of
minorities to, 625–27;
reforming, 440–41; regulations, 322, 369, 425; rise of,
319–20, 322; Roosevelt and,
428–29; Sherman Anti-Trust
Act, 369; socialism and, 425;
stock battles, 428, crt428;
taxes on, 458; trusts, 321. See
also corporations, industry.
Big Three, 633, p633
Bilingual Education Act, 816
bilingualism, 816
Bill of Rights, English, 66
Black Kettle, Chief, 299
Black Muslims, 764–65
Black Thursday, 532, 542
Black Tuesday, 533, crt533
Blaine, James G., 366–67, 395–96
Blair Jr., Ezell, 753, p753
“Bleeding Kansas,” p223, 224,
229
blitzkrieg, 591–92, 613
Bliven, Bruce, 568, q568
blockade runners, 250
Bloody Sunday, 760
blue-collar workers, 693
Blues, the, 499
Board of Governors, 440
Bohemian lifestyle, 493
Bolsheviks, 467, 473, 585
bonanza farms, 294
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 163
bonds, 153
Bonhomme Richard, 98
Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons, 303,
p303
Bonus Army, 545
boomtowns, 287–88
Booth, John Wilkes, 263
bootlegging, 488, p488
border ruffians, 224
Bork, Robert, 841, 868
Bosnia, 450, 900; Bosnian
Muslims, 900
Boston Harbor, 83; Boston Tea
Party, ptg83
Boston, Massachusetts, 50, 79,
80–81, 83, ptg83, 86–88; port
of, ptg67
Benny, Jack, 538
Bill of Rights, U.S., 115, 124,
c124, 141–42, 153, 722,
740–41, c741; origins of,
740–41, c741; ratification of,
153
Benton, Thomas Hart, 539
bills of exchange, 64
Bering Strait, 13
binding arbitration, 567
Boston Tea Party, 83, ptg83
bank holidays, 555, 557
Berkeley, Sir William, 59
bin Laden, Osama, 912–13, 914
Boulder City, Nebraska, 541
Bank of the United States, 154,
171, 174
Berlin airlift, 662, p662
biotechnology, 894–95
bounty, 250
Berlin Wall, 727, p859, 882
bioterrorism, 916
Bourke-White, Margaret, 539
Ball, George W., 778, q778, 779
Ballinger, Richard, 436, p436,
437
Ball, Lucille, 698, p698
Baltimore, Lord (George
Calvert), 47, 496
Benavidez, Roy P., 792
benevolent societies, 195
Benin, 23
Index
Baker, James, 882
Balkans, 450–52, 900
Bessemer process, 307, 321; “The
Big Blow: the Bessemer
Process,” ptg307
black codes, 269
Belgium, 452, 468, 523, 592, 596,
598, 641
balance of power, 122–25, 842;
impact of Watergate on, 842
Bernstein, Carl, 838, p838
Berry, Chuck, 701, 702
Birmingham, Alabama, 756–57;
civil rights protests, 756–57,
p757; “Letter from a
Birmingham Jail,” 756
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,
ptg64
Beamer, Todd, 911
B
Bermuda, 602
Boston Massacre, 79, p80, 80–81
Boston Police Strike, 472–73
Boston Port Act, 84
Index
991
Bowie, Jim–China
Bowie, Jim, 197
Burger, Warren, 834
Camelot, 721
Boxer Rebellion, 410–11
burgesses, 42, p42, 46, 58, 60, 77,
83, 84
Camp David Accords, 848–49
boycotts, 78–79, 85, 815
Bozeman Trail, 299
Burgoyne, John, 97
Cannon, Joseph G., 436
Bracero program, 626, 708
Burns, George, 538
Braddock, General Edward, 75
Burr, Aaron, 159, 164; duel with
Alexander Hamilton, 164
Cape Canaveral (Cape
Kennedy), Florida, 696–97
Bradford, William, 49
Bradley, General Omar, 634–35
Bradstreet, Anne, 50
Brady Bill, 897
Brady, Jim, 868, p868
Brandywine Creek, Battle of, 97
bread lines, 536
Breckenridge, John C., 233
Brezhnev, Leonid, p836, 837
Briggs, Laura, 625, q625
brinkmanship, 677, 679
Britain, Battle of, 593, p593, 594,
p594
British East India Company, 83
broker state, 576
Brook Farm, 196
Brooklyn Bridge, 342
Brooks, Preston, 224
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters, 626
Brown, John, 231, q231, 232, 233
Brown, Linda, p268, 748, p748
Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka, Kansas, 268, 722,
c722, 748–49, 751, 814
capital, 154
Bush, George W., p829, q829,
907, g907, p907, 907–09,
m908, 914–17, q915, q917,
938–39; Bush v. Gore, 908–09;
domestic agenda, 908–09;
election of 2000, 907–08;
response to terrorism, 914–17
Chamberlain, Neville, 590
Carnegie, Andrew, 320–21, q321,
350, q350, 358, 404
Chambers, Whittaker, 669
carpetbaggers, 273, 276; Morton
v. Lowe, 276
Chang-Diaz, Franklin R., 878,
p878
Carroll, Lieutenant John Bentz,
631, p631, q631
Charles I, King of England, 47,
49, 54
Bush v. Gore, 908–09
Carson, Kit, 205
busing, 814
Carson, Rachel, 820, p820, q820
Charles II, King of England, 54,
55, 66
Butler Act, 487
Carter, Jr., Jimmy (James Earl),
822, 846–47, p847, p848,
848–49, 866, p866, q866, 869,
900; Camp David Accords,
848; domestic agenda,
846–47; economic crisis,
846–47; energy plan, 847; foreign policy, 847–48; Iran
hostage crisis, p848, 848–49;
Middle East, 848–49; Panama
Canal, 848
Butler, Andrew P., 224
Butler, Benjamin, 250
Butterfield, Alexander, 840
“button craze,” 854, p854
Byrd, Harry F., 748–49
Byrd, William II, 58, q58;
Westover Plantation, ptg58
Byrnes, James, 660
Cartier, Jacques, 34, 43
Index
Charleston, South Carolina,
191, 233, 235
Charles Town, South Carolina,
56, 88, 98
charter, 647
chattel slavery, 61
Chavez, César, 731, 815
checks and balances, 101, 112,
122–23, c123, 124
Cheney, Dick (Richard), 881,
907, 911
Chesapeake, 164
Casablanca Conference, 632
Chestnut, Mary, 232, p232
cash crops, 59, 182
Castile and Leon: banner, p32
Chicago, Illinois, p283, 342–43,
p346, 347, p347, 433, 473, 732,
p732, q732, 763, p763, 788–89;
civil rights movement, p763;
race riots, 473
Castro, Fidel, 719, 726–27
Chicago Movement, 763, p763
Catherine of Aragon, 43
Chichén Itzá, 13
cable television, 875, 893–94
Cabot, John, 42–43
calendars: Mayan, 13
California, 15, 33, 204, 207, 208,
209, 220, 288, 422, p536, 537,
540, m540, 541; application for
statehood, 220; Bear Flag
Republic, 209; California Gold
Rush, 220; California Trail,
204; cattle ranching in, 288;
frontier province, 203; independence, 209; tax revolt, 863
Calley, Lieutenant William, 791
Bureau of Mines, 437
Cambodia, 775, 791, 846
Bureau of Standards, 522
Camden, Battle of, 98
Index
Carver, George Washington,
357, p357
Charles, Ray, 702
cabinet, 137, 153; Washington’s,
ptg153
Calhoun, John C., 165, 171,
p171, 173, 190, 219–21
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 300,
817
cartogram, reading, 910, 921
Champlain, Samuel de, 43
Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez, 32
Bulgaria, 882
Bureau of Corporations, 429,
431, 437
992
C
Cahokia, 15
Bunker Hill, Battle of, 87, ptg87
chad, 908
Carmichael, Stokely, 764
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show,
299
Bundy, McGeorge, 779
Chaco Canyon, 15
Challenger, 879, p879
Cable News Network (CNN),
875
Bull Run, Battle of, (Battle of
Manassas), 249–50, 251
Century of Dishonor, A, 302
carbon, 13
Buckley, William F., p861, 861–62
bull markets, 531
Capone, Al, 488
Central Powers, 452, 453, 466,
467, 468
chain store, 323
cable cars, 342
Bulge, Battle of the, 641
capital gains tax, 886
Central Pacific Railroad
Company, 314, 315, p315,
316, 317, 339
caravels, 21, p24
Buchenwald, 599, 640
budget deficit, 153–54, 522, 565,
720, 844, 867, 869, g870;
military spending and, g870
Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 49
Bush, George H.W., 881–86,
p907; domestic challenges,
885–86; end of Cold War,
882–83; “New World Order,”
883–85; Persian Gulf War,
881, 884–85; Tiananmen
Square, 883–84
Bryan, William Jennings, 378,
p378, q378, 379, 409, 453, 487
Buchanan, James, 228–29, 234;
election of 1856, 228–29;
secession, 234; slavery
issues, 229
canals, 178–80, m180
Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA), 679, 726, 838, 882
Cassino, 633
Cass, Lewis, 219
Catholic Croatians, 900
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 423
cattle ranching, 288, m289,
289–91, p290; Breaking Camp,
p290; cattle drives, 288–90
cause and effect, identifying,
305, 361, 506, 520, 534, 713,
766
cease and desist orders, 440, 568
cell phones, 894
censure, 673
Centers for Disease Control, 877
Central America, 13–14, 30–32,
163, 204–06, 208–09, 408, 410,
p410, 411, crt411, m411, 848,
884
Chiffons, the, 703
child labor, 423–24, p424, 437,
441, 576; abolishment of, 576;
Keating-Owen Child Labor
Act, 437, 441; protests about,
p424
Child Nutrition Act, 736,
c736
Children’s Bureau, 437
Children’s Health Insurance
Program, 899
China, 394–95, 409–11, 523,
588, 605, 662–63, 665, 678,
781, 831, p831, 835–36,
883–84; Boxer Rebellion,
410–11; civil war in, 662–63;
Chinese Exclusion Act–colonies
Communism in, 662–63,
883–84; human rights and,
883–84; Korean War, 665;
Nixon and, 835–36, 883–84;
revolution in, 662–63;
Tiananmen Square, 883–84;
trade with, 409; war with
Japan, 410
Chinese Exclusion Act, 340
Chisholm, Shirley, 809, p809
Chisholm Trail, 289
Chivington, Colonel John,
299–300
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
905
Cholula, the, 31
Christianity: Anglo-Saxonism
and, 393; colonization of
America and, 33–34;
Crusades and, 19–20; evangelism, 864; fundamentalism,
864; Great Awakening, 69;
Prohibition and, 425;
Protestantism, 486–87; religious right, 863–64; slavery
and, 61; social reform, 356;
views on Darwinism, 350
Christowe, Stoyan, 850, p850,
q850
chronology skills, applying,
312, 921
Chrysler, 516
church covenant, 62
Churchill, Winston, 593, q593,
594, 602, 604, 612–13, 621,
632, 633, p633, 655–56, 658,
q658, q897; Atlantic Charter,
604; Casablanca Conference,
632; Destroyers-for-Bases
Deal, 602; Yalta Conference,
655–56
Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-Day Saints, 195
Cinemascope, 700
CIO, 670
circular letter, 78
circumnavigation, 27
citizenship: naturalization, 134;
rights and responsibilities of,
127–29
Civilian Conservation Corps
(CCC), 560, 561, c561, p562
civilizations, early, 13–15
civil liberties, 460–61, 475
Civil Rights Acts, 269, 382, 735,
752, 757–59, 766, 807, 808; of
1875, 382; of 1957, 752; of
1964, 735, 757–59, 807, 808;
civil rights movement, 131,
143–45, 182–84, 253, 255,
268–70, 280, 371, 422–23, 442,
473, 475, 483, 501–02, 573,
616, 625–626, 629, 687–89,
708, 721, 722–23, 731, 735,
p745, 744–66, p751, p753,
p754, p757, 768–69, 780, 802,
807, 808, 810, 812–17, 826,
827; beginning of, 748–50;
boycotts of, 746; Brown v.
Board of Education, 748; car
pool during Montgomery
bus boycott, p749; Congress
of Racial Equality, 748; crisis
in Little Rock, p751, 751–52;
court challenges, 747; Fair
Employment Practices
Commission, 626; Fifteenth
Amendment, 145, 382;
Fourteenth Amendment, 144,
383; Freedom Riders, 755–56;
government efforts on, 687,
688, 752, 755, 756, 757, 759,
760, 763, 766, 768, 769, 807,
808, 816, 826, 827;
Greensboro sit-in, 753, p753,
754, p754; historical development of, 131, 143–45, 253,
255, 268–70, 280, 371, 380–84,
422, 423, 442, 473, 475, 483,
501, 502, 573, 625, 626, 629,
650, 687, 688, 708, 722, 723,
731, 735, 746, 747, 748, 749,
750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755,
756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761,
762, 763, 764, 765, 766, 768,
769, 810, 812, 813, 814, 815,
816, 817, 826, 827; legislation,
269, 382, 735, 752, 757–59,
766, 807, 808; legislative opposition to, 689; Montgomery
bus boycott, 749–50;
National Council of Negro
Women, 573; nonviolent
resistance, 750, 753, 754,
757–58; origins of, 746–48;
presidential policies, 687–88,
752, 759–60, 763; protests,
753–54, 756–60; role of
religion, 750–51; Selma to
Montgomery march, p745;
significant leaders of, 383,
384, 386, 501, 573, 746,
749–52, 754–60, 764–65, 766,
768, 769, 812, 813, 814, 815,
816, 817, 826; sit-ins, 748,
753–54, p754, 802; Student
Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee, 754; violence
during, 751–52, 754–57, p757,
760, 762, 765–66, voting and,
752, 760; Washington March,
757–58, p758
Civil Service Commission, 365
Civil War, 216–36, 244–48, 253,
257–65; African Americans
during, 254–55; battlefield
medicine, 254–55, p255;
Battle of Chancellorsville,
ptg243; Battle of Virginia and
the Monitor, 250, ptg250;
beginnings of, 249; cannon,
p249; casualties of, 260, g260,
m260; causes and effects of,
c236; conscription, 246, 250;
diplomatic challenges during, 247; dissolution of
Union, 232–36; early stages
of, 249–55; European position on, 247; final campaign,
m200, 260–63; financing,
245–46; Gettysburg Address,
259; Grant v. Lee, 261; invasion of the North, 264, m264;
life during, 253–55; military
technology tactics, traditions,
245, 247, 250; opposing sides
during, 244–48; prisoners of
war, 254; resources of Union
and Confederacy, g245,
245–46; secession, 235–36;
sectional conflicts, 216–36;
surrender, 263; suspension of
writs of habeas corpus, 246;
turning points, 251–52,
257–65; Union blockade, 248,
250, p250; Union Navy, 261;
use of telegraph, 259;
Vicksburg siege, 257, 258,
p258; West and East, m252;
women during, 254–55
“Civil War Disobedience,” 221
Civil Works Administration
(CWA), c561, 562
Clarke, John H., 460, q460
Clark, George Rogers, 97
Clark, Jim, 760
Clark, William, 163, 169
Clay, Henry, 165, 188–89, 191,
192, 207, 220–21
Clayton Antitrust Act, 440–41
Clean Air Act, 736, 821
Clean Water Act, 821
Cleaver, Eldridge, 765
Clemenceau, Georges, 468
Clermont, 179
Cleveland, Grover, 330, 366–67,
q367, 368, p368, 377
Clinton, George, 113, 115
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 897,
p897
Clinton, Sir Henry, 98
Clinton, William Jefferson, 886,
896–97, 898–901; domestic
agenda, 896–97; economic
focus, 897–99; foreign policy,
899–900; government shutdown, 898; impeachment of,
899, p899, p900; response to
bin Laden, 913; second term,
899
closed shops, 330, 687
cloture, 758–59
Clurman, Harold, 554, q554
Coal Strike of 1902, 428–29,
p429
code breakers, 620
code names, 631, 634
Coffin, Levi, 222
Cohens v. Virginia, c172
Cold War: American society
and, 668–74; Bay of Pigs,
726–27; beginning of, 652–80;
Berlin crisis, 661–62; Berlin
Wall, 727; causes and effects
of, 660, c660; conservatism
and, 861; construction of
missile sites in Cuba, 727–28,
p728; early years of, 659; end
of, 882; impact in America,
669–74, 676, 690, 720, 721, 869,
871; in Asia, 662–63; origins
of, 654–58; presidential policies and, 674, 675–80, 724–29,
868–69; space race, 725–26;
spread of, 662–65; Western
victory in, 835–37, 846, 848,
856–57, 868–69, 870, 871,
882–84, 886
Coleman, Bessie, 517, p517
Cole, Nat King, 702
collective bargaining, 560, 567
colonies: beginning of American
Revolution, 82–89; classbased society in, 59, 64;
comparing European, c54;
cultural movements of,
68–69; decision for independence, 87–88; discrimination
in, 67; diverse society of, 59,
64, 65–69; economy of, c54;
English colonization of,
40–56, 58–70; Enlightenment,
the, 68–69; ethnic diversity
of, 67–68, m68; fight for
rights, 74–79; French-Indian
War, 74–76; Glorious Revolution, 66–67; Great
Awakening, 69; Great
Migration, 50; health conditions, 45, 49, 64, 67; housing,
49; life in, 58–64; mercantilism in, 65–66; Middle, 62–63;
Native Americans and settlement of, 46, 49, 51, 52; New
England, 48–52, 61–62, ptg62,
c70, 82–85; political organization of, c54; pollution, 64;
population, c54, 64, 67–68;
Index
Index
circuit court of appeals, 153
of 1968, 766; U.S. Supreme
Court overturns, 382
993
Colorado–Continental Congress
proprietary, 47; religion in,
44, 47, 49, 50, 51, 55, 66; rise
of cities, 63–64, g68; royal,
47, 52, 66; slavery in, 68;
Southern, 55–56; taxation of,
76–79, 84; tensions with
Britain, c78, 78–79, 84, c84,
87–88; trade, 63–64, m71;
urban society of, 64; voting,
51, 55, 60, 62, 67; war for
independence, 94–99; ways
of life, 58–64; women in,
67–68
compass, 21, p21
competition: business, 315, 320,
322, 374, 395, 396–97, 439, 440,
557, 558, 893; military, 396–97
Colorado River, 540–41
Colored Farmers’ National
Alliance, 381
Compromise of 1877, 276
Columbia, 878
Columbia Broadcasting System,
518
Columbian Exchange, c26, m27,
27–28
Columbus Christopher, p11,
q24, q25, 25–26, 32
Comet Shoemaker-Levy, 9, 897
Command of the Army Act, 271
Commercial Bureau of the
American Republics, 396
commission plan, 420, 421, c421
Compromise of 1850, 221, c221
computers, 695, p695, 697, 811,
892–94, 902; Apple, 893;
compact, p695; early technology, 697; ENIAC, p695,
892–93; IBM, 893; impact on
biotechnology, 894; integrated circuits, 893; Internet,
811, 894, 895, 902; Macintosh,
893; microprocessors, 893;
Microsoft, 893; operating
systems, 893; Silicon Valley,
893; software, 893–94; use in
medical technology, 894–95,
902
Congress of Racial Equality
(CORE), 708, 748, 754, 756,
764
Constitutional Union Party, 233
Congress, U.S., 112, c123,
123–25, c125, 134, 144,
152–53, 157, 220–21, 429–30,
606; adjournment, 133;
appropriations, 124; at work,
125; bills, 125, 133, 134; committees, c125, 125; compromises in, 157, 221; conference
committees, c125, 125; constitutional amendments, 153;
creation of the new government, 152–53; declarations of
war, 606; emoluments, 133;
how bills become laws, c125;
immunity privilege of, 133;
impeachment, 124, 132; joint
committees, 125; pay and
privileges, 133; powers
granted to, 134; representation of constituents, 125,
144; resolutions, 134; revenue
and, 133; select committees,
125, c125; slavery debate,
220–21; standing committees,
125, c125; taxation and, 134
Constitution, U.S: 110–15, crt114,
120–49, c124, c126, 131–49,
c180, 218, 421, 440, 747, 748,
750, 752, 861, 868, 919;
amendments, 112, c124, c126,
140–47; anti-Federalists,
112–13; apportionment, 145;
appropriations, 124; bicentennial of, 121; checks and
balances, 112, 122–23, c123,
124; compromises in, 110–11;
Congress, 110–11, c123,
123–25; Connecticut
Compromise, 110–11;
Constitutional Convention,
108–09; declarations of war,
123; delegated powers, 122,
c122; delegates of
Constitutional Convention,
ptg110; due process of law,
127–28; Electoral College,
123, 143; enumerated powers, 123; executive branch of
government, 125–26; federal
court system, 123; federalism, 122–23; Federalists,
112–13; framework for limited government, 111–12,
141; geographical divisions
and, 110–11; judicial branch
of government, 126–27; legislative branch of government, c123, 123–25, 131–36;
New Jersey Plan, 110; new
states, 139; popular sovereignty, 122; preamble to,
q110; principles of, 122–29;
provision for individual
rights and freedoms, 122,
124; ratification, 112, 114,
crt114, 115; relations among
states, 139; reserved powers,
122, c180; separation of
powers, 111, 123; sovereignty, 111; two-thirds vote,
112; Virginia Plan, 109–10
Connecticut, 51–52, 103, 110–11,
114, 496, 497; founding of,
51–52; Fundamental Orders
of, 497; religious freedom
in, 496
Committee for Industrial
Organization (CIO), 568
Comstock Boomtown, 288, p288
Committee of Safety, 85
Comstock Lode, 286
Connecticut Compromise,
110–11
Committee on Equal
Employment (CEEO), 755
concentration camps, 599, m600,
m609, 640
Connecticut General Court, 51,
52
Committee on Public
Information, 460
conclusions, drawing, 304, 431,
742
Connerly, Ward, 813
Committees of
Correspondence, 83, 84
Concord, Battle of, 86, m86
Connor, Theophilus Eugene,
755, 756–57
Concord, Massachusetts, 85
conoidal bullets, 247
“conductors,” 221
conquistadors, 32–33
Coney Island, 351
conscription, 246, 250, 457
Confederacy, 235, 244–48, 255,
257–65; blockade runners,
250; Congress of, 235; conscription, 247; constitution,
247; founding of, 235; hardships of, 254; martial laws,
247; President of, 235;
resources of, g245. See also
Civil War.
consensus, 734
Committee to Defend America
by Aiding the Allies, 602
common house, 49
common laborers, 327
Common Sense, 88–89
Commonwealth v. Hunt, 181
communes, 803
Index
comparisons, making, 107, 119,
128, 345, 437, 703, 712, 879
Comprehensive Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty, 905
Colorado, 15, 288
communications, 180, 311–12,
892–94, 902; advances in,
180, 893–94; cellular telephone, 892; impact on global
economy, 902; Internet, 811,
894, 902, 916; revolution in,
893–94; telegraph, 180;
telephone, 311–12; worldwide system of, 894
Communism: collapse of, 871;
containing, 659–61; domino
theory, 774; fighting covertly,
679–80; in America, 474, 482,
585, 602, 610, 669–74; in Asia,
662–63; in Eastern Europe,
658; in Greece, 661; in USSR,
994
585–86, 603, 882–83; Korean
War and, 664–65; McCarran
Act, 672; Project Venona, 670;
Reagan and, 868–69; Red
Scare, 473–74, 669–74;
Vietnam and, 774, 777, 778
Index
Comstock, Henry, 287
Confederate States of America,
235
Confederation Congress,
100–01, 103–06, c105;
achievements of, 103–05;
political ideas of, 100–01;
weaknesses of, c105, 105–06,
western policies of, 103–04
Congressional Black Caucus,
815
Congress of Industrial
Organizations, 569
consequences, predicting, 225,
241
conservatism, 858–86; George H.
Bush administration, 881–86;
new, 860–64; organization of,
861–62; Reagan administration, 865–71; religious right,
863–64; Sagebrush rebellion,
862; social, 863–74; suburban,
862–63; Sunbelt, 862; support
of, 862–64; versus liberalism,
860–61
Constitutional Convention,
108–13, p110; constitutional
debate, 112–13; creating a
framework for limited government, 111–12; Federalists
and anti-Federalists, 112–13;
framers of, p110; Three-Fifths
Compromise, 111
Constitution of the Five
Nations, The, 17
constructionism, 868
consumer credit, 518
consumer demand, 309
consumer goods, 516, 517, 518;
advertisements of, p518
consumerism, 693–94
consumer movement, 822–23
consumer protection, 430, 822–23
consumer society, 518–20,
693–94; attitudes toward
debt, 518
containment, 660, 679
Continental Army, 86, 95, 102
Continental Association, 85
Continental Congress, 84–85,
86–87, 95
Continental Navy–Department of State
Declaration of Sentiments and
Resolutions, 199
Continental Navy, 87, 97
Creel, George, 458, 460, p461
continentals, 95
Crick, Francis, 895
contraband, 164, 453
crime, 64, 762, 876
Contract with America, 898
“The Crime of ’73,” 374
da Gama, Vasco, 21
contras, 870
criollos, 34
de Coronado, Francisco,
Vásques, 32
Dakota Territory, 288, 299
critical thinking skills. See
information, analyzing.
Decter, Midge, 860, p860, q860
converging cultures, 10–37
Dale, Thomas, 45
de facto segregation, 747, 763
Daley, Richard, 763, p763
deficit reduction, 897, 899
Danzig, 590
deficit spending, 153–54, 522,
565, 720, 844, 867, 869, g870
convoys, 466
convoy system, 622
Coolidge, Calvin, 472–73,
q472–73, 510, p510, q510, 512,
513, p513, q513; alignment
with big business, 513;
philosophy of government,
513
cooperative individualism, 522
Crittenden, John J., 234
Crittenden’s Compromise, 234
Croatians, 900
“Croatoan,” 45
Crockett, David, 206
Cromwell, Oliver, 54
Crooke, William H., 278, q278
D
Declaratory Act, 78
Darrow, Clarence, 487
Darwin, Charles, 349–50, 486
Darwinism. See Social
Darwinism.
Daschle, Tom, 916
database, building and using,
39, 547, 549, 827
Crystals, the, 702
data platforms, 894
Daugherty, Harry, 512
Corps of Discovery, 168–69
Cuba, 25, 26, 76, ptg400, 400–06,
598, 719, 724–28, p728;
American support of,
400–01; Bay of Pigs, 726–27;
construction of missile sites
in, p728; missile crisis, 724,
727–28; Platt Amendment,
405; rebellion in, 400, ptg400;
Spanish-American War and,
400–06; U.S. military government of, 405
Corregidor, 619, m624
Cullen, Countee, 499
Dawes, William, 85–86
corrupt bargain, 188–89
cultural assimilation, 764
daylight savings time, 458
Cortés, Hernán, 30–31
cultures: African, 21–23;
African American, 184,
498–502, 701–03, 852–53;
Americanization, 340, 357;
colonial, 59, 64, 65–69;
converging, 12–35; counter,
802–05; European, 18–23;
French, 34–35; Gilded Age,
348–52; Mesoamerican, m14;
Native American, 13, 15,
357; popular, 494–95,
698–703, 800–05, 850–53,
p853, 854, 874–79; relationship to economics, 495, 538,
539, 548, 698, 699, 700, 701,
703, 805, 856, 876; Spanish
American, 30–33
cooperatives, 374, 381
Cooper, James Fenimore, 195
Cooper, Peter, 179
copperheads, 246
Coral Sea, Battle of the, 637
Cornwallis, General Charles,
98, 99
corporations, 319–23, 367–68,
425, 519, 522, 693. See also big
business.
cost of living, 471, 687
cost-plus contracts, 613
cotton, 182
Cotton Club, 499, p500
cotton gin, 182, p182
Coughlin, Father Charles, 565,
p565, 573
Council of the Indies, 34
counterculture, 802, p802,
803–05; art, 804–05; decline
of, 803; hippie movement,
802–03; impact of, 803–05;
Woodstock, 804, p804, 805
court-packing plan, 574, 575
covert operations, 679
Cowpens, Battle at, 98
Cummings, Kate, 255, q255
Curran, Henry, 484, q484
Cox, James M., 475
currency, 193, 245, 373, 903;
euro, 903; greenbacks, 245,
p245, 373; Specie Circular, 193
craft workers, 327
Currency Act of 1764, 77
Crandall, Prudence, 197, p197
Curtiss, Glenn, 517
Crawford, William, 188
Custer, Colonel George A., 301
Crazy Horse, Chief, 299
customs duties, 77
creationism, 486–87
customs union, 396
credibility gap, 784–85,
crt785
cylindrical magnet, 894
Crédit Mobilier, 318, 367
Czolgosz, Leon, 409
Cox, Archibald, 841
Czechoslovakia, 590, 882
Daughters of Liberty, 79
DeForest, Lee, 897, q897
de Gálvez, Bernardo, 98, p98
de Grasse, Admiral Francois, 99
de Las Casas, Bartolomé, 33,
p33
Delaware, 55, 114
de Lôme, Enrique Dupuy, 401
demarcation, 26
demilitarized zone (DMZ), 677
da Verrazano, Giovanni, 34
democracy, 101
Davis, Benjamin O., 616, p616
Democratic National Committee
(DNC), 838
Davis, Jefferson, 224, 235, p235,
238, p238, 247–48, 251
Dawes Act, 302
Dawes, Charles G., 523
Dawes Plan, 523
Dayton Accords, 900
D-Day, 631, p631, 633–35, 638,
m638, 639
DDT, 819–20, 822
Dean, James, 704, p704
Dean, John, 840
death camps, 599, p599
de Balboa, Vasco, 27
debates, political, 229–30, 571,
p653, 718, p718
Debs, Eugene V., 330, 425
debtors, 56
debt relief, 560–61
de Champlain, Samuel, 34
decision making process, using,
681, 683
Declaration of Independence,
89, 90–93, 238–39; defining
main function of government, 238–39; fundamental
belief of, 90; list of grievances, 90–92
Democratic Party, 219, 223, 227,
c227, 228–29, 233–34, 246,
273, 275, 365–69, 375, 376–78,
381, 401, 436, 437, 438, 439,
440, 441, crt512, 513, 531, 552,
553, 554, 565, 572, 574, 576,
671, 687, 688, 689, 719, 720,
748, 754, 755, 788–89, 809,
814, 832, 833, 862, 882, 886,
897, 898, 907
Democratic-Republican Party,
155, 157, 158, 159, 161–67,
171, 189, 193
demographic patterns: 186,
286–88, 292, 295–96, 304,
308–09, 332, 336, 337, 339, 340,
341, 342, 344, 345, 346, p346,
347, p347, 361, 371, 381, 459,
473, 498, 499, 537, 627, 694,
707, 709, 712, 737, 815, 862,
872, 873, 888
Demonstration Cities and
Metropolitan Development
Act, c736
Dempsey, Jack, 494
Denver, Colorado, 288
Denver, John, 853
de Oñates, Juan, 32
Department of Commerce and
Labor, 429
Department of Energy, 830, 847;
impact, 830
Declaration of Indian Purpose,
816
Department of Homeland
Security, 915, 917
Declaration of Liberated
Europe, 656–57, 658
Department of Housing and
Urban Development (HUD),
738
Declaration of Rights and
Grievances, 78, 85, 101
Index
Crusades, 19–20, m39
deflation, 327, 373–74, 376
Department of State, 152
Index
995
Department of the Treasury–economy, U.S.
Department of the Treasury,
152, 153
domino theory, 774
E bonds, 630
“Do Nothing Congress,” 688
ecclesiastical tyranny, 101
Department of Transportation,
738
Eckford, Elizabeth, 751, p751
Department of War, 152, 153
Doolittle, Lieutenant Colonel
James, 619, p619; Doolittle
raid, 619, p619
de Peralta, Pedro, 32
dot-coms, 894
deportation, 474
“Double V” campaign, 616
DePriest, Oscar, 501
doughboys, 463, 466, p473
deregulation, 847, 867–68
desegregation, 721, 747, 750,
751, 752, 759, 760, 814
de Soto, Hernando, 32
détente, 836, 846, 868
deterrence, 916
Detroit, Michigan, 762–63
developing nations, 679, 905
Douglas, Stephen, A., 221, 223,
229–30, p230, 233; 1858
debates, 229–30; election of
1860, 233; Freeport Doctrine,
230
“doves,” 787
downsizing, 885, 898
Dewey, Commodore George, 402
Doyle, H.S., 380, q380
Dewey, Thomas, 688
draft, 457, 785–86
de Zavala, Lorenzo, 205, p205
Drake, Edwin, 309
Dias, Bartolomeu, 21
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 228–29,
233; newspaper headline,
p228
d’Iberville, Lord, 35
Dickinson, John, 78
dictatorships, 585–86
Dien, Bien Phu, 774
Dietrich, Marlene, 538
Drifters, the, 702
driver, slave, 184
dry farming, 294
direct primary, 421
Du Bois, W.E.B., 384, p384, 421,
442, q462, 501
Dirksen, Everett, 720
“duck and cover,” 674
disarmament, 523
due process, 77, 571, 722
disco, 852, 853
Dukakis, Michael, 882
discrimination, 164–65, 297–98,
300–01, 340, 380, 457, 459,
472, 473, 483, 484, 501, 510,
573, 662, 707, 708, 746–51,
759, 763, 843
DUKW, 632
disease, impact of: AIDS,
876–77; Centers for Disease
Control, 877; Columbian
Exchange, m27, 27–28; in
Civil War, 254; on building
of the Panama canal, 408; on
colonization, 49, 67; on
Native Americans, 28
Index
Douglass, Frederick, 184, p184,
q184, 200, p201, 211, p211,
221, 237, p237
disfranchisement, 616
Dulles, Allen, 679, p679
Dulles, John Foster, 677, q677,
678, 679, p679, 680
Dunkirk, Battle of, 592, q592
Dunkirk, France, 592–93
Dunmore, Lord, 87
Dust Bowl, 537, m537
Dutch, 54–55; New Netherland,
54; rivalry with English,
54–55; slavery by, 54
Dylan, Bob, 805
dynamic conservatism, 689–90
Disney, Walt, 538
E
District of Columbia, 220
divorce rates, 710
Economic Opportunity Act, 735
economics: as key to world
peace, 655; balancing with
the environment, 905; boom
and bust, 287, 288; consumer
society, 518–20; cycles,
287–88; debt and, 560; deficit
spending and, 53–54, 522,
565, 720, 844, 867, 869, g870;
deflation, 327, 373–74, 376;
depressions, 275, 377,
528–47, 588; dot.com, 894;
downsizing in, 885; early
capitalism, 63; European
Recovery Program, 661;
expansionist policies, 393,
c393; Federal Reserve
System, 440, m441; global
economy, 824–25, 902, 905;
gold standard, 555;
Imperialism, 393–94; importance of natural resources,
65–66, 309; industry and,
180–81; inflation, 193, 245–46,
373, 440, 471, 472, 629, 687,
844, 845, 846, g857, 863, 867;
interest rates, 534, 845, 846,
867, 897, 903; issues of,
367–69, 372–74; Keynesian,
575, 844; laissez-faire, 310–11;
manorialism, 19; mercantilism, 65–66; monetarism, 867;
oil and, 844; opposition to
government regulation of
business, 521–22; overproduction and, 533–34; recessions, 106, 395, 482, 845–46,
885; stagflation, 844–45, 867;
stock markets, 377, 519,
531–32; supply-side, 522,
720, 867, 869; technological
innovations and profits, 294
economics, analyzing, 289, 290,
293, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312,
314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320,
321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326,
327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333,
339, 340, 343, 351, 360, 367,
372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377,
379, 386, 387, 425
economic sanctions, 164
Dix, Dorothea, 194, p194, q194
Eagles, the, 853
economies of scale, 320
Dixiecrat Party, 688
Eakins, Thomas, 350; Baseball
Players Practicing, ptg350
economy, U.S.: agriculture,
182–83, 520; anti-immigration sentiment and, 483–84;
anti-trust actions and, 369,
386, 425, 428, 431, 437; Area
Redevelopment Act, 721;
bank failures, 530, p530, 533,
535; bank reform, 440; businesses and, 287–89, 319–23,
368–69, 378, 393, 394, 395,
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid),
13, 895
996
economic nationalism, 171
Earhart, Amelia, 517, p517
Dodge, Grenville, 314, p314,
q314, 315, q315
Earth Day, 820
Dole, Robert (Bob), 898–99
East Germany, 727
dollar diplomacy, 413
East India Tea Company, 83
Domino, Fats, 703, p703
Eastland, James, 756
Index
Eastern Europe, m882, 882–83
397, 425, 428, 437, 440,
457–58, 625–27; colonial
trade, m63, 63–64; crises in,
192–93, 372–76, 843–45;
decline of inner city and,
707–08; diplomacy and, 410,
411, 522, 523, 524; diversity,
of, 61–62; dollar diplomacy,
413; domination of world
economy, 522–23; E bonds,
630; Economic Opportunity
Act, 735; economic prosperity, 514–24, 526, 527, 531,
686, 687, 690–701, 704, 705,
707, 710, 712–13, 801, 843,
868, 898; economic sanctions, 164; global economy
and, 824–25, 902, 905; government efforts, 534, 543–46,
554, 557, 558–59, 556–62,
576–77, 687, 690, 694, 720,
721, 728, 734, 735, 736, 737,
738, 807, 810, 861; Great
Depression, 528–48; growth
of labor unions, 567–69;
impact of Cold War on, 676,
690, 720, 721, 869, 871;
impact of New Deal measures, 556–62, 576–77; inflation, 193, 245–46, 373, 440,
471, 629, 687, 844, 845, 846,
g857, 863, 867; Interstate
Commerce Commission and,
368, 386, 413, 414, 425, 429,
430, 431, 437, 439; Kennedy’s
theories, 720–21; links to
WWI allies, 453; money supply, 373; national banks, 154,
171, 192; national debt,
153–54, 522, 565, 720, 844,
867, 869, g870; Open Door
Policy and, 410–11; overseas
investments and, 400; Panic
of 1873, 275; Panic of 1893,
377; peacetime post–war turmoil, 471–74; economy,
686–87, 693–94; private
property rights and, 288,
289, 290, 291, 292, 294, 304;
Reaganomics, 867; recessions, 574–75; relationship to
popular culture and, 495,
538, 539, 548, 698, 699, 700,
701, 703, 805, 856, 876; slowing of, crt911; stock markets,
377, 519, 531–33; Supreme
Court decisions and, 576–77;
tariffs, 171, 188, 190, 191, 368,
369, 373, 376, 436, 520, 523;
tax cuts and, 522; triangular
trade, 63–64; unemployment, 536, 554, 561–62, 564,
574, 844–45; wage and price
controls, 369, 520, 629–30;
wartime effects, 153–54,
245–46, 453, 458, 459, 461,
471, 472, 473, 488, 543,
613–15, 736–39
0989-1017 AR Index-860712
11/25/03
9:01 AM
Page 997
Ederle, Gertrude–fact or opinion
Ederle, Gertrude, 495
Edison, Thomas Alva, 308,
p308, q308, 312; Edison
Electric Illuminating
Company, 312
Edo people, the, 23
education, 101, 103, 184, 197–98,
p198, 199, 268–69, 274, p274,
357, 358, 736, c736, 751, 756,
801, 808–09, 813–14, 816–17,
897, 899, 909; affirmative
action and, 813; African
Americans and, 184, 268–69,
274, p274, 751, 756;
Americorps, 897; bilingual,
816; busing, 814; compulsory
education laws, 429; desegretation of, 721, 747, 750, 751,
752, 759, 760, 814; discrimination in, 808; equal access to,
814; federal funding for private, 909; higher, 736, 756,
801, 802, 897; impact of the
American Revolution on,
101, 103; impact of youth
movement, 801; mandatory
testing in, 909; Native
American, 816–17; normal
schools, 197; Project Head
Start, 736, c736, 738, 899;
public, 357; reform, 197–98;
segregation in, 814; state constitutions and, 101; Title IX,
809; women and, 198, 806–09
Educational Amendments, 809
159; of 1824, 188–89; of 1828,
189; of 1844, 207; of 1856,
227–28; of 1858, 228–29; of
1860, 232–34, m233, crt234;
of 1864, 262–63; of 1868, 271;
of 1876, 275, m275; of 1884,
m366, 366–67; of 1896,
378–79; of 1900, 409; of 1912,
438–39; of 1924, 513; of 1928,
530–31; of 1936, 573–74; of
1940, 602–03; of 1948, 688,
m689; of 1960, 718–19; of
1964, 735; of 1968, 833, m833;
of 1976, 846; of 1980, 867; of
1984, 868; of 1992, 886; of
1994, 898; of 1996, 898–99;
of 2000, g907, 907–09, m908
electoral changes, 421
Electoral College, 123, 143, 159,
188, 275, 862, 906, 909
electoral votes, 159, 188, 275,
862, 908
electricity, 308, 312, 343, 540,
m540
English Bill of Rights, 66, 740,
741
Escobedo v. Illinois, c722,
722–23
English Civil War, 53–54
espionage, 460
English Empire: causes of the
American Revolution, 66,
78–79, 84–88; colonization of
America, 40–56, 58–70; early
exploration, 42–43; economic
changes in, 44, 49; FrenchIndian War, 75–76; Glorious
Revolution, 66–67; Great
Migration, 50; policies
toward slavery, 60; privateers, 44; religious persecution, 43–44, 47, 49; search for
Northwest Passage, 44
Essex Junto, 163
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer),
p695, 892–93
Elementary and Secondary
Education Act, 736, c736
Eleventh Amendment, 142, 144
Eliot, T.S., 493
Ellis Island, 338, 484
Ellison, Ralph, 499
emancipation, 102, m103, 145, 199,
253, 254, 266; after independence, 1780–1804, 102, m103
Enola Gay, 646
Enron, 909
entitlement programs, 897
entrepreneurs, 63, 180, 310, 320,
349
Emergency Relief and
Construction Act, 544
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 195
emissions, carbon dioxide, 905
Emmanuel, Victor, King of
Italy, 632
empresarios, 204
El Camino Real, 33
enclosure movement, 44
elections: direct, 145, 421;
Electioneering in a Country
Town, ptg363; first contested
Presidential election, 156–57;
of 1796, 157; of 1800, m158,
encomenderos, 33
environmental conservation,
430–31, 437
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), 821, 862, 868
Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
(EEOC), 759, 808
Equal Pay Act, 721, 807
equal protection clause, 571, 908
Endangered Species Act, 821
Equal Rights Amendment, 807,
808, p810, 863; support of
and opposition to, p810
energy conservation, 844–47
Equiano, Olaudah, 60, q60
encomienda, 33
Eubanks, Robert, 686
eugenics, 483
euro, 903
Europe: British-French disputes
over America, 75; causes and
effects of exploration by, 20,
c20; communism in, 658;
comparing European
colonies, c54; Crusades,
impact of, 19–20; Declaration
of Liberated Europe, 656;
Dutch-English rivalry, 54–55;
English-Spanish rivalry, 44,
ptg44; exploration and
settlement of the Americas,
m43; feudalism, 19; intellectual revolution of, 20–21;
manorialism, 19; Middle
Ages, 19; Mongol Empire
and, 20; Protestant
Reformation, 43;
Renaissance, the, 20–21.
See also World War I, World
War II.
European Union (EU), 903
exchanges, 374–75
environmentalism: beginnings
of, 819–20; environmental
movement, 819–23; global
concerns, 905; global warming, 905; government efforts,
821, 862, 868; grassroots
efforts, 820–21; legal system
and, 819; politics and, 907–08;
Reagan and, 868
Emergency Quota Act, 484
ethnic cleansing, 900
enumeration, 131
Embargo Act of 1807, 164
Emergency Banking Relief Act,
557
Ethics in Government Act, 842
evolution, theory of, 486–87
Emancipation Proclamation,
253, 254, 266
embassy bombings, 913
Estéban, 32
enumerated powers, 123, 154
Environmental Defense Fund,
819
embargoes, 164, 844, 848
Ervin, Sam J., 840
excise tax, 155
executive branch of government, 101, 111–12, 125–26,
136–37, 153, 834–35, 840, 842
executive privilege, 841
Exodusters, 381, p381
Expedition Act, 429
exploration: Columbian
Exchange and, c26; ecological changes caused by, m27;
English, 42–43; European, 20,
m20; inventions that aided,
20–21; Spanish, 25–27; westward, 163, m168
Index
elastic clause, 135, 571
Erie Canal, 178, p178
entertainment: 495, 538–39,
875–76; industry, 495, 538–39;
portable, 875; relationship to
the economy, 495, 538, 539,
548, 698, 699, 700, 701, 703,
805, 856, 876; technology and,
875–76; video games, 876
Ellington, Duke, 499
Eisenhower, General Dwight
D., 622, 632, 633–35, p635,
641–42, 676–80, p680, 689–91,
m690, 721, 726, 751–52, 774,
777; civil rights and, 751–52;
domestic policies, 689–91;
dynamic conservatism,
689–90; foreign policies,
676–80, 726, 774, 777;
interstate highway system,
690, m690; massive retaliation policy, 676; “middle of
the road,” 689; Warren
appointment, 721; with
troops, p635, 641–42
Ericsson, Leif, 25
electronic spread sheets, using,
398, 415
Egypt, 621–22, 678, 848
Einstein, Albert, 596, p596, 645,
q704
Engel v. Vitale, 497, c722, 723
England. See English Empire,
Great Britain.
Enlightenment, the, 68–69, 740
Elizabeth, Queen of England,
44–45
Eighth Amendment, 142
Era of Good Feelings, 171
Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer (ENIAC),
p695, 892–93
Edwards, Jonathan, 69
Eighteenth Amendment, 145,
487, 488; repeal of, 488
Enforcement Acts, 274
Export Control Act, 605
extermination camps, p599,
599–600
extradition, 139
F
faction, 113
fact or opinion, distinguishing,
525, 526, 527. See also
opinions, forming.
Index
997
Fair Deal–Fulton, Robert
Fair Deal, 688
federalism, 111, 122–23, 570
Fair Employment Practices
Commission, 626
Federalist Era, 152–59
first New Deal, 556–60, c561,
561–62
Federalist Party, 155, c155, 157,
158, 159, 163, 166–67
First Report on Public Credit,
154
Fair Packaging and Labeling
Act, 736, c736
Federalists, 112–13, p113, 115
Fiske, John, 393, q393
Fourth Amendment, 141
Federalist, The, 114
Fall, Albert B., 512
Federal Land Banks, 441
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, q492, 494,
q504
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 163,
p163
Federal Mobilization Agencies,
c459
fallout, 674
Federal Number One, 566–67
fallout shelter, p673, 704, p704,
705
federal power, 158, 162, 171, 172
Federal Radio Commission, 518
flags: American, 99, p99, 165,
p165; Civil War, p264;
English, 47
Falwell, Jerry, 864, p864
Federal Reserve Act, 440
France, 20, 156, 157, 163, 164, 410,
450, 452, 468, 523, 590–94, 598,
678–79, 727, 773–74; Battle of
Dunkirk, 592–93; control of
Vietnam, 773–74; French
resistance, 641; WWI, 468;
WWII, 590–94, 633–35, 640.
See also French Empire, World
War I, World War II.
flappers, 485, 486, p486, p487
Family Medical Leave Act, 897
Federal Reserve Board: actions
of l920s, 534, 544; interest
rates and, 534; mistakes of,
534
Fletcher Captain Luther, 640,
p640
Fair Labor Standards Act, 576
Farm Credit Administration, 561
Farmer, James, 748, 754, 756
Farmers’ Alliance, p374, 374–75
farmers’ revolt, 545, p545, m549
farming: bonanza farms, 294;
commercial, 294; crisis in,
372–76, c387; dry, 293;
Grange, 374; Great
Depression and, 559; Great
Plains, 293–95; hard labor,
p375; New Deal and, 559,
561, 574, 576; politics,
372–76; Resettlement Act,
c567; subsidies for, 688–89;
Wabash v. Illinois, 368
Farm Security Administration,
576
Farragut, David G., 250, 257,
261
fascism, 585, 587; anti-fascism
poster, p587
Index
Federal Communications
Commission (FCC), 868
federal courts, 138, 171, 172
federal deficit, 153–54, 522, 565,
720, 844, 867, 869, g870, 897,
899
Freedmen’s Bureau, 268–69
freedom of religion, 124
feminist movement, 806–10, 863
Foch, Ferdinand, 468
freedom of speech, 124
Ferdinand, Archduke Franz,
p450, 450–51
Folsom, New Mexico, 12
freedom of the press, 124, 667
Food and Drug Administration,
458
Freedom Riders, 754–55, p755,
756
foraging, 258
free enterprise system, 310, 311
Ford, Gerald, 841, p841, 845–46,
p846; foreign policy, 846;
Helsinki Accords, 846; Nixon
pardon, 845; WIN plan, 845
freemen, 50
Ferdinand, King of Spain,
25–26
Ferguson, Patrick, 98
Ferraro, Geraldine, 868
Fetterman, Captain William, 299
Fetterman’s Massacre, 299, 300
Fifteenth Regiment, 501
Ford, Henry, 514, p514, q514,
515, p515, q515, 516, p516,
614, 825; assembly line, 515,
p515; responsible for social
revolution, 516
Fifth Amendment, 128, 141,
228, 670
Fordney-McCumber Act, 520
54th Massachusetts Regiment,
254
foreclosures, 545
Fight for Freedom Committee,
602
Ford’s Theater, 263
Fort Duquesne, 75
Forten, James, 185
filibuster, 758–60
Fort Necessity, 75
film industry, 538, 700; Cinemascope, 700; impact of television on, 700; 3-D films, 700
Fort Sumter, 235
Filmore, Millard, 221, 228;
election of 1856, 228
Filo, David, 895
federal district courts, 153
Federal Emergency Relief
Agency, 560, c560, 561–64
Forty-Niners, 220
fossil fuels, 822
Four Corners, 15
Freed, Alan, 701
freedmen, 268–69; classroom of,
p279
Freeport Doctrine, 230
Free-Soil Party, 219, 224, 227,
c227
free speech movement, 802
free trade, 311. See also trade.
Fremont, John C., 227–28
French empire: early explorations of America, 34;
French-Indian War, 74–76;
loss of claims to North
America, 76; mapping of St.
Lawrence River, 34; New
France, 34–35; rise of, 20
French-Indian War, 74–76;
Albany Conference, 75;
Battle of Quebec, 75, ptg75,
76; beginnings of, 75; spread
to Europe, 76; Treaty of
Paris, 76
French Revolution, 155
“final solution,” 598, p598, 599
Founding Fathers, 239; influence
of classical thinkers on, 239;
political philosophy of, 239
Finney, Charles G., 195
“Four Freedoms,” 603
frontier province, 204
fireside chats, 558
442nd Regimental Combat
Team, 629
Fuel Administration, 458
Four-Minute Men, 460
Fuller, Margaret, 195
Four Power Treaty, 523–24, c524
Fulton, Robert, 179
Federal Highway Act, 690
First Amendment, 141, 460, 461,
802
federal income tax, 246
First Continental Congress, 84
Index
Franklin, Benjamin, 65, p65,
q65, 74, 75, 89, 108, 109, 111,
q111, p116, q116
flow chart, reading, 160, 175
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC), 558–59
Federal Farm Loan Act, 442
Flint, Michigan, 568
Frank, Anne, 597
Florida Supreme Court, 908
Federal Trade Commission, 440
Fifteenth Amendment, 143–45,
271, 371, 382, 422
Federal Campaign Act
Amendments, 842
flexible response, 725
Franco, Francis, 587
Feminine Mystique, The, 808;
book cover, p808
Federal Theater Project, 567
Faulkner, William, 539
Federal Bureau of
Investigation, 474, 669
Fletcher v. Peck, c172
franchises, 692
Fredonia, 204
feudalism, 19–20
featherbedding, 687
fixed costs, 320
Fourteenth Amendment, 128,
143–44, 153, 268, 269–70, 383,
422, 571, 722, 748
Florida, 27, q73, 84, 234, g907,
907–08; election of 2000,
907–08; “Land of Flowers,”
27; Spain cedes, 173; vote to
secede, 234
federal revenue agents, 487–88,
p488
Faubus, Orval, 751–52
favorite sons, 188
998
Federal Reserve System, 440,
m441, 522
Five Power Naval Limitation
Treaty, 523–24, c523
Fourteen Points, 468
Friedan, Betty, 808, p808, q808
Fugitive Slave Act, 221
fundamentalism–government, U.S.
fundamentalism, 486–87
fundamentalists, 486
Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut, 51
fur trade, 52, 74–75
G
Gable, Clark, 538
Gadsden, James, 223
Gadsden Purchase, 223
Gage, Thomas, 84, 85, 86
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 692
Gallatin, Albert, 162
Galle, Johann, 211
Galloway, Joseph, 85
Galveston, Texas, 420, p420, 421
Gandhi, Mohandas, 750
gang system, of slavery, 184
Garbo, Greta, 538
Garfield, James A., p364,
364–65; assassination, 364,
365, p365
Garrison, William Lloyd, 199,
q199, p200, 201
Garvey, Marcus, 501–02, p502,
764
Gary, Elbert H., 473
gas chambers, 595, 599, 600
Gaspee, 83
Gates, Bill, 893
Gates, General Horatio, 97
gauchos, 291
Gay Liberation Movement, 877
General Accounting Office, 522
General Court, 50, 51, 62
General Electric Theater, 866
generalizations, making, 54,
607, 609, 921
General Motors, 516, 568
general strike, 472
genetic engineering, 894–95
Geneva Accords, 775
“gentlemen’s agreement,” 429
geographic distributions and
patterns, analyzing, 14, 22,
39, 43, 51, 55, 57, 63, 68, 69,
71, 76, 79, 86, 96, 99, 103, 104,
106, 119, 158, 159, 166, 168,
169, 175, 180, 188, 191, 200,
203, 206, 208, 213, 222, 224,
233, 236, 241, 252, 260, 264,
265, 270, 271, 275, 289, 291,
300, 302, 309, 317, 318, 329,
337, 358, 366, 369, 402, 415,
423, 441, 445, 451, 463, 467,
geographic tools, using, 160,
291, 524, 527, 547, 549
geography: as cause of New
England’s diverse economy,
62–63; border states, 235–36;
Dust Bowl, 537; ethnic cities,
338; Hoover Dam, p540,
540–41, p541; immigration
and 338, 346–47, m346, m347;
impact of on western policies,
104–05; island hopping in
the Pacific, 635–36; land
bridge to America, 13, 36–37,
m36–37; Lewis and Clark
expeditions, 168–69, m168–69;
links to war, 606, 635–36,
638, p638; nightmare at
Omaha, 638, m638, 639,
m639; Northwest Territory,
104–05; Panama, 412; rise of
the Sunbelt, 862, m863; settling Louisiana, 35; Spanish
explorations, 20; trails west,
203–04; urban America on
the move, 872–73, p872–73;
westward to the Pacific, 169;
Yosemite, 432, m432, 433,
m433, p433
geography skills, using, 1–5,
m14, m22, m36–37, m39, m43,
m51, m55, m63, m68, m71,
m76, m86, m96, m103, m104,
m119, m158, m166, m168,
m169, m175, m180, m188,
m191, m200, m203, m206,
m208, m213, m222, m233,
m241, m252, m260, m281,
m289, m300, m309, m333,
m337, m347, m411, m415,
m423, m440, m445, m451,
m467, m477, m485, m507,
m537, m540, m541, m549,
m579, m591, m600, m606,
m609, m627, m636, m638,
m639, m643, m651, m689,
m743, m773, m788, m797,
m833, m863, m872–73, m882,
m889, m908, m914, m916
George, David Lloyd, q462, 468
George II, King of England, 56
George III, King of England,
76, 84, 87, 88–89
Georgia, 56, 84, 114, 234;
Oglethorpe’s experiment, 56;
vote to secede, 234
Germany, 410, 412, 450, 452,
464–67, 468, 473, 523, 583,
584–94, 606, 613, 618–23,
631–37, 640–41, 656, 882;
Afrika Korps, 622; AntiComintern Pact, 587; as
source of tension between
U.S. and Soviet Union, 656;
devastation of, p655; division
of after WWII, 656;
Holocaust, 589–94; NaziSoviet Non-Aggression Pact,
591, 603; post WWI, 585; post
WWII, 656; reunification of,
882; rise of Nazi Party, 586;
warfare used by, 465–67,
591–92, 594; WWI, 464–69;
WWII, 583, 584–94, 618–23,
631–37, 640–41
Gettysburg Address, 259
Goldwater, Barry, 735, p735, 862,
866
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania,
Battle of, 257, 258–59, 264,
m264, 265, m265; newspaper
headline of, p257
Gospel of Wealth, 350
Gettysburg, Virginia, 265
Ghana, 21, 22
Ghost Dance, 302
Gibbons v. Ogden, 172, c172, 571
Gibbs, Lois, 821
GI Bill, 686, 687, p687, 694
Gibson, Annetta, 530, q530
Gideon, Clarence, 269, p269
Gideon v. Wainwright, 269, 722,
c722
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 44
Gilded Age, 348–52
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 931,
p931
Gingrich, Newt, 898
Ginsburg, Allen, 702
“G.I.s,” 615
glaciers, 13
Gladden, Washington, 356
glasnost, 882
Glasser, Robert J., 780, q780
Glass-Skagall Banking Act, 558
Glenn, John, q730, p731
global economy, 824–25, 902–04
global warming, 905
Glorious Revolution, 66–67, 740
Godey, Louis A., 196; Godey’s
Lady Book, 196
Goebbels, Joseph, 596, 598
Goering, Herman, 592
gold, 21–22, 65–66, 193, 220,
287–88, 373, 377, 379, 555;
California Gold Rush, 220;
gold reserves, 377; gold
standard, 555; mercantilism,
65–66; mining, 287–88; Specie
Circular, 193
Goldberg, Ruth, 668
goldbugs, 377–78
gold spike, 315
gold standard, 555
Gold Standard Act, 379
Goldwyn, Samuel, 336
Gompers, Samuel, 330, p330,
404, 441
Gone With the Wind, 538
Gorbachev, Mikail, 870–71,
p871, 882
Gore, Al, g907, 907–09; Bush v.
Gore, 908–09
Gorgas, Dr. William, 408, p408
Gorges, Sir Fernando, 52
Gould, Jay, 318, 330
government, foreign: dictatorships, 585–86; emergence of
strong European states, 20;
Taliban, 849, 915–17
government, state, c122, 122–23,
135, 142, 571; concurrent
powers, 122, c122; Eleventh
Amendment and, 142;
federalism and, 122–23;
powers denied to, 135;
reserved powers, 122, c122;
shared powers, 122–23;
Tenth Amendment and, 123
government, U.S.: Albany Plan
of Union, 75; amending the
Constitution, 112, c126, 140;
Americans with Disabilities
Act, 886; anti-poverty programs, 734–35; antitrust
actions, 429, 437, 440–41; articles of confederation, 103–04;
as a safety net, 577; Bill of
Rights, 115, c124, 153, 722–23,
740–41, c741; branches of,
101, 123–27; business and,
310–11, 425, 429, 557, 687,
720–21; campaign amendments, 842; checks and balances of, 101, 112, 122–23,
c123, 124; commission form,
c421; concurrent powers of,
122, c122, 123; conservatism
and, 861, 867; constitutional,
152, p153; contracts, 613, 748;
contract theory of, 69; costplus contracts, 613; councilmanager form, 421, c421;
credibility gap of, 785; curtailment of civil liberties, 460;
deceptions, 792; Declaration
of Rights, 101; delegated
powers of, c122; due process,
722; early U.S., 152–59; efficiency of, 420; efforts to find
communists, 669–72; enumerated powers of, 122; Fair
Deal, 688; federalism, 111;
Federalist Era, 152–59; first
cabinet, 152–53, p153;
Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut, 51; gender bias
Index
Index
generation gap, 702
469, 477, 485, 507, 519, 526,
532, 537, 559, 591, 600, 606,
689, 691, 769, 773
999
0989-1017 AR Index-860712
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graduated income tax–hemispheric defense zone
in, 808; General Court, 50, 51,
62; Great Binding Law, 16;
gridlock in, 886; immigration
laws, 158, 340, 484; impact of
Progressivism on, 427–31,
437, 440–42, 457–61; issuance
of war bonds, 630; Kerner
Commission, 763; law-making, 50; legislation, 365,
382–83, 460; legislative
assembly, 55; liberal ideas of,
861; limiting role of, 141–42,
690; Massachusetts Bay
Company Charter, 49–50;
Mayflower Compact, 48,
ptg49; National Housing Act,
575–76, 688; Native American,
16, 298; “natural rights,” 67;
“One Man, One Vote,” 721;
Pendleton Act, 365; police
power in, 487; public housing, 627; railroads and, 315;
recognition of official acts of,
139; reforms in, 437, 438–39,
440, 442, 721; regulations of,
518, 687; relation among
states, 139; religion and, 50,
51, 55, 723, 863; representative form of, 111; republic,
100–01; reserved powers of,
122, c122, 123; resolution,
778–79, 792; rights of individuals, 124, 127–28, 144, 153;
role of, 310–11, 354–55,
367–68, 376, 427–31, 543–46,
554, 557, 565, 734, 866; separation of powers, 101, 109–11;
shaping public opinion, c459,
459–60; Social Security system, 688; sovereignty of, 111;
state opposition to federal,
752; supremacy clause, 140;
town meetings, 62, 84; two
houses of, 109–10; urban
renewal and, 707; use of
propaganda, 460; use of public opinion, 559–60; voting
registration, 382; Warren
Court reforms, 721
graduated income tax, 376
Index
graft, 273, 345
Graham, Billy, 914
Great Binding Law, 16
”Great White Fleet,” 411
Great Britain, 156, 164, 165–67,
179–80, 207, 410, 412, 450,
452, 453–54, 465–66, 523,
589–94, p594, 602–04, 618–23,
631–37, 678–79, 727, 917;
alliance with Native
Americans, 164, 165; blockade by, 453–54; bombing
raids by Germany, p593;
Industrial Revolution,
179–80; Jay’s Treaty, 156;
Lend-Lease Act and, 603;
Oregon and, 207; War of
1812, 165–67; war with
France, 156, 164; World War
I, 452, 453, 465–66; World
War II, 591–94, 618–23, 631–37
Greeley, Horace, 275, q370
Great Compromise, 111
Great Depression, 528–46,
548–49, 556–69, 572–77, 625;
bank failures, 533, 535; bread
lines, 536, p544; building of
the Hoover Dam, 540, m540,
541, p541; causes of, 524–34,
g532, 535, 547, 548, 549; cyclical effect of, g532; decline in
worldwide trade, 534; effects
of on economy, 531–34;
effects of on government,
542–46; entertainment during,
537–39, p575; Hoover’s
response to, 542–46; housing
during, 536–39; hunger
marches, 544–45; image of an
era, p536, p545; impact on
farmers, 559; life during,
535–39, p536; New Deal and,
543, 553, 556–62, 564, 565,
566–69, 570–77, 579; over
production and, 533–34; stock
market crash, g532, 532–33;
unemployment, 534, 535–36;
uneven distribution of wealth
and, 533–34; WWII ends, 625
Great Lakes, 15
Great Migration, 50, 459,
498–99, 501, 627, m627
Grapes of Wrath, The, 539
Great Plains, 15, 163, 223,
288–91, 292–95, 371, 374,
p377; agriculture of, 293–95,
371; cattle ranching, 288–91;
challenges to settlement of,
292–93; climate and
geography of, 292–93; Dust
Bowl, 537, m537; homesteading, 293; impact of
railroads on, 293; life on,
p377; Native Americans of,
15; private property rights
and settlement of, 223,
288–94, 304
grassroots movements, 820–21,
886
Great Railroad Strike of 1877,
329
grandfather clause, 382
Grange, Red, 495
Grange, the (Patrons of
Husbandry), 374
Grant, Ulysses S., 251, 257–58,
260–63, p262, 271, 274–75;
economic crisis, 275; election
of 1876, m275; Presidency,
274–75; scandals of administration, 274–75
Grant v. Lee, 261
1000
Great Awakening, 68–69, 497
Great Society, 735–38; legacy of,
737–38; programs of, c736
Great American Desert, 293
Index
Greenback Party, 374, 376
greenbacks, 245, p245, 373
Greene, General Nathaniel, 98
Greenland, 15
Green Party, 907
Greensboro sit-in, 753, p753,
754, p754
Greenspan, Alan, q896
Greenwich Village, 493
Grenada, 870
c155; financial program,
153–54; views on democracy,
155
Hancock, John, 77, 85, 112
Hansberry, Lorraine, 706, p706,
q706, 708
Harding, Warren G., 475, q475,
484, 495, q504, 510–11, p511,
q511, 512, crt512, 522, p522;
cabinet, 511, 522, p522; political philosophy, 511; scandals
of the administration,
511–12, crt512
hardtack, 254
Hare Krishna, 803
Hari, Mata, 463
Grenville, George, 76–77, p77
Griswold v. Connecticut, 723
gross national product (GNP),
308–09, 720
group doctrine, 693
Grundy, Felix, 165
Grynszpan, Herschel, 596
Harlem, 499, 501, 502
Harlem Renaissance, 498–500;
artists of, p500
Harpers Ferry, p217, 231
Harper’s Weekly, 196
Harriman, Florence, q462
Guadalcanal, 636
Harrington, Michael, 707, q707,
708, q730, 732–33
Guam, 402, 404
Harris, Essic, 272
Guatemala, 679
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 822
guerrillas, 400–01, 402, 404, 449,
774, 869
Harrison, Benjamin, 368–69, 377
guerrilla warfare, 95, 98, 661,
725, 774, 912
Guilford Courthouse, Battle at,
98
Harrison, William Henry, 165,
193
Hartford, Connecticut, 51, 167
Hartford Convention, 167
Guiteau, Charles, 364, q364
Hawaii, 392, 395; extension of
Monroe Doctrine to, 395
Gulf of Mexico, 35
“hawks,” 787
Gulf of Tonkin, 782–83
Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 534
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution,
778–79
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 195
gunpowder, 247
Hayden, Tom, 801
gurus, 851, p851
Hayes, Rutherford B., 275,
q277, 365
Gutiérrez, José Angel, 816, p816
Hay, John, 410, 412
Haymarket Riot, 330
H
Haymarket Square, 367
Hayne, Robert, 190
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 412
habeas corpus, 246, 247
haciendas, 33
Haig, Alexander, 842
Haight-Ashbury district, 803
Haiti, 900
Halbert, G.I., 832, p832
Hale, Sarah Buell, 181
Halfbreeds, 365
Halvorsen, Lieutenant Gail,
659, p659
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 754
Hamilton, Alexander, 99, 109,
114, 115, 153–55, 164; duel
with Aaron Burr, 164;
Federalist national visions,
Haywood, Felix, q278
hazmat, 916
headrights, 46, 59
Head Start, 736
Health Insurance Portability
Act, 898
Hearst, William Randolph, 400
Heart of Atlanta Motel v.
United States, c722
hedgerow, 641
Hefferman, Joseph, 542, p542
Helsinki Accords, 846
Hemingway, Ernest, 493
hemispheric defense zone, 603
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Hendrix, Jimi–inferences, making
Hendrix, Jimi, 805
Henry IV, King of France, 34
Henry VIII, King of England, 43
Henry, George, 354, q354
Henry of Portugal, Prince
(Henry the Navigator), 21
Henry, Patrick, 77, 112, 114, 115,
p666, q666, 960
Henry Street Settlement, 353
Hepburn Act, 429
hereditary system, of slavery, 61
heretics, 50
Herrera, José Joaquín, 208
Hewes, George, 82, q82
Higher Education Act, 736, c736
Holloway, Houston Hartsfield,
266, p266, q266, q278
Hull House, 347, 357
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 460,
q460
Humphrey, Hubert, 788–89, 833
Holocaust, the, 595–600
“holy experiment,” 55
homelessness, 876, p876
Home Owner’s Loan
Corporation (HOLC),
560–61, 576
Homestead Act, 293
homesteading, 293–95
Hooker, Thomas, 51, 497
Hoover Dam, 540, m540, 541,
m541, p541
Human Genome Project, 895
Hundred Days, 556
Hungary, 450, 680, 882
hunger marches, 544–45
Hunger of Memory, 887
hunter-gatherers, 14, 15
Hurston, Zora Neale, 499, p499
Hussein, Saddam, 884, 901,
916–17
Hutchinson, Anne, 51, 496
hydrogen bomb, 676, p676
hypertext transport protocol
(http), 894
394–95, 404; foreign relations,
395–96, 409–11; Roosevelt
Corollary, 412–13; willingness to risk war and, 395–96
implied powers, 154, 570
impoundment, 835
impressment, 164
Inca, the, 32
income tax, 246, 440, 458
indentured servants, 59, 61
Independent National Party, 374
Indiana, 204
Indian Civil Rights Act, 816
Indian Peace Commission, 300
Indian Removal Act, 191, m191
Hinckley, John, 868, p868
Hoover, Herbert, 458, p479, q479,
511, 522, 530, 531, p531, 542,
543, p543, 544, 546, p546, 552,
602; philosophy of government, 542; public perception
of, 546
hippies, 802, p802, 803
Hoover, J. Edgar, 474, p475, 669
Ice Age, 13
individualism, 349
Hiroshima, 646, p646
Hoovervilles, 536, 545
Ickes, Harold, 575
Hispanic Americans, 628, 708,
812–13, g815, 815–16, 834,
p834; Bracero program and,
708; civil rights, 815–16; La
Raza Unida, 815; migrant
labor conditions, 708; political activism of, 815–16; population growth of, g815;
poverty and, 708
Hopkins, Harry, 561–62, 564,
p564, 566
Il Duce, 585
industrialization, 179–81,
245–46, 308–12, 314–23,
326–31, 343, 349–54, 419,
515–19, 737; assembly line
production, 515–16; big business and, 319–23; consumer
society, 518–19; critics of,
353–54; economic advantages
to North, 245–46; government’s role in, 310–11;
impact of, 327, 349–54, 516,
518–19; impact of Civil War
on, 310–11; impact of railroad expansion, 314–18;
Progressive views of, 419;
restrictions on, 737; social
changes brought on by
353–54; society and, 343, 349,
518–19; unions, 326–31
high society, 343
Highway Safety Act, 736, c736
Hill, James J., 318
Hopper, Edward, 493, ptg493
horizontal integration, 321,
g321, 322
hypothesizing, 359, 361
I
Illinois, 204
Illinois Exchange, 375
Hubble Space Telescope, 897,
p897
hobos, 536, c538
Huckleberry Finn, 351
Ho Chi Minh, 772, 773, p774,
775, 777
Hudson, Henry, 54
Immigration Act of 1965, 815
Huerta, Dolores, 815, 816, p816
Immigration Reform Act, 737
Ho Chi Minh City, 793, p793
Huerta, General Victoriano, 449
Ho Chi Minh Trail, 781
Hughes, Charles Evans, 524
impeachment, 112, 270–71, 841,
899–900
Hohokam, the, 14
Hughes, John, 74, q74
holding companies, 322, 425,
428, 429
Huguenots, 34, p34
House of Burgesses, 42, p42, 46,
58, 60, 77, 83, 84, 918, p919
Hispaniola, 25, 26
House of Representatives,
124–25, 188, 201, 219, 366,
368, 900
Hiss, Alger, 669–70
Houser, George, 748
historical inquiry, using process
of, 81, 119, 129, 213, 281, 325,
333, 359, 367, 387, 443, 445,
489, 491, 507, 549, 609, 637,
651, 683, 710, 713, 797, 811,
827, 889
House Un-American Activities
Committee (HUAC), 669–70;
film industry hearing, 670,
p670, p671
historical methods of interpretaion, applying, 338, 385,
387, 489, 491, 549, 743
Hitler, Adolf, p583, 585–86,
p586, 587, 589–90, 623, 641,
642; decision at Dunkirk,
592–93; European response
to, 590; racial policies of, 586,
596; review of Nazi troops,
p583
Hitler youth camp, 584
Housing and Urban
Development Act, 736, c736
Houston, Sam, 205, p205,
206–07; Battle of San Jacinto,
205–06; President of Texas
Republic, 207
Howdy Doody, p699
Howe, General William, 87, 94,
95, 96, 97, 98
Howe, Julia Ward, 422
Howells, William Dean, 351
Hughes, Langston, 499, 503, p503
Imperialism, 390–413; American
diplomacy, 408–13; anti, 404;
building support for, 392–94;
expansion and annexation,
Indian Territory, 297, 300, m300
indigo, 59
Industrial Revolution, 179–81,
308; beginnings, 179–80;
British industrial techniques,
180; entrepreneurial investment in, 180; factories, 180,
181, p181; impact of technology on, 180; labor unions,
181; urban growth during,
181; women during, 181;
workforce, 181; working
conditions, 181
Index
Hobby, Oveta Culp, 617
immigration: Angel Island,
339–40; Asian immigrants,
339–40; Atlantic voyage,
337–38; attitudes toward, 181,
340, crt338, 475; changes in,
g507; colonies, 46, 67–69, g68,
m68; controlling, crt483, 484;
detention and deportation,
474–75; Ellis Island, p335, 338;
European immigrants, 336–38,
484–85, m485; Germans, 56,
67, 181; Hispanic, 484; impact
of legislation on, 484; industrialization and, 181, 309;
Irish, 181; Italians, 56; Jewish,
67; living conditions of immigrants, 339, 343, 344, 347,
p347; Mennonites, 67;
nativism, 340; naturalization,
134; Pacific voyage, 339;
Palmer Raids, 474–75;
Pennsylvania Dutch, 67; politics and, 158; problems of
immigrants, 337–38, 339–40,
347, 482–84; reasons for 337,
339; restrictions of Jews in
WWII, 598; Scotch Irish, 55,
56, 67; Swiss, 56; Welsh, 55, 56
Indian Self-Determination and
Educational Assistance Act,
817
industrial unions, 327
industry: airline, 517–18; automobile, 514–16; consumer
goods, 516–17; cost of reducing emissions to, 905; entertainment, 495, 538–39;
managerial revolution in, 519;
percentage of national income
generated by, g519; socialism
and, 425; wartime, 612–14;
welfare capitalism, 519
inferences, making, 313, 333, 539
Index
1001
inflation–judicial branch of government
inflation, 193, 245–46, 373, 441,
472, 629, 687, 844, 845, 846,
g857, 863, 867, 903
Internet, 811, 894, 895, 902
information: analyzing, 16, 23,
28, 35, 39, 47, 52, 56, 64, 69,
70, 79, 89, 99, 115, 159, 167,
173, 174, 185, 193, 201, 209,
212, 224, 225, 231, 236, 240,
248, 255, 263, 271, 273, 280,
290, 291, 295, 302, 304, 312,
318, 323, 331, 332, 340, 345,
352, 358, 360, 369, 379, 384,
386, 397, 405, 413, 414, 425,
431, 437, 442, 444, 455, 461,
469, 470, 475, 477, 488, 489,
495, 502, 506, 513, 520, 524,
525, 526, 534, 539, 546, 548,
555, 562, 569, 577, 578, 588,
594, 600, 606, 607, 608, 617,
623, 637, 648, 650, 658, 665,
674, 680, 682, 691, 697, 703,
710, 712, 723, 729, 731, 742,
752, 760, 766, 768, 775, 781,
789, 794, 796, 805, 817, 823,
837, 842, 849, 854, 855, 856,
864, 871, 879, 880, 886, 888,
895, 901; categorizing, 16,
23, 28, 39, 47, 69, 193, 236,
513, 548, 588, 630, 817, 823,
837, 901; comparing and
contrasting, 23, 107, 119,
345, 437, 703, 712; evaluating, 16, 79, 99, 224, 236, 414,
425, 444, 548, 594, 614;
sequencing, 760, 781; synthesizing, 35, 89, 159, 312,
318, 352, 455, 488, 489, 495,
502, 507, 651, 658, 789, 810,
817
internment camps, 628, p628
James, Duke of York, 55
interposition, 158
James, Henry, 351
interstate commerce, 172
James, Jesse, 371, p371
Interstate Commerce Commission, 367, 368, 425, 429, 431,
437, 756
Jamestown settlement, 42, 45,
46, ptg46, 59, 60
initiative, 421
inner city poverty, 707, p707
inoculation, 67
Internet research, 119, 811,
894–95, 902
interstate highway system,
m690, 690–91, m691, p691
interview, conducting, 795, 797
Intolerable Acts, 84
Iran, 660–61, 679, 848, 849, 916
Iran-Contra scandal, 870
Iraq, 881, 884–85, 901, 904, 913,
916–917
iron curtain, 658
iron lung, 696, p696
Iroquois League, 16
Iroquois, the, 16, 17
irrigation canals, 14, 15
Isabella, Queen of Spain, 25, 26
Islam, 18, 19, 22, 917
Islamic State, 849
isolationism, 522–23, 587–88,
602
Israel, 844, 848, 901, 912
Italy, 523, c523, 585, 587, 632;
fascism in, 585; surrender to
Allies, 632
“I, Too,” 503
Iwo Jima, 643–44; raising the
flag in, p644
Izvestia, 836
Inouye, Daniel, 601, g601, p601
insider trading, 318
J
installments, 534
insubordination, 437
insurrection, 231
integrated circuit, 893
Index
Intel, 893
interchangeable parts, 180
interdependent world, 902–05
interest-bearing bonds, 153
interest rates, 845, 846, 867, 897,
903
Intermediate-Range Nuclear
Forces (INF) Treaty, 871
Internal Security Act, 672
International Business
Machines (IBM), 893
internationalism, 588
International Military Tribunal
(IMT), 648
1002
Index
Jackson, Andrew, 167, p167, 173,
188–90, ptg190, 191–92, crt192,
193, 207; corrupt bargain, 189;
democratization of political
system, 190; inauguration,
190, p190; invasion of Florida,
173; National Bank, 192;
nullification, 190; policies
toward Native Americans,
191–92; use of spoils system,
190
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 302
Jackson, Jesse, 754, 814, p814,
882
Jackson, Maynard, 813
Jackson, Thomas J. “Stonewall”,
250
Jamaica, 26
James I, King of England, 44,
45, 46, 48
James II, King of England, 66
Japan, 394–95, 410–11, 586, 587,
588, 604–06, 618–21, 635–37,
642–47, 663; American
embargoes and, 604–05;
attack at Pearl Harbor,
605–06; Bataan Death March,
619; Battle of Midway, m620,
621; bombing of, 619–20;
defeat of, 642–47; militarists
gain control of, 586; postWWI economy, 586;
Roosevelt and, 411; trade
with, 394–95; use of
Kamikaze attacks, 637;
World War II, 618–21,
635–37, 642–47
Japanese American Citizens
League, 628–29
Japanese Americans, p628,
628–29; internment of, p628,
628–29; service in WWII, 629
Jarvis, Howard, 863
Jaworski, Leon, 841
Jay, John, 115, 153, 156
Jay’s Treaty, 156, crt156
Jazz Age, 480–502; African
American culture during,
498–502; cultural innovations of, 492–95; entertainment in, 494–95; global
roots, 501; impact of, 480;
values of, 482–89
909, 915; concentration
camps, 599; extermination
camps, 599–600; families,
p597; Hitler’s final solution,
598, p598, 599; Holocaust,
595–600, m600; immigration
to America, 67; Nuremberg
Laws, 596; refugees, 597–99
Jezer, Martin, 784, p784
Jim Crow Laws, 382–83
jingoism, 401
Job Corps, 735
Jobs, Steven, 893, p893
Johnson, Andrew, 269–71, p271,
p278; impeachment, 270–71,
p278; presidency, 269–70
Johnson, Hugh, 559
Johnson, Joseph E., 251
Johnson, Lady Bird, 733
Johnson, Lyndon B., q715, p716,
728, 729, 730, p730, p733,
q733, 733–38, 752, 759, 760,
763, 778–79, p782, 782–83,
787–88, 844; approval rating,
787; Cabinet appointments,
737; civil rights and, 752, 759;
domestic policies, 733–37,
752, 759; Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution, 778–79, 782–83;
Kerner Commission, 763;
leadership style, 733–34;
political ideals, 733–38;
Vietnam policy, 778–79;
voting rights and, 760
Johnson, Robert, 875
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 688
joint-stock company, 44
Joliet, Louis, 35
Jones, Bobby, 495
Jazz Singer, The, 495
Jones, John Paul, 98
Jeffersons, The, 852
Jones, Mary Harris “Mother,”
328, p328, 471, p471, q471
Jefferson, Thomas, 83, 89–93,
99, 102, 113, p113, q113, 153,
154, 155, c155, 157, 158, 159,
161, ptg161, 162–65, 174,
p174, 187, p187, q187;
Declaration of
Independence, 89–93;
Democratic-Republicans’
vision, c155; foreign affairs,
164–65; Lewis and Clark
Expedition, 163; Louisiana
Purchase, 163; paying off the
public debt, 162; restraining
Revolution of 1800, 161,
p161; westward expansion,
163–64
Jesuits, 34
Jews, 67, 586, 595–600, p597,
p598, m600, 640, p640, 813,
Joplin, Scott, 352
Jordan, 912, 914
Jordan, Barbara, 840, p840
Joseph, Chief, 210, p210, q210,
300, 301, q301
journalists, 536, 539, 584, 602,
635, 721, 838, p838
journal writing, 711, 713
judicial branch of government,
109–10, 111–12, 126–27, 138,
153; apellate courts, 138;
circuit courts of appeal,
153; court-packing plan,
574–75; federal courts, 138,
153; original jurisdiction,
138; selection of federal
judges, 153; shift in, 868;
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judicial nationalism–Lincoln, Abraham
state courts, 138; statute
law, 138; Supreme Court
justices, 153
judicial nationalism, 171–72
judicial review, 162
Judiciary Act of 1789, 153
Judiciary Act of 1801, 162
Julian, George, 253, q253
The Jungle, 430, q430, 443
Justice Department, 755–56;
Freedom Riders and, 755–56
juvenile delinquency, 709–10
space race, 725; State funeral
of, 729, p729, p737; struggles
with Congress, 720, 739; Test
Ban Treaty, 728; use of media,
718–20; Vietnam policy, 777;
women’s rights advocate,
721, 807
Kennedy, Robert F., 755, 756,
788; assassination of, 788
Kenset, Thomas, 180
Kent State University, p791, 792;
protest at, p791, 792
Kentucky, 158, 163, 165, 182,
188, 251; statehood of, 163
Kentucky Resolutions, 158
K
Kabul, 917
kachinas, 15
Kaiser, Henry, 614
Kamikaze attacks, 637, p645
Kansas, p223, 223–24, 227–29,
290, 294, 372, 375, 376;
admission to Union, 229;
“bleeding,” p223, 224; cattle
trails, 290; Kansas-Nebraska
Act, 223–24, 227–28;
Lecompton Constitution,
229; slavery and, 223–24;
territorial civil war, 224; two
governments of, 224
Kerouac, Jack, 702, p702
Key, Francis Scott, 166
Keynes, John Maynard, 575
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 849
Khrushchev, Nikita, 549,
679–80, 726–27
Kinache, 173, p173
King, Coretta Scott, 763, 766,
p766
King Jr., Martin Luther, q730,
p745, 749–50, 755, 756–60,
q758, p758, 763–66, p766, 786,
q786; assassination of, 766;
Birmingham demonstrations,
756–57; critics of, 763–65;
jailing of, 756–57; March on
Washington, 757–58, p758;
Montgomery Improvement
Association, 749–50; mourning of, 766, p766; Selma
March, 759–60
L
Lease, Mary Ellen, 376, p376
Leatherstocking Tales, 195
Leaves of Grass, 196
labor: African American, 473,
625–27, 762; blue-collar, 693;
child, 331, 423–24, 437; during industrialization, 181,
331; fair competition codes,
559; government regulations
of, 181, 441, 567–69, 670, 687;
Mexican American laborers,
815; minimum wage, 559–60;
mobilization of workforce
during WWI, 459; National
War Labor Board, 459; negotiations, 568–69; organization
of, 181, 559, 567–68, g568, 569,
815; political positions on,
376–77; protests about p424;
strikes, 181, p181, 367, 377,
429, 472–73, 568, p568, 687,
815; Supreme Court rulings,
567; unemployment, 720–21,
816, 843, 867, 868; unemployment compensation, 691;
unrest, 367; wages, 516;
white-collar, 693; women in
workforce, 329, 331, 807–08,
810; working conditions, 315,
324, 326–27, p327, 328, 342,
441, 515, 516, 567–69, g569,
576. See also unions.
La Brigada, 726
Lecompton Constitution, 229
Le Duc Fo, 791, 792
Lee, Richard Henry, 112–13
Lee, Robert E., 231, 244, 251–52,
258–63, p262, q280
legacy of New Deal, 576–77
Legal Tender Act, 245
legislative branch of government, c123, 123–25, 131–36
Leigh, Vivien, 538
LeMay, Curtis, 644
Lend-Lease Act, 593, 603, 605
Lenin, Vladmir Illyich, 463,
p463, 467, 473, 585
Leopard, 164
Letter from a Birmingham Jail,
756
Letters from a Pennsylvania
Farmer, 78
letters of marque, 97
Levine, Richard Michael, 851
Levitt, Alfred, 482, p482, q482
Levitt, Bill, 694
Levittown, New York, 694
LaFollette, Robert M., 421, 513
Lewis and Clark Expedition,
163, m168
LaFollette, Jr., Robert, 671
Lewis, John L., 568–69
laissez-faire economic policy,
310–11, 350, 354–55, 419, 431
Lewis, Meriwether, 163, 169,
p169
Lake Champlain, Battle of, 166
Lewis, Sinclair, 494
“lame ducks,” 146
Lexington, 85–86
Lampasas County, Texas, 374,
p374
Leyte Gulf, Battle of, 637
la Navidad, 25
liberalism, 860–61
liberals, 860–61
Kiyoshi, Nozaki, q646
land bridge to America, 13,
36–37, m36–37
Kennedy, Anthony, 868
Knapp, Isaac, 199, q199
Land-Grant colleges, 294
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 719–20,
p720, 721, p729, 733
Knights of Labor, 329–30, 376
land grants, 317
Know-Nothings, 181, 226, 227,
c227, 228
Landon, Alfred, 573
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 223–24
Kasserine Pass, Battle of, 622
Katzman, Julie, 874, p874, q874
Kearny, Colonel Stephen W., 209
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act,
441
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 524
Kelly Act, 517
Kelly, Oliver H., 374
Kennan, George F., 660, 778,
779, q779, 785
kinship groups, 16
Kinsley, Michael, 892, p892,
q892
Kissinger, Henry, 790–91, 792,
835–36, 846
Korea, m663, 664–65, 677;
armistice, 677; Korean War,
m663, 664–65, 916
Korematsu v. the United States,
629
Kosovo, 900
Kosygin, Alexei, 837, q837
Kramel, Marlene, 776, p776
Kristallnacht, 597, 605, p605
Ku Klux Klan, 272, p272, 274,
483–84, 755
Kuwait, 881, 884–85
Kyoto Protocol, 905
Lange, Dorothea, 539, p539;
photographs of, p536
La Raza Unida, 815
Larsen, Nella, 499
Last of the Mohicans, The, 195
Latin America, 413, 725
Lexington, Battle of, 86, m86
Liberator, 199
Liberia, 199
Liberty Bonds, 458
Liberty Party, 207, 219, 224, c227
Index
Kennedy, John F., p717, 718,
p718, 719–20, p720, 721–23,
724–29, p729, q730, 739, p739,
755–56, q757, 777, 807; assassination of, 728–29; Bay of
Pigs, 726–27; Camelot, 721;
civil rights and, 755–56; Cold
War and, 724–29; Cuban
missile crisis, 724, 727–28;
domestic agenda, 720–21;
economic theories, 720–21;
foreign policies, 724–29; inauguration of, p717; mystique
of, 719; New Frontier, 720–21;
President’s Commission on
the Status of Women, 807;
Kings Mountain, Battle of, 98
Liberty ships, 614
Libya, 913
Lichtenstein, Roy, 804
Lieberman, Joseph, 907
Life magazine, 539
Leadville, Colorado, 288
Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii,
392, 395, p395
League of Nations, 468, 522–23
limited war, 665
League of United Latin
American Citizens
(LULAC), 815
Lincoln, Abraham, p215, q215,
226, p226, q226, q229, 230,
p230, q230, m233, p233,
233–34, q235, 246, 248,
249–50, 251–53, 258–59, q259,
299, 315; assassination, 263;
League of Women Voters, 807
Leahy, Admiral William,
645–46
Index
1003
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Lincoln-Douglas debates–McCulloch v. Maryland
Civil War, 235, 244–48,
254–55, 257–65; debates with
Douglas, 229–30; elections,
233–34, 262–63; Emancipation Proclamation, 253;
Gettysburg Address, 259;
martial law and, 236; political
divisions during presidency,
246–47; Proclamation of
Amnesty and Reconstruction,
267; suspension of writs of
habeas corpus, 246; veto of
Wade-Davis Bill, 268
Lincoln-Douglas debates,
228–29, p229
Lindbergh, Charles, 492, p492,
p505, 517, 518, q609
line graphs, reading, 186
line of demarcation, 26
linkage, 790
literacy, 181
literature: analyzing, 17, 195–96,
443, p443, 649, 811, 887;
Depression era, 539; renaissance, 195–96; naturalism in,
355; realism in, 351; transcendentalism in, 195
ture, 182; discovery of, 35;
geography of, 35; settlement
of, 35; slavery and, 35;
Territory, 163, 188; vote to
secede, 234
Louisiana Purchase, 163; circumstances leading to, c160
Louisiana Territory, 163, 188
Love Canal, 821–22
Lovejoy, Elijah, p201
Love, Nat, 290, q290
Loving v. Virginia, c722
Lowell, Amy, 493
Lowell, Francis C., 180
Loyalists, 85, 97, 98, 102–05;
after the war, 102–03, 105
loyalty review program, 669
Luce, Henry, 539
Luftwaffe, 594
lumber industry, 62
Lusitania, 454, p454
Index
manumission, 102
Mao Zedong, 662–63
Mapp v. Ohio, 722, c722
maps, parts of, 57, 71
maps, reading and interpreting.
See geography skills, using.
Massachusetts, Battle of, 79,
80–81, 83, 86–88
Massachusetts Bay Company,
49, 50, 66
Massachusetts Board of
Education, 197
March of Dimes, 554, p554
mass advertising, 519
margin call, 531
massive compact halo objects
(MACHOS), 897
Mariana Islands, 636
massive retaliation, 676
Marine Corps, 87
mass media, 495, 698–700
Marin, John, 493
mass production, 515
Marion, Francis (“Swamp
Fox”), 98
mass transit, 342–43
Marm, Joe, 772, p772
mavericks, 290
Marquette, Jacques, 35
Mayaguez, 846
Marshall, General George C.,
614, q614, 661, p661, q661, 671
Mayan culture, the, 13
Marshall Islands, 636
Mayflower Compact, 48; signing
of, ptg49
Magellan, Ferdinand, 27
Maginot Line, 592
Magna Carta, 67, 441, 942
magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), 894; device for, p894
Mahan, Alfred T., 397
Marshall, John, 162, p162,
171–72, 174, 191, 199, 571
Mather, Cotton, 67
Mayflower, 48, ptg48, 49
McAuliffe, Christa, 878
Marshall Plan, 661
McCain, Franklin, 753, p753
Marshall, Thurgood, 748, 750,
p750, 755, 756
McCain, John, q896, 907
Martha and the Vandellas, 703
martial law, 236
McCarran Act, 672
McCarthyism, 672, p672
Marti, José, 400
McCarthy, Joseph R., 671–72,
p672, 673
Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, c172,
571
McCarty, Cecee, 185
McClellan, George B., 251–52;
fired, 258
Longworth, Alice Roosevelt,
511, q511
Maine, 52, 187–88, 197–98; entry
in Union, 187–88; first prohibition law, 198; founding
of, 52
Los Alamos, New Mexico, 645
maize, 13
Marx, Arthur, q532–33
Lost Cause, The, 240
Makkah (Mecca), 18
Marx, Groucho, 532–33, 538
Lost Colony, 45
Malcolm X, q730, 764, p764, 765
Marxism, 328
McClure’s Magazine, 419, p419
Louis XIV, King of France, 34
Mali, 18, 21, 22; empire in West
African civilization, 21
Marx, Karl, 328
McCord, James, 838, 839
Maryland, 47, 182, 236, 251–52,
496; agriculture, 182; found-
McCulloch v. Maryland, 171–72,
c172, 192, 571
Long Telegram, 660
Louisiana, 35, 76, 163, 167, 182,
188, 234, 382, 383; agricul-
1004
mansa, 22
margin, buying on, 531
Madison, James, 109, ptg109,
113, p113, q113, 114, 115, 153,
154, 155, 158, 162, 164,
165–66, 174, p174, q496; Bill
of Rights, 153; Hamilton
Plan, 154; Non-Intercourse
Act, 165; Presidency, 164–65;
Secretary of State, 162; War
of 1812, 165–66
Long, Stephen, 293, q293
manorialism, 19
Massachusetts Provincial
Congress, 85
Locke, Alain, 499
Long, Huey, 565, p565
Mann, Horace, 197, p197
Marbury v. Madison, 128, 162,
c172
M
Macurn, Charles W., 374–75
longhouses, 16
Mann-Elkins Act, 437
Massachusetts Government
Act, 84
lobster backs, 79
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth,
195
Massachusetts, 49, 51, 66, 79–81,
82, 83, 84, 85, 101, 103, 106,
114, 188, 190, 197–98; Boston
Massacre, 79–81; Boston Tea
Party, 83; constitution of,
101, 103; education in,
197–98; founding of, 49–50;
political system, 49, 50, 51;
Shays’s Rebellion, 106
Manifest Destiny, 202–09, 393, 396
Marbury, Chief Justice William,
162, 174, p174
Macintosh, 893
long drives, 289–90
Mason, George, 101, 113, 741
Manhattan Project, 645
lynching, 383, 501, 688
Livingston, Robert, 89, 163
Lone Ranger and Tonto, 699,
p699
Mason, Captain John, 51, 52
Manhattan Island, 54
Massachusetts General School
Act of 1647, 197
Livingston, Colonel Henry
Beckman, 94, q94
Lonely Crowd, The, 693
Mary Tyler Moore Show, 852
mandate, 262
maquiladoras, 903, p903
MacArthur, General Douglas,
404, 546, 605, 619, 635–37,
p637, 663, 664–65
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 396, 483,
777
Mary, Queen of England, 66
Manchuria, 410, 586, 588
LVT, 635
Little Richard, 702, 703, p703
lockout, 328
Maryland Toleration Act of
1649, 496
Manassas, Battle of, (Battle of
Bull Run), 249–50, 251
Luther, Martin, 43
Little Crow, Chief, 298–99
Locke, John, 67, 69, 259, 666, 740
managerial revolution, 511, 519,
521, p521, 522
ing of, 47; role in Civil War,
250–51
maps, special purpose, 624,
m624
Little Bighorn, Battle of, 301
Little Rock, Arkansas, 751–52
Malinke people, the, 22
Index
Malinche, (Doña Marina), 31
McCarty, Oseola, 896, p896
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McGovern, George–National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
McGovern, George, 839, 840
Middle Ages, 19; artifacts of, p19
McGuffey’s Readers, 199, p199
middle class, 343
McGuffey, William, 199
Middle Colonies: 54–55, m55,
62–63, c70; climate of, c70;
economy of, 62–63, c70;
entrepreneurship, 63; life in
62–63; map of, m55
McJunkin, George, 12
McKay, Claude, 499, p499
McKinley Tariff, 369, p378, 379,
395, 427
McKinley, William, 369, 379,
401–02, 404, q404, 405, 409,
410, 427
Middle East, 901, 912–13,
916–17; conflict in, 916–17;
terrorism in, 914–15
75; valley, 15; vote to secede,
234
Mississippi Freedom
Democratic Party, 754
Mississippi River, 163, 204;
Missouri, 187–88, m188, 236
Missouri Compromise, 187–88,
m188, 223, 224, 226, 228
Mitchell, John, 834, 840
Morton, Frederick, q597
Morton v. Lowe, 276
Moscow Summit, 837, p837
Moses, Robert, 754
most-favored nation, 156
Mothers Against Drunk
Driving (MADD), 876
Mott, Lucretia, 199, 421
Model T, 515
Mount Holyoke Female
Seminary, 198
Midway, Battle of, m620, 621
modernism: in art, 493–94; in
literature, 493
movie industry, 538, 700
Midwest farming, 204
molecular biologists, 895
McVeigh, Timothy, 904
Miele, Jerry, 848, p848
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 654
Mead, Margaret, 486
migration: patterns, 186,
286–288, 292, 304, 332, 341,
342, 345, 371, 381, 459, 473,
498–99, 501–02, 548, 627,
650–51, 707, 709, 712, 722,
748, 815, 862, 864, 872, 873,
888; to America, 12–16, 34;
urban, 872, m872, p872, 873,
m873
Mondale, Walter, 868
MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk
Operating System), 892–93
monetarists, 867
muckrakers, 419, 421, 424
money supply, 373–74, 376, 846
mudslinging, 189
Mongol Empire, 20
mugwumps, 367
monopolies, 321, 324–25, 369,
439, 440
Muhammed Ali, 753
McNamara, Robert, 779, 782–83
McNeil, Joseph, 753, p753
McPherson, Aimee Semple, 486
Meat Inspection Act, 430
media, 698–700, 785, 875–76,
880; news, 880; technology
and, 875–76; “television
war,” 785
Medicaid, 716, 736, c736, 738
Medicare, 716, 736, c736, 738,
878, 909
Medicine Crow, Chief, 298, p298
meditation, 851
meetinghouse, 62
Mellon, Andrew, 511, 521, p521,
522
Melville, Herman, 195
Memphis, Tennessee, 765–66
mentally ill, 194
mercantilism, 65–66
mercenaries, 88
Meredith, James, 731, 756
Mesoamerica, 13, p13, m14
mestizos, 34
Metacomet, 52
Methodists, 69, 102, 195
Mexico, 13–14, 30–32, 163,
204–06, 208–09, m208, 288,
449; Antonio López de Santa
Anna, 205–06, 209; battle
plan, 208–09; conquest of,
30–32; José Joaquín Herrera,
208; NAFTA, 903; revolution,
449; Texas settlement, 204;
Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo, 209; War with U.S.,
m208, 208–09; Wilson sends
troops to, 449
military: American Revolution,
85–86; build-up of, 412–13,
456–47, 665, 777, 868–69;
Civil War, 245, 247, 249, p250,
g260, m260, 270, m270; conditions of, 94, 254–255, p255;
districts, 270; draft, 456–57,
785–86; involvement in civil
rights movement, 751–52;
Korean War, m663, 664–65;
Persian Gulf War, 884–85;
reconstruction, 270, m270;
reduction of, 676, 791, 885;
Spanish-American War,
401–02, 408–09; spending,
870, g870; Vietnam War, 776,
g781, 787–86, ; War of 1812,
165–67; War with Mexico,
208; World War I, 459–60;
World War II, 612–17
Monroe Doctrine, 173, 395, 413
Monroe, James, 170, p170, q170,
172–73, 187, 199; Era of Good
Feelings, 187; Monroe
Doctrine, 173; nationalist
diplomacy, 172–73
Montana, 290, 301, 452; election
of first woman to Congress,
452
Montcalm, General Louis
Joseph, 76
Montezuma, 30, 31
Montgomery bus boycott, p749,
749–50
Montgomery, General Bernard,
632
Montgomery Improvement
Association, 749
Moore, Gordon, 893
Military Reconstruction Act, 270
morality: conservative views on,
861
Milosevic, Slobodan, 900
mineral strike, 287–88
minimum wage, 331, 687–88,
691, 721
mining, 33, 220, 286–87, p287, 288,
p429; 687; conditions, p429;
mining sluice, 287, p287
Minnesota, 294, 375
mujahadeen, 869
multinational corporations, 693
Munich Conference, 590, p590
Murphy, Audie, 935
Musa, Mansa, 18, p18
music: disco, 853; during
Harlem Renaissance,
499–500; during the Jazz age,
494–95; of the 1970s, 853–54;
rap, 876; slavery and, 184;
spirituals, 184; technology
and, 876
Music Television (MTV), 876
Muslims, 19–20, 21, 22
Mussolini, Benito, 585, p586,
587, 589, 632
Myrick, Andrew, 298, q298–99
N
Nader, Ralph, 823, q823, 907
Moran, Mary, 61, p61
Nagasaki, 647
moratorium, 523
napalm, 644, 780
Morgan, J.P., 428
Narrative of the Life of
Frederick Douglass, 237
Morgan v. Virginia, 747
Morgenthau, Henry, 574
Mormons, 195
Mir, 879
Miranda rights, 723
Morrill Tariff, 310–11
Miranda v. Arizona, c722, 723
Morris, Robert, 95
Michigan, 204
missile gap, 719
Morrison, Toni, 499
microprocessors, 893
Mississippi: 15, 35, 75, 234, 382,
756, 759; people, 15; South,
Morse code, 180
Microsoft, 893
Muhammad, Askiya, 22–23
Moral Majority, 864
Morrill Land Grant Act, 358;
impact on higher education,
358
minutemen, 85–86
Ms., 808
Moody, Dwight L., 356–57
military industrial complex, 680
Millay, Edna St. Vincent, 493
Moyers, Bill, 459
Morse, Samuel F.B., 180, 259
Index
Mexican Americans, 459,
626–28; farm workers,
626–27; migration of, 459,
627, m627; prejudice against,
627–28; wartime contributions, 626–28, m627
Middle Passage, 60
National Advisory Commission
on Civil Disorders, 756, 759,
763; racial violence in, 756,
759
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
(NASA), 677, 727, p727, 726,
878–79; technological innovations of, 727, p727
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP), 441, 442,
Index
1005
National Broadcasting Company–New Netherland
501, 708, 746, 747, 748, 750,
754, 756, 814
National Broadcasting
Company, 518
National Woman Suffrage
Association, 422
National Child Labor
Committee, 424
National Youth Administration
(NYA), 573
National Council of Negro
Women, 573
Nation of Islam, 764–65
National Credit Corporation,
544
National Defense Education
Act (NDEA), 677
National Environmental Policy
Act, 821
national health insurance,
687–88
National Highway Traffic and
Safety Administration, 868
National Housing Act, 576, 688
National Industrial Recovery
Act (NIRA), 559, 567;
Supreme Court ruling on, 567
National Institutes of Health
(NIH), 895
nationalism, 170–73, 450, 557,
585, 586, 725, 764, 773, 775;
black, 764; economic, 171;
fascism as, 585; Hitler’s, 586;
in Europe, 450; Japan, 586;
judicial, 171–72; nationalist
diplomacy, 172–73;
Vietnamese, 773, 775
National Labor Relations Act,
567, 576; NLRB v. Jones and
Laughlin Steel, 576
National Organization for
Women (NOW), 808, 809
National Origins Act, 484
National Prohibition Act, 487
National Recovery
Administration, 559–60, c560
National Republicans, 189
National Resources Defense
Council, 821
National Review, 861
Index
National Rifle Association
(NRA), 897
National Science Foundation,
894
National Security Council,
(NSC), 870
National Socialist German
Worker’s Party (Nazi Party),
585
National Traffic and Motor
Vehicle Safety Act, 823
National Union for Social
Justice, 565
National Urban League, 616
National War Labor Board, 459
1006
National Woman’s Party, 423,
807
Index
Native Americans: Adena, 16,
p16; agriculture of, 15; Aleut,
15; alliance with British, 97,
164–165; alliance with French,
75; American Indian
Movement, 816–17; Anasazi,
15; Andrew Jackson and,
191–92; Apache, 15, 204;
Arapaho, 299; architecture,
13–15; assimilation, 708;
Aztec, 14, p30, 30–31, p31;
Bacon’s Rebellion and, 59–60;
Battle of Fallen Timbers, 163;
Battle of Little Bighorn, 301;
Battle of Thames River, 164;
Battle of Tippecanoe, 165; battle sites, m300; Bureau of
Indian Affairs, 300;
Cameahwait, 169; Cayuga,
16; Cherokee, 191; Cheyenne,
299, 301; Chief Osceola, 192;
Chief Pontiac, 76; Chief
Powhatan, 45; Chinook, 15;
civil rights movement,
816–17; Columbian
Exchange, 28; Comanche,
204; cultures of, m14, 14–16,
297–302; Dakota Sioux,
298–99; Dawes Act, 302;
Declaration of Indian
Purpose, 816; Delaware,
75–76, 164; Eastern woodlands, 15; economics, 816–17;
education, 816; encomienda
system, 33; exile of, 299;
exposure to diseases, 28; federal government and, 298–99;
Fetterman’s Massacre, 299,
300; Fourteenth Amendment
impact, 269; gender roles,
298; government of, 16, 298;
government reservations,
191–92; Great Binding Law,
16; Great Plains, 15;
Hohokam, 14; Hopewell, 15,
p16; Hopi, 15; horses introduced to, 15; hostilities
between settlers and, 46,
298–99; housing of, 16; Indian
Peace Commission, 300;
Indian Removal Act, 191,
m191; Inuit, 15; Iroquois, 16,
75–76, 97; Iroquois League,
16; job training, p708;
Kinache, 173; King Philip’s
War, 52; Kwakiutls, 15;
Lakota Sioux, 301, 302; last
wars of, 301–02; life
expectancy of, 816; lifestyles,
14–16; longhouses, 16;
Mississippians, 15; Mohawk,
16; Mohegan, 51–52; mound
builders, 15, p16;
Narragansett, 51–52; Navajo,
15; negative impact of western settlement, 297–302; Nez
Perce, 15, 301; nomads, 15, 33,
297, 299; Northeast, 16; of Far
North, 15; of Pacific, 15;
Oneida, 16; Onondaga, 16;
oral literary tradition, 17;
Ottawa, 76; Pequot, 51–52;
Pequot War, 51–52; Plains
Indians, 204, 297–98;
Plymouth and, 49; policy of
assimilation, 302; Pomo, 15;
Potowatomi, 164; protest
movement, 816–17; protests
by, 812; pueblo people, 15, 33;
pueblos, 15; railroads impact
population, 296; relationship
with settlers, 46, 49, 51, 52;
relocation of, 191; reservations in 1890, 300, m300, 301;
Roman Catholic Church and,
33; Sacagawea, 163, 169; Sand
Creek Massacre, 299–300;
Seminoles, 173, 192; Seneca,
16; Shawnee, 164; Shoshone,
15, 163, 169; Sioux, 298–99;
slaughter of buffalo, 301;
slavery of, 52; Southeast, 16;
Southwest, 14–15; spiritual
beliefs of, 15, 298; Squanto,
49; Susquehannock, 59;
Tecumseh, p164, 164, 165, 166;
termination policy, 708–09;
Tippecanoe, 165; Trail of
Tears, 192; treaties with, 204,
297–302; Treaty of Fort
Laramie, 204; Treaty of
Greenville, 163, 164, 165,
m175; Uk, 15; unemployment,
816; uprisings, 33, 299;
Wampanoag, 49, 52; war with
British, 76; westward settlement, 202; William Penn and,
55; Worcester v. Georgia, 191;
Wyandot, 76; Yakima, 15;
Zuni, 15
nativism, 181, 227, 328, 340,
482–83, 506
NATO, 662, 678, m678, 900
Nat Turner Rebellion, 201
naturalism, 355
naturalization, 134
natural resources, 309, m309
natural rights, 67
natural selection, 349
Nature, 195
Navajo Code Talker, 626, p626
Navigation Act, 66
Nazis: p584, 585, 589–90, 596–600,
640, 648; atrocities of, 596,
599–600, 640; European
response to, 590; ideology,
596; Nuremberg trials, 648;
propaganda of, 596–98;
swastikas, p584; Wannese
Conference, 599
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression
Pact, 591, 603
Nebraska, 294, 315, 373, p373,
374, 375, 376, 378
“necessary and proper” clause,
172, 570–71
“Negro Speaks of Rivers, The,”
503
Neighborhood Youth Corps, 735
Ness, Elliot, 488
Neutrality Acts, 587, 602
Nevada, 287, 541; Boulder City,
541; mining in, 287
New Age Movement, 851, p851
New Amsterdam, 53
New Deal, 553, 556–62, 566–69,
g567, 570, 572–77; as cause of
political realignment, 572–74;
coalition, 572–77; end of era,
576–77;impact and legacy
of, 576–77
New England Antislavery
Society, 199–200
New England Colonies, 48–52,
61–62, ptg62, c70, 82–85;
beginnings of American
Revolution in, 82–85; climate,
c70; economy, 61–62, c70;
founding, 48–52; government, 62; life in, 61–62; patriots, 85; Plymouth settlement,
48–49; society of, 62, c70
New Federalism, 834–35
Newfoundland, 602
New France, 34–35, p35, 75–76;
as royal colony, 34; expansion, 34–35; flag of, 35, p35;
founding of, 34; fur trading,
34; Louisiana settlement, 35;
Quebec, 34; rivalry with
Spain, 35
New Freedom, 439, 441, 557
New Frontier, 718–23
New Hampshire, 52, 114; founding of, 52
New Imperialism, 393
New Jersey, 55, 101, 110; constitution of, 101; founding of, 55
New Jersey Plan, 110
Newlands Reclamation Act,
428–29, 484
New Mexico, 15, 32, 288–91
new morality, 484–86, 506
New Nationalism, 439, 557
New Netherland, 55
New Orleans–Peace Commission
New Orleans, 76
nomads, 13, 15, 21, 297, 299
Nuremberg Laws, 596
Oregon Trail, 204–05
New Orleans, Battle of, 167, ptg167
“no-man’s land,” 465
Nuremberg trials, 648
O’Reilly, Lenore, 331
Newport, Rhode Island, 51
nonimportation act, 165
Nye Committee, 587
Organization Man, The, 693
New Republic, 568
nonimportation agreement, 78, 79
Nye, Gerald P., 587, 602
news media, analyzing, 880, 889
Non-Intercourse Act, 165
Organization of American
States, 396
New Spain, 32–34
nonviolent resistance, 750,
753–54
New States Constitution, 101,
p101
Newton, Huey, 765
New York, 53, 54, 55, 75, 83, 84,
95, 102, 114–15; founding of,
54–55
New York City, 339, 341, 342, 345,
p346, 909–14; bombing of the
World Trade Centers, 909–14
New York Stock Exchange, 323
New York Times v. Sullivan,
c722
Ngo Dinh Diem, 775, 776, p777,
777–78
Nguyen Van Thieu, 792, 793
Nicaragua, 413, 869–70
Nicodemus, Kansas, 279
Niger River, 21
O
Noriega, Manuel, 884
Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC),
844; oil embargo, p844
normalcy, 511
Oakley, Annie, 299, p299, q371
Orlando, Vittorio, 468
normal schools, 197
Ocala Demands, 375–76
Orthodox Christian Serbs, 900
normal trade relations, 904
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 868–69,
p869
Osceola, Chief, 192
Normandy, France, 634–35
Norris v. Alabama, 747
North Africa, 621–32; Allied
invasion of, 632
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), 903
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), 662,
678, m678, 900; Warsaw Pact
and, m678
North Carolina, 56, 88, 97–98,
102, 115, 197, 235; education
reforms, 197; secession, 235
Office of Economic Opportunity
(OEO), 735, c736
O’Shaughnessy, Edith, 448,
p448, q448
O’Sullivan, Mary Kenney, 331
Office of Economic
Stabilization (OES), 629
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 729
Office of Homeland Security,
915
Otis, James, 77, 78
Office of Price Administration
(OPA), 629
overproduction, 533, 534
Office of the Attorney General,
152, 153
Office of War Mobilization
(OWM), 615
Other America, The, 707, 732–33
outlining, 563, 579
override, Congressional, 124
ozone, 905
Ozzie and Harriet, 699, p699
North Dakota, 374
Oglethorpe, James, 56
North Korea, 664–65, 904, 916
Ohio, 204
North, Lord, 83
Ohio Gang, 511
Pacific Fleet, 635
Nine-Power Treaty, 523–24, c524
North, Oliver, 870
Ohio National Guard, p791
Pacific Ocean, 27, 204
Nineteenth Amendment, 146,
423, 807
North Star, 200
Ohio River Valley, 75
Pacific Railway Act, 315
North, the: Civil War resources,
c245, 245–46; industrialization
of, 179–81; politics of, 219–21,
223; slavery and, 185, 187–88,
200–01, 221; urbanization of,
181
oil: embargoes, 844; industry,
912; production, 309, 844,
c844, m844; shortages, 844,
p844, 845, crt845; spills, 820,
p821; terrorism and, 912
pacifism, 55, 596
Nimitz, Admiral Chester,
618–19, 620–21, 622, p622,
635, 644
Nineteen Twenties, the:
Coolidge administration,
512–13; economic growth,
514–19; economic policy of,
522; Harding administration,
510–12; issues of, 473, 474,
482, 483, 484, 486, 487, 488,
490, 491, 495, 505, 506, 507,
511, 514, 519, 520, 527 531;
Jazz Age, 499–501; normalcy,
510–12; policies of, 521–24;
prosperity of, 521–24
North Vietnam, 775, 778–781,
787, 791; negotiations with,
791
P
Paine, Thomas, 88–89, 96, q98
Pakistan, 904
Palestine, 901, 912
Oklahoma, 301, 537, p537
Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO), 901
Oklahoma City bombing, p904
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 474, p475
Oklahoma City National
Memorial, p904
Palmer raids, 474–75, p475
Omaha Beach, p611, 634–35,
m638, 639, m639, p639
Northwest Passage, 34
O’Neill, Eugene, 493, 500
Northwest Territory, 163–64
On the Road, 702, p702
Pan-Americanism, 396
Norway, 592
Open Door Policy, 410–11
Panic of 1837, 193
note taking, 244, 426, 445, 456,
584, 706, 838
open range, 288–89
Panic of 1873, 275
open shop, 519
Parker, John J., 501
Nova Scotia, 77, 84
operating costs, 320
Parks, Rosa, 746, p746, 849–50
Noyce, Robert, 893
operating systems, 892–93
party boss, 345, 421, 552, 553
nuclear: energy, 822; freeze, 870;
holocaust, 673; missiles, 677,
870; power, 822; proliferation,
905; radiation, 674; reduction,
837; SALT I, 837; weapons,
676, 904
Operation Desert Storm, 884–85
Pathfinder, 897
Operation Overlord, 633–35
Patriots, 85, 88, 97, 98, 102
Operation Rolling Thunder, 779
patronage, 364–65
opinions, forming, 39, 212, 240,
304, 323, 397, 442, 856, 912
Patton, General George, 622,
632, 641
Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, 822
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 645
Paul, Alice, 422–23
Nobel Peace Prize, 411, 596
Oregon, 204–07
Payne-Aldrich Tariff, 436, 437
nobles, 19, 44
nullification, 158, 190
Oregon Territory, 163, 204–07
Peace Commission, 300
Ninth Amendment, 128, 142, 153
Nixon, Richard, p653, 669, 689,
718, p718, 719, 789, 791–93,
821, p831, 833–36, q836, 837,
p837, 838–42, 845; domestic
policies, 835; elections, 1968,
833, 839–40; foreign policy,
835–37; “law and order”
president, 834; New Federalism, 834–35; pardon of, 845;
relationship with Congress,
835; resignation, p841,
841–42; Southern strategy,
833–34; Watergate scandal,
838–42
NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin
Steel, 571, 576
Northern Securities v. United
States, 428
Olive Branch Petition, 86–87
Olmec, the, 13
Index
Northwest Ordinance, 104–05,
m104
Panama Canal, 408, 410, p410,
411, m411, 412, crt510, 848,
884; Carter and, 848; negotiations with Britain over,
412; revolt in Panama, 412;
Roosevelt’s involvement in,
412
Northern Alliance, 916
Index
1007
Peace Corps–Presley, Elvis
Peace Corps, 725, 801; legacy of,
725
Pickett’s Charge, 259
peace symbol, 787
Pike’s Peak, 163
peacetime draft, 615
Pike, Zebulon, 163
Peale, Charles Willson, 103
Pilgrims, 49
Pearl Harbor, 395, 601, 604, m604,
p605, 605–06, 612, 618, 621
Pinchot, Gifford, 431, q431, 436,
q436, 437
peasants, 19
Pendleton Act, 365
peninsulares, 34
Pennsylvania, 55, 76, 96, 109,
114, 911, 914, 916; crash of
high-jacked aircraft, 911,
c914, m914; settlement of, 55
Pennsylvania Dutch, 67
Index
Pinckney, Thomas, 156
Pinckney’s Treaty, 156
ping pong diplomacy, 835
pioneers, 203–04; Midwest settlement, 204; Pre-emption
Act, 204; push to the Pacific,
204; squatters, 204
Penn, William, 55, 496
Pitcher, Molly (Mary Ludwig
Hays), 102
penny papers, 196
Pizarro, Francisco, 32
Pentagon, bombing of, 911–12,
p912, c914, m914
placer mining, 287
Pentagon Papers, 792
plantations, 58, p58, 59, 182–83,
ptg183
People’s Party, 375–76, 378, 381
planter elite, 59
People’s Republic of China, 663
Platt Amendment, 405
People United to Save
Humanity (PUSH), 814–15
Platt, Senator Orville, 405
Pequot, the, 51–52
perestroika, 882
Plessy v. Ferguson, 268, 383, 747,
748
periphery, 621
Plunkitt, George, 345, q345
perjury, 670, 899
Plessy, Homer, 383
Perkins, Frances, 569, 573, p573
Plymouth Colony, ptg41, 49–52,
66
Perot, H. Ross, 886, 899
Pocahontas, 279, p279
Perry, Commodore Matthew C.,
394, p394
pocket veto, 268
Perry, Commodore Oliver, 165
points of view, interpreting,
385, 387
Pershing, General John J., 449,
457, 464, p464, q464, 468
Poe, Edgar Allen, 195, 211
Poitier, Sidney, 700, q700
Persian Gulf War, 881, 884–85,
m885
Poland, 589–92, 655, 657, 677–78,
882
“personal computer,” 893
police powers, 487, 809
Peru, 32
polio, 554, p554, 566, 695–96
pesticides, 819–20
Petain, Marshal Philippe, 593
political machine, 345, 421, 511,
565
Peterson, Esther, 721, 738, p738
political symbols, 512, crt512
petroleum. See oil.
politics: areas of party control,
365–66; baseball and, crt234;
birth of Republican Party, 227;
“born in a log cabin,” 229;
Catholicism and, 367, 378;
caucus, 190; Civil War and,
246–47; Compromise of 1877,
276; conservatism, 860–86;
Constitutional Union Party,
233; Contract with America,
898; controversies over slavery, 218–19; corruption in,
345; Democratic-Republican
years, 161–67; democratization of system, 190; development of political parties, 155;
Philadelphia Federal Hall, 153,
p153
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 55,
96, 97
philanthropy, 350
Philippines, 76, 401, 402, p402,
404, 605, 619, 636–37; annexation of, 404; capture by
Japanese, 619; independence
of, 404; MacArthur returns
to, 636–37; rebellion in, 404
Phillips, Wendell, 200
photojournalism, 536, 539
1008
Pierce, Franklin, 223, 394
Index
direct primaries, 421;
Dixiecrat Party, 688; election
day, ptg177; farmers and,
372–76; Federalist Era,
152–59; feudalism as political
relationship, 19; first contested Presidential election,
156–57; Free-Soil Party, 219,
224, 227, c227; geography
and, 862–63; grassroots
movement, 751–52, 754, 755,
886; impact of third-party
candidacies, 207, 219, 372,
375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380,
382, 386, 425, 439, 456, 501,
513, 688, 789, 833, 886, 899,
907–08; issue of Texas statehood, 207; issues in, 207, 345,
903; Liberty Party, 207, 219,
224, c227; major political
parties, g193, 253; money in,
368–69; morals and, 366–67,
909; mudslinging, 189;
National Nominating
Convention, 190; of protest,
798–810, 812–817, 819–23;
peaceful transfer of power, 159;
Pendleton Act, 365; political
bosses, 365; political machines,
366; political issues, analyzing,
297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 344,
345, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369,
375, 376, 378, 379, 381; political
parties of the 1850s, c227,
227–28; political platforms, 376;
political reform, 421; populism, 372–79, 381; public
opinion about, 365; reapportionment and, 721; reform of,
362–66; religion and, 719; rise
of political parties, 155, 157;
slavery, 218, 253; South, the,
748–49; spoils system, 190,
364–65; strategies, 375–76;
Supreme Court rulings,
impact on, 721–22; Tammany
Hall, 345, 366; television
impact on, 718–19; two-party
system, 189, 364–69; 2000
election in Florida, g907,
907–09; urban, 344–45, 379;
War Hawks, 165; Whigs, 85,
192–93, 207–08, 219, 223, 226,
227, c227; women and, 573,
808, 868, 878, 902; working for
change, 226–28
Polk, James K., 207–09; “fiftyfour forty or fight,” 207;
Oregon question, 207; War
with Mexico, 208–09
Polk, Leonidas L., 372, p372
poll tax, 148, 382, 688, 759
pollution, 344, 820
Ponce de Leon, Juan, 27; claims
Florida for Spain, 27
Pontiac, Chief, 76
pools, 320
Poor People’s Campaign, 765–66
pop art, 804
Popé, 33
popular culture: after industrialization, 351–52; counterculture, 802–03; entertainment in,
351–52; fads and fashions,
854; hippie culture, 802–03;
music, 352, 853–54; of the
1970s, 852–53; religious movements, 803; symbols of, 852,
p852, 854, p854; television,
852–53. See also cultures.
popular sovereignty, 111, 122,
219, 223, 229, 571
popular vote, 908
population: baby boom, 694–95,
g694; boomtowns, 287; Civil
war military, g245; colonies,
c54, 67; Hispanic, 484, g815;
immigrant, 336–38, 467,
484–85, 600, g815; impact on
industrialization of U.S., 309;
loss of in Dust Bowl, m537;
slave, 200; suburban, g713;
Sunbelt, 862–83, m863;
urban, 181, 346–47, 872–73
populism, 372–79, 381, 382
Populists, p372, p373, 372–79,
381, 382
Port Huron Statement, 801
Portugal, 20, 21, 26; center for
astronomical/geographical
studies, 21; discovery of sea
route to Asia, 21; early
exploration by, 21; line of
demarcation, 26; Treaty of
Tordesillas, 26
Potsdam, 657
Pound, Ezra, 493
poverty: African American,
p707, 707–08; Hispanic, 708;
in Appalachia, 709; Native
American, 708–09; rural, 734,
p734; urban, 707, p707, 708;
war on, 734–35
poverty line, 706
Powell, General Colin, 881,
p881, 917
power dressing, 875
Powers, Francis Gary, 675, p675,
680, 915
Powhatan, Chief, 45
Pre-emption Act, 204
Presbyterians, 69
Prescott, Dr. Samuel, 86
Presidential Commission on the
Status of Women, 721, 807
presidios, 32
Presley, Elvis, 701, p701, 702
Preston, Thomas–Rehnquist, William
Preston, Thomas, 79, q79, 80,
q80
Promontory Summit, Utah, 314,
p315
primary sources: analyzing, 818,
826, 827; interpreting, 39, 71,
119, 174, 175, 212, 213, 240,
280, 304, 332, 333, 361,
386–87, 414, 415, 444, 460,
476, 477, 506, 507, 512, 526,
527, 548, 549, 578, 579, 609,
649, 651, 682–83, 712, 713,
742, 796, 856, 888, 920. See
also secondary and primary
sources, using.
propaganda, 453
Principles of Scientific
Management, The, 420
prisoners of war, 254
privateers, 44, 97
private property: fascism and,
585; rights, 655; settlement
of Great Plains and, 288–94,
304
Rabin, Yitzhak, 901
Proposition 13, 863
protectorate, 393
racism, 297–302, 328, 338–40,
343, 380–81, 382, 383–84, 457,
459, 469, 472, 473, 482–83,
499, 501, 627–28, 629, 702,
746–52, 762–63, 765; theory
of eugenics, 483
Protestant Reformation, 43
radiocarbon dating, 13
protests, 756–60, 798–823; antiwar, 801; civil rights, 756–60;
environmental, 821–22; free
speech 802; politics of,
798–823
radio industry, 518, 538, 700–01;
Columbia Broadcasting
System, 518; National
Broadcasting Company, 518
Providence, Rhode Island, 51
ragtime, 352, p352
provisional government, 392,
467
railroads, 179, p179, m180, 289,
309, 311, 314–18, m317, 339,
374–76, 377, 429; American
Association of Railroads,
316; bankruptcies of, 377;
“Big Four,” 315; building of,
315–16; Central Pacific, 314,
315; consolidation of, 316;
creation of time zones, 316;
Credit Mobilizer scandal,
318; economic impact of, 289;
effect on cattle ranching, 289;
entrepreneurs, 315–16, 317–18;
expansion of, 314–15; government’s role, 311, 315, 317;
Great Northern Railroad,
318; impact on farming,
374–76; impact on industrialization, 309; impact on
Interstate Commerce
Commission, 429; impact on
Western settlement, 179;
land-grant system, 317; location of tracks, 245; Northern
Securities v. United States,
428; Pacific Railway Act, 315;
Promontory Summit, Utah,
314, p315; public opinion of,
367; rail lines, m317; rates
and, 367, 368, 374, 429; regulating, 368, 374; Tom Thumb,
179, p179; Union Pacific, 314,
315, 317; Wabash v. Illinois,
368, 374, 401, 428, 441
proprietary colonies, 47
protective cover, 247
protective tariff. See tariffs.
Prussia, 450
Ptolemy, Claudius, 25
problem solving process, using,
129, 360, 369, 739, 743
public credit, 154
Proclamation of Amnesty and
Reconstruction, 267
public housing, 627, 687–88,
707, 720
Proclamation of 1763, 76, m76
public libraries, 357
profit motive, 310
public schools, 197–98; schoolhouse, p198
Progressivism, 416–42, 453,
456–59, 475, 557, 688; as a
reaction against free market
system, 419; child labor,
423–24; coordination of business and labor, 425, 428, 453,
458–59; end to, 475; efficiency, 420; failures of, 442;
legacy of, 441–42; political
reform, 421; Prohibition
movement, 425; rise of,
418–20; Roosevelt and,
427–31, 439; selective service,
456–57; Seventeenth
Amendment, 421; social welfare, 423; Suffrage movement, 422–23; Taft years,
434–37; use of scientific principles, 419–20; views on government, 420–21; Wilson
years, 438–42; workers’ compensation laws, 424; zoning
laws, 424
Prohibition, 145, 147, 424–25,
487–88, p488, 505, 531; economics of, 488; Eighteenth
Amendment, 145, 487;
enforcement of, 487–88, p488;
repeal of, 147; Twenty-First
Amendment, 147, 488
public education, 357
public works, 543
Public Works Administration
(PWA), 560, c560, 562, 575
publishing industry, 181
Publius, 114
pueblos, 15
Puerto Rico, 27, 404–05
Pulitzer, Joseph, 400
Pullman Strike, 330
Pupin, Michael, 343
Pure Food and Drug Act, 430
Puritans, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 62, 66,
496–97; society of, 62
pyramids, 13, p13, 31
Q
radio signals, 894
Rainbow Coalition, 882
Quakers, 102, 222; Underground
Railroad and, 222
Quartering Act, 77, 84
quartz mining, 287
Rainey, Ma, 500
Raisin in the Sun, A, 706, 708
Raleigh, Walter, 44
Quebec, Battle of, 75, ptg75, 76
ranching, 33, 288–91, m289, 317;
business of, 290–91; cattle,
288–91; cattle trails, m289;
long drive, 289–90; open
range, 288–90; range wars,
291
Project Head Start, 736, c736,
738, 899
Quebec City, 76
Randolph, A. Philip, 626, 757
Quetzalcóatl, 31
Project Venona, 670
Quran, 912
Randolph, Edmund, 113, 153,
154
Quasi-War, 157
Quebec, 34, 84, 87
Quebec Act, 84
range wars, 291
Rankin, Jeannette, 452, p452,
463, p463
ratification, 103, 112, 113, 114,
crt114, 115
rationing, 629
Rauschenbusch, Walter, 356
Reagan, Nancy, 876
Reagan, Ronald, p859, 861, p865,
q865, p866, q866, 866–68,
p868, q869, 869–71, p871,
q878, 882; assassination
attempt, 868, p868; build up
of military, 868–69; deregulation, 867–68; deficit spending, 867; doctrine, 869–70;
domestic policies, 867–68;
economy, 869; foreign policy,
869–71; Gorbachev and, 871,
p871; Iran-Contra Scandal,
870; Reagan Doctrine,
869–70; “Star Wars” and,
870; Supreme Court appointments, 868
Reaganomics, 867, q867
realism, 350–51
reapportionment, 721
rebate, 367
recall, 421
recession, 106
reconcentration camps, 401, 404
Reconstruction, 266–77, 290;
African Americans, 273–74;
beginning, 266–71; black
codes, 269; carpetbaggers,
273; Congressional, 269–70;
depression, 275; graft, 273;
Johnson’s plan for, 269;
Lincoln’s plan for, 267; military, 270, m270, Republican
rule, 272–77; scalawags, 273
Reconstruction Finance
Corporation, 544, 613, 690
Red Cloud, Chief, 299
Redding, Saunders, 616
Red Scare, 473–74, 669–74
Index
proposal, 112
probable cause, 141
Progressive Party, 419, 439; new,
513, 688
R
referendum, 229, 421
Reformation, the, 43
Reform Darwinism, 354–55
Reform Party, 899
reforms: abolitionist movement,
199–201; activists, 194; educational, 197–98; era of,
194–201; impact of reform
leaders, 371, 384, 386, 421,
422, 423, 425, 437, 438, 439,
440, 441, 442, 444, 445; religious, 194–95; social, 196–97;
women’s movement, 195,
198–99
Rehnquist, William, 868, 900
Index
1009
Reichstag–Scopes, John T.
Reichstag, 586
rice, 59, 182
relief, economic, 544
Rice, George, q325
religion: freedom of, 101–02,
496–97; in the colonies, 49,
50, 51, 55; Great Awakening;
persecutions, 195; politics
and, 861; reforms, 195; religious movements, 803; religious right, 863–64; religious
zeal, ptg195; revivalism,
194–95; separation of church
and state, 50, 51; slavery
and, 102, 184
Richardson, Elliot, 841
religious freedom, 101–02,
496–97; Colonial beginnings
of, 496–97; Constitutional
guarantee to, 497;
Fundamental Order of
Connecticut, 496–97; Great
Awakening, 497; Reynolds v.
United States, 497; separation
of chuch and state, 496;
Toleration Act of 1649, 496;
Virginia Statute for Religious
Freedom, 102, 497, 741, c741
religious right, 863–64
religious zeal, 195; Religious
Camp Meeting, ptg195
Renaissance, the, 20–21
Reno, Janet, 899
reparations, 468, 523
republic, 100–01
Republicanism, 122
Index
Republican Party, 227, c227,
228–30, 232–34, 246, 259, 267,
270–73, 275, 365–69, 376, 378,
401, 422, 436, 437, 439, 441,
473, 501, 512, 513, 531, 544,
552, 553, 573, 574, 576, 672,
687, 688–89, 719, 735, 862,
882, 886, 897, 898, 907–09;
after Civil War, 267; birth of,
227; conservatism and, 862;
Contract with America, 900;
principles of 228–30; Radical,
267; reconstruction and,
266–77
Richmond, Virginia, p267; Civil
War damage, p267
Ride, Sally, 878
Ridge, Tom, 915
Riesman, David, 693
rights: absolute, 144; of citizens,
124, 127–28, 139, 142; of judicial review, 162; of the
accused, 142; to assemble
peaceably, 124; to bear arms,
124; to legal representation,
722–23; to petition, 128; to
privacy, 723; to a speedy
trial, 142; to trial by jury, 139;
voting, 721–22
right-to-work laws, 687–88
Riis, Jacob, 339, q339, 344, 370,
419
Rio Grande, 32, 209
riverboats, 179
Roanoke, 44–45
robber barons, 318
Robertson, Pat, 864, p864
Robeson, Paul, 500
Robinson, Jo Ann, 749
Rochambeau, Jean Baptist, 99
Rockefeller, John D., 319,
crt319, 321, 324, p324, 350
“rock ’n’ roll,” 701–02, 805
Rocky Mountain, 163
Rodriguez, Gus, q853
Rodriquez, Richard, 887, p887
Roebling, John A., 342
Roe v. Wade, 809–10, 863
Rogers, Will, 556, p556, q556
Rolfe, John, 46
Roman Catholic Church, 19, 33,
43–44, 47, 227, 585, 670
Roosevelt, Theodore, q389,
p389, p391, 396–97, 401, 403,
p403, 408–09, crt410, 411,
crt411, 412, 413, crt413, q413,
419, q419, 425, 427, p427, 428,
crt428, q428, 429, 430–31,
p431, 433, p433, 434, q434–35,
439, q439, q462, 553, 556, 557;
acquisition of Panama Canal
Zone, 412; conservation and,
430–31; involvement in
Spanish-American War, 401,
403; legacy of, 431; p403;
Nobel Peace Prize, 411; peace
negotiations, 411; political
ideals, 409, 412, crt413, 427;
rise to power, 408–09;
Roosevelt Corollary, 412–13;
social welfare in, 430; trusts
and, crt428
S
Sabin, Florence, 486
Sacagawea, 163, 169
Sacco-Vanzetti case, 483, p490,
490–91, p491
safety net, 577
Sahara, the, 21
Saigon, 793, p793
Salinger, Pierre, q720
Salk, Jonas, 554, p554, 696, p697
saloons, 351
Salvation Army, 355–56
San Antonio, Texas, 205–06,
m206, m208
Sandburg, Carl, 493
Sand Creek Massacre, 299, 300,
302
San Diego, California, 209
Sandinistas, 870
Sandys, Edwin, 46
San Francisco, California, 209,
288, 339, 342, 347
Sanger, Margaret, 486
San Jacinto, Battle of, 206–07,
ptg207
San Salvador Island, 25
Santa Anna, Antonio López de,
205–06, 209
Santa Fe, New Mexico, 32, 208
Santa Fe Trail, 204
Sassacus, Chief, 51
Satanta, Chief, q303
satellite nations, 658, 661
Saturday Night Fever, p853,
853–54
“Saturday Night Massacre,” 841
savannah, 23
Savannah, Georgia, 98
research. See historical inquiry,
using process of.
Roman Empire, 18
Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius,
p669, 670
Romania, 656–57, 882
resolutions, 134
“Rosie the Riveter,” 626
Rome-Berlin Axis, 587
scalawags, 273
Reuben, James, 604
Scalia, Antonin, 868
Revels, Hiram, 273
Rommel, General Erwin,
622–23
Royal Proclamation of 1763, 76;
boundaries, m76
revenue sharing, 834
Ronettes, the, 703
revenue tariffs, 171
Roosevelt Corollary, 412–13
Revere, Paul, 85–86
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 553, p553,
573, 574, 576, 612, 807
reverse discrimination, 813
revivals, 69, p69, 195
Reynolds v. Sims, 722, c722, 742
Reynolds v. United States, 497
Rhode Island, 50, 51, 83, 84, 106,
109; Gaspee affair, 83
1010
Richmond, David, 753, p753
601–06, 612, p612, 613–30,
632, 633, p633, 640–42, 645,
655–56, 687; cabinet appointments, 557, 573; Casablanca
Conference, 632; consideration of minorities, 573, 616;
critics of New Deal programs, 565–66; death of, 642;
Destroyers-for-Bases deal,
602; domestic wartime policies, 613–30; early political
career, 553–54; economic
theory, 655; end of New Deal
era, 576; end to banking
crisis, 557–58; fireside chats,
558, 603; first New Deal,
556–62, c561; foreign policies, 602–04, 640–41; impact
of court-packing plan, 574;
public opinion of 574, 577,
crt577; radio addresses, 557,
p557, 558, 603; recession of
1937, 574–75; second hundred days, 567; second inaugural address, 575, q575;
second New Deal, 564–69;
third term, 602–03; Yalta
Conference and, 655–56
Index
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano,
q543, 552, p552, 553, p553,
554, 555, ptg555, q555, 556–57,
p557, 558–62, 564–66, p566,
567–69, 572–77, p574, q575,
crt575, q581, 587–88, q588,
Ruby, Jack, 729
Rumsfeld, Donald, 909, 915, 917
Rusk, Dean, 782–83, 785
Russell, James, 196; Atlantic
Monthly, 196
Savio, Mario, 800, p800, q800,
802
Scarlet Letter, 195
Schecter v. United States, 567
Scheeler, Charles, 493
Schlafly, Phyllis, 810, p810
scientific discoveries. See technological innovations.
Russia, 410, 450, 452, 466–67,
468, 473, 585. See also Soviet
Union.
scientifically modified food,
903
Rust Belt, 862
scientific management, 420
Ryczke, Mira, 595, p595, q595, 600
Scopes, John T., 487, 496
Scotch-Irish, immigration of–Sorko people, the
Scotch-Irish, immigration of,
55, 56, 67
Seals, Bobby, 765
segregation, 268, 380–84, 574,
615–16, 722, c722, 747–49,
753–60, 814; Brown v. Board of
Education, 268, 722, c722,
748–49, 751, 814; challenging,
753–60; Freedom Riders and,
754–55; interstate travel, 747,
755–56; military, 615–16; rise
of, 380–84; segregated facilities, p747; Southern
Manifesto, 749
Seattle General Strike, 472
Selective Service, 456–57, 615
Seattle, Washington, 472, 913
self-determination, 450, 468
secession, 190, 220, 234, m241
Selma March, 759–60
Second Amendment, 141
Seminoles, the, 192
secondary and primary sources,
using, 39, 49, 67, 71, 81, 102,
112, 119, 127, 129, 130, 162,
172, 173, 174, 175, 181, 212,
213, 225, 240, 241, 253, 280,
281, 285, 304, 305, 317, 318,
332, 333, 335, 338, 350, 360,
361, 368, 379, 386, 387, 405,
407, 414, 415, 418, 428, 443,
444, 445, 451, 461, 464, 467,
468, 476, 477, 489, 503, 506,
507, 526, 527, 548, 549, 578,
579, 603, 609, 629, 637, 649,
650, 651, 661, 682, 683, 710,
712, 713, 742, 743, 747, 748,
756, 758, 767, 769, 783, 795,
796, 797, 811, 814, 818, 826,
827, 855, 856, 857, 888, 889
Senate’s Select Committee on
Presidential Campaign
Activities, 840
Scott, Dred, 228
Scott, General Winfield, 209, 248
scrap drives, 630
Screen Actions Guild, 866
Scrowcroft, General Brent, 881
Sculley, John, p893
secondary sources, analyzing,
855, 857
Second Bank of the United
States, 171, 192
Senate, U.S., 112, 137, 366, 368,
421; election of, 132, 421;
impeachment and,112,
270–71, 841, 899–900;
President pro tempore, 132;
quorum, 132; treaty
approval, 137
Seneca Falls Declaration, 199
“separate but equal,” 383, 747
separation of powers, 111, 123,
574
Separatists, 48–49, 50
Serapis, 98
Serbians, 450–52, 900
serfs, 19, 20
Serra, Junipero, 33
settlement houses, 357
Second Continental Congress,
86–87
Seven Golden Cities of Cibola,
32
Second front, 621
Seventeenth Amendment, 145,
421
Second Great Awakening, 195
second hundred days, 567
Second New Deal, 566–67, c567,
568–69
Seventeenth Parallel, 775
Seventh Amendment, 142
Seven Years’ War, 76
Shah of Iran, 848–49
Secretary of State: Dean
Acheson, 671; John Quincy
Adams, 173, 188; Madeleine
Albright, 902; James Baker,
882; James G. Blaine, 395;
Henry Clay, 189; John Foster
Dulles, 677, John Hay, 410;
Thomas Jefferson, 153; Henry
Kissinger, 835, 846; Colin
Powell, 917; Dean Rusk, 785
shanty towns, 536
sectionalism, 156
Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC), 558, 560,
c560
Shakers, 196
sharecroppers, 277, 381
Sharpsburg, Battle of, (Battle of
Antietam), 251–53
Shays’s Rebellion,106, 109
Sherman Antitrust Act, 369,
425, 428, 437
Sherman, General William
Tecumseh, 261–62, 297, q297,
302
Sherman, Roger, 89, 109, 111,
ptg111
sedition, 741
Sherman Silver Purchase Act,
376; repeal of, 377
Sedition Act of 1918, 460
Sherrod, Robert, 635, q635
Shirelles, the, 703
Shoah, 596
siege, 258
Sierra Club, 821, 877
Sigourney, Lydia Howard
Huntley, 181
Sigsbee, Charles D., 406, p406,
q406
Silent Spring, 820
Silicon Valley, 893
silver, 33, 65–66, 193, 287–88,
373–74, 376, 377, 378;
mercantilism, 65–66; mining,
33, 287–88; Specie Circular,
193
silverite, 377–78
Sims, Admiral William S., 466
Sinclair, Upton, 430, 443, p443
Sirica, John J., 840
sit-down strike, 568
sit-ins, 748, 753–54, 802
Sitting Bull, Chief, 299, 301,
p301, 302
Sixteenth Amendment, 145, 346,
440
Native Americans, 52; New
York, 102; popular sovereignty, 219; Quock Walker,
100, q100; religious opposition to, 102, 199; restrictions
on, 56; rice cultivation and,
59; role of music, 184; Royal
African Company, 60; runaways, 218–19, 221–22; slave
bill, p183; slave codes, 61,
184; slave populations,
m200; slave recapture, 201;
slave states, 187; South, the,
102, 183; Southern colonies,
60–61; Stono Rebellion, 68;
sugar trade and, 23; task
system, 184; Thirteenth
Amendment, 263; tobacco
and, 59, 60; Underground
Railroad, 221–22, m222;
westward expansion,
187–88, 218–24; Wilmot
Proviso, 219
Slavic people, the, 450, 596
Slidell, John, 208
smallpox, 32
Smith, Alfred E., 531
Smith, Bessie, 500, p500
Sixth Amendment, 141
Smith, Captain John, 45–46,
ptg46, 49
Skylab, 879
Smith, Joseph, 195
skyscrapers, 342
smog, 820
slash-and-burn, agriculture, 16
Snepp, Frank, 790, p790
Slater, Samuel, 180
soap operas, 538
slave code, 61
social activism, 877–78;
American Association of
Retired Persons, 878; environmentalism, 877; musicians and, 877–78
slave labor, 600
slavery: abolitionists, 199–201,
219, 221–24, 231; active
resistance to, 184; agriculture and, 183–84; American
Colonization Society, 199;
American Revolution,
impact on, 102; antislavery
meeting poster, p219;
“bleeding” Kansas, 224; caning of Charles Sumner, 224;
chattel, 61; Compromise of
1850, 221; Constitution and,
110–11, 143; coping with,
184; drivers, 184; emancipation after independence,
m103; ending of, 102; escape
from, 218–22; Free-Soil
Party, 219; free states, 187;
Fugitive Slave Act, 221;
gang system, 184; hereditary
system of, 61; in
Massachusetts, 100; in
Rhode Island, 102; in West
Africa, 23; John Brown’s
raid, 231; Kansas-Nebraska
Act, 223–24; Missouri
Compromise, 187–88;
social conditions, c354
Social Darwinism, 349–50,
354–55, 357, 393, 427
Social Gospel Movement,
355–56, 357
Socialism, 425, 456
social reforms, 419–20, 423–24,
877–78
Index
Second Report on Public
Credit, 155
shipbuilding, 62
Social Security, c567, 687–88,
690–91, 878, 909
Social Security Act, 569
social welfare Progressivism,
423–24
sodbusters, 294
software, 893–94
solar energy, 822; schematic of,
p822
Songhai, 21
Soninke people, the, 22
Sons of Liberty, 77, 666
Sorko people, the, 22
Index
1011
Sound and the Fury, The–sugar
Sound and the Fury, The, 539
soup kitchens, 536
South, the: agriculture of, 182;
Civil War economy, g245,
245–46, 253–54; diplomatic
challenges of, 247; education,
197–98; Farm Security
Administration, 576; industrialization, 183; inflation,
246; “New South,” 276–77,
p277; plantations, 182–83,
ptg183; politics of, 155, 165,
219–24, 226–31, 374, 375, 376,
377, 573, 688, 833, 862; populism, 375, 376, 377, 378;
poverty, 576; Reconstruction,
266–77; runaway slaves,
218–19; rural, 374, 375, 376,
378; secession, 234; segregation in, 382–83, 748–52,
753–55; slavery, 183–84,
187–88, 218–24, 226–31, 232;
treatment of African
Americans, 381–82, 754, 759;
urban areas, 183; voting, 382;
war strategy, 248; women’s
suffrage, m423. See also
Southern Colonies.
South Carolina, 56, 59, 88, 165,
171 182, 190–91, 219, 234, 235,
262; agriculture of, 59, 182;
role in Civil war, 234, 235,
262; impact of tariffs, 190–91;
slavery in, 59, 201
South Carolina Exposition and
Protest, 190
South Dakota, 374, 375
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC), 750–51,
752, 754, 759, 760, 763, 765
Southern Colonies, 55–56,
58–60, 69; agriculture of,
59–60, 87–88, 98; Bacon’s
Rebellion, 59–60; climate of,
c70; disparities in wealth, 59;
economy of, 58–60, c70;
founding of, 55–56; religion
in, 69; slavery in, 60; society
in, 58–60
Index
Sputnik, 674, 676–77, crt677, 696
Stevens, John L., 392, p392,
q392
Squanto, 49
Stevenson, Adlai, 689
Square Deal, 428
Stevens, Thaddeus, 267, q278
squatters, 204
St. Lawrence River, 34
SS St. Louis, 598
stock, 320, 322, 323, 324
“stagflation,” 844, 867
stockholder, 320, 322
Sprague, Frank J., 343
Stalin, Joseph, 585, p585, 591,
603, 621, 633, p633, 655–58,
660–01, p657, 658
stock market, 530, 532–33, 894;
bull markets, 531; crashes,
530, 532–33; dot.com companies, 894; regulation of, 558;
speculation in, 531–32
stalwarts, 365
Stone, Lucy, 422
Stamp Act, 77
Stone v. Powell, 834
Stamp Act Congress, 77–78
Stonewall riot, 877
standard of living, 342, 343, 506,
514, 515, 517, 518, 520, 693,
697, 875, 879, 893, 894; impact
of automobile, 515; impact of
telecommunication
advances, 893–94
storm troopers, 586, 597
Standard Oil, 319, 321, 322, 324,
350, 367
Strategic Arms Reduction Talks
(START), 870
space program, 726, p726,
p727, 878–79
standard time, 316, 371
Stanford, Leland, 315–16
Strategic Defense Initiative
(SDI), “Star Wars,” 870, 909
space race, 725, 731, p731
Stans, Maurice, 837, q837
strategic hamlets, 777
space shuttle, 878–79
Stanton, Edwin M., 270–71
strategic materials, 605
space station, 879
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 199,
q278, 421, 422
stream-of-consciousness technique, 539
Spain, 25–27, 30–31, 32–34, p44,
p45, 75, 76, 156, 173, 399–405,
587; Adams-Onís Treaty, 173;
conquest of Incan Empire,
32; conquest of Mexico,
30–31, 32; Council of the
Indies, 34; explorations by,
25–27; Florida, 27, 76, 173;
French-Indian War, 76; New
Orleans and western
Louisiana, 75; Pinckney’s
Treaty, 156; society of, 33–34;
Spanish-American War,
399–405; Spanish armada,
p44, p45; Spanish Civil War,
587; Treaty of Tordesillas, 26;
viceroyalties, 34
Stalingrad, Battle of, 623, p623
Starr, Kenneth, 899
Stars and Stripes, 99, p99, 165,
p165
Star-Spangled Banner, 165, 166
state government, 122, c122, 123,
571
state sovereignty, 158
state-sponsored terrorism, 912,
916
states’ rights, 158, 171, 570
statistics, interpreting, 296
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 222
Strait of Hormuz, 884
Strategic Arms Limitation
Treaty (SALT 1), 837
Striebel, Kathy, 809
strikebreakers, 328
strikes, 181, 472–73, 687
Strong, Josiah, q283, 393–94,
q394
Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee
(SNCC), 754
Students for a Democratic
Society (SDS), 801–02
Stuyvesant, Peter, 53, ptg53
St. Augustine, Florida, 35
submarine warfare, 453–55, 466,
603
steamboats, 179
subsistence farming, 59
Spanish-American War:
399–405, c402, m402, p403;
Cuban rebellion, p400,
400–01; mobilization of
military, 401–03; peace
treaty, 403–04; Rough Riders,
403, p403; U.S. casualties,
c402; USS Maine, 399
steel, 287, 320–21, 342, 721;
Andrew Carnegie and,
320–21, q321; Bessemer
process, 321; horizontal integration, 321; iron mills, 320;
placer mining, 287; production of, 287, 321, 342; vertical
integration, 321
subtreasuries, 375–76
Suffolk Resolves, 82, 85
speakeasies, 487–88
steerage, 337
suffrage, 417, 418, 421–23, m423
Special Forces, 725
Steffens, Lincoln, 419
sovereignty. See popular sovereignty.
Specie Circular, 193
Stein, Gertrude, 493
speculation, 531
Steinbeck, John, 539, 934
Soviet Union, 585, p585, 590,
591, 603, 641, 648, 654–58,
659–65, 666–67, 668–69, 677,
678–80, 719, 724, 727, 728,
835–37, 848, 868–79, 882–83;
speculators, 154
Steinem, Gloria, 808
Spencer, Herbert, 349, p349
suffragists, p417, 418, p418,
q418, 421–23, m423; National
American Woman Suffrage
Association, 422–23; political
power of, 423
Steiner, Edward, 337, q337
Sphere of Influence, 410
Stephanopoulos, George, 896,
p896, q896
Southern gentry, 58–59
Southern Manifesto, 749
Southern strategy, 833–34
South Vietnam, 775, 776–81,
785, 787, 791, 792, 793, p793
Southwest, the, 14–15, 32–33;
exploration and colonization
of, 32–33;
1012
allied arms buildup, 728;
arms reduction and, 870;
Berlin Crisis, 661–62; Carter
and, 848; collapse of, 883;
contrasts to U.S governing
principles, 666–67; Cuban
missile crisis, 724, 727–28;
death of Stalin, 679; defection of Igor Gouzenko, 669;
invasion of Afghanistan, 869;
Khrushchev and, 679–80;
launch of Sputnik, 677;
Mikail Gorbachev, 870–71,
882–83; Moscow summit,
837; Nixon and, 835–37,
p837; Non-Aggression Pact,
591, 603; Reagan and, 869;
Red Scare, 473–74; soldiers
with American forces, p641;
space race, 725; space station,
879; Suez crisis, 678–79; tests
of atomic and H-bombs, 663,
665, 673; violation of
Declaration of Liberated
Europe, 656–57; Warsaw
Pact, 662
Index
spoils system, 190, 364–65
suburbanization, 691, 694;
impact of GI Bill on, 694
subversion, 669
Suez Canal, 412, m412, 622,
678–79; crisis, 678–79
sugar: industry, 392, 395, 400;
production, 23, 60, 182; slavery and, 23, 61; trade, 23
Sugar Act–Tenochtitlán
Sugar Act, 77
Sullivan, Ed, 699
Sullivan, Louis, 342, q342
summits, 836, 837, 871
Sumner, Charles, 224
Sumner, William Graham, 348,
p348, q348, 349
Sunbelt, 627, 862–63, m863
Sunday, Billy, 486
supply and demand, 310
supply-side economics, 522, 867
task system, 184
Sutter, John, 220
taxation, 20, 50, 55, 59, 66, 74,
p74, 76–78, 83, 103, 104, 106,
110–12, 155, 310–11, 440, 522,
543–44, 630, 721, 862–63, 867,
886; after independence, 103,
106; Articles of Confederation, 103; British revenue
stamps, p74; Bush and, 886;
capital gains, 863, 886;
colonies, 50, 55, 59, 66, 74,
76–78, 83; concept of
laissez-faire and, 310–11;
Constitution and, 110–11,
112; Contract with America,
900; customs duties, 77;
direct, 77; during Civil War,
246; during WWII, 630;
excise tax, 155; Great
Depression and, 543–44; poll
taxes, 148, 382, 688, 759;
Proposition 13, 863; public
opinion on, 862–63;
Quartering Act, 77; Reagan
and, 867; revenue bills, 133;
Sixteenth Amendment, 440;
Stamp Act, 77; Sugar Act, 77;
tax revolt, 863; Tea Act, 83;
Whiskey Tax, 155
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg
Board of Education, 814
Taylor, General Zachary, 208–09,
219–21
Sweatt v. Painter, 747
Tea Act, 83
Sweden, 592
teach-in, 785
Sylvis, William, 328, q328–29
Teapot Dome Scandal, 512,
crt512
Supremes, the, 703
Sussex Pledge, 454
syndicate, 436
synthesizing information, 489,
502, 507. See also information, analyzing.
Syria, 913
Szilard, Leo, 645
T
Taft-Hartley Act, 670, 687
Taft, William Howard, 404, 413,
434, p434, 435, p435, q435,
436, 437, 439, 459; approach
to government, 435
Taiwan, 663, 678
Taliban, 849, 913, 916
Talmadge Jr., James, 188
Tammany Hall, 345, 366
Taney, Roger B., 228, p228; Dred
Scott decision, 228
Tappan, Arthur and Lewis, 200
Tarbell, Ida, 419
Tariff of Abominations, 190
tariff of 1816, 171
tariffs, 171, 188, 190, 191, 368,
369, 373, 376, 436, 520, 523
technological innovations: agricultural, 253, 292–95, 519;
airline industry, 517–18;
artificial satellites, 677; automobile, 485, 514–15; aviation,
676–77, 697; biotechnology,
894–95; communications,
726, p726; computers, 695,
p695 ,697, 892–93, 902; consumer goods industry, 517;
cotton gin, 182, p182; depth
charges, 623; developing
based on need, 465–66; electricity, 312; electronics, 695;
hydrogen bomb, 673–74,
p676; impact in medicine,
695–96, 893–94; impact of
entertainment industry,
538–39, 693, 876; impact on
business and industry,
179–80, 320; impact on communication, 311–12; impact
of on standard of living, 312,
327, 335, 342, 343, 506, 514,
515, 517, 518, 520, 526, 693,
696, 697, 726, 727, 875, 879,
893, 894; impact on trade,
394; impact on transportation, 311–12, 316; impact on
urbanization, 342–43; in
space, 696–97; interchangeable parts as, 180; intercontinental ballistic missiles as,
677; Internet, 811, 894, 895,
902; in warfare, 464, 677,
465–66, 594, 613–14, 623, 632,
635–36,676–77, 884; Japanese
adoption of, 410; medicine,
NASA and, 727, p727; navigational tools, 21; radar, 594,
623; radio industry, 518;
resulting from need, 293,
294, 408, 462, 464, 465, 466,
468, 476, 515, 519, 520, 524,
614, 615, 617, 623, 635, 636,
645, 648, 676, 677, 695, 696,
781, 870; resulting in mass
production, 312; sonar, 623;
steel production, 321; submarines, 677; telecommunications, 893; telegraph, 180,
259; telephone, 311–12; television and, 875, 876; transportation, 343;
turn-of-the-century products
322, p322; video games, 876
Tecumseh, 164, p164, 165, 166
Tejanos, 204
telecommunications, 893
Telecommunications Act of
1996, 893
telecommuting, 893–94
telegraph, 180, 259
telephone, 311–12
televangelists, 864
television: all-news network,
852–53, 875; cable networks,
875, 893–94; fraud and, 700;
industry, 698, 699–700,
phone-in talk shows, 875;
presidential debates and,
718; programming, 699; religion and, 864; p699; talk
shows, 875–76;
temperance movement, 196–97,
425; Drunkard’s Progress, 196,
ptg196; innkeeper’s temperance sign, p196
Index
Supreme Court, 153, 162, c172,
268, 374, 401, 428, 441, 461,
721–23, 747, 748, 834, 841,
868; Abington School District
v. Schempp, c722, 723; Abrams
v. United States, 460; activism
of, 721–23; Baker v. Carr, 721,
c722; Brown v. Board of
Education, 268, 722, c722,
748–49, 751, 814; Burger
Court, 834; Bush v. Gore,
908–09; Cohens v. Virginia,
c172; Commonwealth v. Hunt,
181; court-packing plan, 574;
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 228–29,
233; Engel v. Vitale, c722, 723;
Escobedo v. Illinois, c722,
722–23; first, 153; first African
American on, 748, 750, p750,
755, 756; first woman
appointment to, 868, p869;
Fletcher v. Peck, c172; Gibbons
v. Ogden, 172, c172; Gideon v.
Wainwright, 269, 722, c722;
Grant v. Lee, 261; Griswold v.
Connecticut, 723; Heart of
Atlanta Motel v. United States,
c722; impact of decisions on
politics, 863; impact on state
courts, 722–23; impact
interstate commerce, 172;
intervention in 2000 election,
908–09; judicial nationalism,
171–72; judicial review, 162;
Korematsu v. the United States,
629; limitations on free
speech, 461; Loving v. Virginia,
c722; major decisions, c172;
Mapp v. Ohio, 722, c722;
Marbury v. Madison, 128, 162,
c172; Marshall court, 171–72,
174, 191, 199; Martin v.
Hunter’s Lessee, c172, 571;
McCulloch v. Maryland,
171–72, c172, 192, 571;
Miranda v. Arizona, c722, 723;
Morgan v. Virginia, 747;
Morton v. Lowe, 276; New York
Times v. Sullivan, c722; NLRB
v. Jones and Laughlin Steel,
576; Norris v. Alabama, 747;
Northern Securities v. United
States, 428; overturn of Civil
Rights Act of 1875, 382;
Plessy v. Ferguson, 268, 383,
748; Reynolds v. Sims, 722,
c722, 742; Reynolds v. United
States, 497; Roe v. Wade,
809–10, 863; ruling on bilingualism, 816; ruling on
income tax, 246; ruling on
interstate commerce, 172;
ruling on legislative authority,
571; ruling on Nixon tapes,
841; ruling on Supreme
Court authority, 571; Schecter
v. United States, 461, 567; shift
of judicial balance, 868; Stone
v. Powell, 834; Swann v.
Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of
Education, 814; Sweatt v.
Painter, 747; University of
California Regents v. Bakke,
813; validation of free speech,
802; Wabash v. Illinois, 368,
374, 441; Warren court,
721–23, p723; Wickard v.
Filburn, 576–77, 629; William
Rehnquist, 868; Worcester v.
Georgia, 191
tenant farming, 59, 247, 277
Ten Bears, Chief, 297, p297, q297
tenements, 343, p344, p346, 347,
353, 370
Tennessee, 163, 165, 182, 235;
agriculture, 182; secession
235; statehood, 163
Tennessee Coal and Iron
Company, 437
Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA), 558, m558, 559, , p559,
560, c560, 690; power facility,
p559
Tenochtitlán, 14, 30, 31, 32
Index
1013
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Tenth Amendment–Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Trail of Tears, 192
Tenure of Office Act, 271
Thoreau, Henry David, 195, 211,
221, 231
Teotihuacán, 13
Three-Fifths Compromise, 111
transcendentalism, 195
Trumbull, John, 103
termination policy, 708–09
Three Mile Island, 822
transcendental meditation, 851
trustbuster, 428, 437
term limits,147
Thurmond, J. Strom, 688, 833
transcontinental railroad, 223
trust busting, 557, 558
Terrell, Mary Church, 382, p382
Tiananmen Square, 883–84
transistor, 695
trustee, 322
terrorism, 896, 904, 912–17, p912,
c914, m914; bombing of the
Pentagon, 909, 911–14;
bombing of the World Trade
Center, 909, 911–14;
Oklahoma City bombing,
904; response to, 913; statesponsored, 912; terrorist
attack map, m914
Tiaxcalan, the, 31
trusts, 322, 369, 421, 425, 428,
437, 557
Terry, General Alfred H., 301
time zones, 316, 371
Test Ban Treaty, 728
Tippecanoe, Battle of, 165
transportation, 165, 171, 178–79,
p179, m180, 223, 245, c245;
during Civil War, 245, c245;
Erie Canal, 178; National
Road, 179; revolution,
178–79; roads, canals, railroads, p179, m180; role in
trade expansion, 179; steamboats, 179; Western settlement, impact, 179. See also
railroads.
Tet offensive, 787, m788, p788
Title VII, 807, 808
Trans-Siberian Railroad, 316
Texas, 32, 163, 202, 204–09, 234,
288–91, 374, 903, p903; Alamo,
the, 205–06; annexation, 208;
Battle of San Jacinto, 206–07,
ptg207; cattle ranching in,
288–91; colonization laws,
204; declaration of independence, 206; early exploration
of, 32; election of 1844, 207;
fight for independence,
m200, p204, 205–07; first mission in, 35; first president,
207; Goliad massacre, 206; La
Raza Unidad, 815; Lone Star
Republic, 207; Mexico’s border closure, 205; Mexico’s
policy toward, 204; Rio
Grande, 208; role of empresarios, 204; role of
settlement, 202, p204, 204–09,
m206; Spanish-speaking
inhabitants, 204; views on
slavery, 207; vote for annexation, 207; vote to secede,
234; War with Mexico, m208,
208–09; Washington-on-theBrazos, 206
Title IX, 809
Travis, William B., 206, q206
Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens),
q183, q278, 348–49, 351, 356,
p356, q356, 404
Tlaxcalan, the, 31
Travolta, John, p853, 854
Tweed, William M. “Boss,” 345
treason, 139
Twelfth Amendment, 143, 159
Treatise on Domestic Economy,
The, 198
Twentieth Amendment, 146
Toleration Act of 1649, 496
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 467
toll roads, 179
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 204
Twenty-First Amendment, 147,
488
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier,
523, p523
Treaty of Ghent, 167
Tenth Amendment, 123, 142, 153
Texas Exchange, 375
Texas longhorn, 288
Index
Thach, James S. 618, p168, q618
Thames River, Battle of, 166
Thanksgiving holiday, 49
thematic map, reading, 624
Third Amendment, 141
third-party candidacies, 207,
219, 372, 375, 376, 377, 378,
379, 380, 382, 386, 425, 439,
456, 501, 513, 688, 789, 833,
886, 899
Thirteenth Amendment, 143,
263, 269
Thompson, Dorothy, 584, p584,
q584
1014
Index
Tidewater, the, 59
Tikal, 13
Tilden, Bill, 495
Tilden, Samuel, 275
Timbuktu, 18, 22
time line reading, 29, 39
tobacco, 46, p46, 54, 56, 59, 182;
indentured servitude and,
59; slavery and, 59–60
Tom Thumb, 179, p179
Toombs, Robert, 231, 233
Tories, 85
trains. See railroads.
Treaty of Greenville, 163, 164,
165, m175
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
209
Doctrine, 661, 688; Vietnam
policy, 774
Truth, Sojourner, 200
Tubman, Harriet, 221, p221
Turner, Nat, 184, 185, p185
Turner, Ted, 875
turnpikes, 179
Tuskegee Airmen, 616, p616
T.V. dinners, p700
Twenty-Fifth Amendment, 148
Twenty-Fourth Amendment,
148, 759
Twenty-Second Amendment,
147
Twenty-Seventh Amendment,
149
torpedo, 261
Treaty of Paris, 76, 99, 105, 404;
failure to enforce, 105
town common, 62
Treaty of 1778, 156
town meetings, 62, 84
Treaty of Tordesillas, 26
Townsend, Dr. Francis, 565–66;
Townsend Plan, 565
Treaty of Versailles, 468, 585
Two Treatises of Government,
67, 740, 946
trench warfare, 465, p465
Townshend Acts, 78–79; repeal
of, 79
tying agreements, 440
Trent Affair, 247
Tyler, John, 193, 207; Treaty to
annex Texas, 207; WebsterAshburton Treaty, 193
Townshend, Charles, 78
trade: after American Revolution,
104; China and, 904; colonial,
63–64, m71; Constitution and,
111; deficits, 903; embargoes,
900; European and Asian, 20;
fur, 34; gold, 21–22; ideas of,
21; international, 844, 903;
normal trade relations, 904;
regional blocs, 903; religion
and, 21; rise of cities, 63–64;
restriction, 165; revenue from,
20; routes, 21; sanctions, 905;
treaties, 394–95; triangular,
m63, 63–64; unfair trade practices, 440; World Trade
Organization (WTO), 904
trade associations, 522
trade blocs, 903, 904
trade deficits, 903
trade union, 327
trial by jury, 77, 83, 84
triangular trade, 63, m63, 64
Triangle Shirtwaist Company,
424
Triple Alliance, 450
Triple Entente, 450, 452
Truman Doctrine, 661, 688
Truman, Harry S, 642–43, 645,
646, 654, p654, 657, p657,
660–62, 664–65, 669, 687–88,
p688, q688, p689, 774; Berlin
crisis, 661–62; domestic programs, 687–88; election of
1948, 688, p689; fair deal,
688; Korean War, 664–65;
limited war policy, 665;
loyalty review program, 669;
MacArthur, firing of, 665;
Potsdam Conference, 657;
support from laborers,
African Americans and
farmers, 688; Truman
Twenty-Sixth Amendment, 149,
786
Twenty-Third Amendment, 148
U
U–boats, 453–55
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 222; impact
of on public opinion, 222
Underground Railroad, 221–22,
m222
Underwood Tariff Act, 440
Underwood, William, 180
unemployment, 720–21, 816,
843, 867, 868; line at unemployment office, p843
unfair trade practices, 440
Unification Church, 803
Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR). See
Soviet Union.
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Union Pacific–Virginia Company
Union Pacific, 314, 315, p315,
317, 318
Union Party, 574
unions: American Federation of
Labor, 330–31; boycotts,
329–30; decline of, 522; early,
181, 327–28; impact of
Knights of Labor, 329–30;
industrial, 327–28; injunctions against, 330; Iron
Molders Union, 328; labor
organizers, 328–29; membership, 568, g568; National
Labor Union, 328; opposition
to organizing, 327–28; strikes,
181, m329, 329–30, 687; trade,
327; working conditions,
329–31
union shops, 687
union strikes, 181, m329, 329–30,
687
Union, the, 190, 232–36, g245,
244–48, 255, 257–265;
Anaconda Plan, 248; Civil
War resources, g245, 245–46;
dissolution of, 232–36; nullification, 190. See also Civil
War.
Unitarianism, 195
United Auto Workers (UAW),
569
United Farm Workers, 815
United Mine Workers, 328,
428–29, 568
United Nations, 647, 663, 664,
912; creation of, 647; division
of Palestine, 912; Security
Council, 663, 916–917
United States Army, 614–17. See
also American Revolution,
Spanish-American War,
World War I, World War II.
United States Commission on
Civil Rights, 752
crt762, 762–63, 872, m872–73,
p872; class separations, 343;
crime, 344; impact on individual and societal values,
349–52; impact on public
education, 357–58; living
conditions, 342; 343–44, 370,
p370; mass transit, 342–43;
minorities and, 762, crt762,
763; problems of, 344; politics
and, 344–45; progressives
view of, 419; technology of,
342, p342; p872; urban poor,
355, p355, 707–08; urban
society, 343, 419
urban renewal, 707
urban sprawl, 872
U.S. Defense Department’s
Advanced Research Project
Agency, (ARPANET), 874
U.S. Immigration, g507
USA Patriot Act, 915
USS Cole, 913, crt914
USS Maine, p396, 399, 400, 401,
p406, 406–07, crt407, p407, 437
USS Missouri, 660–61
U.S. Steel, 473
U.S. Treasury, 487
Utah, 15, 195
Utah Territory, 195
Utopia, 197
V
United States Constitution. See
Constitution, U.S.
validity of sources, evaluating,
81, 256, 281, 296, 783, 855,
857, 889
United States Department of
Agriculture, 430–31
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 94,
ptg94, p97
United States Housing
Authority, 576
Van Buren, Martin, 181, 192–93,
219; as Free-Soil candidate,
219; Panic of 1837, 193, 219
United States Industrial
Commission, 324
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 316
United States Navy, 396–97,
p396, 401, 409
Van Doren, Charles, 700
United States Steel
Corporation, 569
vaudeville, 352
vaqueros, 33
V-E Day, 641, p641, 642
United States Treasury, 373, 376,
377
vertical integration, 321, g321
United Steelworkers, 569
Vesey, Denmark, 184
Universalism, 195
Vespucci, Amerigo, 27
Universal Negro Improvement
Association (UNIA), 501–02
veto, 112, 123, 663
University of California
Regents v. Bakke, 813
viceroyalties, 34
Unsafe at Any Speed, 823
Victory Bonds, 458
Upson, Theodore, 244, p244
victory gardens, 458, 629–30
Urban II, Pope, 19
video cassette recorders (VCRs),
875
urbanization: 181, 334–58, 370,
p370, q370, 419, 707–08,
viceadmiralty courts, 77, 78
Vietcong, 777, 780–81, 787
Vietminh, 773–75
Vietnam, 772–73, m773, p773,
774–75, 776–86, p786, 787–94;
Declaration of Independence,
773; division of, 775; French
control of, 773–74; Geneva
Accords, 775; Japanese control of, 772–73; nationalism,
773, 775; rural economy of,
p773; strategic hamlets, 777
Vietnamization, 791
Vietnam War, 770–80, p775,
p778, p780, g781, 781–85,
crt785, p785, 786–94, q789,
p793, m797, q842; Americans
in combat, 779, p780, 780–81,
787; antiwar movement,
784–86, 791–92; attrition, 781;
credibility gap about, 785,
crt785; deaths in, g781;
deception about, 792; end of,
792–93; fall of Saigon, 793,
p793; full-scale war, 778–92;
Gulf of Tonkin incident,
782–83; Gulf of Tonkin
resolution, 778–79; Henry
Cabot Lodge and, 777;
Johnson and, 778–79, 782,
p782, 783, 787–88; Kent State,
p791, 792–93, q842; legacy of,
793–94; memorial dedication,
p771, 794; MIA’s,794 ; Nixon
and, 789, 791–93; Pentagon
Papers, 792; prisoners of war
(POWs), 794; refugees of,
794; roots of, 772–81;
“television war,” 785; Tet
offensive, 787, m788
vigilance committees, 287
Viking, 24–25; artifacts of, p25
Villa, Pancho, 449, p449
Virginia, 42, p42, 45–47, 59–60,
75, 77, 83, 84, 87, 98, 99, 101,
102, 103, 109, 114–15, 158,
182, 235, p267, 497, 914, 919,
p919; Bacon’s Rebellion,
59–60; constitution of, 101;
Declaration of Rights, 101;
during American
Revolution, 75, 77, 83, 84, 87,
98; House of Burgesses, 42,
p42, 46, 58, 60, 77, 83, 84, 918,
p919; Jamestown, 42; naming
of, 45; ratification of constitution, 114–15; religious freedom and, 497; Richmond,
235, p267; royal colony,
46–47; Royalists and, 87;
secession, 235; settlement of
45–46, 59–60; slavery in, 60;
tobacco, 46; Virginia Statute
for Religious Freedom, 102,
497
Index
United States: acquisition of
Panama Canal Zone, 412;
acquisition of Philippines,
402, 404; annexation of
Hawaii, 395; anti-Imperialism,
404; as industrial power,
306–31; as representative
democracy, 918; as world
power, 390–413; big business
in, 290–91, 319–23, 368–69,
373, 378, 393, 394, 395, 397,
424, 425, 428, crt428, 429, 437,
440–41, 457–58, 557, 559–60,
625–27, 721, 885, 894, 898;
Civil War, 244–65;
Constitution of, 110–15,
crt114, 120–49, c124, c126,
c180, 218, 311, 421, 440, 747,
748, 750, 752, 861, 868;
Crittenden’s Compromise,
234; dissolution of first
capital, 154; first Congress,
153–55; first constitution,
103; first government of, 152,
153, p153; first permanent
town, 35; foreign investments, g393; founding the
Confederacy, 235; importance
of free enterprise system,
310–11; impact of technology
and science on development
of, 259, 310–12, 315, 317,
342–43, 345, 361, 408, 415,
486, 516, 540–41, 693, 713,
760, 892–95; industrialization
of, 179–81, 245–46, 308–12,
314–23, 326–31, 343, 349–54,
419, 515–19, 737 origins of
present-day domestic and
foreign policies, 774–75, 777,
797, 837, 846, 848, 849, 857,
869, 870, 881, 884; role in
Latin American affairs,
395–96, 412–13; secession,
234–35; sectional tensions,
216–24; slavery, 216–24,
226–31, 232–36; Soviet
aggression and, 654–62, 665,
669, 670, 682, 683, 727–28;
Spanish-American War,
399–405; transportation
revolution in, 178–79; Treaty
of Paris, 404; urbanization of,
181, 334–58, 370, p370, q370,
419, 707–08, crt762, 762–63,
872, m872–73, p872; war on
terrorism, 914–17; westward
expansion of, 153–65; young
Republic, 178–85. See also
America; government, U.S.
Virginia City, Nevada, 288, p288
Virginia Company, 45, 46, 49
Index
1015
Virginia Declaration of Rights–women
Virginia Declaration of Rights,
667, 741, c741
Virginia Plan, 109
Virginia Resolutions, 158
Virginia Statute for Religious
Freedom, 102, 497, 741, c741
VISTA (Volunteers in Service to
America), 735
V-J Day, 647, p648
Volstead Act, 487
von Richthofen, Manfred (Red
Baron), 463
Voter Education Project, 754
voting: African Americans and,
501, 572–73; age, 786, 787;
certification of results in,
908–09; counting machines,
908–09; disenfranchisement
of, 382–84; Fifteenth
Amendment, 382, 422;
Fourteenth Amendment, 422;
literacy tests, 382; manual
recounts, 908–09; Nineteenth
Amendment, 423; poll taxes,
382; recounts, 908–09; rights,
100–01, 122, p122, 129, 145,
269, 271, 421–22, 722, 735,
752, 759–60; SCLC and, 752;
suffragists, p417, 418, q418,
421–23, m423; 2000 election,
907–08, g907, m908; women
and, 421–22, 573
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 735,
760
ptg154, 155, 156, 157, 173,
174, p174, 667; chosen
President, 115; Constitutional
Convention, p108; domestic
issues, 152–55; foreign policy,
155–56; Washington Crossing
the Delaware, ptg73
Washington-on-the-Brazos, 206
Watergate, 838–42; break-in,
838–39; cover-up, 839–40;
hotel, p839; impact of, 842
Water Quality Act, 736, c736
Watson, James, 895
Watson, Tom, 380, p380, q380, 381
Watt, James, 868, 877
Watts Riot, 762
Wayne, General Anthony, 99,
163, p163
West, Thomas (Lord De La
Warr), 45
weapons of mass destruction,
916–917
Weyler, General Valeriano, 401
Weaver, James B., 376, 377
Weaver, Robert, 737
Web browsers, 894
Web-enabled cellular phone,
894
Web site, evaluating, 256, 281
Web sites, 894
Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 193
Webster, Daniel, 121, p121, q121,
190, 192, 221, q221
Weld, Theodore, 200
welfare capitalism, 519
welfare reform, 898
W
Welfare Reform Act, 898
Welles, Sumner, 589, p589, q589
Wabash v. Illinois, 368, 374, 428,
4.t, 794
Wolfe, General James, 76
Whip Inflation Now (WIN),
845
Whiskey Rebellion, 155
white-collar workers, 693,
crt693
Whitefield, George, 69, ptg69
White, H. Theodore, 721
“whites-only,” 383
white supremacy, 752, 755; Ku
Klux Klan, 755
Wiley, Calvin, 197
Wiley, Dr. W.H., 430
Warren, Earl, 721, p723, 748, 834
West Germany, 661–62
Wilkeson, Samuel, 257, q257
Warsaw Pact, 662, m678
Westmoreland, General
William, 785, 787
Willard, Emma, 198
Warren court, 721–23; decisions
of, c722, p723; reforms of, 721
War with Mexico, 208, 209, 219
Washington, Booker T., 357,
p357, 358, 383–84, 501
Washington Conference,
523–24, c524; results of, 523;
shortcomings of, 523–24
Washington, George, p73, 75,
86, 96, 99, 108, p108, 109, 114,
115, 116, p116, q116, ptg151,
152, p152, q152, 153, 154,
Index
West, the, 163, m168, 169, m169,
p169, 202–09, 218–24, 284–96,
308–09, 374–76, 381, 430–31;
California Settlement, 202;
California Trail, 204; farming,
292–95, 374; 375, 376; FreeSoil Party, 219; geography of
westward expansion, 204–05;
Great Plains, 292–95; impact
of demographic changes in,
Winslow, Rose, 418, q418
Winthrop, John, 49, ptg49, 50,
496
Whigs, 85, 192–93, 207–08, 219,
223, 226, 227, c227; impact of
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 227
Western Front, 465, 467, m467
Warren Commission, 729
“windfall” profits tax, 847
Wizard of Oz, 538
Wilderness Society, 821
War Production Board (WPB),
614–15
Wilson, Woodrow, 423, 438,
p438, q438, 439, ptg439, q439,
440, 448–49, 452–55, q455,
q462, 468, 469, 483, q504, 553,
557, 584; antitrust actions,
440; diplomacy, 448–49; election poster, p438; foreign
policy, 449; Fourteen Points,
468; political ideals, 448–49;
regulation of the economy,
439–40; Senate rejection of
Treaty of Versailles, 469;
views of world peace,
468–69; WWI, 452–55
Wheat Belt, 293–94
West, Dorothy, 499
War Powers Act, 794
Wilson, Henry, 267, q267
Wilson, Kemmons, 692, p692,
q692
Wisconsin, 204, 421
West Berlin, 661–62, 727
War of 1812, 165–67, m166, p167
Wilmot, Proviso, 219
wheat, 293–95; drought and,
294–95; exports of, 293; market glut, 293
White, William Allen, 602
war hawks, 165
Index
Wells, Ida B., 371, 383, p383
Wharton, Edith, 351, 486
West Africa, 21–23, m22, p22,
p23; artifacts of, p22, p23;
early empires, of, 21–23;
geography of, 21, 23; gold
trade, 21–22, 23; government
of, 22; religion of, 21, 22;
slavery in, 23; trade in, 21–23
Walton, Sam, 875
1016
287–88, 295–96, 308–09; land
development in, 430–31;
Lewis and Clark Expedition,
163; Manifest Destiny,
202–09; mining industry, 286,
288; Native Americans and
westward expansion, 204;
Oregon Settlement, 202;
Oregon Territory, 163;
Oregon Trail, 204; overland
trails West, m203, p203; politics of, 374, 376; Pre-emption
Act, 204; ranching, 288–91;
Santa Fe Trail, 204; settlement of, 284–91, 293–95; slavery and westward
expansion, 218–24; to Pacific,
169, m169, p169, 204
Whitman, Walt, 196
Whitney, Eli, 180, 182
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 200
Whyte Jr., William H., 693
Wickard v. Filburn, 576–77
William Garrison Society,
199–200
William, King of England, 66
Williams, Dessie Mae, 761, p761
Williams, Roger, 50–51, 496
Williams, William Carlos, 493
Willis, Frank, 839, p839
Wills, Helen, 495
Wilmot, David, 219
Wirz, Harry, 254
Wolfe, Tom, 851
women: activists, 807–08;
African American entertainers, 702–03; American
Revolution and 79, 102;
changing role of, 806–10,
851–52; Daughters of Liberty,
79; during Civil War, 254–55;
economic, political and
social contributions of, 328,
331, 347, 353, 357, 360, 371,
376, 382–84, 399, 418, 421–24,
444–45, 452, 457, 459, 476,
486, 493, 499, 500, 517, 539,
573, 576–77, 579, 626, 650–51,
721, 738, 749, 752, 754, 806–09,
811, 816, 820–21, 826, 834,
868–69, 878; education of,
198, 198, 806–09; feminist
movement, 806–10; first in
space, 878, p879; gender
discrimination, 807, 808–09;
in colonial America, 67–68;
in the military, 457, 617; in
the 1920s, 485–86, 489, g489;
in the workplace, 181, 329,
331, p331, 459, 485–86, 626,
695, 807–08; in WWI, 457,
p457, 459; in WWII, 617, 626;
labor organizers, 328, 331;
legal rights of, 67–68;
National Organization for
Women, 808; political
appointments of, 573, 738,
868, 878, 904; rights of, 573,
695, 721, 807–09; Roe v. Wade,
809; role of, 198, 700, 807,
0989-1017 AR Index-860712
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Page 1017
Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPS)–zoot suits
p807; suffrage, 199; suffragists, p417, 418, p418, 421–23,
m423; Title IX, 809; violence
against, 904; voting, 573;
wages for 329, 331; wartime
and, 457–59, 617, 625–27
Women Airforce Service Pilots
(WASPS), 617, p617
Women’s Army Corps (WAC),
617
Women’s Christian Temperance
Union, 425
Women’s Political Council, 749
Women’s Trade Union League,
331
Wood, Colonel Leonard, 403
Wooden, William H., 557
Wood, Grant, 539
Woodstock, 804, p804, 805
Woodward, Bob, 838, p838, 842,
q842
wool market, 44, 49
Worcester v. Georgia, 191
work force, 309, 315–29
working class, 343
Workingman’s Party of
California, 340
Works Progress Administration
(WPA), 566–67, 575
World Oil Production, 884,
g884, p884
World Trade Center, 909, 911–14;
bombing of, 909, 911–14,
c914, m914; response to, 909,
911–14
World Trade Organization
(WTO), 904
World War II: African
Americans during, p625;
626, crt630; Allied bombing
campaigns, 632, 643–47;
Allied force operations,
611, 618–23, 631–37, m636,
637, 639, m639, p639;
643–47; America enters,
601–06; American homefront during, 625–30;
America mobilization,
612–17; Allied forces land at
Omaha Beach, p611, attack
on Pearl Harbor, 601, 605;
Bataan Death March, 619,
m624; Battle of Britain, 594;
Battle of Midway, m620,
621; Battle of Stalingrad,
623, p623; Battle of the
Atlantic, 622–23; blitzkrieg,
591; bombing of Japan, 619,
p619, 620; Casablanca
Conference, 632; causes of,
584–88, 601–02; collapse of
Third Reich, 640–42; creation of International
Military Tribune, 648; defeat
of Japan, 642–47;
Destroyers-for-Bases Deal,
602; domestic effects of, 613,
614, 617, 625, 626, 627, 629,
712, 801, 807, 843; Doolittle
Raid, 619, p619; end of, 619;
friendship of American and
Soviet forces, p641; German
submarine warfare in,
622–23; Germany in ruins,
p655; Holocaust, 595–600;
importance of code breakers, 620; invasion of
Guadalcanal, 636, m636;
invasion of Normandy,
633–35; invasion of
Okinawa, 645; invasion of
Poland, 589, 590–92; island
hopping in the Pacific, 635,
m636; Italian Campaign,
632–33; Iwo Jima, 643–44;
Maginot Line, 592; major
issues and events of, 613–50;
Mexicans in, 626–27; military
and civilian deaths in, c643,
m643; “Miracle at Dunkirk,”
592–93; Navajo Code Talkers,
626–27; Operation Overlord,
633–35, m638; propaganda,
p613; rationing, 629, p629;
reasons for U.S. involvement
in, 584–88, 596–97, 601,
604–06, 780, 781; rebuilding
Europe after, 661–62;
refugees, p656; reparations,
656–58; segregated army,
615; significant military
leaders of, 618–23, 632,
633–37, 641, 642, 644, 648,
650; softening the Gustav
line, p632; soldier of, p581;
Soviet assault of Stalingrad,
p623; Tuskeegee Airmen,
616, p616; two-front war,
612–13; V-E Day, 642; V-J
Day, 647, p648; wartime production, g614, p614, g739;
women and, 617, p617, 626
World Wide Web (www), 894
Wounded Knee, South Dakota,
302, 817
Wozniak, Stephen, 893, p893
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 341, p341,
q341
Wright, Wilbur and Orville, 313
Wrigley, William, q370
writing activities: descriptive,
16, 23, 28, 47, 52, 64, 69, 89,
115, 119, 167, 209, 248, 263,
291, 302, 312, 358, 405, 415,
431, 437, 469, 475, 495, 502,
539, 569, 600, 609, 617, 623,
648, 697, 729, 738, 760, 775,
794, 823, 842, 854, 886, 895;
expository, 106, 159, 173, 175,
185, 224, 231, 323, 384, 386,
442, 455, 513, 520, 534, 562,
579, 594, 637, 703, 710, 723,
743, 752, 766, 789, 817, 837,
849, 905, 921; persuasive, 35,
56, 79, 99, 193, 201, 236, 255,
271, 318, 331, 369, 379, 387,
397, 413, 425, 461, 477, 488,
507, 524, 527, 546, 555, 577,
588, 606, 630, 651, 691, 781,
810, 827, 857, 864, 879; portfolio, 39, 71, 281, 305, 901,
909, 917
X
XYZ Affair, 157
Y
Yahoo!, 895
Yalta Conference, 655–56
Yamamoto, Admiral Isoroku,
620–21, 622, p622
Yang, Jerry, 895, p895
Yannacome, Carol, 819, p819
Yeardley, Sir George, 42, q42
yellow journalism, 400
Yellow Wallpaper, The, 811
Yeltsin, Boris, 883
yeoman farmer, 183
Yoffeh, Aalmen, q343
Yokohama, Japan, p394
Yom Kippur, 813
Yom Kippur War, 844
York, Corporal Alvin, 465, p465
Yorktown, Battle of, 99
Young Americans for Freedom,
862
Young, Andrew, 814, p814, 848
Young, Brigham, 211
Young Men’s Christian
Association (YMCA), 355–56
youth movement, 800–02, 826,
p801; roots of, 801; Students
for a Democratic Society,
801–02; Supreme Court rulings, 802
Yucatan, 30, 31
Yugoslavia, 900
yuppies, 875
Z
Zen, 851, q851
Zhou Enlai, p831
Zimmerman telegram, 454
Zionism, 596
zoot suits, 627
Index
World War I: Alliance system,
450; Allies, 452, 452, 453,
464–69; American artillery,
p468; American neutrality,
452–53; American soldiers
in Argonne Forest, p447;
Balkan Crisis, 450; battles
of, 464–69, m466, m467;
Central Powers, 452; combat in, 464–66; declarations
of war, 454, 455, p455; draft
in, 456–57; European
alliances, m451; federal
mobilization agencies,
458–59, c459; financing for,
458; “firsts” in, 462; global
war, 469; impact of, 471–75;
industry during, 459–60;
liberties, 460; life in
America during, 456–61;
military deaths, c467;
propaganda in, 453, p458;
reasons for U. S. involvement, 448, 449, 450, 454,
455, 456; significant events
and individuals of, 457,
458, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468,
469, 476, 477; sinking of the
Lusitania, 454, p454;
submarine warfare, 453–55;
Sussex Pledge, 454; Treaty
of Versailles, 468–69; Triple
Entente, 450, 452; United
States curtailment of civil
dissolutions of AustroHungarian, German
Ottoman, Russia Empires,
468–69; Wilson’s “Fourteen
Points,” 468
writs, 78, 162, 246; of assistance,
78; of habeas corpus, 246
Wyoming, 290, 299, 512
Index
1017