Kaqchikel Field Notes

Kab’lajuj Ey - Summer 2012
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
Lunes, 11 de junio
Diálogo tı́pico (greetings)
A:
B:
A:
B:
B:
A:
B:
Xseqër k’a
Xseqër, matyöx
La ütz awäch?
Ütz, matyöx
La ütz awäch rat?
Ütz, matyöx
Matyöx, k’a ri
Good morning
Good morning, thank you
How are you?
Good, thank you
And how are you?
Good, thank you
Good, then
A:
B:
A:
B:
Xqa q’ij k’a
Xqa q’ij, matyöx
...
...
Good afternoon
Good afternoon, thank you
A:
B:
A:
B:
Xoq’a k’a
Xoq’a, matyöx
...
...
Good evening/night
Good evening/night, thank you
Prefixos - Juego A - antes de C
1sg
2sg
3sg
1pl
2pl
3pl
nu-b’i
a-b’i
ru-b’i
qa-b’i
i-b’i
ki-b’i
my name
your (sg) name
his/her/its name
our name
your (pl) name
their name
A:
B:
Achike ab’i?
Rı̈n Waqi Tz’i nub’i
What is your name?
My name is Six Dog
A:
B:
Achike rub’i?
Rija Ixchel rub’i
What is her name?
Her name is Ixchel
A:
B:
Achike nub’i?
Rat Waqi Tz’i’ ab’i
What is my name?
Your name is Six Dog
A:
B:
Achike rub’i atinamit?
Ri nutinamit rı̈n Pan Q’än nub’i
What is the name of your (home)town?
The name of my (home)town is Antigua
1
1.1.3
1.1.4
La clase
ch’atal
ch’akät
tz’ib’ab’äl
juxb’äl
q’aq’
[Ù’atal]
˚
[Ù’ak@t]
[ts’ip’ap’@l]
[xuSp’@l] ˚
[q’aq’] ˚
mesa
silla
lapiz
marcador
luz
table
chair
pen/pencil
marker
light
tz’aläm tz’ib’ab’äl
tz’aläm
wuj
ruxaq wuj
peqës
[ts’al@m ts’ip’ap’@l]
˚
[ts’al@m]
[wux]
[ruSaq wux]
[peqEs]
pizarrón
madera
libro
hoja de papel
bolsa
blackboard
wood
book
sheet of paper
(school)bag
nëj
k’o
e k’o
tinamit
[nEx]
[k’o]
[ek’o]
[tinamit]
lejos
hay (sg)
hay (pl)
ciudad
far
there is
there are
town
ixim
iximulëw
ulëw
amaq
[iSim]
[iSimulEf]
[ulEf]
[amaq]
mais
tierra del maı́s
tierra
pais
corn
land of maize (Guatemala)
land/earth
country
Los números (1-10)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.2
1.2.1
jun
ka’i
oxi’
kaji’
wo’o’
one
two
three
four
five
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
waqi’
wuqu’
waqxaqi’
b’eleje’
lajuj
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
Martes, 12 de junio
La gente
winäq
winaqi
[win@q]
[winaqi]
persona
personas
person
people
achin
achi’a
ala
alab’oni
[aÙin]
[aÙiPa]
[ala]
[alap’oni]
hombre (casado)
hombres (casados)
hombre (joven)
hombres (jovenes)
man (married)
men (married)
young man
young men
ixöq
ixoqi
xtän
xtani
[iSOq]
[iSoqi]
[St@n]
[Stani]
mujer (casada)
mujeres (casadas)
mujer (joven)
mujeres (jovenes)
woman (married)
women (married)
young woman
young women
ne’y
[nePç]
bebé(s)
baby/babies
2
1.2.2
La familia (kinship)
ixjayilonel
achijilonel
te’ej
tata’aj
sibling ♂
sibling ♀
ati’t
mama’aj
1.2.3
wife
husband
jun k’ulaj
a couple
alk’walaxel
alk’walaxela
son/daughter
children
mother
father
nuchaq’
numinal
anaxel
wana
speaker ♂
my younger brother
my older brother
sister
my sister
xib’alon
nuxib’al
nuchaq’
numinal
grandmother
grandfather
yixjayil
yachijil
wife of
husband of
nute
nutata
my mother
my father
speaker ♀
brother
my brother
my younger sister
my older sister
wati’t
numama
my grandmother
my grandfather
verbos y adjectı́vos (states)
kikotik
yikikot
[kikotik]
[jikikot]
alegrı́a
estoy alegre
happiness
I am happy
ch’u’j
rin ch’u’j
[Ù’uPx]
[rIn Ù’uPx]
loco
estoy loco
crazy
I am crazy
b’isonik
yab’ison
[p’isonik]
[jap’ison]
tristeza
estas triste
to be sad
you are sad
q’ab’arel
rat q’ab’arel
[q’ap’arel]
˚ ]
[rat q’ap’arel
˚
borracho
estas borracho
drunk
you are drunk
-pa’e’
-tz’uye’
[paPeP]
[ts’ujeP]
pararse
sentarse
to stand (up)
to sit (down)
-b’ison
-atin
[p’ison]
[atin]
estar triste
bañarse
to be sad
to bathe
-muxan
-rob’in
[muSan]
[rop’in]
nadar
saltar
to swim
to jump
-el
-ok
[el]
˚
[ok]
salir
entrar
to leave
to enter
3
-ik derivational suffix → noun
from root (also ‘infinitive’ ?)
1.2.4
verbos intransitivos
Imperativo
1sg
2sg
3sg
1pl
2pl
3pl
rı̈ja
C-initial
k -ik -at
(i)
k -ojk -ixe
k
verb (ex.: -wa’)
wa let me eat
wa eat! (sg)
wa let him/her eat
wa let us eat
wa eat! (pl)
wa let them eat
V-initial
k in
k at
rija t
k oj
k ix
k e’
verb (ex.: -el)
el let me leave
el leave! (sg)
el let him/her leave
el let us leave
el leave! (pl)
el let them leave
Tiempo presente
1sg
2sg
3sg
1pl
2pl
3pl
rı̈n
rät
rı̈ja
röj
rı̈x
rije
C-initial verb (ex.: -wär)
y
i
wär I sleep
y a wär you sleep
n (i) wär he/she sleeps
y oj wär we sleep
y ix wär you all sleep
e
wär they sleep
y
V-initial verb (ex.: -oq’)
rı̈n y in oq’ I cry
rät y at oq’ you cry
rija n
oq’ he/she cries
röj y oj oq’ we cry
rı̈x y ix oq’ you all cry
rije y e’ oq’ they cry
1.2.5
posicionales
rin pa’äl
kipa’e
yipa’e
[rIn paP@l]
[kipaPe] ˚
[jipaPe]
estoy parado de pie
que me para!
me paro
I am standing..................................(positional)
let me stand up!..............................(command/exhortative)
I am standing up.............................(in movement)
rat pik’ı̈l
kapik’e
yapik’e
[rat pik’Il]
[kapik’e]˚
[japik’e]
estas parado de puntillas
para te de puntillas!
te paras de puntillas
you are standing on tiptoes
stand up on your tiptoes! (2sg)
you are standing up on tiptoes
rija tz’uyül
titz’uye
nitz’uye
[rixa ts’ujUl]
[tits’uje] ˚
[nits’uje]
esta sentado
que se sienta!
se sienta
she is sitting
let her sit down!
she is sitting down
röj xukül
kojxuke
yojxuke
[rOx SukUl]
[kOxSuke]˚
[jOxSuke]
estamos arrodillados
nos arrodillamos!
nos arrodillamos
we are kneeling
let’s sit down!
we are kneeling down
rı̈x kotz’öl
kixkotz’e
yixkotz’e
[rIS kots’Ol]
[kISkots’e]˚
[jISkots’e]
estais acostados
vos acostais!
vos acostais
you all are leaning
lean (on something)! (2pl)
you all are leaning
rije kawäl
kekawe
yekawe
[rixe kaw@l]
[kekawe] ˚
[jekawe]
estan recostados a boca arriba
que se recostan!
se recostan
they are lying face up
let them lie face up!
they are lying down face up
jupül
[xupUl]
˚
recostado a boca abajo
lying face down
tzalän
[tzalän]
acostado sobre un lado
lying on one’s side
4
positional -V̈l suffix
is a ‘copy vowel’
→ Tummons (2010)
1.2.6
Ch’uti Choltzij
-ak’axaj - to listen
(1)
(TV)
ri aq’omanel xr- ak’axaj w- anima
det stethoscope past 3sg listen 1sg heart
“The stethoscope listened to my heart.”
-b’ulul - to make a rumbling sound with one’s stomach
(2)
taq xiwa, xb’ulul ri w- uxk’o’l
when past 1sg eat past rumble det 1sg intestines
“When I ate, my intestines rumbled.”
k’o b’ey - sometimes
(3)
(Adv)
taq yin- atin, k’ob’ey
yi- b’ixan
when pres 1sg bathe sometimes pres 1sg sing
“When I shower, I sometimes sing.”
-b’än - to do
(4)
(TV)
rı̈n nin- b’än ri tijonik
1sg pres 3sg do det lesson
“I’m doing the homework.”
-oq’ - to cry
(5)
(IV)
achike roma yat- oq’ rat?
what because pres 2sg cry 2sg
“Why are you crying?”
itzel - ugly
(6)
(Adj)
rija itzel roma nim ru- jolom
3ps ugly because big 3ps head
“He’s ugly because he has a big head.”
-ch’aj - to wash
(7)
(IV)
(TV)
in- ch’aj nu- tzyäq
rı̈n n1ps pres 1sg wash 1ps clothing
“I am washing my clothes.”
5
-q’ajan - to make noise
(8)
(IV)
xk’oje jun nu- metz’,
taq xwa’, xq’ajan
pa ruchi
past exist one 1sg boyfriend when past eat past make noise at 3sg mouth
“I had a boyfriend who made noise with his mouth when he ate.”
chiqichik - a bad feeling
(9)
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
(N)
wi k’o jun winaq chiqichik, man ütz ta
if exist one person lazy,
neg1 good neg2
“It’s not good to be lazy.”
Miercoles, 13 de junio
Verbos intransitivos
Kaqchikel
IPA
Español
English
ex.:
-wa
-tzijon
-k’ix
-num
-etz’an
-mayon
[waP]
[tsixon]
[k’iS]
[num]
[ets’an]
[majon]
comer
hablar
tener verguenza
tener hambre
jogar
estar preocupado
to
to
to
to
to
to
eat
talk
be embarassed
be hungry
play
be worried
rı̈n yinwa
rat yatzijon
rija nik’ix
röj yojnum
rı̈x yixetz’an
rije yemayon
-oqa
-pe
-b’e
-uxlan
-samäq
-tz’ib’än
[oqa]
[pe]
[p’e]
[uSlan]
[sam@q]
[tsip’@n]
llegar
venir
irse
descansarse
trabajar
escribir
to
to
to
to
to
to
arrive
come
go
rest
work
write
rı̈n xinoqa
rat xape
rija xb’e
röj xojuxlan
rı̈x xixsamaq
rije xets’ib’än
-b’än
[p’@n]
hacer
to do
Ch’uti Choltzij
-ch’ich’an - to shine
(10)
(IV)
ru- wäch ri b’alam ye- ch’ich’an pa toq’a
3sg eye det tiger pres 3pl shine
at night
“The eyes of the tiger shine at night.”
-toch’anik - to lose one’s baby teeth
(11)
rı̈n ninb’än
(IV)
ri ch’ip
pa w- ochoch n(i-) toch’an
det youngest-child at 3sg house pres 3sg lose-baby-teeth
“The youngest child of my house is losing his baby teeth.”
6
k’ayew - difficult
(12)
(Adj)
k’ayew ri k’aslem
difficult det life
“Life is difficult.”
-xib’ij - to frighten
(13)
(TV)
man t- a- xib’ij
ta
aw- i
neg1 imp 2sg frighten neg2 2sg refl
“Don’t be scared.”
-sakin - to catch something (in the air)
(14)
(IV)
ri tz’i jeb’ël n(i-) sakin
det dog well pres 3sg catch
“Dogs catch things well.”
kaqa’ik - red pepper
(15)
(N)
ri kaqa’ik
yalan ru- poqonal
det red-pepper very 3sg spicy
“The red pepper is very spicy.”
-etamaj - to know
(16)
(TV)
ninwajo ninw- etamaj yi- tz’ib’än pa qach’ab’äl
pres 1sg want pres 1sg know pres 1sg write at 1pl language
“I want to learn to write in Kaqchikel.”
-k’oxin - to drink liquor
(17)
(IV)
xk- i- k’oxin
pa ri nimaq’ij
fut 1sg drink-liquor at det big-party
“I will drink at the party.”
b’aste’y - gross tortilla
(18)
(N)
ri b’aste’y
ki- wäy
tz’i
det huge-tortilla 3pl tortilla dog
“B’aste’y are for dogs.”
7
1.3.3
La comida
ri ruwäch che’
[ri ruw@Ù ÙeP]
“fruta”
things that grow on trees
ch’op
kaqrab’
limonix
nimamixku
q’anatz’ub’
[Ù’op]
[kaqrap’]
[limoniS]
[nimamiSku]
[q’anats’up’]
piña
papaya
limón
manzana
mango
pineapple
papaya
lime
apple
mango
saq’ul
nimasaq’ul
tura’s
xna’j
[saq’ul]
˚
[nimasaq’ul
]
[turaPs] ˚
[SnaPj]
banano
plátano
durazno
naranja
banana
plantain
peach
orange
ri ruwäch ichaj
[ri ruw@Ù iÙax]
“vegetales”
things that grow in the ground
tzetz
äj
päps
kinäq’
[tsets]
[@x]
[p@ps]
[kin@q’]
pepino
elote
papa
frijol
cucumber
ear of corn
potato
bean (black, red)
q’anatz’in
q’oq’
xkoya
xnakät
[q’anats’in]
[q’oq’]
[Skoja]
[Snak@t]
camote
chilacayote
tomate
cebolla
sweet potato
squash
tomato
onion
ti’ir
[tiPir]
˚
carne
meat
wakx
ruti’ir wakx
[wakS]
[rutiPir wakS]
˚
vaca
res
cow
beef
äk’
ruti’ir äk’
[@k’]
[rutiPirP@k’]
˚
pollo
carne de pollo
chicken
chicken meat
aq
ruti’ir aq
[aq]
[rutiPirPaq]
˚
cerdo
carne de cerdo
pig
pork
kär
ruti’ir kär
[kj@r]
˚ kj@r]
[ruti’ir
˚ ˚
pescado (animal)
pescado (comida)
fish (animal)
fish (food)
uk’ya
[uk’ja]
bebidas
drinks
ya
kaxlan ya
ruya’al
q’utul
[ja]
[kaSlan ja]
[rujaPal]
[Éutul]˚
˚
agua
gaseosa
jugo
chocolate
water
soft drink
juice
hot chocolate
kape
pinol
mama’äk’
[kape]
[pinol]
˚
[mamaP@k’]
cafe
pinol
cerveza
coffee
hot drink made from corn flour
beer
8
1.3.4
El mercado
k’ayb’äl
pwäq
manq’uq’
wachinäq
[k’ayp’@l]
[pw@q] ˚
[manq’uq’]
[waÙin@q]
mercado
dinero
quetzal
cosa
market
money
quetzal
thing
chik
jun b’ey chik
jalajoj
jalajoj wachinäq
[Ùik]
[xunb’ejÙik]
[xalaxox]
[xalaxox waÙin@q]
otro/a
una otra vez
diferente
cosas diferentes
other
one more time
different
different things
yalan
janila
jub’a
k’ı̈j
rikin
[jalan]
[xanila]
[xup’a]
[k’Ix]
[rikin]
muy
very
(un) poco
mucho
con
(a) little
a lot
with
niqa
chi nu- wäch ninqum mama’äk’
it-is-pleasing to 1sg eyes drink beer
“I like to drink beer.”
man niqa
ta
chi a- wäch ninqum kape
neg1 it-is-pleasing neg2 to 2sg eyes drink coffee
“You don’t like to drink coffee.”
1.4
1.4.1
Jueves, 14 de junio
TAM marker, transitive verb introduction
imperative
present
t-
n-
before -∅ (3sg)
past
future
xtx-
k-
everywhere else
*
y*
xk*
-q’etej
-b’inisaj
[Éetex]
[p’inisax]
dar un abrazo a
hacer caminar
hug
make walk
-chöy
-tzu
[ÙOj]
˚
[tsu]
talar
mirar
chop down
look at
-chap̈
-k’üt
[Ù@p]
[kUt]
tocar
apuntar
touch
show
Basic transitive V: present + 3sg object + all subjects
9
-C root
-V root
(b’än)
rı̈n
rat
rija
n
n
n
-
∅
∅
∅
-
in
a
u
-
b’än
b’än
b’än
n
n
n
-
∅
∅
∅
-
inw
aw
(i)r
-
ajo
ajo
ajo
röj
rı̈x
rije
n
n
n
-
∅
∅
∅
-
(i)qa
i
(i)ki
-
b’än
b’än
b’än
n
n
n
-
∅
∅
∅
-
(i)q
iw
(i)k
-
ajo
ajo
ajo
Example:
1.4.2
(ajo)
Rı̈n ninb’än nusamaj
Rat nab’än asamaj
Rija nub’än rusamaj
Röj niqab’än qasamaj
Rı̈x nib’än isamaj
Rije nikib’än kisamaj
I do my work
You do your work
She does her work
We do our work
Y’all do y’all’s work
They do their work
Colores
q’än
[É@n]
amarillo
yellow
xar
[Sar]
˚
azul
blue
tuq’
[tuÉ]
morado
purple
q’ëq
[ÉEq]
negro
black
säq
[s@q]
blanco
white
käq
[kj@q]
rojo
red
rex
[reS]
verde
green
k’akoj
[k’akox]
cafe
brown
chaj
[Ùax]
gris
gray
Achike rub’onil
re?
What 3sg-colour this
“What colour is this?”
1.4.3
-
Re
This
“This is
rub’onil
3sg-colour
.”
Adjectivos
pı̈m
[pIm]
grueso
thick
xax
[SaS]
fino
thin
kow
[kof]
duro
hard
b’uyül
[p’uyUl]
˚
mullido
soft
nı̈m
[nIm]
grande, alto
big, tall
ko’öl
[koPOl]
˚
pequeño
small
ti’oj
[tiPox]
gordo, musculoso
fat, built
b’aq
[p’aq]
delgado
skinny
jeb’ël
[xep’El]
˚
guapo
good-looking
itzel
[itzel]
˚
feo
ugly
10
1.4.4
Ch’uti Choltzij
-echa’ - to eat fruit
(19)
(IV)
Ixajpu’ niqa chi ru- wäch necha
Ixajpu’ pres pres fall to 3sg eye pres eat-fruit
“Ixajpu’ likes to eat fruit.”
-nuk - to think about
(20)
(TV)
iwir
pa toq’a xin- nuk
pa ruwi ri qach’ab’äl
yesterday at night past 1sg think-about at 3sg top det 1pl language
“Yesterday night, I thought about Kaqchikel.”
tz’ub’ - a kiss
(21)
(N)
nutata xuya jun tz’ub’ chire nute’
1sg father past 3sg give one kiss to-3sg 1sg mother
“My father gave a kiss to my mother.”
-warab’ey - to sleep leaning on something
(22)
(TV)
k’o b’ey nin- warab’ey
qa ri nuwuj
sometimes pres 1sg fall-asleep-on on det 1sg wuj
“Sometimes I fall asleep on my book.”
-koxpin - to jump for joy
(23)
(IV)
yi- koxpin
taq k’o
nimasaq’ul richo ri saqawaim
pres 1sg jump-for-joy when there-is big
banana in
det breakfast
“I jump for joy when there are plaintains for breakfast.”
ch’akat wi’aj - pillow
(24)
(N)
yalan b’uyül ri ch’akät wi’aj pa r- ochoch Ixim Nik’te
very soft det chair hair at 3sg house Ixim Nik’te
“The pillow at Ixim Nik’te’s house is very soft.”
-kusaj - to use
(25)
(TV)
(i-) ki- kusaj ri ixoqi ?
achike tzyäq nwhat clothes pres 3sg 3pl use det women
“What clothes do the women use?”
-käm - to die
(26)
(IV)
rı̈n yiwa r- ichin
man yi- käm ta
1sg pres 1sg eat 3sg in-order-to neg1 pres 1sg die neg2
“I eat in order not to die.”
11
yazt’ayik - tight
(27)
1.4.5
(Adj)
yalan yatz’ayik ru- kaxima
very tight
3sg shirt
“His shirt is very tight.”
Transitive verb morphological template
TAM
ny(present only)
key
1sg
1pl
2sg
2pl
3sg
3pl
object
iojaix∅ein- ojat- ix∅eobject
subject
in- qa(before C)
ai(r)u- ki- root
inw- qaw- iw(before V)
rksubject
Juego “B”
Juego “A”
yatintzu
pres 2sg-O 1sg-S look at
“I look at you.”
iruto rikin nub’ab’
xpast 1sg-O 3sg-S help with 1sg-Poss presentation
“She helped me with my presentation.”
1.4.6
Verbos
TRANSITIVOS
-ak’axaj
-xib’ij
-qüm
-tı̈j
-b’ij
-loq’
-tı̈k
-oyob’ej
[ak’aSax]
[Sip’ix]
[qUm]
[tIx]
[p’ix]
[loÉ]
[tIk]
[ojop’ex]
escuchar
asustar
beber
comer
decir
comprar
sembrar
esperar a
INTRANSITIVOS
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
listen
frighten
drink
eat
say
buy
sow
wait for
-oq’
-ch’ich’
-käm
-säch
-ch’äy
-nojij
-tijoj
-ya
12
[oÉ]
[Ù’iÙ’]
[k@m]
[s@Ù]
[Ù’@ç]
[noxix]
[tixox]
[ya]
llorar
brillar
morirse
perder(se)
golpear
pensar a
enseñar
dar
to cry
to shine
to die
to lose/be lost
to hit
to think about
to teach
give
1.5
Viernes, 15 de junio
1.5.1
Animales
chiköp
[ÙikOp]
animal
animal
chikopi
[Ùikopi]
animales
animals
tix
kumätz
kej
kär
b’alam
[tiS]
[kum@ts]
[kjex]
[kj@r]
˚
[p’alam]
elefante
serpiente
caballo
pescado
jaguar
elephant
snake
horse
fish
jaguar
mes
umül
masat
kuk
tz’i
[mes]
[umUl]
˚
[masat]
[kuk]
[ts’i]
gato
conejo
ciervo
ardilla
perro
cat
rabbit
deer
squirrel
dog
1.5.2
Ch’uti Choltzij
-to - to help
(28)
(TV)
ri nimalaxel nu- to ri chaq’laxel
r- ikin ru- samäq
det big-brother pres 3sg help det younger-brother 3sg with 3sg work
“The older brother helps the younger brother with his work.”
-totäj - to have a hard time
(29)
(IV)
röj man yoj- totäj
ta
taq xqa- k’is ri Kab’lajuj Ey
1pl neg1 pres 1pl struggle neg2 when past 1pl finish det Kab’lajuj Ey
“When we finish Kab’lajuuj Ey, we will not have a hard time (any more)”
t’oxtik - stupid
(30)
(Adj)
nin- na t’oxtik taq nin- kamuluj ri q’abanoj
pres 1sg feel stupid when pres 1sg practice det verb
“I feel stupid when I practice verbs.”
-totaj - shake out
(31)
(TV)
rin nin- totaj
nu- koton
1sg pres 1sg shake-out 1sg sweater
“I’m shaking out my sweater.”
-juy - to bite hard on
(32)
(TV)
man ütz ta
nin- na nin- juy
ri tra’s
neg1 good neg2 pres 1sg feel pres 1sg bite-hard-on det peach
“It does not feel good to bite down hard on a peach.”
xib’inel - ghost
(33)
(N)
ri xib’inel ni- b’iyaj pa toq’a
det ghost pres 3sg walk at night
“The ghost walks at night.”
13
-jiq’ - to drown
(34)
(IV)
taq xmuxan, ri nunimal jub’a ma xjiq’
when past swim det 1sg brother almost past drown
“When my brother was swimming, he almost drowned.”
t’unut’ik - short and fat (bajo y gordo)
(35)
(Adj)
ri achin t’unut’ik
det man short-and-fat
“The man is short and fat.”
-meson - to sweep
(36)
1.5.3
(TV)
jeb’ël ütz nu- mes ri r- ochoch
very good pres 3sg sweep det 3sg house
“It is good to sweep one’s house.”
Vocabulario
tijonel
tijonik
[tixonel]
˚
[tixonik]
maestro
lección
teacher
lesson
tijoxel
taluwäch
[tixoSel]
˚
[taluw@Ù]
alumno
televisión
student
television
wayb’äl
k’aslem
leme’t
[wajp’@l]
˚
[k’aslem]
[lemePt]
restaurante
vida
botella
restaurant
life
bottle
wäy
job’
kematz’ib’
[w@ç]
[xop’]
[kemats’ip’]
tortilla, pan
lluvia
computadora
tortilla, bread
rain
computer
q’ij
ramaj
[Éix]
[ramax]
dı́a, sol
hora
day, sun
hour
nik’aj q’ij
ch’uti ramaj
[nik’ax Éix]
[ch’uti ramax]
mediodı́a
minuto
noon
minute
1.6
1.6.1
Lunes, 18 de junio
Sustantivos Relacionales
achojichin
whose...?
achojik’in
with who...?
achike roma
why...?
w+ichin
aw+ichin
r+ichin
mine
yours sg
his/hers/its
w+ik’in
aw+ik’in
r+ik’in
with me
with you sg
with him/her/it
w+oma
aw+oma
r+oma
for me
for you sg
for him/her/it
q+ichin
iw+ichin
k+ichin
ours
yours pl
theirs
q+ik’in
iw+ik’in
k+ik’in
with us
with you pl
with them
q+oma
iw+oma
k+oma
for us
for you pl
for them
Examples:
Achojik’in nub’inisaj Oxi B’atz?
With whom is Oxi B’atz walking?
Achojichin la wuj la
Whose book is that?
Achike roma rı̈x xiq’um kape?
Why did you all drink coffee?
14
Oxi B’atz nub’inisaj rik’in Ixkamey
Oxi B’atz is walking with Ixkamey
Re wuj re wichin rı̈n
This book is mine
Röj xqaq’um kape roma k’o tew
We drank coffee because it’s cold
1.6.2
Ch’uti Choltzij
-k’astäj - to wake up
(37)
(IV)
yi- k’astäj pa waqi ramaj
pres 1sg wake-up at six hour
“I wake up at six o’clock.”
-wulaj - to destroy
(38)
(TV)
ri r- aqän ya
xu- wulaj ri b’ey
det 3sg leg water past 3sg destroy det road
“The river destroyed the road.”
tz’umal - skin
(39)
(N)
ri nutz’umal käq r- ubonil roma ri q’ij
det 1sg skin
red 3sg colour because det sun
“My skin is red because of the sun.”
-qenelöj - to talk to oneself
(40)
(IV)
ri achin ch’uj ni- qenelöj
pa b’ey
det man crazy pres talk-to-oneself at road
“The crazy man is talking to himself in the street.”
-tech’en - to move one’s butt while dancing or walking
(41)
ni- ki- tech’
ri xtani’
taq ye- xajon
pres 3pl move-buttcheeks det young-girls-pl when pres 3pl dance
“The girls move their buttcheeks when they dance.”
sib’il - barechested, or with one’s belly hanging out
(42)
(Adj)
pa B’oko’,
jantape chöj
sib’il
ki- pam ru- to’onel ri ch’ich’inel
at Chimaltenango always straight belly-hanging-out 3pl belly 3sg helper det bus-driver
“In Chimaltenango, the bus ayudantes always have their bellies hanging out.”
-tzët - to look at
(43)
(TV)
i- qa- tzët
rija
röj n1pl pres 1pl look-at 3sg
“We see him.”
-tze’en - to laugh
(44)
(TV)
(IV)
wakamin, yi- tze’en
now
pres 1sg laugh
“Now I’m laughing.”
15
xikach’ich’ - airplane
(45)
(N)
xin- apon pa xikach’ich’
past 1sg arrive at airplane
“I arrived by airplane.”
1.6.3
El cuerpo - Ri Ch’akulaj
jolomaj
head
ijaj - back
ch’ekaj - knee
Examples:
1.7.1
palajaj
face
eyaj - teeth
chi’aj - mouth
aq’aj - tongue
ruwi’ aqanaj
toes
1.7
tzamaj
nose
leg
aqanaj
achäq - butt
xikin
metz’aj - eyebrow
wachaj - eye - wachaj
ear
q’ab’aj
panam
belly
xikin
ruwi’ q’ab’aj
fingers
——————————
wi’aj - hair - wi’aj
arm
x
qulaj - neck
telemaj - shoulders
tz’ikaj - elbows
nupam
axikin
rutzam
...
my belly
your ear
his nose
Martes, 19 de junio
Ri xarinı̈k - El noviasco
ajowab’äl
q’ulub’ik
qojomanel
[axowap’@l]
[q’ulup’ik]˚
[qoxomanel]
˚
el amor
la boda
el músico
love
wedding
musician
kamelaj
sipanik
ch’olonel
[kamelax]
[sipanik]
[Ù’olonel]
˚
el respeto
un regalo
pareja que
da consejos
respect
present
older couple who
gives advice
jui
jeb’el
[xui]
[xep’el]
˚
inteligente
guapo/a
smart
good-looking
qolonel
aninel
[qolonel]
[aninel˚
]
˚
cómico
atlético
funny
fit
16
-ch’ob’an
-koch’
-chaj
-kitzir
[Ù’op’an]
[koÙ’]
[Ùax]
[kitsir]
k’a kamik sachik
1.7.2
planear
tolerar, aceptar
eligir a
ser cierto
to
to
to
to
plan
tolerate, to accept
choose
be sure
!juntos hasta la muerte!
together until the end!
Ch’uti Choltzij
-k’ayb’alin - to go to the market, and buy stuff
(46)
(IV)
konojel ri ixoqi ye- k’ayb’alin
pa ru- q’ij k’ayb’äl
all
det women pres 3pl go-to-market at 3sg day market
“All the women go to the market and buy stuff on market day.”
-loq’ - to buy
(47)
(TV)
e- b’e pa loq’öj pa k’ayb’äl
ri ixoqi ydet women pres 3pl go to buy at market
“The women go to the market to buy (things).”
raxk’arok’oj - very clear (skies)
(48)
(Adj)
wakamin ri kaj man raxk’arok’oj ta
now
det sky neg1 clear
neg2
“Right now, the sky isn’t clear.”
-q’ojomaj - to play an instrument
(49)
(TV)
nu- metz’
nu- q’ojomaj
tzintzin
1sg boyfriend pres 3sg play-instrument guitar
“My boyfriend plays the guitar.”
-mestaj - to forget something
(50)
(TV)
k’o b’ey rin nin- mestaj wachinäq
sometimes 1sg pres 1sg forget things
“Sometimes, I forget things.”
aq’omab’äl jay - hospital
(51)
rin yi- samäj pa jun aq’omab’äl jay
1sg pres 1sg work at one hospital
“I work at a hospital.”
17
-tijoj - to study
(52)
(IV)
pa toq’a, taq Oxi B’atz ni- wär, rin nintijoj w- i’
at night when Oxi B’atz pres sleep 1sg pres 1sg study 1sg refl
“At night, while Oxi B’atz sleeps, I study.”
wayb’äl - restaurant
(53)
(N)
iwir,
xoj- b’e pa wayb’äl
yesterday past 1pl go to restaurant
“Yesterday, we went to the restaurant.”
oyob’ey - to wait for
(VT)
(54)
chila, xq- oyob’ey ri waim pa jun ramaj
there past 1pl wait-for det food for one hour
“There, we waited for the food for one hour.”
1.8
Miercoles, 20 de junio
1.8.1
1.8.2
wi
aw i
ri
Frases útiles
wuqu ramaj
wuqu rikin nik’aj
[wuqu ramax]
[wuqu rikin nik’aj]
las siete
las siete y media
seven o’clock
seven-thirty
q’ijobäl
jantape
[Éixop’@l]
˚
[xantape]
reloj
siempre
clock
always
-k’utuj
k’utunik
[k’utux]
[k’utunik]
preguntar
una pregunta
to ask
question
achike rub’ixik
man xq’ax ta
[man SÉaSta]
como se dice
no entiendo
how do you say
I don’t understand
jun b’ey chı̈k
tab’ana utzil
[xun p’ej ÙIk]
[tap’ana utzil]
˚
otra vez mas
por favor
one more time
please
pa kaxlan
pa q’anchi
[pa kaSlan]
[pa ÉanÙi]
en Español
en Inglés
in Spanish
in English
Reflexivos
qi
iw i
ki
ex.:
18
niqajo qi
rı̈n ninb’onij wi
we love each other
I’m putting on make-up
rat naxib’ij awi
nikitun ki
You are afraid
They are living in sin together
1.8.3
Ri k’ayb’äl - El mercado
k’ayij
-k’ayin
-k’ayij
k’ayinel
[k’ajix]
[k’ajin]
[k’ajix]
[k’ajinel]
˚
-loq’on
-loq’
loq’onel
[loÉon]
[loÉ]
[loÉonel]
˚
mercancı́as
goods
vender
to sell
vendedor
shopkeeper
comprar
to buy
comprador
customer
intransitive
rı̈n
rat
rija
röj
rı̈x
rije
yikayiyakayinikayiyojkayiyixkayiyekayitakasaj rajil!
yalan jotol rajil
ninkwa
1.9
1.9.1
Q:
transitive
n
n
n
n
n
n
ninkayinakayinukayiniqakayinikayinikikayi-
lower the price!
the price is too high!
I’ll take it
j
j
j
j
j
j
pwäq
tumin
some intransitive V
take the -n suffix
some transitive V
take the -j suffix
money
coin
Jueves, 21 de junio
Ri yab’il - Las enfermedades
Achike yab’il k’o
k’o
k’o
k’o
k’o
chiwe
chawe
chire
etc...
rin
rat
Ma Beleje’ Ey?
ojob’
k’atän
raxtew
raxkej
chi we
cha we
chi re
chi qe
I have a cough
You have a cold/fever
He has the chills
We have a cramp
What illness is
with me
with you
with Ma Beleje’ Ey?
etc...
A1:
rı̈n
rat
rija
röj
A2:
q’axon
q’axon
nua-
pam
jolom
My stomach hurts
Your head hurts
A3:
k’o ya chi
ru-
pam
I have diarrhea
A4:
ni mulun
qa-
k’ux
We have nausea
(volverse,mesclarse)
19
1.9.2
Ri tzyäq - La ropa
♀
♂
ru tzyäq jun ixoq - women’s clothes
ru tzyäq jun achin - men’s clothes
b’eraj - shawl
chix(i)kin - earring
ichinaj - necklace
pawi’a - hat (traditional)
tzatz - hat (ball cap)
koton - sweater/jacket
b’ot - shirt
koton - sweater/jacket
kamixa - shirt
rupam kamixa - undershirt
b’as - sash
ximb’el - belt (foreign)
uq - skirt
kaxlan uq - foreign skirt
wexaj - pants
rupam wexaj - underpants
xajab’ - sandals
merix - socks
b’ukut - shoes
1.9.3
Ch’uti choltzij
-k’is - to end
(55)
(TV)
k’is ri tijonik roma ri yi- b’ison
wakamin xpast end det class therefore pres 1sg be-sad
now
“Today the course has ended, therefore I am sad.”
-weq - to adorn
(56)
(TV)
ri ixoq
nu- weq r- i
pa ru- q’ulub’ik
det woman pres 3sg adorn 3sg refl to 3sg wedding
“The woman adorns herself for her wedding.”
na’oj - idea
(57)
(N)
jeb’el jeb’el ru- na’oj ri achin re
pretty pretty 3sg idea det man this
“That guy has great ideas.”
-qasb’ar - to erupt
(58)
(IV)
xi- qasb’ar roma xnoj
nupam
past 1sg erupt because past be-full 1sg stomach
“I erupted because my stomach was full.”
20
-junumaj - to share
(59)
(TV)
ninwajo nin- junumaj re saq’ul re awikin
pres 1sg want pres 1sg share
this banana this 2sg with
“I want to share this banana with you.”
yon - alone
(60)
(Adj)
nu- yon xin- loq’ ri aq’om
1sg alone past 1sg buy det medecine
“I bought the medecine alone.”
k’achoj - to finish
(61)
(IV)
xk’achoj ri qasamaj
past finish det 1pl work
“Our work is done.”
jok’ - to grind
(62)
(TV)
xqa- jok’ qa- kinäq’
past 1pl grind 1pl bean
“We ground our beans.”
na - still, always
(63)
1.9.4
(Adv)
xk- i- pe
na
fut 1sg come still
“I’m still coming back.”
The alphabet game
a
ä
b’
ch
ch’
e
i
j
k
k’
l
m
n
aq
äj
pig
ear of corn
b’ojoy
pot
che
tree
ch’akät
eyaj
ichaj
chair
teeth
plant
job’
rain
kinäq’
bean
k’ayb’äl
market
limonix
manq’uq’
ne’y
lemon
quetzal
baby
o
p
q
q’
r
s
t
t’
tz
tz’
u
x
y
21
oj
pächb’äl
avocado
fork
qach’ab’äl
Kaqchikel
q’aq’
fire
ruwäch che
saq’ul
ti’ir
“fruit”
banana
meat
t’ot’
conch shell
tzatz
hat (gorra)
tz’aläm
wood
utiw
xara
yikos
wolf
glass
I’m tired!
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
1.9.5
Matyoxinik
Formula: Name, Hometown, Thank yous
ex.:
Nub’i rin Waqi Tz’i, pa q’anchi Justin.
My name is “Waqi Tz’i”, in English, “Justin”.
Nutinamit pa Iximulew Pan Q’än, pa
jotol Montreal.
My hometown is Antigua in Guatemala,
Montreal ‘up north’.
Nab’ey, matyöx chi re moloj Wuku Kawoq
ruma xuya q’ij chuwe nintijoj wi.
First, thank you to the Wuku Kawoq organization
for the opportunity to study with them.
Matyöx chi re ri kamul b’ey Ixkawoq chok’a
Ixajpu. ...
Matyöx ...
Thank you to the organizers Ixkawoq and Ixajpu. ...
Thank you ...
...
...
22
Skype lessons I - Fall 2012
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
Sunday, November 4, 2012
Ch’uti choltzij
q’utu’n
[Éu.tuPn]
comida
food
b’ätz
[p’@ts]
hilo
thread
yawa
[ja.wa]
enfermo
sick
chuwäch
[Ùu.w@Ù]
antes
before
chirij
[Ùi.rix]
despues
after
Set A practice
(1)
x- ∅- qa- sik’ij qa- wuj
pst 3sg 1pl read 1pl book
“We read our book.”
(2)
x- ∅- ki- tij ki- tz’i
pst 3sg 3pl eat 3pl dog
“They ate their dog.”
(3)
x- ∅- iw- ak’axaj iw- achib’ı̈l
pst 3sg 2pl listen-to 2pl friend
“You (pl) listened to your (pl) friend.”
(4)
x- ∅- q- ajo q- äk’
pst 3sg 1pl want 1pl chicken
“We wanted our chicken.”
2.1.3
Embedded clauses (introduction)
Ninwajo ninqüm kape
‘I want to drink coffee.’
Ninwajo ninb’än ri q’utu’n
‘I want to make the food.’
Nirajo nusik’ij ruwuj
‘She wants to read her book.’
Yitikı̈r yinets’an
‘I can play.’
IV ≫ IV
Ninwajo chi yewär rije
‘I want (that) they sleep
disjoint subjects
23
TV ≫ TV
2.2
Sunday, November 11, 2012
2.2.1
More set A practice
(5)
x- ∅- in- q’etej nutz’i
pst 3sg 1sg hug 1sg dog
“I hugged my dog.”
(6)
x- ∅- a- b’inisaj
a- tata
pst 3sg 2sg walk-caus 2sg father
“You walked (with) your father.”
(7)
x- ∅- u- chöy ru- che
pst 3sg 3sg chop 3sg tree
“He chopped down his tree.”
(8)
qa- tijob’äl
x- ∅- qa- tzu
pst 3sg 1pl look-at 1pl school
“We looked at our school.”
(9)
-b’äl
locative/instrumental
x- ∅- i- chäp i- kej
pst 3sg 2pl touch 2pl horse
“You pl touch your pl horse.”
x- ∅- ki- xib’ij ki- te’ej
pst 3sg 3pl scare 3pl mother
“They frighten their mother.”
(10)
2.2.2
Verb classes
CV
ex.:
b’i
CVCV
b’i-
‘say’
antipassive
-j
ex.:
CVC
tijo-
ex.:
‘teach’
tijo
transitive
-j
b’ı̈ -x1
passive
tijö -x
b’i -n
antipassive
tijo -n
q’ete hug
kusa use
etc...
T
1 The
k’üy-
‘forgive’
imperative:
- root vowel tenses
- add additional vowel CVC
→ ex.: k-in-a-kuyu 2
chäp touch
bän
do
etc...
status suffix
passive suffix -x conditions a laxing process in the root’s V
additional vowel in imperative form is not a copy vowel from the root. Ex.: t-∅-a-tij-a ‘(you) eat it’.
2 Note:
24
2.2.3
2.2.4
On houses
jay
-ochoch
house
(unpossesed)
house
(possessed)
pa jay
to house
chi wochoch
to my house
Two apology phrases
(11)
k- in- a- k’uyu
imp 1sg 2sg forgive
‘Pardon me.’
(12)
t- ∅- a- k’uyu nu- mak
imp 3sg 2sg forgive 1sg error
‘Pardon my error.’
2.2.5
The causative suffix -Vsa
-käm
‘die’
-el
‘leave/exit’
-b’in (b’iyin)
‘walk’
-kam -isa -j
‘murder’/‘cause to die’
-el -esa -j
‘remove’/‘cause to leave’
-b’in -isa -j
‘walk with’/‘cause to walk’
25
2.3
Sunday, November 18, 2012
2.3.1
The inchoative suffix -ir
pı̈m
thick
adj
pim-ir
y-e-pim-ir
to become thick
they become thick
inchoative
y-e-ki-pim-ir-isa-j
they are causing them to become thick
incho + caus + trans
y-e-pim-ir-isä-x
they are being caused to become thick
incho + caus + passive
y-e-pim-ir-isa-n
they are causing to become thick
incho + caus + anti
2.3.2
The many uses of the function words roma and richin
‘why’
(lit. ‘what reason’)
roma
‘because’
(lit. ‘it’s reason’)
y-oj-kikot junam roma rija
We are happy together because of him/her
passive marker
x-e-q’etë-x ri ak’wal-a roma ri ixöq
The children are hugged by/because of the woman
‘whose’
(lit. ‘what poss’)
achojichin la wuj la?
Whose book is that?
possessive
richin
antipassive marker
‘in order to’
2.3.3
(13)
achike roma y-ix-kikot junam?
Why are you pl happy together?
re wuj re wichin rı̈n
This book is mine
ri ixöq n-∅-q’ete-n [ richin ri ak’wal ]
The woman hugs (to) the child
rı̈n y-i-wa richin man y-i-käm ta
I eat in order not to die
Ch’uti choltzij
majun k’ayew-al ta
none difficulty neg2
“No problem / no worries.” (lit. ‘there is no difficulty’)
26
(14)
majun achike ta
none what neg2
“No problem / no worries.” (lit. ‘there is no what’)’
(15)
jo’ök
a- wa’
pobrecito 2sg face
“You poor little thing.”
(16)
w- oyowal
k’o
there-is 1sg anger
“I’m angry.” (lit. ‘there is my anger’)
(17)
x- pe
aw- oyowal
pst arrive 2sg anger
“You’re angry.” (lit. ‘your anger has arrived’)’
2.4
Sunday, December 2, 2012
2.4.1
Ch’uti choltzij
molaj
[mo.lax]
reunión
gathering
nimamolaj
[ni.ma.mo.lax]
congreso
conference
naqäj
[na.q@x]
cerca
close
näj
A
chi rupan
A
kutbäl
[n@x]
lejos
far
[Ùi.ru.pan]
durante, interior
during, inside
[kut.p’@l]
˚
charla
talk, presentation
ex. winaqi aj näj
‘people from far away’
ex. chi rupan ri uxlanem
* *
*
k’o
[k’o]
hay (sg)
there is
ek’o
[e.k’o]
hay (pl)
there are
xk’oje
[Sk’o.xe]
habia
there was
k’o chi
[k’o.Ùi]
hay que ...
it is necessary that ...
27
‘during the break’
2.4.2
Derivational morphology
tijo-x-el
root V
‘teach’
2.5
2.5.1
passive
tijo-n-el
root V
‘teach’
agentive
antipassive
‘student’
‘teacher’
‘one who is taught’
‘one who teaches’
Sunday, January 6, 2013
k’o chi - “it’s necessary that”
(18)
ch’waq, k’o chi yoj- b’iyin pa jun chik tinamit
tomorrow ∃ that pres 1pl walk to one other town
“Tomorrow, we have to walk to another town.”
(19)
wakamin pa toq’a k’o chi niqa- ch’äj ri rute q’aq’
now/today at night ∃ that pres 3sg 1pl clean det kitchen
“Tonight, we have to clean the kitchen.”
(20)
achike hora
k’o chi yoj- b’e chi r- ochoch ajaw?
what time/hour ∃ that pres 1pl go to 3sg house lord
“What time do we have to go to church?”
(21)
i- wa chuwach yoj- samaj
man k’o ta
chi yneg1 ∃ neg2 that pres 1sg eat before pres 1pl work
“I don’t have to eat before we work.”
2.5.2
agentive
Relational nouns3,4
pa ruwi
chi rij
‘on top of’
‘behind’
chi rupam
‘inside’
chi ruxikin
‘beside’
chi ruwäch
‘in front of’
3 Contractions
4 Additional
are common:
chi ruwäch → chuwäch
chi rupam → chupam
meaning for pa ruwi and chi rij : ‘on the subject of’; chi rij : ‘after’
28
chi ruxikin → chuxkin
etc.
Pa rochoch Ixkamey - January 2013
3.1
Monday, January 14, 2013
3.1.1
Verbs and derived vocabulary
3.1.2
mestaj
nataj
nojij
[mes.tax]
[na.tax]
[no.xix]
olvidarse
recordarse
pensar
to forget
to remember
to think
xik’an
xik’
xik’ach’ich’
[Si.k’an]
[Sik’]
[Si.k’a.Ù’iÙ’]
volar
ala
avión
to fly
wing
airplane
k’wäy
k’wayöl b’ey
k’wayöl ch’ich’
[k’w@ç]
[k’wa.jOl.p’eç]
[k’wa.jOl.Ù’iÙ’]
llevar
jefe
chófer
to carry, to take
boss
driver
k’ase
k’äs
k’aslem
k’astäj
k’astanib’äl
k’astan
[k’a.se]
[k’@s]
[k’as.lem]
[k’as.t@x]
[k’as.ta.ni.p’@l]
˚
[k’as.tan]
vivir
vivo
la vida
despertarse
parque
divertirse
to live somewhere
alive
life
to wake up
park
to have fun, to enjoy oneself
Ch’uti choltzij
(1)
rin man yitikir ta
yi- wär pa ri ch’ich’ roma ri k’wayöl ch’ich’ n1sg neg1 pres 1sg can neg2 pres 1sg sleep on det bus
because det bus driver
pres
u- k’way achi’el jun ch’uj
3sg drive like
one crazy
“I can’t sleep on the bus because the driver drives like a madman.”
(2)
i- ru- tijoj xaxe jun ramaj pa jun wuq’ij
Ixkotz’i’j ypres 1sg 3sg teach only one hour at one week
Emily
“Emily teaches me for only one hour per week.”
(3)
u- ya tijonik xaxe jun ramaj pa jun wuq’ij
Ixkotz’i’j npres 3sg give lesson only one hour at one week
Emily
“Emily teaches me one lesson of one hour per week.”
(4)
in- k’ul
tijonik xaxe jun ramaj pa jun wuq’ij roma Ixkotz’i’j
rin n1sg pres 1sg receive lesson only one hour at one week because Emily
I receive one lesson of one hour per week from Emily.”
(5)
xq’aj ru- tsam nutz’ib’a’b’äl
past fall 3sg nose 1sg pencil
“(The nose of) my pencil broke.”
29
3.1.3
Really difficult pairs (phonetic and semantic)
nëj
nePy
far
baby
xukül
jupül
kawäl
→ babies speak poorly w/ lots of g.s.
kneeling
lying face down
lying face up
→ you groan “uuu...” when lying face down
tz’alän
tzalän
wood
lying on one’s side
b’ij
tzijon
tz’ib’än
→ lying on one side is relaxing,
→ ∴ no ejective
ik
ik’
→ ! the moon has the ‘kick’
äk’
aq
→
→
→
→
pepper
moon
1
chicken
pig
b’ij ≃ Fr. dire
speaking ‘flows’ naturally, while
writing is difficult, ∴ no ejective
tz’ib’än = tz’ib’ + b’än ‘make letter’
q’ab’aj
aqanaj
→ chickens go ‘cluck’ !
say
speak
write
arm
leg
→ a leg is longer!
1
3.1.4
Two names for Comalapa
chiq’al
chixot
→ (chi aq’al)
→ (chi xot)
[Ùi.Éal]
˚
[Ùi.Sot]
Comalapa
place of ashes
terracotta bowl
There was a huge fire in Comalapa some time back, which destroyed the town. Two
names emerged from the tragedy: Chiq’al and Chixot.
3.1.5
Vocabulary
achi’el
[aÙi.Pel]
˚
similar, como
like, similar to
warab’äl jay
[wa.ra.p’@l]
˚
cuarto
bedroom (lit. sleeping house)
qitzij
[qi.tsix]
verdad, cierto
true
ch’ül
[Ù’Ul]
˚
fresco, tranquilo
fresh, cool, calm
[xu.p’a]
[k’in.p’a]
un poquito
a veces
a little
sometimes
nimaq’a
[ni.ma.Éa]
la mañana
the morning
k’ak’a
[k’a.k’a]
nuevo
new
jub’a
k’in b’a
1 “!”
[→ rik’in jub’a]
indicates a counter-intutive mnemonic. Warning: very subjective!
30
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
Tuesday, January 15, 2013
Vocabulary
ruchoq’a
[ru.Ùo.Éa]
fuerza
strength
chöj
[ÙOx]
recto
straight
ch’ich’
[Ù’iÙ’]
carro, metal
car, metal
kaq’ı̈q’
[ka.ÉIÉ]
viento, aire
wind, air
meq’en
katen
[me.Éen]
[ka.ten]
caliente (ambiente)
caliente (cuerpo)
warm (temperature)
hot (body temperature)
tiqaq’ij
[ti.qa.Éix]
tarde
afternoon
meb’a
b’eyom
[me.p’a]
[p’e.jom]
pobre
rico
poor
rich
Market day in Comalapa
(6)
pa nimaq’a, röj xöj- b’iyaj pa kayb’äl
at morning 1pl past 1pl travel to market
“In the morning, we went to the market.”
(7)
e k’o
k’ij winaqi, chuqa k’ij loq’onela chuqa k’ij k’ayinela
pl there-is many people coord many customers and many vendors
“There were many people, including many customers and many vendors.”
(8)
aw- ajo ta xa- loq’ xna’j, chuqa xa- tikir
xa- loq’
rat x2sg past 2sg want irr past 2sg buy orange coord past 2sg be-able-to past 2sg buy
“You wanted to buy some oranges, and you were able to.”
(9)
rin xinw- ajo ta xin- loq’ nimasaq’ul, man xi- tikir
ta
xin- loq’
1sg past 1sg want irr past 1sg buy plantains neg1 past 1sg be-able-to neg2 past 1sg buy
“I wanted to buy some plantains, but I was not able to.” :(
(10)
pa jun ka’i ramaj, röj xoj- k’astan
chuqa xi- qa- tzu ronojel ri jalajoj
at one two hour 1pl past 1pl enjoy-onself coord past 3sg 1pl look all
det different
wachinäq
things
“For two hours, we enjoyed ourselves and looked at all the different things.”
(11)
xoj- tsijon rikin jun k’ayinel richin b’ot. Rija ütz na’oj
past 1pl talked with one vendor with huipil 3sg good character
“We talked to a huipil vendor. She had a pleasant character.”
(12)
i- r- ajo chi rin xin- loq’ ta jun b’ot, po rin man xin- loq’ ta
rija x3sg past 3sg 3sg want that 1sg past 1sg buy irr one huipil but 1sg neg1 past 1sg buy neg2
roma ka’i kayewal: nab’ey, ri rahel yalan jotol, rukan, roma man nin- kusaj ta
because two problem first
det price very high second because neg1 past 1sg use neg2
31
jun b’ot
one huipil
“She wanted me to buy a huipil, but I didn’t buy one for two reasons: first, the price was too high;
second, I don’t wear huipiles!”
(13)
chi rij, rat xin- a- to chi rutz’etik oxi kelonel jay
after 2sg past 1sg 2sg help for 3sg seeing three artist house
“After, you helped me visit three art galleries.”
(14)
in- tz’et k’ij achib’äl, po man xin- loq’ ta
roma xaxe xinw- ajo
rin x1sg past 1sg see many painting but neg1 past 1sg buy neg2 because only past 1sg want
xinwetamaj janpe
rajil
past 1sg know how-much price
“I saw many paintings, but I didn’t buy any because I only wanted to see how much they cost.”
(15)
jun chik q’ij, rik’in
jub’a xt- in- loq’
one other day in-order-to a little fut 1sg buy
“I might buy one some other day.”
(16)
oj- pe
pa q- ochoch. K’ari xoj- wa pa jun ramaj. K’o
jun yalan
chi rij röj xafter 1pl past 1sg return to 1pl house then past 1sg eat at one hour there-is one very
ütz nimaq’a
good morning
“After that, we went home. Then, we ate at one o’clock. It was a very good morning.”
3.2.3
Use of plural e and locative k’o
k’o
there is
+
−
+
wawe e k’o lajuj winaqi
la wo’o mes la e ko’öl
there are ten people here
those five cats are small
−
wawe k’o jun winäq
re mes re ko’öl
there is one person here
this cat is small
e
plural
3.2.4
Two uses of kan: past and present
ka’i wuq’ij kan, xik’oje pa jotol
two weeks ago, I was in the USA (past)
kan tawak’axa utz
now, listen here
32
copular k’o is only used
in locative sense, for NPs
copular e is only used
for plural, for NPs
3.3
3.3.1
Wednesday, January 16, 2013
Morphology of shape adjectives (rub’anikil )
plural
in -aq?
nim
big
mass noun
in -il ?
✔
✔
ko’öl
✔
small
ti’oj
fat
b’aq’
skinny
pim
thick
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
xax
✔
thin
kow
hard
b’uyul
soft
✔
✔
✔
✔
jeb’el
✔
beautiful
itzel
ugly
3.3.2
inchoative
in -ir ?
✔?
✔
ex.:
ex.:
ex.:
ex.:
ri awän e nimaq
the corn is tall
ri raqan ya niko’olir taq k’o k’atän
the river shrinks when the weather is hot
ex.:
ex.:
ex.:
ex.:
ruti’ojil ri wakx
the fatness of the cow
rub’aq’il ri kär
the bones of the fish
ex.:
ex.:
ex.:
ex.:
ri ka’i wuj e pimaq
the two books are thick
re wexaj re xtixaxir
this pair of pants will wear thin
ex.:
ex.:
ex.:
ex.:
rukowil ri xan
the hardness of the wall
rub’uyulil ri ch’akät wi’aj
the softness of the pillow
ex.:
ex.:
ex.:
ex.:
awochoch xjeb’elir roma xab’onin
your house became more beautiful when you painted it
ritzelal
his ugliness (internal)
Nouns derived from -b’äl locative suffix
muxanbäl
[mu.San.p’@l]
˚
piscina
swimming pool
atinbäl
[a.tin.p’@l]
˚
baño
bathroom
etz’anbäl
[e.ts’an.p’@l]
˚
parque infantil
playground
xajonbäl
[Sa.xon.p’@l]
˚
discoteca
night club
yakbäl wuj
[jak.p’@l.wux]
˚
biblioteca
library
aq’omab’al
[a.Éo.ma.p’@l]
˚
hospetal
hospital
33
3.3.3
root
+ Coj
+ al
+ ir
root
+ Coj
+ al
+ ir
root
+ Coj
+ al
+ ir
root
+ Coj
+ al
+ ir
root
+ Coj
+ al
+ ir
root
+ Coj
+ al
+ ir
Morphology of colour adjectives (rub’onil )
→ Adj
→ N
→ V
→ Adj
→ N
→ V
→ Adj
→ N
→ V
→ Adj
→ N
→ V
→ Adj
→ N
→ V
→ Adj
→ N
→ V
+ al
+ ir
raxröj (light green)
ruraxal (greenness)
raxir (to turn green)
→ Adj
→ N
→ V
ex.:
ex.:
greenery, generally-speaking
when a plant’s health improves
ex.:
one’s face when embarassed,
angry, etc.
käq (dark red)
kaqköj (bright red)
rukaqal (redness)
kaqir (to turn red)
q’än (dark yellow/orange)
q’anq’öj (bright yellow)
ruq’anal (the appetizing golden colour of food when it’s cooked)
q’anir (to mature, as in fruit)
xar (dark blue)
xarxöj (light blue)
*ruxaral (blueness)
*xarir (to turn blue)
q’ëq (black)
q’eqq’öj (black-ish)
ruq’eqal (the darkness of the sky when it rains)
q’eqir (to turn black)
chaj (grey, ashes)
chajchöj (light grey)
ruchayil (human ashes)
chayir (to turn grey)
säq
root
+ Coj
räx (dark green)
ex.:
like a corpse
ex.:
hair (old age), dawn (xseqër k’a...)
(white)
saqsöq (slightly dirty white)
rusaqil (clarity)
saqir (to turn white)
34
3.4
3.4.1
Thursday, January 17, 2013
Ri kab’anoj - transitive verbs practice
ninwatinisaj ri tz’i
npres
∅3sg
inw1sg
atin
bathe
-isa
caus
-j
trans
“I made the dog bathe.”
ninwartisaj ri ne’y
npres
∅3sg
in1sg
war
sleep
-(t)isa
caus
-j
trans
“I made the baby sleep.”
xinkich’elej
xpast
in1sg
ki3pl
ch’ele
carry
-j
trans
“They carried me.”
xinruxajorisaj
xpast
in1sg
ru3sg
xajo
dance
-(r)isa
caus
-j
trans
“She made me dance.”
ye’inb’inisaj
ypres
e’3pl
in1sg
b’in
walk
-isa
caus
-j
trans
“I made them walk.”
yinkak’axaj
ypres
in1sg
k3pl
ak’axa
listen
-j
trans
“They listened to me.”
kiniwak’axaj
kimp
in1sg
iw2pl
ak’axa
listen
-j
trans
“You (pl) listen to me!”
tiwak’axaj
timp
∅3sg
iw2pl
ak’axa
listen
-j
trans
“You (pl) listen to him!”
kinawoyoj
kimp
in1sg
aw2sg
oyoj
call
-j
trans
“You (sg) call me!”
xkatinwoyoj
xkfut
at2sg
inw1sg
oyoj
call
-j
trans
“I will call you (sg).”
xikoyoj
xpast
i1sg
k3pl
oyoj
call
-j
trans
“They called me.”
xirutz’ib’aj
xpast
i1sg
ru3sg
tz’ib’a
write
-j
trans
“He wrote to me.”
yinatzijoj
ypres
in1sg
a2sg
tzijo
talk
-j
trans
“You are talking about me.”
yitzijon awikin
ypres
i1sg
tzijo
talk
-n
anti
xinich’äy
xpast
in1sg
i2pl
ch’äy
hit
-j
trans
“You (pl) hit me.”
xeruch’äy
xpast
e3pl
ru3sg
ch’äy
hit
-j
trans
“He hit them.”
35
“I am speaking with you.”
3.4.2
The man who would chop trees
(17)
Nab’ey, rija nu- chöy ri si
richin
ru- q’aq’ pa r- ochoch
first
3sg pres 3sg chop det firewood in-order-to 3sg fire at 3sg house
“At first, he chops firewood for the fire at his house.
(18)
Tons, jun q’ij, rija ni- b’iyin pa rusamaj. Chila, nutz’ët oxi che.
so
one day 3sg pres 3sg walk to 3sg work there pres 3sg see three tree
So, one day, he goes to work. There, he sees three trees.”
(19)
u- tz’ët ki- paläj chi rupam
ri oxi che
Wakamin, npres 3sg see 3pl face for 3sg stomach det three tree
now
All of a sudden, he sees faces in the three trees.”
(20)
i- r- ajo nu- jel
rusamaj.
Tons, ri achin nso
det man pres 3sg 3sg want pres 3sg change 3sg work
“Therefore, the man wants to change his work.”
(21)
i- r- ajo nu- ya ri k’aslem chi ke ri che
Wakamin, ri achin nnow
det man pres 3sg 3sg want pres 3sg give det life
for 3pl det tree
“Now, the man wants to give life to the trees.”
(22)
u- b’än ri k’oj chi ke ri che
Tons, ri achin nso
det man pres 3sg do det mask for 3pl det tree
“So, the man makes masks from the trees.”
3.4.3
3.4.4
Vocabulary
kem
kematz’ib’
[kem]
[ke.ma.ts’ip’]
tejar
computador
to weave
computer
taluj
talutzij
taluwäch
[ta.lux]
[ta.lu.tsix]
[ta.lu.w@Ù]
distribuir
radio
televisión
to distribute
radio
television
lemo
lemowäch
[le.mo]
[le.mo.w@Ù]
espejo
gafas
mirror
glasses
oyoj
oyonib’äl
[o.jox]
[o.jo.ni.p’@l]
˚
llamar
teléfono
to call
telephone
The days of the week
luq’ij
maq’ij
miq’ij
juq’ij
b’iq’ij
saq’ij
doq’ij
lunes
martes
miércoles
jueves
viernes
sabado
domingo
36
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
3.5
Friday, January 18, 2013
3.5.1
ability
‘Modal’ and ‘control’ verbs in Kaqchikel
-tikir
IV
Yitikir ninsik’ij ri wuj
“I can read the book.”
“Puedo leer el libro.”
tikirel
N
Tikirel ninsik’ij ri wuj
“I may read the book.”
“Puedo leer el libro.”
tikirel
N
Tikirel ninsik’ij ri wuj
“I may read the book.”
“Posiblemente, voy a leer el libro.”
k’o chi
clause
K’o chi ninsik’ij ri wuj
“I have to read the book.”
“Tengo que leer el libro.”
Eng. should
Sp. “deberı́a” + V
k’o ta chi
clause
K’o ta chi nasik’ij ri wuj
“You should read the book.”
“Deberı́as leer el libro.”
necessity
-k’atzin
k’atzinel
IV
N
Nik’atzin ninsik’ij ri wuj
K’atzinel ninsik’ij ri wuj
“I must read the book.”
“Necesito leer el libro.”
Eng. can
Sp. poder
permission
Eng. may
Sp. poder
possibility
Eng. may
Sp. “posiblemente”
have to
Eng. have to
Sp. tener que
suggestion
Eng. need
Sp. “necesitar” + V
*
*
*
Eng. try
Sp. intentar
-tojtob’ey
VT
Nintojtob’ey nintij ri ch’op
“I tried to eat the pineapple.”
“Intenté de comer la piña.”
Eng. fear
Sp. temer
-xib’ij + refl
VT
Ninxib’ij wi nintij ri ch’op
“I feared eating the pineapple.”
“Temo a comer la piña.”
Eng. start
Sp. empezar
-chäp
VT
Ninchäp rutijik ri ch’op
“I started to eat the pineapple.”
“Empezé de comer la pin̈a.”
Eng. plan
Sp. planear
-nojij
VT
Ninnojij rutijik ri ch’op
“I tried to eat the pineapple.”
“Plané de comer la pin̈a.”
37
3.5.2
Posicionales, part II
-tzij
tzijı̈l
to turn on
on
ex.:
xintzij ri kematz’ib’
I turned on the computer
-chüp
chupül
to turn off
off
ex.:
pa toq’a, ninchüp ri q’aq’ roma ninwajo yiwär
At night, I turn off the light because I want to sleep
-jäq
jaqäl
to open
open
ex.:
rija nujäq ri ruchi jay
She opened the door
-tz’äp
tz’apäl
to close
closed
ex.:
rin nintz’abäl ri wuj ∼ wakamin ri wuj tz’apäl
I’m closing the book; now the book is closed
-tzeqeb’a
tzeqël
to hang
hanging
ex.:
xutzeqeb’a ri peqes richin waim pa rute q’aq’
He hung bags of food in the kitchen
-raq’ib’aj
raqäl
to lean (something)
leaning
ex.:
xinraq’ab’aj ri ch’akät chi ruwäch xan
I leaned the chair against the wall
-tik’ib’a
tikı̈l
to set upright
upright
ex.:
tatik’ib’a ri xara
Set the glass upright!
3.5.3
Verbs and derived vocabulary
anin
aninel
[a.nin]
[a.ni.nel]
˚
correr
atlético
to run
athletic, an athlete
b’iyin
b’iyajnem
[p’i.jin]
[p’i.jax.nem]
caminar
un viaje
to walk
a trip
b’onin
ajb’onil
kel
kelonel
[p’o.nin]
[ax.p’o.nil]
˚
[kel]
˚
[ke.lo.nel]
˚
pintar
pintor
cubrir en lı́quido
artista
to paint (one colour)
painter
to cover in liquid
artist
aläx
alaxib’al
[a.l@S]
[a.la.Si.p’@l]
˚
nacer
lugar de nacimiento
to be born
birthplace
kusaj
to
il
[ku.sax]
[to]
[il]
˚
usar
ayudar
encontrar
to use
to help
to find
38
3.5.4
The Kaqchikel ‘base 20’ system: winäq and k’al
winäq
→ people
E k’o kawinaq wawe.
There are forty people here.
→ age
Jampe rujuna rija?
How old is she?
Rija k’o oxwinäq rujuna
She’s sixty years old.
→ time
k’al
Jampe juna rı̈x yixk’ase pa Chixot?
How long has you all lived in Comalapa?
Röj yojk’ase kajwinaq lajuj juna wawe.
We have lived here for ninety years.
→ price
Jampe rajel lajuj nimasaq’ul?
How much do ten plaintains cost?
Kajk’al wo’o manq’uq’ kirajel
Their price is 85 quetzales.
→ objects
Jampe ch’akät e k’o pa awochoch?
How many chairs are there at your house?
E k’o kak’al jun ch’akät.
There are forty-one chairs.
everything
→ else...
→
b’alam, b’ukut, che, ch’umı̈l, ...
jaguars, sandals, trees, stars, ...
(23)
xe’- in- tzu kak’al
waqlajuj jay
past 3pl 1sg look two-twenty sixteen house
“I looked at fifty-six houses.”
(24)
xix- xajon k- ikin juwinäq ka’i achi’a
past 1sg dance 3pl with twenty two men
“I danced with twenty-two men.”
(25)
xin- loq’ wok’al
pak’ach
past 1sg buy five-twenty spoon
“I bought one hundred spoons.”
(26)
xk- i- b’iyin k- ikin oxwinäq
winaqi
fut 1sg walk 3pl with three-twenty people
“I will walk with sixty people.”
(27)
xk- e’- in- tz’ib’aj chi ke kawinäq
tijoxela
fut 3pl 1sg write for 3pl two-twenty student
“I will write to forty students.”
(28)
xk- e- tz’ib’an juwinäq achi’a pa ruwi kisamaj
fut 3pl write twenty men at 3sg top 3pl work
“Twenty men will write about their work.”
(29)
xk- e- xajon kajwinäq chupan ri nimaq’ij
fut 3pl dance four-twenty inside det party
“Eighty (people) will dance at the party.”
(30)
xe’- aw- oyoj juwinäq belejlajuj winaqi
past 3pl 2sg call twenty seventeen people
“You called thirty-seven people.”
(31)
Rija yi- ru- b’inisaj roma wakamin k’o
kajwinäq wo’o nu- juna
3sg pres 1sg 3sg walk-with because now
there-is four-twenty five 1sg years
“She helps me walk because I’m eighty-five years old now.”
39
3.6
Saturday, January 19, 2013
3.6.1
Relative clauses
WHAT
ri wakx [ ri xu- loq’ rija ] ni- wa
det cow
det past 3sg buy 3sg pres 3sg eat
“The cow that he bought is eating.”
u- b’än utzil a- xi’bäl ] utz nisamaj
ri ch’ich’ [ xpast 3sg do good 2sg brother well pres 3sg work
det car
“The car that your brother fixed runs well.”
WHERE
ja
ri tinamit [ kuchi yi- pe
w- i
] janila jeb’ël
emph det town
where pres 1sg come 1sg refl very pretty
“The town where I come from is very pretty.”
i- muxan q’ij q’ij ]
ja
ri raq’an ya [ kuchi yemph det river
where pres 1sg swim day day
“The river where I swim every day”
WHO
ja
ri winäq [ (ri)
n-inw ajo ] ti’oj
emph det person (det) pres 1sg love fat
“The person that I love is fat.”
i- samäj pa rochoch ajaw ]
ja
ri ajyuq’ [ ri nemph det priest det pres 3sg work at church
“The priest who works at my church”
WHEN
ja
ri juna kan [ taq xi- nalex ] yalan tew
emph det year past when past 1sg be born very cold
“The year that I was born was very cold.”
40
ri tijonı̈k [ taq xinwetamaj ri nab’ey mul xq’ax ]
det class
when past 1sg learn det first time past pass
“The class when I understood the first time”
HOW
ja
ri winäq [ ja
ri roma [ xi- tsolimpe ] ]
emph det person emph det reason past 1sg return
“The person because of which I returned”
i- p’e pa tijobäl ]
ja
ri roma [ yemph det reason pres 1sg go to school
“The reason that I go to school”
3.6.2
Subject vs predicate permutations
Pred1 Subj1 [ Pred2 Subj2 Pred2 ] Pred1
Pred1 Subj1 [ Pred2 Subj2 Pred2 ] Pred1
Pred1 Subj1 [ Pred2 Subj2 Pred2 ] Pred1
Pred1 Subj1 [ Pred2 Subj2 Pred2 ] Pred1
ri ch’ich’ [ axib’äl
xub’än utzil ] ütz nisamaj
det car
2sg-brother make good well work
ri ch’ich’ [ xub’än utzil axib’äl
] ütz nisamaj
det car
make good 2sg-brother well work
ütz nisamaj ri ch’ich’ [ axib’äl
xub’än utzil ]
well work
det car
2sg-brother make good
ütz nisamaj ri ch’ich’ [ xub’än utzil axib’äl
]
well work
det car
make good 2sg-brother
→ “The car that your brother fixed works well.”
3.6.3
Really difficult pairs (phonetic and semantic)
q’eq
käq
black
red
→ making quiche is embarassing
kär
kej
fish
horse
chöj
chöy
ch’äy
→ fish = gill ∴ trill
k’ij
k’ı̈x
k’is
a lot
to be embarassed
to finish
straight
chop wood
hit
→ hitting is violent ∴ ejective
atz’an
tzam(aj)
salt
nose
→ atz’an = a salt (assault!)
tze’en
tzu
tz’ët
laugh
look
see
→ tze’en = laughter? (‘hehe’)
→ ! tzu (3) = look (4)
→ ! tz’ët (4) = see (3)
41
ch’ül
ch’üj
calm, cool
crazy
→ ch’ül rhymes with cool!
naqäj
näj
close
far
→ naqäj, close (5); näj, far (3)
Skype lessons II - Fall 2013
4.1
4.1.1
Saturday, January 26, 2013
Bits ‘n’ pieces
x- inw- etamaj ru- wäch
pst 1sg know 3sg face
“I met him.” (Lit. “I knew his face.”)
etamaj in past tense
4.1.2
‘I learned the lesson’
‘I realized that he is not my father’
Superlatives
Easy! Literally, ‘the Adj N’:
4.1.3
→ 1. ‘know/learn’ (as normal)
ex.: xinwetamaj ri tijonı̈k
→ 2. ‘realize/find out’
ex.: xinwetamaj chi rija man nutata ta
ri jeb’ël tz’i → ‘the best dog’
English-style gerunds?
→ seem to have both nominal (possessive prefix) and verbal (-n antipassive) suffixes!
w- etama -n a- wäch
1sg know anti 2sg face
“I know you.”
aw- etama -n ru- wäch
2sg know anti 3sg face
“You know her.”
matyox
roma jebël a- to’ -on
thank you because pretty 2sg help anti
“Thank you for your help.” (Lit. “your helping”)
42
transitive
antipassive
ya
‘give’
ruya’on
‘his giving/gift’
etamaj
‘know/learn’
retaman
‘his knowing/knowledge
Kab’lajuj Ey - Summer 2013
5.1
5.1.1
...jun b’ey chik!
Martes, 4 de junio
Nuevo vocabulário
k’olo’ch
[k’o.loPÙ]
pelota
ball
rub’eyal
[ru.p’e.jal]
˚
tipo, forma
kind, shape
jul
[xul]
˚
hoyo
hole
ch’ab’al
[Ù’ap’al]
˚
idioma, palabra
language, word
ojer
[o.xer]
˚
antes
in the past
q’alel
[Éa.lel]
˚
principe
prince
musmut
[mus.mut]
lluvia fina
drizzle
kamulunı̈k
[ka.mu.lu.nIk]
repaso
review
al
[al]
˚
pesado
heavy
tzeb’
[tsep’]
agrapadora
stapler
- pa nujolom
- chi nuwäch
- pa nuwi
man xq’ax ta
5.1.2
(1)
5.1.3
‘I don’t understand’
(lit. ‘It didn’t pass’)
A comparative construction
Oxi B’atz’ yalan nı̈m chi
ru- wäch Waqi Tz’i
Oxi B’atz’ very big before 3sg face Waqi Tz’i
‘Oxi B’atz’ is very big compared to Waqi Tz’i.’
.
(lit. ‘... before Waqi Tz’i’s face/eyes’)
Possessive laxing: three types of nominals
I.
II.
IV.
III.
final vowel
always lax
final vowel
always tense
lax final vowel
tenses
when possessed
ex.: ri peqës
ex.: nupeqës
ex.: ri ch’atal
ex.: nuch’atal
ex.: ri tz’ib’a’bäl
ex.: nutz’ib’ab’al
ex.: ri achib’äl
ex.: wachib’äl
ex.: ri wuj
ex.: nuwuj
ex.: ri tinamı̈t
ex.: nutinamit
tense final vowel
laxes
when possessed
(UNATTESTED)
5.2
5.2.1
Miercoles, 5 de junio
Nuevo vocabulário
q’ayis
[Éa.jis]
hierba
grass/low plant
muj
[mux]
sombra
shade
tanäl
[ta.n@l]
˚
cesado
stopped
-jäch
[x@Ù]
separar
to separate
(posicional)
(verbo)
43
koyopa
[ko.jo.pa]
relámpago
lightning
koqolajay
[ko.qo.la.xaj]
˚
trueno
thunder
ajilab’äl
[a.xi.la.p’@l]
˚
número
number
tawajilaj
[ta.wa.xi.lax]
cuente...
count...
parab’äl
[pa.ra.p’@l]
˚
paraguas
umbrella
sub’
[sup’]
humo
smoke
kaxkatej
[kaS.ka.tej]
˚
mentón
chin
ch’at
[Ù’at]
cama
bed
-sëq
[sEX]
oler
to smell
-tik
[tik]
sembrar
to sow
(verbo)
5.2.2
(verbo)
Partı́culas direccionales
A: Katok pe!
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A: Katok ok!
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
‘Come outside!’
lit. ‘Exit-come!’
A: Katel pe!
A
A
A
A
‘Come on in!’
lit. ‘Enter-come!’
‘Go inside!’
lit. ‘Enter-enter!’
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
‘Go outside!’
lit. ‘Exit-exit!’
A: Katel el!
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
Más ejemplos:
xb’e
→ ‘He went.’
xqa
→
‘He fell.’
xb’e el
→ ‘He went away.’
xqa qa
→
‘He fell down.’
xb’e qa
→ ‘He went down.’
xb’e apo
→
‘He went ahead.’
xb’e aq’anij
→ ‘He went up.’
xjote aq’anij
→
‘He climbed up.’
44
5.2.3
Ri ach’ala’il - la famı́lia
Careful! kinship terms depend on the perspective of the speaker !
wachijil
wixjayil
♀
♂
father
father
wal
wal ala
♀
♂
mother
mother
e wal (pl)
nu k’ajol
wal alaponi (pl)
e nu k’ajol (pl)
boys
♂
♂
♂
nu mi’al
wal xtani (pl)
e nu mi’al (pl)
wal k’wal
girls
♀
♀
♀
nutata
nute
♂
♀
father
♂
♂
♂
wal xtän
nutata
nute
♀
♂
mother
♀
♀
♀
e wal k’wal (pl)
father
mother
nuchaq’
boys
♂
♂
♂
nunimal
♂
♂
son
girls
♂
nuxib’al
nuxib’al
wana
wana
(chaq’laxel)
(chaq’laxel)
(chaq’laxel)
(nimalaxel)
♀
♀
♀
♀
♀
daughter
nuchaq’
nunimal
Note! Some forms are reduced when possessed.
ach’ala’il
achijilonel
ixjayilonel
→
→
→
wach’alala’il
wachijilonel
wixjayilonel
ana’xel
xib’alon
→
→
chaq’laxel
nimalaxel
wanaxel
nuxib’alon
etc...
45
→
→
nuchaq’laxel
nunimalaxel
♀
5.3
5.3.1
Jueves, 6 de junio
Ri ruwäch ichaj (parte dos)
anx
[anS]
ajo
garlic
ik’oy
[i.k’oj]
˚
calabazita
type of (smaller) squash
kakaxe
[ka.ka.Se]
zanahória
carrot
k’un
[k’un]
calabaza
type of (bigger) squash
oköx
[o.kOS]
hongo
mushroom
5.3.2
Possession and ergativity (a sketch)
The mystery: descriptively, the subject agreement marker in transitive V also marks possession in NPs.
How to reconcile these facts?
The proposal: both NP and VP are selected by a VoiceP functional projection headed by the ergative/possessive marker (see ru- 3sg below), which selects the subject/possessor as an argument (see rija,
wuj in the examples below).
TP
T
y+pres
DP
D
AbsP
Abs
ri
det
VoiceP
FP
?
i1sgObj
DP
rija
3sg
Voice
ru3sgSubj
VoiceP
F
DP
wuj
book
VP
DP
V
rin
1sg
tijoj
teach
Yirutijoj rija rin.
‘he taught me’
Voice
NP
ru3sgPoss
N
xaq
leaf
ri ruxaq wuj
‘sheet of paper’
Head raising takes place in both constructions, producing the correct VSO verbal word order, and the correct
Det Possessee Possessor nominal word order.
→ VSO word order: parallel w/ Irish? ? ?
→ Open question: to derive correct nominal word order, a functional
→ projection FP is required. What is it? How is it motivated?
Agreement between Voice and the subject/possessor takes place locally within VoiceP in a Head-Spec configuration. As the tree is built from the bottom up, nested, ‘long distance’ agreement between Abs and a
transitive V object takes place later in the derivation.
46
TP
DP
T
y+pres
D
AbsP
Abs
ri
det
VoiceP
FP
F
?
i1sgObj
DP
Voice
rija
3sg
DP
wuj
book
VP
ru3sgSubj
VoiceP
DP
V
rin
1sg
tijoj
teach
Voice
NP
ru3sgPoss
N
xaq
leaf
In this proposal, AbsP either selects for a VoiceP (which in turn selects for VP) to produce a transitive
sentence, or alternatively AbsP can directly select a VP, ‘skipping’ VoiceP, which produces an intransitive
verb.
In addition, DP (or FP, whatever it is) either selects for VoiceP (which in turn selects for VP)
to produce a possessed noun, or alternatively DP (or FP) can directly select an NP, ‘skipping’ VoiceP, which
produces an unpossessed noun.
TP
DP
T
y+pres
D
NP
ri
det
N
AbsP
Abs
VP
i1sgObj
DP
V
rin
1sg
tijon
teach
Yitijon rin.
‘I taught’
xaq
leaf
ri xaq
‘the leaf’
Under this proposal, all four permutations of [±AbsP] and [±VoiceP] are attested. AbsP can
be thought of as the ‘locus’ of verbal morphosyntax since it always occurs in verbal constructions, while
VoiceP is not a dedicated verbal projection as commonly thought – it occurs in both verbal and nominal
constructions, encoding the similar semantics of subject and possessor.
AbsP
+
−
+
transitive V
possessed N
−
intransitive V
unpossessed N
VoiceP
47
Whether VoiceP is generated is dependent on a [ergative] feature in the head of the phrase it selects. For
example, a Kaqchikel verbal root can have transitive semantics by default, as in chäp ‘grab’ → y-in-a-chäp
‘you grab me’, or it can have transitive semantics imparted to it by a transitive suffix -j as in -tijo above
(the former class of verbs is referred to as radicales in the literature, and the latter as derivados). In any
case, under this proposal, both kinds of verbal heads can have the [ergative] feature one way or another,
which then percolates up to VP to be selected by VoiceP.
→ Alternatively, one could analyse an ‘inherently’ transitive V such as chäp ‘grab’
as having a phonologically null allormorph of the [ergative] bearing affix -j.
TP
T
AbsP
y+pres
Abs
VoiceP
in1sgObj
DP
rat
2sg
Voice
VP
[ergative]
a2sgSubj
DP
V
[ergative]
rin
1sg
chäp
grab
TP
T
y+pres
AbsP
Abs
i1sgObj
VoiceP
DP
rija
2sg
Voice
ru2sgSubj
VP
[ergative]
DP
rin
1sg
V
[ergative]
V
tijo
teach
Aff
[ergative]
-j
trans
Note however that verbal roots have inherently intransitive semantics. Unless a verb’s valency is explicitly
augmented by the [ergative] feature, or if it is an inherently transitive radical -class verb, a verb head’s
48
semantics will be intransitive by default. In this manner, both radical (ex.: wär ‘sleep’ → yiwär ‘I sleep’)
and derivado (ex.: tijo ‘teach’ → yitijox ‘I was taught’, yitijon ‘I taught’) intransitive verbs are derived. In
this account, the passive -x and antipassive -n do not decrease valency – valency remains at one by default.
These affixes simply specify whether the single argument of their verb is a theme or an agent, respectively.
→ Open question: is it a problem that (1) the argument in AbsP is always
→ a theme in transitive constructions, but (2) it can be either an agent or a
→ theme in intransitive ones?
TP
T
y+pres
TP
T
AbsP
Abs
i1sgObj
y+pres
VP
DP
rin
1sg
Abs
i1sgObj
V
V
tijo
teach
AbsP
Aff
-n
anti
VP
DP
rin
1sg
V
wär
sleep
In contrast, however, nouns have inherently transitive semantics. That is to say, they always have the
[ergative] feature by default. Thus, a ‘radical ’-like noun head can be selected by VoiceP, as in ri ruxaq wuj
‘the sheet of paper’.
DP
D
ri
det
FP
F
?
VoiceP
DP
wuj
book
Voice
ru3sgPoss
NP
[ergative]
N
[ergative]
xaq
leaf
In addition, gerund-like forms which feature both intransitive ‘verbal’ morphology and ‘nominal’
possessive morphology can be accounted for in this account. Such examples are retaman ‘he knows’ (lit.
‘his knowing’), atijonel ‘your teacher’ (lit. ‘your one-who-teaches’), rutz’ib’axik ‘its spelling’ (lit. ‘its itis-written’). In these examples, the noun head has the [ergative] feature by default, by definition; the
presence of the passive or antipassive suffixes does not change this fact, and these superficially verbal forms
can be selected and thus possessed by VoiceP.
49
VoiceP
Voice
r3sgPoss
VoiceP
NP
[ergative]
N
[ergative]
etama
know
Aff
Voice
VoiceP
NP
[ergative]
a2sgPoss
N
[ergative]
-n
anti
N
[ergative]
tijo
teach
Aff
-el
agent
Aff
Voice
NP
[ergative]
ru3sgPoss
N
[ergative]
N
[ergative]
-n
anti
tz’ib’
write
Aff
Aff
-ik
nom
-ax
pass
This account is thus fully compatible with a lexical decomposition analysis of Kaqchikel roots. A
subset of lexical roots (derivados) are underspecified as to their syntactic category. Ultimately, they receive
their syntactic interpretation late in the derivation from the functional projection that dominates them,
either DP or AbsP. Furthermore, this account makes the correct prediction that the -j transitive suffix can
never be added to nouns. The reason is simple: since nouns possess the [ergative] feature by default, it
would be redundant to concatenate the one affix whose purpose is to contribute those very same semantics.
In conclusion, this parallel analysis of Kaqchikel verbal and nominal constructions is appealing
for the following reasons:
• it makes use of the ‘same’ Voice prefix in both cases
• it makes use of head movement in both cases
• it makes use of the same agreement mechanisms
• it makes use of the same selection mechanisms (with the [ergative] feature)
• semantically, TP and DP both ‘pick out’ individuals in space/time
• it can account for a wide range of constructions (transitive and intransitive V, possessed and unpossessed N, radical and derivado lexical roots)
5.3.3
Habitual reduplication
q’ij q’ij
every day
aq’a aq’a
every night
juna juna
every year
etc...
50
5.4
Viernes, 7 de junio
5.4.1
Mas verbos radicales
→ these verb roots have the shape CV̈C, except that they take the shape CVCV in the imperative
xı̈m
söl
jäl
bän
→
→
→
→
tie
untie
swap
do
taxima ab’ukut
tasolo ab’ukut
tajala apeqës
tab’ana utzil
tie your shoe!
untie your shoe!
swap your backpack!
do me a favor
Note: the extra imperative vowel is copied for back vowels, but for front vowels it defaults to [a].
Cı̈C → CiCa
CüC → CuCu
CëC → CeCa
CöC → CoCo
CäC → CaCa
5.4.2
Nuevo vocabulário
ichinaj
[i.Ùi.nax]
arete
necklace
xerka
[Sér.ka]
jerga
man’s apron
b’eraj
[p’e.rax]
chal
shawl
nupq’a
[nup.Éa]
annillo
ring
ewaj
[e.wax]
esconder
to hide
b’anob’äl
[p’a.no.p’@l]
˚
cultura
culture
tz’ulub’
[ts’u.lup’]
ensuciarse
to get dirty
uxla
[uS.la]
olor, vapor
smell, vapor
tzäk
[ts’@k]
cocer, hervir
to cook, to boil
rutz’ib’axik
[ru.ts’i.p’a.Sik]
su escrito
its spelling
pach’um tzij
[pa.Ù’um.tsix]
poema
q’ayis saq’om
[Éajis.sa.Éom]
plantas
medicinales
medicinal
plants
5.4.3
poem (lit.
‘braided word’)
The ja focus construction: NP or CP?
ri achin nutij ri saq’ul
the man eats the banana
SVO order
ja ri saq’ul nutij ri achin
it’s the banana that
the man eats (?)
focus OVS (?)
[ ja ri saq’ul nutij ri achin ] q’än
the banana that the
man eats is yellow
predicate Adj - acts as NP?
ninnojij chi [ ja ri saq’ul nutij ri achin ]
I think that it’s the
banana that the man eats
clausal V - acts as CP?
51
5.5
5.5.1
Lunes, 10 de junio
Achike ruki’il ... ? Achike ruxla ... ? Sabor y olor
Achike ruki’il ...
What does ... taste like?
... ri atz’am?
salt
... ri limonix?
lemon
... ri ik?
chile pepper
... ri kab’ ?
sugar
... ri kape?
coffee
- Tzäy ruki’il.
- It’s salty.
- Ch’äm ruki’il.
- It’s sour.
- Poqom ruki’il.
- It’s spicy.
- Ki ruki’il.
- It’s sweet.
- K’äy ruki’il.
- It’s bitter.
Achike ruxla ...
What does ... smell like?
... ri kotz’i’j?
flower
... ri b’ukut?
shoe
- Jub’ül ruxla.
- Smells good.
- Chuw ruxla.
- Smells bad.
5.5.2
Ruch’aronik ri jay - la casa
el dormitorio the bedroom
un cuarto a room
ri warab’äl jay
ruwi jay
el techo
the ceiling
ri ch’at
la cama
the bed
ruxe jay
el piso
the floor
ri yakb’äl tzyäq
la cómoda
the dresser
ruxan jay
la pared
the wall
ri teluwäch
la televisión
the television
rutz’ik jay
la esquina
the corner
ruchi jay
la puerta
the doorway
rutzub’äl jay
la ventana
the window
la cocina the kitchen
ri rute q’aq’
la sala the living room
ri nimajay
ri pop
ri kaxlan pop
el petate
la alfombra
the woven rug
the (western) rug
ri yakb’äl wuj
el estante
the bookshelf
ri ch’atal
ri ch’akät
la mesa
la silla
the table
the chair
52
ri b’ojoy
el pote
the pot
ri xara
ri nimaxara
el vaso
el cántaro
the glass
the pitcher
ri yakb’äl läq
ri läq
el armari
la vajilia
the cupboard
dishware
ri pichb’äl
ri pak’a’ch
ri jub’ib’äl
el tenedor
la cuchara
el cuchillo
the fork
the spoon
the knife
ri ruxikin jay
el baño
the bathroom
ri ruwa jay
el patio
the courtyard
5.5.3
Nuevo vocabulário
k’waj
[k’wax]
llevar
to carry
k’än pe
[k’@n.pe]
traer
to bring
k’ät
[k’@t]
quemar
to burn
ch’äj
[Ù’@x]
lavar
to wash
nimaj
[ni.max]
creer
to believe
sipoj
[si.pox]
hinchar
to wound
chaqij
ch’eqel
seco
mojado
dry
mojado
chajomab’äl
pila
mosquito
mosquito
kik’
ki rukik’el
[Ùa.xo.ma.p’@l]
˚
[kik’]
[ki.ru.ki.k’el]
˚
pila
xene
[Ùa.qix]
[Ù’e.qel]
˚
[Se.ne]
la sangre
el diabete
blood
diabetes
palow
[pa.lof]
mar
sea
rutz’umal wakx
[ru.ts’u.mal.wakS]
˚
leche
milk
wonon
ruya’al kab’
[wo.non]
[ru.ja.al.kap’]
˚
abeja
miel
bee
honey
ruto’onel
aq’omanel
[ru.to.Po.nel
a.Éo.ma.nel˚]
˚
enfermera
nurse
*
5.6
5.6.1
*
*
Martes, 11 de junio
Ch’uti Choltzij (jujuna edition)
(2)
xe- b’e chi kijujunal
past 3pl go that 3pl one-by-one
“They went one by one.”
xoj- b’e chi qa- jujunal
past 1pl go that 1pl one-by-one
“We went one by one.”
(3)
i- toj chi i- jujunal
pa ri ch’ich’, k’o
chi nat det bus
there-is that pres 2pl pay that 2pl one-by-one
“On the bus, you (pl) must pay one by one.”
(4)
chi r- ij
ri wa’im, k’o
chi niqa- matyoxij chi qa- jujunal
that 3sg back det meal there-is that pres 1pl thank
that 1pl one-by-one
“After the meal, we must thank each other one by one.”
(5)
ri tijonı̈k Kab’lajuj Ey, röj xt- i- qa- sipaj
jujun sipanı̈k chi ke
ri
chi r- ij
that to-them det
that 3sg back det course Kab’lajuj Ey 1pl fut 1pl give-gift some gift
achala’il
family
“At the end of Kab’lajuj Ey, we should give some gifts to the family.”
(6)
wi man k’o
ta
sipanı̈k, ütz ta na- sipaj
jun q’etenı̈k
if neg1 there-is neg2 gift
good
pres 2sg give-gift one hug
“If there are no gifts, it’s better to give a hug.”
53
5.6.2
Akuchi k’o wi ...
... ri juxb’äl?
the marker?
... ri wuj?
the book?
... ri yojb’äl?
the eraser?
... Beleje Ajmaq?
Ryan?
... ri q’ijob’äl?
the watch?
... ri ch’atal?
the table?
... tz’uyül Ixajpu?
Megan sitting?
Akuchi k’o wi ...
Where is ...
5.6.3
- K’o pa ruwi ri ch’akät.
- It’s on the chair.
- K’o chi ruxe ri ch’akät.
- It’s under the chair.
- K’o chi awäch rat.
- It’s in front of you.
- K’o xe ruxikin rija.
- He’s beside her.
- K’o chi rupam ri peqës.
- It’s in the backpack.
- K’o chi rij Lajuj B’atz.
- It’s behind Lajuj B’atz.
- K’o pa kinik’ajal rije.
- She’s sitting between them.
Nuevo vocabulário
sik’aj
[si.k’ax]
fumar
to smoke
sik’in
[si.k’in]
gritar
to shout
sik’ij
[si.kix]
leer
to read
sik’i’j
[si.k’iPx]
aposote
type of plant
toj
[tox]
pagar
to pay
k’isib’äl
[k’i.si.p’@l]
˚
ultimo
last
jukumaj
[xu.ku.max]
temprano
early
k’a runaj
[k’a.ru.nax]
tarde
late
ch’akäch
[Ù’a.k@Ù]
canasta
basket
mujb’äl
[mux.p’@l]
˚
cementario
cemetary
q’atb’äl tzij
[Éat.p’@l.tsix]
˚
alcaldı́a
city hall
pöts
[pOts]
policia
police
5.7
Miércoles, 12 de junio
5.7.1
Rusamaj ri winaqi
ajyuq’
priest,
shepherd
ajilanel pwäq
accountant
tijonel
teacher
ajtz’aq
construction worker
tijoxel
student
ajanel
carpenter
q’ojomanel
musician
b’anöy b’ukut
cobbler
b’ixanel
singer
ajq’ij
“sacerdote maya”
tikonel
farmer
q’atöy tzij
mayor, judge
sokanel
hairdresser
ch’ich’inel
driver
kamul b’ey
k’wayol b’ey
leader, boss
tz’ib’anel
secretary
pOts
police officer
eleq’on
thief
note: tz’aq = cement
note: ajtz’ib’ = writer
54
5.7.2
La milpa: from the seed to the plate
ijats
semillas
Ri tikonel nitikon ri ijats chi ruxe.
El campesino sembra las semillas en la tierra.
crece...
awex
...diez meses
para cultivar
milpa pequeña
K’a ri, ri tikonel nijosoj kinik’ajal ri awex.
Luego, el raspa entre los cultivos.
y crece mas...
awän
milpa
Wakamin, ri tikonel k’o chi nibolojij ri awän kijujunal roma man niruq’öch ta ri kaq’iq’.
Ahora, tiene que amontonar la tierra alrededor de cada planta para no le caen el viento.
ahora crece
la fruta
ëj
elote
Nukupij rutz’an awän roma nikowir ri ëj chanin.
Corte la cima de la milpa para que se endurece mas rápido el elote.
→ roma ri q’ij nikowirisaj ri ëj
jäl
↑
aqui se acaba
Ri tikonel yerujäch ri jäl chi re ri awän, choq’a yerukusaj pa rochoch.
El campesino separa la mazorca de la milpa, y la trae a casa.
el trabajo
del hombre
↓
mazorca
Wakamin, rixjayil ri tikonel nub’iq ri jäl.
Ahora, la esposa del campesino desgrana la mazorca a mano.
y empieza
el trabajo
de la mujer!
ixim
maı́s
K’o chi yeruya ri ixim rik’in ri chum pa ya.
Tiene que poner el maı́s con el cal en la agua.
tz’o’
maı́s cocido (nixtamal)
...dos horas
para preparar
Ri ixoq nuke’ej ri tz’o.
La mujer mole el mais cocido.
ke’em
masa
Wakamin, ri ixoq nitikir nupön ri wäy!
Por fin, la mujer puede tortillar!
wäy
tortilla
...y cinco minutos
para comer!
...kawa!
55
5.7.3
Ri wawinäq
(7)
taq jun winäq k’o
xuxe ri q’ij, o jun winäq k’o
r- ik’in k’ij r- oyowal, rija
when one person there-is under det sun or one person there-is 3sg with a lot 3sg anger 3sg
nu- tikir nu- ya ri wawinäq
chi re ri ne’y
pres 3sg can pres 3sg give det “mal de ojo” to
det baby
“If someone spends a lot of time under the sun, or if they are very angry, they can give the mal de
ojo 1 to a baby.”
(8)
i- ki- q’axaj ri urara pa ruwi ru- chakul ri
wi jun ne’y k’o
wawinäq,
nab’ey nif one baby there-is “mal de ojo” first pres 3pl cover det urara to top 3sg body det
ne’y
baby
“If a baby has mal de ojo, first they cover his body with urara 2 .”
(9)
k’o
b’ey, k’o
jun saqmolo r- ik’in ri urara
3sg with det urara
there-is way there-is one egg
“Sometimes, there is an egg with the urara.”
(10)
i- ki- k’ät ri q’ayis
k’a ri, nthen pres 3pl burn det plant
“Afterwards, they burn the plant.”
(11)
k’isb’äl, ni- ki- k’wäj ri chay pa ri r- aqan ya
last
pres 3pl bring det ashes to det 3sg leg water
“Finally, they throw the ashes in the river.”
5.7.4
Three ambiguous words
q’ij
5.7.5
day
sun
jay
house
room
wakamin
now
today
Nuevo vocabulário
chojmirisaj
[Ùox.mi.ri.sax]
organizar
arreglar
to organize,
to sort out
whistle
chikopiläj
[Ùi.ko.pi.l@x]
picaro
lowlife, truant
agresivo
aggresive
k’aqatilaj
[k’a.qa.ti.lax]
molestón
“botherer”
[si.ki.sIk]
torpe
clumsy
nakanı̈k
[na.ka.nIk]
tonto
stupid
xaqxaq
[Saq.Saq]
ajenjo
type of plant
xül
[SUl]
˚
flauta
flute
tzuntzün
k’isik’
[tsun.tsUn]
[k’i.sik’]
cabra
goat
tz’unün
[ts’u.nUn]
colibri
hummingbird
q’axom
[Éa.Som]
doler
piril
[pi.ril]
˚
pito
ch’ayonel
[Ù’a.jo.nel]
˚
sikisı̈k
to hurt
(intransitive)
1 “Mal
2A
de ojo” is negative energy or negative emotion manifested as excessive fussiness, anger and crying in a baby.
medicinal plant.
56
5.8
Jueves, 13 de junio
5.8.1
Ri rub’eyal q’ij - weather terms
saq’ij
[sa.Éix]
ciel claro
clear sky
job’
[xop’]
lluvia
rain
saqb’äch job’
[saq.p’@Ù.xop’]
nieble
snow
muqül
[mu.qUl]
˚
nublado
overcast
kaq’iq’
[ka.ÉiÉ]
viento
wind
ruq’ijul
[ru.Éi.xul]
˚
temporada
season
sutz’
[suts’]
nube
cloud
ruq’ijul job’
[ru.Éi.xul.xop’]
˚
temporada
de las lluvias
rainy
season
kaj
[kax]
cielo
sky
xokoq’a
[So.ko.Éa]
arco iris
rainbow
xpe ri job’
→
najin job’
5.8.2
‘It’s raining.’
lit. ‘The rain has come.’
lit. ‘Rain has realized itself.’
Some functions of some ‘function’ words of Kaqchikel
-ichin
-ik’in
→ possession
→ comitative
oyonib’äl wichin
‘the phone is mine’
rin yib’iyin awik’in rat
‘I am walking with you’
la wuj la richin rija
‘that book is hers’
rat at tz’uyül rik’in rija
‘you are seated with him’
→ “in order to”
→ “adding” two objects
at k’o wawe richin nawetamaj ri qach’ab’äl
‘you are here to learn Kaqchikel’
rin ninqum kape rik’in kab’
‘I drink coffee with sugar’
rin yib’e p awayb’äl jay richin yiwa
‘I’m going to the restaurant to eat’
rin ninya nuwuj rik’in awuj
‘I put my book next to your book’
57
chi
pa
→ locative
→ complementizer head (?)
rutz’ib’awuj Ana k’o pa ruwi ri ch’atal
‘Ana’s notebook is on the table’
ninwajo chi yawär
‘I want you to sleep’
rin in k’o pa tijob’äl
‘I am at school’
ninnojij chi nanin rija
‘I think that he is running’
→ temporal
→ some “essives”
rin xiwa pa nimaq’a
‘I ate this morning’
k’o chi rupam ri peqës
‘It’s in the backpack’
pa tiqaq’ij, xkojtsolim pa qochoch
‘in the afternoon, we will go home’
k’o chi rij Lajuj B’atz
‘it’s behind Lajuj B’atz’
→ “in place of X”
→ actions towards human objects
Ix’Ana k’o pa ruk’exel Emily
‘Ana is standing in for Emily’
tab’ij pe chi we ...
‘please tell me ...’
matyöx chi re rija
‘thanks to her’
5.8.3
(12)
5.8.4
A headless relative clause
ri nutij kakaxe
det pres 3sg eat carrot
‘He who eats carrots’ (lit. ‘the eats carrots’, referring to a rabbit)
More lexical ambiguity
tinamit
town
country
q’aq’
light, fire
firearm
58
kej
horse
deer
tz’i
dog
coyote
5.9
Matyoxinik (with intended translation)
Waqi Tz’i nu’bi rı̈n. Pan Q’än nutinamit.
Waqi Tz’i is my name. Antigua is my hometown.
Nab’ey, ninwajo ninmatyoxij chike ri achalajil Cojti roma xojkikul pa kochoch rije. Rije jantape xekikot
wik’in, jantape xetze’en wik’in.
First, I’d like to thank the Cojti family for being our hosts. As always, they were friendly, happy and
welcoming to us.
Rukan, ninmatyoxij chike wachib’il tijoxela.
Second, I’d like to thank my fellow students.
Matyox chi re Megan, rub’i Ixajpu. Rija jun ütz tijoxel taq wi man retaman ta, o numestaj, jujun tzij. Rija
jantampe nitze’en choq’a nikikot. Roma ri ninmatyoxij cha we.
Thank you Megan, a.k.a. Ixajpu. You are a great student, if even you didn’t always know, or remember some
words here and there. You always smiled and laughed it off, and for that I thank you.
Matyox chi re Ryan, rub’i B’eleje Ajmaq. Rija jun janila ütz tijonel pa ruwi soltzij. Yalan yikikot rin roma
xinwetamaj ruwäch rija. K’o jun qawarab’äl ko’ol rub’anikil, po choq’a k’o jun wachib’il nı̈m rub’anikil.
Thank you Ryan, a.k.a B’eleje Ajmaq. You are a great linguist and I am very happy to have made your
acquaintance. It was a small room, but we are great friends.
Wakamin, ninwajo ninmatyoxij qonojel ri tijonela pa kijujunal.
Now, I’d like to thank all the teachers one at a time.
Matyox chi re Lajuj B’atz. Rija jun janila ütz tijonel, choq’a yalan ets’anel roma rutijonik kan tikases xq’olon
jantape wik’in. Matyox chire roma xojtzijon pa ruwa jay.
Thank you Lajuj B’atz. You are a great teacher, extremely funny and very dynamic with your lessons. Thank
you especially for our conversations in the yard.
Matyox chire Magda, rub’i Ixkamey, roma rukikoten choq’a rutze’en. Jantape jun ütz tijonel, matyox chi re
rutijonik pa ruwi rusamaj ajkem. Jeb’ël jeb’ël rusamaj rija, pa tijob’äl choq’a pa rochoch. Matyox cha we.
Thank you Magda, a.k.a. Ixkamey, for your laughs and smiles. As always, you were a great teacher, and
thank you in particular for your lesson on traditional weaving. Your work is always stellar, whether at school
or at the loom. Thank you.
Matyox chire Ixim Nik’te roma rija ch’uch’uj ranima jantape. Choq’a nak’ut pa rub’eyal ri qachab’äl, rik’in
ronojel ak’ux. Rat at achiel qate richin qamolaj Kab’lajuj Ey. Matyox cha we.
Thank you Ixim Nik’te for always being so calm and patient when you teach. You always teach with a lot of
heart, and you are like a mother for the Kab’lajuj Ey group. Thank you!
Wakamin, ninwajo ninmatyoxij chi ke ri ka’i kamul b’ey.
Now, I’d like to thank the two coordinators.
Matyox chi re ri Ana, k’o ka’i rutz’etik ruk’aslem. Nab’ey, rat at chapı́n; choq’a rat awetaman ri k’aslem pa
jotol. Roma ri ninnojij chi rat jun jui kamul b’ey ri juna apo. Matyox roma asamaj.
Thank you Ana, who has two sides to her. First, you are chapı́n; but you also know life in North America.
It is for this reason that I think you will be an excellent coordinator next year. Thanks for your good work.
Kisb’äl, matyox chi re ri “Mega” rub’i Ixkawoq. Rija jun janila ütz tijoxel pa ruwi ri anthropologı́a. Matyox
chawe roma qatzijonem pa ruwi asamaj. Choq’a man xak’ek’ej ta awi xatok jun b’ey chik kamul b’ey. Ütz
asamaj, ütz ak’ux. Matyox chawe.
Finally, thank you “Mega”, a.k.a. Ixkawoq. I think you are a great scholar in your field of anthropology.
Thank you for talking to me about your work. Once again, you were a coordinator and you did a fine job.
Nicely done, with lots of heart. Thank you.
59
5.10
Appendix
Whenever possible, different types of morphemes are consistently colour-coded.
Cyan
→
TAM marker
ex.: any verb
Green
→
“Juego A” prefix
ex.: possessed nouns, transitive V
Red
→
“Juego B” prefix
ex.: transitive V, intransitive V
miscellaneous
ex.: positionals
Orange →
J. Rill (2013)
60

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