Anthiopology: Ethnology, West Indies / 109
ETHNOLOGY: West Indies
LAMEROS COMITAS, Professor of Anthropology and Education, Teachers College,
Columbia University, and Director, Research Institute for the Study of Man, New York
IN THIS VOLUME OF HLAS, I have annotated publications in social and cultural
anthropology or other closely related disciplines. They cover 29 distinct Caribbean
territories: Antigua, Aruba, Barbados, Barbuda, Belize, Cuba, Curaçâo, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, Grand Cayman, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Ja­
maica, Martinique, Montserrat, Nevis, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saba, St. Barthélémy,
St. John, St. Kitts, St. Vincent, Sminam, Tobago, Trinidad, and Venezuela. Also in­
cluded are some 36 aimotations of publications that deal generally with the Carib­
bean region, the Commonwealth Caribbean, or with units such as the US Virgin
Islands. The territory receiving by far the most attention from researchers during
this two-year report period has been Jamaica followed by Haiti and then by Belize
and Sminam. As in the past, the cited publications cover a wide range of subject
matter, methodological approaches, and theoretical perspectives. Numerically, how­
ever, the foci of scholarly inquiry for Caribbearnsts during this period have been the
subjects of religion and magic, and ethnicity.
In the first category, interest in Rastafarianism is particularly marked (item
1018), with various researchers probing such diverse dimensions of that religiopolitical movement as personal discovery and conversion (item 1055), its history
and belief stmcture (item 1025), dread talk (item 1105), musical style (item 1094),
and cultural identity (item 1117). For the moment, it appears that the Rastafarian
phenomenon is in anthropological fashion. Other specialists on aspects of religion
and magic deal with Jamaican Rumina (item 1020), Spiritual Baptists in Trinidad
(item 1061), Gagà in the Dominican Republic (item 1119) as well as salve music in
that country (item 1041), the Jonestown tragedy (item 1026), Voodoo (item 1086) as
well as zombie phenomena in Haiti (items 1040,1045,1047, and 1123), Surinamese
religious specialists (item 1145), and Bush Negro religious movements in Surinam
during the late rpth and early 20th centuries (item 1139a).
Ethnicity in the Caribbean, as a general topic, is well represented largely by a
special issue of Ethnic Groups ( 6:2 / 3 ). Its eight articles cover ethnicity in Cuba and
Puerto Rico in the i8th and 19th centuries (item 1049), race and ethnicity in the
US Virgin Islands (item 1007), differential expressions of Chinese ethnicity in the
British West Indies (item 1125), ethnic participation in rural Belizean economic de­
velopment (item 1022), Carib stmctural position in Dominica (item 1081) as well as
with two broader discussions of "new ethnicity" (item 1075) and the meaning of
ethnicity in the Caribbean (item 1062). Other publications on this theme center on
Belizean mating patterns (item 1033), ethnic references in Haitian folktales (item
1043), schooling in the US Virgin Islands (item 1057), and on the relationship of
economy and revolt to ethnicity in Haiti (item 1099). Anthropological interest re­
mains high for specific ethnic groups—particularly those most removed, geographi­
cally and culturally, from the mainstream of West Indian life. For example, eight
articles cited in this section (items 1039,1064,1065,1069,1073,1074,1100, and
1101) deal with the Black Caribs or Garifuna (several of these appear in the collec­
tion Black Caribs: a case study of biocultmal adaptation, edited by Michael H.
Crawford for Plenum Press). The Bush Negroes of Sminam have received even
more attention: Richard and Sally Price have contributed five publications, includ­
ing three books, on Saramaka Maroon ethnohistory and contemporary life (items
lio
/ Handbook of Latin American Studies
1107-1111); a festschrift in honor of Silvia de Groot, noted specialist on the Djuka,
includes a number of articles by her colleagues on Surinamese Maroons (item 1135);
and, as already noted, several others have published on Bush Negro religious activi­
ties. During this report period, only a scattering of publications have appeared on
Amerindians in Guyana or on East Indians (items 1023a, 1035,1088,1095, and
1126). This may well be due to difficult research conditions in present-day Guyana.
Other topics of numerically smaller representation but of lasting interest to
Caribbeanists include social stratification, socioeconomic behavior, sociocultural
change, problems of identity, effects of migration on the sending societies, applied
studies on language and health, and folklore and aesthetics. Given the recent up­
surge in women's studies, this genre of research has made a significant appearance
on the list. The organized impetus for women's studies in the region has come prin­
cipally from a multidisciplinary project entitled "Women in the Caribbean" spon­
sored by the Institute of Social and Economic Research (Eastern Caribbean) of the
Univ. of the West Indies. To date, this group has produced a number of research
monographs on such themes as perceptions and stereotypes of Caribbean women
(item 1023), women and politics in Barbados (item 1050), women, work, and devel­
opment (item 1058), the demographics of employed women in Barbados (item 1084),
women and education (item 1148), and women and the family (item 1149). Other
publications in this rubric although not part of the project publication series deal
with female household heads (item 1085), female status, the family, and male domi­
nance (item 1093), and the role of women in the Caribbean (item 1106). The devel­
opment of women's studies is both promising and welcome.
Not already covered and deserving special mention are a number of books and
monographs, among them, Roger Abrahams's collection on the role of the verbal
performer (item 1005), Diane Austin's study of culture and class ideology in two
Kingston neighborhoods (item 1011), Lawrence Fisher's exploration of "madness"
and the Barbadian social order (item 1054), Paget Henry's study of peripheral capi­
talism in Antigua (item 1071), Michel Laguerre's study of a Haitian urban com­
munity (item 1079), Paulette Pierce's analysis of the struggle to nationalize the
Guyanese sugar industry (item 1103), Richard Price's collection of Saramaka oral his­
tory (item 1107), Sally Price's account of Saramaka social and artistic life (item 1109),
the first Fnglish translation of Price-Mars's classic Ainsi parla l’oncle (item 1112),
and M.G. Smith's long essay on the literature on culture, race, and class in the Ca­
ribbean and pluralism in theoretical and territorial context (item 1127).
The death in Feb. 1985 of Dr. Vera Rubin is sadly noted. Founder and long­
time Director of the Research Institute for the Study of Man, an institution devoted
to Caribbean social science, her contributions to the advancement of our knowl­
edge of Caribbean culture and society and to our understanding of the human di­
mensions of West Indian life were profound. She will be missed.
I am indebted to Dr. Ansley Hamid for his valuable contribution to the prepa­
ration of this section.
1005 Abrahams, Roger D. The man-of-words
in the West Indies: performance and
the emergence of Creole culture. Baltimore,
Md.; The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1983.
203 p.: hibl., ill., tables.
Collection of 11 excellent articles by
the author on the role of verbal performer in
Nevis, St. Kitts, Tobago, and St. Vincent. Ob­
jective of the volume is to establish the
presence and importance of a performance
complex in the English-speaking Caribbean,
a set of traits which articulates expressive
relationships.
1006 After Africa; extracts from British
travel accounts and journals of the sev-
Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 111
enteenth, eighteenth and nineteenth cen­
turies concerning the slaves, their manners,
and customs in the British West Indies.
Edited by Roger D. Abrahams and John F.
Szwed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press,
1983. 444 p.: bibl., ill.
Objective of editors was "to seek out
in the oldest documents available the en­
counter of Africans and Europeans in the
New World, toward the discovery of what was
and is distinctly Afro-American in the cul­
tures of the Americas." Collection divided
into: The Slave Accounts in Context; Ways of
Speaking; Anancy Tales; Religion and Magic;
Festivals, Carnivals, Holidays, and JonKanoo;
Music, Dance, and Games; and. Miscellane­
ous. Substantial, insightful introduction
included.
1007 Albuquerque, Klaus de and Jerome L.
McElroy. Race and ethnicity in the
United States Virgin Islands (Ethnic Groups
(Gordon St Breach Science Publishers, New
York] 6:2/3, 1985, p. 125-153, bibl., tables)
Emphasizing the effects of the Ameri­
can presence, migration, and recent affluence,
major Virgin Islands ethnic groups (native is­
landers, French, Puerto Rican, white and
black US mainlanders, and Commonwealth
West Indians) are considered. "Census data
and other evidence suggest some assimilation
and a gradual shift from a plural, more 'flex­
ible' West Indian model of social segmenta­
tion to a simpler, more 'rigid' (but no less
complex) black-white dichotomy."
1008 Alexander, Jack. Love, race, slavery,
and sexuality in Jamaican images of
the family (in Kinship, ideology and practice
in Latin America [see item 259] p. 147-180,
bibl.)
Following the method and theory of
David Schneider and R.T. Smith, author de­
scribes and analyzes the conceptions that 11
middle-class Jamaicans have about kinship
and how these articulate with their beliefs
about race, class, and status. "The analysis
assumes that culture consists of a pure level
of domains, such as kinship and age, which
consist of a set of collective representations
that cohere, and that pure domains combine
on a conglomerate level to create domains—
such as the family—that are guides for
action."
1009 Ashton, Guy T. Migration and the
Puerto Rican support system (RRI,
12:2, Summer/Verano 1982, p. 228—242,
bibl.)
Puerto Rican migration and especially
the "brain-drain" of third- and fourth-year
college students at Inter-American Univ. in
P.R., is related to historical and contemporary
aspects of the Puerto Rican extended family.
1010 Austin, Diane J. Culture and ideology
in the English-speaking Caribbean: a
view from Jamaica (AES/AE, 10:2, May
r983, p. 223-240, bibl.)
The historical ambiguity presented by
Caribbean societies, of a stability comprising
radical social inequalities, is reflected in two
types of Caribbean anthropology, one stress­
ing opposition, the other domination. Here,
both themes are incorporated in a single ana­
lytical perspective, which stresses the role of
the Jamaican middle class as brokers between
the working man and metropolitan sources of
power.
1011 --------. Urban life in Kingston, Ja­
maica: the culture and class ideology
of two neighborhoods. New York: Gordon &
Breach Science Publishers, 1984. 282 p.: bibl.,
tables (Caribbean studies; 3)
Study of two neighborhoods, one com­
posed primarily of manual workers and the
other of individuals holding clerical and pro­
fessional positions. Author details the cul­
tures and ideologies that prevail in these two
settings, and of one ideology which she
claims is dominant—"an ideology about edu­
cation grounded in middle class culture
which acts to redefine the values and institu­
tions of working class life." In addition to
describing daily life in the neighborhoods,
substantial material is offered on politics and
power, religion, sport and leisure, conflict
and dispute, and ideology and hegenomy. Vol­
ume concludes with two case studies, one on
the middle class position and the other on
the working class position.
1012 Ayensu, Edward S. Medicinal plants of
the West Indies. Algonac, Mich.: Refer­
ence Publications, t98i. 282 p.: bibl., ill.,
indexes.
List of 632 species in tr4 families of
plants includes standard scientific binomials.
Also indicates local names of plants as well
as purported medicinal use. Of value to field
researchers.
1013 Baber, Willie L. Social change and the
peasant community: Horowitz's
112 / Handbook of Latin American Studies
Morne-Paysan reinterpreted (UP/E, 21:3,
July 1982, p. 227-24t, bibl., ill., tables]
Restudy of Martinican community
indicates to author that Horowitz over­
emphasized its egalitarian nature, deemphasized class divisions, dissociated it
from "the vicissitudes of a plantation econ­
omy," and, consequently, failed to take into
accoimt the Caribbean historical experience.
Offers alternative interpretation based on
processes linked to plantation economy and
class relations stmctured through a planta­
tion system.
Discounting the traditional explana­
tion of the origin and persistence of the in­
stitution of family land in rural Jamaica and
in the Caribbean generally—that it is an
African or European cultural remnant—the
argument here relates it first to the cireumstances of plantation slavery, and then to the
continuing monopoly of plantations in the
contemporary Caribbean. Thus, family land
is viewed as a bastion of resistance and free­
dom, a means by which these are passed on,
and the rallying ground for new, distinctively
Afro-Caribbean, cultural initiatives.
1014 Barrow, Christine. Guidelines for the
1017 A Bibliography of Caribbean migration
conduct of social surveys in the Carib­
bean; the experience of a five island inter­
disciplinary questionnaire survey. Cave Hill,
Barbados; Institute of Social and Economic
Research, Eastern Caribbean, Univ. of the
West Indies, 1983. 86 p.; bibl., ill., maps,
tables (Occasional papers; 17)
Cautionary tale on the administration
of social surveys in the Caribbean; a report of
the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Project in
the Eastern Caribbean.
and Caribbean immigrant commu­
nities. Edited by Rosemary Brana-Shute.
Gainesville: Reference and Bibliographic
Dept., Univ. of Florida Libraries: in coopera­
tion with Center for Latin American Studies,
Univ. of Florida, 1983. 339 p.: appendices
(Bibliographic series; 9)
Collection of 2585 citations of litera­
ture on the movement of Caribbean peoples
including materials on in-migration, ac­
culturation of new peoples and their impact
on receiving Caribbean societies, mral-urban
phenomena, intra-regional migration, out­
migration, and Caribbean peoples in metro­
politan countries. Appendices include data
bases searched, journals cited, second au­
thors, origins of migrants, destination of mi­
grants, and a topical index. For bibliographer's
comment, see item 22.
'
1015 Berleant-Schiller, Riva. Grazing and
gardens in Barbuda (in The Keeping of
animals: adaptation and social relations in
livestock producing communities. Edited by
Riva Berleant-Schiller and Eugenia Shanklin.
Totowa, N.}.: Allanheld, Osum & Co., 1983,
P- 73-9!; bibl., tables)
Demonstrates the delicate association
of land use (open grazing of semiferal live­
stock and small provision gardens) with
physical environment, a customary land ten­
ure which allows all Barbudans equal rights
to undivided lands outside the single settle­
ment, and political dependency. Land-use bal­
ance shifts over long dry-and-wet cycles but
land use and tenure have preserved Barbuda
from drought and domination. However, if all
factors are interdependent, a substantial
change in one would affect the others. Such a
change has come with political independence
of Antigua-Barbuda in 1981 which is eroding
traditional patterns of land tenure.
1016 Besson, Jean. Family land and Carib­
bean society: toward an ethnography
of Afro-Caribbean peasantries {in Perspec­
tives on Caribbean regional identity. Edited
by Elizabeth M. Thomas-Hope. Liverpool,
England; Centre for Latin American Studies,
Univ. of Liverpool, 1984, p. 57-83, tables)
1018 Bilby, Kenneth M. Black thought from
the Caribbean; ideology at home and
abroad (NWIG, 57:3/4, 1983, p. 2or-2i4,
bibl.)
Review essay dealing with books on
Rastafarians by Joseph Owens, Sebastian
Clarke, John Plummer, Ernest Cashmore, and
Dick Hebdige.
1019 --------. How the "older heads" talk: a
Jamaican Maroon spirit possession lan­
guage and its relationship to the creoles of
Suriname and Sierra Leone (NWIG, 57:1/2,
19831 P- 37—88, bibl.)
Diacritical features of the "deep lan­
guage" (Kromanti) used by participants pos­
sessed by spirits in Maroon ceremonies
distinguish it from the Jamaican Creole used
in ordinary life, but are similar to the creoles
of Surinam and Sierra Leone. These data
support decreolization theory. Includes
glossary.
Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 113
1020 Biathwaite, Edward Kamau. Kumina:
the spirit of African survival in Ja­
maica (IJ/JJ, 42, 1978, p. 44-63, plates)
Utilizing text of an interview with a
Kumina priestess and commentary provided
by Congolese anthropologist BunsekiLumanisa on Mukongo background to text,
author presents interestingly organized study
of Jamaican Kumina.
1021 Brathwaite, Farley. Unemployment and
social life; a sociological study of the
unemployed in Trinidad. Bridgetown: Antil­
les Publications, r983. r6s p.: bibl., tables.
Consequences of imemployment,
rather than its determinants, are the subject
of this study which finds little evidence of
"social breakdown" among the Trinidadian
unemployed. The importance of illicit
strategies for survival is consistently
underreported.
1022 Brockmaim, C. Thomas. Ethnic par­
ticipation in Orange Walk economic
development (Ethnic Groups [Gordon &
Breach Science Publishers, New York] 6:2/3,
r985, p. r87-207, bibl., tables)
Rapid economic development took
place in Orange Walk, Belize, which led to in­
creased ethnic heterogeneity and socio­
economic differentiation. The degree to
which ethriic groups were involved in these
economic changes and the nature of their
participation varied by the socioeconomicpolitical history of each group and the indi­
vidual's "place of origin on the centersatellite continuum."
1023 Brodber, Erna. Perceptions of Carib­
bean women: towards a documentation
of stereotypes. Cave Hill, Barbados: Institute
of Social and Economic Research, Eastern
Caribbean, Univ. of the West Indies, 1982.
62 p.: hibl. (Women in the Caribbean project;
4)
Voi. 4 in research series on the role of
women in the English-speaking Caribbean.
Author examines images of Caribbean
women drawn from the press and from
church dociunents of Barbados, Jamaica, and
Trinidad: the everyday performance of female
roles dining three time periods; the extent to
which images developed into stereotypes,and, the relationship between images, stereo­
types and female potential over time.
1023a Butt Colson, Audrey. El desarrollo na­
cional y los Akawaio y Pemon del Alto
Mazaruni (III/AI, 43, julio/sept. 1983,
p. 445-502, bibl., map)
Relationship, from a historical per­
spective, of the state-nation and the Upper
Mazaruni Akawaio and Pemon communities
of Guyana. Lengthy descriptions and analy­
ses of several important events or processes
in Amerindian-state relations. After an as­
sessment of state impact on local culture
and resource control, she concludes that
from the Amerindian perspective, western
civilization has led to a condition of perma­
nent imbalance.
1024 Callam, Neville G. Invitation to
docility: defusing the Rastafarian chal­
lenge (Caribbean Journal of Religious Studies
[The United Theological College of the West
Indies, Kingston] 3:2, Sept. 1980, p. 28-44)
Stress given hy Rastafarians to a par­
ticular aspect of their social ethic (with­
drawal heroism, or "naturism") in response
to contextual exigencies permits the move­
ment to continue as a protest group. Author
reviews accomodations of dominant society
to the movement and concludes that while it
will survive in some form it may well be ab­
sorbed by society into its routine thereby re­
establishing a normative order.
1025 Cashmore, E.E. The Rastafarians.
London: Minority Rights Group, 1984.
ir p.: appendices, bibl. (Minority Rights
Group report; 64)
History of Rastafarians and account of
their major beliefs. Study fails to mention
the tremendous role of ganja trafficking in the
maintenance and growth of the movement.
1026 Cato, John D. The People's Temple: a
socio-religious analysis (Caribbean
Journal of Religious Studies [The United
Theological College of the West Indies,
Kingston] 2:2, Sept. 1979, p. 1-7, bibl.)
Discounting psychological aberration
as a major category for interpreting the
Jonestown tragedy, author argues that the
People's Temple can better be viewed as a so­
cial movement responding to the religious,
social, and ideological needs of a diverse col­
lectivity ("true believers," the elderly, white
ideologues, and the "alienated, frustrated and
angry").
114 / Handbook of Latin American Studies
1027 Chase, Julia. Emigration and changing
racial ratios in Saba, N.A. (RRI, 11:4,
Winter 1981/1982, p. 501-506)
"As the percentage of black population
increases the nature of race relations which
have always been rather good on Saba, is also
changing."
1028 Chevannes, Barry. Some notes on Af­
rican religious survivals in the Carib­
bean (Caribbean Journal of Religious Studies
[The United Theological College of the West
Indies, Kingston] 5:2, Sept. 1983, p. 18-28)
Remnants of African religions con­
tinue to persist in the Caribbean because
they are expressions of a world view—involv­
ing spirits, man and nature—which remain
widespread. This world view is either fa­
talistic or revolutionary in different social
contexts.
1029 Clarke, Colin G. Caribbean conscious­
ness {in Perspectives on Caribbean
regional identity. Edited by Elizabeth M.
Thomas-Hope. Liverpool, England: Centre for
Latin American Studies, Univ. of Liverpool,
1984, p. 122-134)
Fragmented by insularity, which small­
ness emphasizes, and permeated by colo­
nialism, West Indian consciousness is a
restricted and rare phenomenon. Only the
French, British Commonwealth, and Dutch
Islanders—and the Cubans—have an aware­
ness of the West Indies, but the possibilities
for cooperation are limited by linguistic and
political barriers and increasingly by ideolog­
ical differences. Despite counter-currents to
insular fragmentation in the post-colonial
period—such as the creation of CARIFTA,
or through the regional Black Power and
Rastafarian movements—West Indian iden­
tity, both regional and insular, remains un­
avoidably plural, perhaps perpetually so.
1030 Clarke, Sebastian. Jah music: the evo­
lution of the popular Jamaican song.
London: Heinemann Educational Books,
1980. 2t6 p.: plates.
Popular account of the historical ori­
gins of Jamaican music and the development
of Reggae. Informative chapter on Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, and Bunny Waller.
1032 Coreil, Jeannine. Allocation of family
resources for health care in rural Haiti
(Social Science and Medicine [Pergamon
Press, New York] ry : ii, 1983, p. 709-719,
ill., tables)
Based on a household survey of 230
episodes of infant and child illness, author
finds that allocation of family resources for
health care is heavily influenced by cultural
and ecological variables as well as medical
and economic factors.
1033 Cosminsky, Sheila and Emory
Whipple. Ethnicity and mating pat­
terns in Punta Gorda, Belize [in Black
Caribs: a case study in biocultural adapta­
tion. Edited by Michael H. Crawford. New
York: Plenum Press, 1984, p. 115-132, bibl.,
tables)
While endogamy is the ideal as well as
the predominant practice of all ethnic groups
(Garifima, Creoles, Spaniards, East Indians,
Chinese, Mayans, and others), inter-ethnic
mating occurs according to mies and pat­
terns. Ideal of endogamy and prevailing
ethnic stereotypes help maintain ethnic
boundaries and identity but inter-ethnic
mating is facilitated by desire for children,
acceptance of outside children, value placed
on light skin, color-class hierarchy, increas­
ing economic competition, migration, and
excess of females.
1034 Craig, Dennis R. Language identity
and the West Indian child (in Perspec­
tives on Caribbean regional identity. Edited
by Elizabeth M. Thomas-Hope. Liverpool,
England: Centre for Latin American Studies,
Univ. of Liverpool, r984, p. 84-96)
Although it is important for children
who speak Creole to be perfectly secure in
the rich indigenous eulture of which Creole
is an aspect, educators are ill-advised in de­
signing learning programs which increase
that security while decreasing proficiency in
the international, officially recognized Euro­
pean language through which freedom and
socioeconomic advancement are vouchsafed.
In the case of officially English-speaking West
Indian territories, where a Mesolect is used,
special methodological procedures are sug­
gested which enhance both increased fa­
miliarity with the indigenous culture and
proficiency in the officially recognized
language.
1035 Cross, Malcolm. The East Indians of
Guyana and Trinidad. London: Minor­
ity Rights Group, 1980. 18 p. (MRG report;
no. t-3)
Descriptive account of the indenture.
Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 115
and of current East Indian-African relations
in Guyana and Trinidad.
1036 Cultura y folklore de Samaná. Com­
pilado por Dagoberto Tejeda Ortiz.
Santo Domingo: Lotería Nacional, Depto. de
Bienestar Social, 1984.179 p.: tables.
Useful collection of eight already pub­
lished but difficult to locate articles and
other materials on the culture and folklore
of the black "Americans" of Samaná, Do­
minican Republic. Of particular interest is
H. Hoetink's historico-sociological study and
Martha Ellen Davis's two essays on religion
and on religious musical culture.
1037 Cultural patrimony and the tourism
product: towards a mutually beneficial
relationship. Final report, OAS/CTRC Re­
gional Seminar, Hastings, Barbados, July
18-22, 1983. Washington: International
Trade and Tourism Division, Dept, of Eco­
nomic Affairs, OAS, 1983. 120 p.
Collection of papers presented at an
Oceanside seminar for scholars and tourist in­
dustry representatives; a willfully optimistic
report on the mutually beneficial relation­
ship between cultural resources and tourist
industry initiatives.
1038 Dance, Daryl C. Folklore from con­
temporary Jamaicans. Knoxville: Univ.
of Tennessee Press, 1985. 229 p.: bibl., maps,
plates.
Collection of 298 Jamaican tales,
games, riddles, songs, and rhymes organized
into 11 chapters each with a short introduc­
tion; etiological tales, anansesem, duppy
tales, big boy tales, tales about religion, tales
about Rastafarians, miscellaneous tales,
riddles, rhymes, songs, and children's games.
1039 Davidson, William V. The Garifuna in
Central America: ethnohistorical and
geographical foundations {in Black Caribs: a
case study in biocultural adaptation. Edited
by Michael H. Crawford. New York: Plenum
Press, 1984, p. 13-35, bibl., ill., maps)
Succinct review of Garifuna origins,
dispersal in Central America and patterns of
settlement in time and place (Garifuna
culture realm, trade area, village subsistence
region, settlement proper, and family com­
pound). Informative maps.
1040 Davis, E. Wade. The ethnobiology of
the Haitian zombi (Journal of Ethnopharmacology [Elsevier Sequoia, Lausanne,
Switzerland] 9:1, Nov. 1983, p. 85-104, bibl.,
plates, table)
The recent surfacing of three zombies
has focused attention upon the claim that
there is an ethnopharmacological basis for
zombies. Poisons are suggested here whose
consistent ingredients include tetrodotoxins,
derived from various species of puffer fish.
The symptomology of tetrodotoxication is
compared with that of zomhies; and pre­
liminary laboratory tests are summarized.
The role of zombies in voudou theology is
described.
1041 Davis, Martha Ellen. Voces del pur­
gatorio: estudio de la salve domini­
cana. Santo Domingo: Museo del Hombre
Dominicano, 1981. 106 p.: bibl., map, music,
plates (Investigaciones antropológicas; no. 15)
Description and analysis of salve, a
class of Dominican religious and quasi­
religious music. Musical transcriptions
provided.
1042 Développement rural en Haïti et dans
la Caraïbe. Port-au-Prince; Dept. des
sciences du développement. Faculté d'eth­
nologie, Univ. d'état d'Haïti, 1980. 424 p.:
ill., maps, tables.
Proceedings of a colloquium on Haitian
mral development, held in Port-au-Prince in
t979. Contributions are organized around the
themes of literacy, community development,
appropriate technology, nural health, religion,
specific activities, regional organizations, and
general approaches. Most participants appear
to have been technicians or government
officials.
1043 Dévieux, Liliane. Références ethniques
dans les contes haïtiens (Anthropologie
et Sociétés [Univ. Laval, Québec, Canada]
8:2, 1984, p. 139-159, bibl.)
Analysis of racial or ethnie references
in Haitian folktales.
1044 Devonish, Hubert. Creole languages
and the process of socioeconomic
domination in the Caribbean: a historical
review (in Aspects of Caribbean Creoles.
Edited by Pauline Christie. Kingston: West
Indian Assn, for Commonwealth Literature
and Language Studies, 1983, p. 52-68, bibl.
[Carib; 3])
Succinct historical review of Creole
languages and development of patterns of
social differentiation in the Caribbean. Con­
sideration given to the language situa-
116 / Handbook of Latín American Studies
tion within plantation slave society, in late
18th-century Haiti, in the immediate pre­
emancipation and post-emancipation periods
in other parts of the Caribbean, and the con­
temporary situation. Concludes that the es­
tablishment of Creole as official language in
any Caribbean country is a vital ingredient of
any attempt to achieve political or socio­
economic liberation.
1045 Diederich, Bernard. On the nature of
zombie existence: the reality of a
voudou ritual (FIU/CR, 12:3, Summer 1983,
p. 14-17, 43-46)
Account of the appearance of three
zombies and of the work of Haiti's leading
psychiatrist and zombiologist.
1046 Dodd, David J. Rule-making and rule-
enforcement in plantation society: the
ideological development of criminal justice
in Guyana jUWI/SES, 31:3, Sept. 1982,
p. 1-35, bibl.)
In Guyana, there has never been a
separation of powers and the criminal justice
system, developing out of plantation "house
rules" which protected dominant powers are
now still indistinguishable from "house
mies" which protect the interests of today's
mling party. The role of lower courts and the
lawyers is explored in the context of the "in­
mate social system" of the "total institution"
of plantation society.
1047 Douyon, Emerson. Crimes rituels et
mort apparente en Haïti: vers une
synthèse critique (Anthropologie et Sociétés
[Univ. Laval, Québec, Canada] 8:2, 1984,.
p. 87-120, bibl.)
Study of Haitian ritual crimes and
deathlike comas in relation to parallel forms
of justice. Author deals with ritual leaders
and the making of zombies, the nature and
personality of zombies, the perspectives of
victims, the processes and stages of zom­
bification, relevant ethnopharmological re­
search, and social reaction.
1048 Dreher, Melanie C. Marihuana and
work: cannabis smoking on a Jamaican
sugar estate (SAA/HO, 42 : i. Spring 1982,
p. 1-8, tables)
Critical examination of the "amotivational syndrome," often cited as one of the
deleterious effects of long-term marihuana
use. Drawing on field data from three farms
of one sugar estate, author evaluates work
performance in relation to marihuana usé as
well as the strategies employed by manage­
ment to reinforce its own values as to use
and productivity.
1049 Duany, Jorge. Ethnicity in the Spanish
Caribbean: notes on the consolidation
of creole identity in Cuba and Puerto Rico,
1762-1868 (Ethnic Groups [Gordon &
Breach Science Publishers, New York] 6:2/3,
1985, P- 99-1^3, bibl.)
Comparison of incorporation of Af­
rican and European immigrants after the ex­
pansion of sugar plantations in late i8th
century. Argues that ethnicity must be
viewed in relation to social class stracture
and that ethnic groups are conditioned by
factors of production. This approach offers
explanation of "the organization of cultural
differences in Cuba and Puerto Rico during
this period."
1050 Duncan, Neville and Kenneth O'Brien.
Women and politics in Barbados,
1948-1981. Cave Hill, Barbados: Institute of
Social and Economic Research, Eastern Ca­
ribbean, Univ. of the West Indies, 1983. 68 p.:
bibl., tables (Women in the Caribbean proj­
ect; 3)
Voi. 3 in research series on the role of
women in the English-speaking Caribbean.
Deals with Barbadian female participation in
local politics and in formal legislative bodies;
female membership on statutory boards,
commissions, and public corporations; fe­
male partisan involvement; and women and
electoral politics.
1051 Dunham, Katherine. Dances of Haiti.
Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American
Studies, Univ. of California, 1983. 78 p.:
plates (CAAS special publication)
Revised English-language edition of
earlier Spanish and English (1947) and French
(1957) versions. Short but still valuable study
that emphasizes material aspects of the
dance, organization of dance groups, func­
tions of dances, and interrelation of form and
function. Includes Claude Lévi-Strauss's brief
forward to the French edition and glossary.
1052 Durant-González, Victoria. The oc­
cupation of higglering (IJ/JJ, 16:3,
Winter 1983, p. 2-12, bibl., plates)
Describes occupation of higglering in
Jamaica: organization, skills, methods of re­
cruitment, rewards and options it offers
Anthiopology: Ethnology, West Indies / 117
women. Article does not theorize as to the
existence of such informal economic sys­
tems, and their occmrence alongside the cor­
porate capitalist economy.
1053 Edwards, Melvin R. Jamaican higglers;
their significance and potential.
Swansea, Wales: Centre for Development
Studies, Univ. College of Swansea, 1980.
58 p.: bibl.
Description of Jamaican higglers, or
operators of the indigenous marketing sys­
tem. The existence of informal economic sys­
tems, and of the unique cultural and social
features in which they are imbedded, is not
theorized.
1054 Fisher, Lawrence E. Colonial madness;
mental health in the Barbadian social
order. New Brunswick, N.J.; Rutgers Univ.
Press, 1985. 275 p.: bibl., ill., plates.
"... a comprehensive anthropological
overview of Barbadian culture and a detailed
ethnographie analysis of Barbadian views of
'madness' in the 1970s. It does so by moving
backward and forward through time to bring
the study of the madhouse within the con­
text of everyday life, between the Barbadian
Mental Hospital and the vülage. In addition,
its unique—but not exclusive—objective is
to explore the colonial realities of presentday Barbados through the orientations of
madness of lower-elass villagers and mental
patients." A substantial contribution to the
literature.
1055 Forsythe, Dennis. Rastafari, for the
healing of the nation. Kingston: Zaika
Publications, 1983. 236 p.: ill.
Report of the personal "discovery" of
Rastafari by a Jamaiean sociologist. Regards
his experienee "as a mystical journey and a
modern manifestation of the aneient mys­
tery Religious tradition." Interesting, idio­
syncratic sections on Rastafari roots, con­
cepts, the ganja controversy, Rastas and the
Chakras, and West Indian culture through
Rasta eyes.
1056 Gerber, Stanford N. and Knud
Rasmussen. St. John, Virgin Islands: a
note on immigration and "paradise lost"
(RRI, 11:4, Winter 1981/1982, p. 477-501)
Class relations come to St. John, Virgin
Islands, as a result of large-scale immigration.
1057 Gibson, Margaret A. Ethnicity and
schooling: West Indian immigrants in
the United States Virgin Islands (Ethnic
Groups [Gordon St Breach Science Pub­
lishers, New York] 5:3, 1983, p. 173-197,
bibl.)
Comparisons between native Cruzians
and Down Islanders (immigrants from other
islands to the Virgin Islands) Suggest the dy­
namic relationship between ethnicity, school­
ing, sex role, economic opportunity and adult
success, in a case where social class, race and
cultural distinctions are minimal. Denied ac­
cess to employment nichés which birthplace
and kinship offer to native Cruzians, Down
Islanders, both boys and girls, performed
better than their Cruzian classmates.
1058 Gill, Margaret and Joycelin Massiah.
Women, work and development.
Cave Hill, Barbados: Institute of Social and
Economic Research, Univ. of the West Indies,
1984. 129 p.: bibl., ill., tables (Women in the
Caribbean project; 6)
Voi. 6 in research series on the role of
women in the English-speaking Caribbean.
Two substantive papers are included: Mar­
garet Gill's on women, work and development
in Barbados, 1946-1970, in which economic
structures and cultural patterns are explored;
and Joycelin Massiah's on indicators of women
in development which offers a model for as­
sessing the well-being of women in Carib­
bean societies.
1059 Glazier, Stephen D. An annotated eth­
nographic bibliography of Trinidad
(HRAF/BSR, 17:1/2, Spring/Summer 1982,
p. 31-58, bibl.)
Slightly dated bibliography of articles,
books, PhD dissertations, and Master's
theses. For bibliographer's comment, see
item 32.
1060 --------Caribbean ethnicity revisited;
editor's introduction (Ethnic Groups
[Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, New
York) 6:2/3, 1985, p. 85-97, bibl.)
Introduction to journal issue on Carib­
bean ethnicity in which editor stresses the
complexity of the phenomenon and indicates
that context and behavior as well as age, sex,
wealth, and social mobility must be taken
into account.
1061 --------. Marchin' the pUgrims home;
leadership and decision-making in an
Afro-Caribbean faith. Westport, Conn.:
Greenwood Press, 1983. 165 p.: bibl., ill..
118 / Handbook of Latin American Studies
plates, tables (Contributions to the study of
religion; lo)
Ethnography of the Spiritual Baptists
of Trinidad, which focuses on leadership de­
cisions and how these play a critical role in
"almost every aspect of church life." The be­
lief system is described as are major church
rituals, leadership roles as they relate to
change, church organization and its dynam­
ics, and leader’s impact on church economics.
1062 Glick, Leonard B. Epilogue: the mean­
ings of ethnicity in the Caribbean
(Ethnic Groups [Gordon &. Breach Science
Publishers, New York] 6:2/3,19851
p. 233-248, hihl.)
General statement on Caribbean eth­
nicity which concludes that the region is ex­
periencing significant social change, "and
that ethnieity, with its diverse potential
meanings, may provide much of the founda­
tion for Caribbean societies of the future."
1063 Goldberg, Richard S. The definition of
household: a three-dimensional ap­
proach (Journal of Caribbean Studies [Assn,
of Caribbean Studies, Coral Gables, Fla.] 4:1,
Fall 1984, p. 29-36, bibl., ill., table)
In Grand Cayman, time, space, and so­
cial relations define the household.
1064 González, Nancie Loudon. Garifuna—
Black Carib—social organization (in
Black Caribs: a case study in bioculturai
adaptation. Edited by Michael H. Crawford.
New York: Plenum Press, 1984, p. 51-6$/
hibl., tables)
Argues that Garifuna culture and so­
ciety caimot be understood apart from the
process of migration and that it "is largely re­
sponsible for shaping Garifuna social organi­
zation for some time." Migration has had
"profound effects" on household and family
stmcture as well as on religious, cultural, and
political matters. Fiction persists that men
are dominant but ethnographic reality is that
women are strong, effective, and influential.
J065 --------. New evidence on the origin of
the Black Carib: with thoughts on the
meaning of tradition (NWIG, 57-3/4/ 1983/
p. 143-172, bibl., map, tables)
Historical data given on factors lead­
ing to the removal of Caribs from St. Vincent
as well as on size of population landed on
Roatan and on flight to and dispersal in Hon­
duras, along with author's perspective on per­
sistence and borrowing in relation to Black
Carib cultural tradition. ". .. Black Carib
culture is what it is today because some
members . . . put down on Roatan were will­
ing and able to make quick, opportunistic de­
cisions without the burden of a traditional
political and religious system which might
have urged caution.
1066 --------. Rethinking the consanguineal
household and matrifocality (UP/E,
23:1, Jan. 1984, p. i—n, bibl.)
Rethinking the "type" of household
stmcture the author has made influential in
the literature, "the consanguineal house­
hold," she argues that it expresses rather
marital and residential instability; and is an
adaptive response to individualism, the as­
sumption by women of male functions, and
migratory wage labor.
1067 Grasmnck, Sherri. The impact of emi­
gration on national development: three
sending communities in the Dominican Re­
public. New York: Center for Latin Ameriean
and Caribbean Studies, New York Univ.,
1982. 28 p.: bibl., tables (New York Research
Program in Interamerican Affairs. Occasional
papers; 33)
Study of three communities in the
Dominican Republic examines impact of
emigration upon those conditions which pro­
voked out-migration in the first place. Both
agricultural stagnation and unemployment
are exacerbated by emigration.
1068 Green, Vera. Migrants in Amba and
Curaçao: comparative adjustment pat­
terns (RRI, 11:3, Fall 1981, p. 310-334, bibl.)
Economic and policy factors inter­
relate to determine the adjustment patterns
of migrant oil refinery workers in Amba and
Curaçao.
1069 Gullick, C.J.M.R. The changing Vin­
centian Carib population (in Black
Caribs: a case study in bioculmral adapta­
tion. Edited by Michael H. Crawford. New
York: Plenum Press, 1984, p. 37-5°, bibl.,
map)
Assessment of differing estimates of
the Black and Yellow Carib population of St.
Vincent for the pre-1797 period, the 19th
century, the 20th century, and current condi­
tion. Useful short sections on population
effects of cataclysms (hurricanes and volcanic
Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 119
eruptions) and consequent movement within
St. Vincent.
1070 Haiewood, Jack. White collar migrant
labor: some observations on the case
of Trinidad and Tobago in the last two dec­
ades {in White collar migrants in the Ameri­
cas and the Caribbean. Edited by Arnaud F.
Marks and Hebe M.C. Vessuri. Leiden,
Netherlands: Dept, of Caribbean Studies,
Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropol­
ogy, 1983, P-19-37)
Description and assessment of whitecollar emigration from Trinidad since 1962.
Economic and social changes in both sending
and receiving coimtries which account for in­
creased white-collar emigration in the period
are discussed and the impact of this emigra­
tion on Trinidad and Tobago are explored.
1071 Henry, Paget. Peripheral capitalism and
underdevelopment in Antigua. New
Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1985.
220 p.: tables.
Drawing on a theory of peripheral de­
velopment within the broader context of
dependency theory, author traces the post­
colonial development of Antigua. Detailed
accoimts and analyses are given of colonial
Antigua's peripheralization and the establish­
ment of the economic, political, and cultural
institutions; change and adjustment of these
institutions over time, the international and
local dimensions of the decolonization pro­
cess; and the nature of the postcolonial econ­
omy, state, and cultural system of Antigua.
1072 Honychurch, Lennox. Our island cul­
ture. Roseau, Dominica: Dominica
Cultural Council, rpSs? S5 P-: iU-/ plates.
Affectionate guide to Dominica and
Dominicans.
1073 Jenkins, Carol L. Ritual and resource
flow: the Garifuna dugu (AES/AE,
10:3, Aug. 1983, p. 429-442, tables)
Among the Garifuna of Belize, dugu
ceremonies, or ancestral feasts, have been in­
creasing in size and frequency, in a context of
malnutrition, declining subsistence activities
and migration. The dugu is viewed here as a
strategy for resource redistribution between
wealthier migrants and their poorer kin. The
role of buyai (Garifuna shamans) in effecting
these redistributions is considered.
1074 Kerns, Virginia. Past and present evi­
dence of interethnic mating (in Black
Caribs: a case study in bioculturai adapta­
tion. Edited by Michael H. Crawford. New
York: Plenum Press, 1984, p. 95-114, bibl.,
tables)
Contemporary interethnic mating has
historic precedent—censuses and other ac­
counts suggest "many exceptions to any nor­
mative rule of ethnic endogamy." Evidence is
marshalled from i8th, 19th, and 20th cen­
turies in support of position. Indication that
rapid Black Carib population growth in Cen­
tral America was due, in part, to reproduc­
tion with non-Caribs.
1075 Klass, Morton. Discussion: new eth­
nicity, new horizons (Ethnic Groups
[Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, New
York) 6:2/3, 1985, P-i23-23a)
Discussion of articles on Caribbean
ethnicity in two issues of Ethnic Groups
(6:2 and 6:3).
1076 Knight, Franklin W. United States
cultural influences on the Englishspeaking Caribbean during the twentieth
century. San Germán: Centro de Investiga­
ciones del Caribe y América Latina: Univ.
Interamericana de Puerto Rico, t983? 23 p.:
tables (Documentos de trabajo; 11)
Although US expansion into the West
Indies has been substantial, the "Ameri­
canization" of the region—fueled, in part, by
West Indian migration to the US, tourism,
the communications revolution, etc.—has
been relatively limited given British tradi­
tions and different territorial levels of eco­
nomic development.
1077 Knowles, Roberta. Socio-linguistic
norms and linguistic diversity in a
West Indian community (Caribbean Journal
of Education [Univ. of the West Indies, Mona,
Jamaica) 9:3, Sept. r982, p. 213-228, bibl.,
table)
Selected Virgin Island adults are found
to have communicative competencies which
show sensitivity to sociolinguistic norms, re­
gional variation, and abbreviation. Such fea­
tures, at odds with the rules of classroom
interaction, should be promoted "to open the
lines of commiuiication between the differ­
ent elements we ate made up of."
1078 Köbben, A.J.F. In vrijheid en gebon-
denheid: samenleving en cultuur van
de Djoeka aan de Cottica. Utrecht, The
Netherlands: Centrum voor Caraibische
120 / Handbook of Latin American Studies
Studies, Instituut voor Cultúrele Antro­
pologie, Rijksuniv. Utrecht, 1979- t9i P-.
3 leaves of plates: bibl., iU, maps (Bronnen
voor de Studie van Bosneger samenlevingen;
4)
Study describes culture, kinship sys­
tem, political organization, etc., of the Djuka
tribe on the Cottica River, Surinam. Author
concludes that Djuka social stracture and the
lack of external pressures for change account
for their strong resistance to acculturation
and ensure the continuity of Djuka culture.
(N. Vicenti]
1079 Laguerre, Michel S. Urban life in the
Caribbean: a study of a Haitian urban
community. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman
Publishing Co., 1982. 214 P-- WW-, iU-- “aps,
1082 Lewis, Gordon K. The making of a Caribbeanist. San Germán: Centro de In­
vestigaciones del Caribe y América Latina.
Univ. Interamericana de Puerto Rico, 1983?
13 p. (Documentos de trabajo; 10)
Part autobiographical, part analytical
essay which delineates the career pattern of
the author and his intellectual roots and dis­
sects several important issues and problems
that confront Caribbean scholars including
appropriate conceptual and technical ap­
proaches, the relationship between academic
research and ideological belief, the North
American monopoly of Caribbean studies,
etc. Argues the need for interdisciplinary re­
search for "fruitful" Caribbean studies.
plates.
Discusses the Haitian urban community as locus of frontiers between the capi­
talist and pre-capitalist ethic. In such a dependent economy^ interlocking residential
structures and kinship networks, mediated
by the roles of the voodoo priest and Duvalier's tonton macoute, elaborate private and
small-group strategies of survival.
1080 Larose, Serge and Frantz Voltaire.
Structure agraire et tenure foncière en
Haïti (Anthropologie et Sociétés [Univ. Laval,
Québec, Canada) 8:2, 1984, p. 65-85, bibl.,
tables)
Authors argue that the analysis ot
Haitian agrarian structure and land tenure
should begin with an understanding of the
social relations of production rather than on
absolute size of holding. From this perspec­
tive, large and medium size properties of
rural and urban proprietors should be so­
ciologically differentiated as well as individ­
ual small holdings from "lineage property."
1081 Layng, Anthony. The Caribs of Domin­
ica: prospects for structural assimila­
tion of a tenitorial minority (Ethnic Groups
[Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, New
York) 6:2/3, 1985, P- 209-221, bibl., map)
While neither racially nor culturally
different, the Caribs are a distinctive territo­
rial minority group in Dominica, an ascriptive
status directly linked to their life on a reser­
vation. Future of this status is related to vari­
able of stmctural pluralism; if reservation
status changes, then there is a possibility of
eventual structural assimilation into larger
society.
1083 Lowenthal, David. "An island is a
world:" the problem of Caribbean in­
sularity (in Perspectives on Caribbean re­
gional identity. Edited by Elizabeth M.
Thomas-Hope. Liverpool, England: Centre for
Latin American Studies, Univ. of Liverpool,
1984, P-109-121)
Age-old West Indian parochialism, tostered by the islands' separate and exclusive
relations with European mother countries,
by the need to establish local hegemonies
against imperial control and encouraged to­
day by politicians protecting their sover­
eignities and separate flefdoms, has not been
eroded by frequent attempts at economic and
political cooperation. Indeed, such coopera­
tive efforts have suceeded only in allowing
injustices to smaller states by larger ones,
and in exacerbating dog-eat-dog rivalries
among the larger states themselves. Regional
unity and identity is more likely to be
achieved through informal voluntary agen­
cies and through extensions of the informal
inter-island comings and goings which began
during slavery and which have been increas­
ing recently.
1083a Manning, Frank E. Carnival and the
West Indian diaspora (The Round Table
[Butterfield Scientific Ltd, Guildford, En­
gland) 286, 1983, p. 186-196, notes)
Views Toronto Carnival as a distilla­
tion of West Indian experience in urban Can­
ada and as an ongoing dialectic between
cultural expression and political processes.
Author argues that the politics of these fes­
tivals illuminate how West Indian migrants
are dealing with each other and how "they
are coming to terms with Canadian society."
Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 121
1084 Massiah, Joycelin. Employed women
1089 Mikell, Gwendolyn. When horses talk:
in Barbados: a demographic profile,
1946-1970. Cave Hill, Barbados: Institute of
Social and Economic Research, Eastern Ca­
ribbean, Univ. of the West Indies, 1984. 131
p.: bibl., ill., tables (Occasional papers; no. 8)
Study of the Barbadian female work
force based primarily on data drawn from the
1946, i960, and 1970 censuses in order to
identify the demographic factors related to
female participation in economic life and the
extent these factors have varied over time.
reflections on Zora Neale Hurston's
Haitian anthropology (AU/P, 43:3, Sept.
1982, p. 218-230)
Informative essay on the anthropology
of a black female anthropologist and writer.
Author assesses Hurston's backgroimd and
training, the influence of Boas and Benedict,
and her use of insider-outsider perspectives
in Tell my hoise (1938) for understanding
rural Jamaican and Haitian culture.
1085 --------. Women as heads of households
Hendrickson. Christmas sports in St.
Kitts-Nevis: our neglected cultural tradition.
S.I.: s.n., 1984. 66 p.: plates.
Describes traditional Christmas
sports, "a veritable bastion of KittitianNevisian culture," and principal participants.
in the Caribbean: family structure and
feminine status. Paris: UNESCO, 1983. 69 p.:
bibl., tables (Women in a world perspective)
Based on 1970 census data, author pro­
vides demographic profile of Commonwealth
Caribbean female-headed households. Also
includes sections on strategies for survival
and principal sources of financial assistance
available to female household heads in Bar­
bados. Findings indicate that these heads are
concentrated in low-paid, low-status occupa­
tions and are more disadvantaged than men
in similar positions. Six, very short, casestudies of welfare recipients are appended.
1086 Maximilien, Louis. Le voudou haïtien:
rite radas-canzo. Préface de Pierre
Mabille. Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie H.
Deschamps, 1982. 224 p., 55 p. of plates:
bibl., ill.
Relatively detailed description of the
basic elements and components of Haitian
vodun.
1087 Mayer, Francine M.; Catherine
Bonaiti; and Jean Benoist. Utilisation
de l'approche généalogique pour l'étude gé­
nétique de l'hypoacousie dans un isolat de la
Caraïbe (Anthropologie et Sociétés (Univ.
Laval, Québec, Canada] 8:2, 1984, p. 161177, ill., tables)
Preliminary results of a genealogical
approach utilized to study the genetic as­
pects of hypoacusia among the residents of
St. Barthélémy.
1088 Menezes, M. Noel. Amerindian life in
Guyana. Georgetown: Ministry of Edu­
cation, Social Development and Culture,
1982. 32 p.: map, plates.
Short, superficial descriptions of hous­
ing, transportation, occupations, children and
Timehri paintings. Colorful photographs.
1090 Mills, Frank L. and S.B. Jones-
1091 Mintz, Sidney W. Reflections on Ca­
ribbean peasantries (NWIG, 57:1/2,
1983, p. 1-17, bibl.)
Caribbean peasantries are viewed as
largely self-supporting, though involved in
foreign markets also; in dialectical linkage
with the plantations, in struggles for land, la­
bor, and capital; and as representing "a mode
of response to the plantation system and its
connotations and a mode of resistance to ex­
ternally imposed styles of life." In this view
the significance of peasantries in Caribbean
historical developments is accounted for.
1092 Monish, Ivor. Obeah, Christ and
rastaman: Jamaica and its religion.
Greenwood, S.C.: Attic Press, 1982. 122 p.:
bibl., maps, table.
Jamaican culture is presented as one in
which "most of the religio-political move­
ments of the world are to be found epito­
mized in some form." Rastafarianism is
given special attention.
1093 Moses, Yolanda T. Female status, the
family, and male dominance in a West
Indian community (in Women and national
development: the complexities of change.
Edited by The Wellesley Editorial Commit­
tee. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1977,
p. 142-153, tables)
Substantial contributions to the
household economy do not improve the
status of women on Montserrat, where there
is an ideology of male supremacy.
122 / Handbook of Latin American Studies
1094 Nagashima, Yoshiko S. Rastafarian
music in contemporary Jamaica:
a study of socioreligious music of the
Rastafarian movement in Jamaica. Tokyo: In­
stitute for the Study of Languages and Cul­
tures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo Univ. of
Foreign Studies, 1984. 227 p.: bibl., graphs,
maps, tables (Symbolism and world view in
Asia and Africa. Performance in culture; 3)
Concentrating on Nyabynghi or bynghi
music, author deals with this genre in socio­
cultural context by describing the past and
present nature of Rastafarianism,- the an­
cestral heritage of the music as well as its
local origins, growth and diversification,Rastafarian ritual and Nyabynghi musical
performance; aspects of Rastafarian cos­
mology and faith through lyrics; internal and
external influences on the music; and a com­
parison of bynghi music and reggae.
1095 Nevadomsky, Joseph. Developmental
sequences of domestic groups in an
East Indian community in rural Trinidad
(UP/E, 24: r, Jan. t98s, p. i-rr, bihl., ill.,
tables)
Presents series of frequency distri­
butions of various household forms according
to age-decades of ever-married women.
Shows the possibility of several developmen­
tal series, rather than a single unilinear
model of domestic organization. Phases in
any possible developmental patterns are tem­
porary responses to various social and eco­
nomic changes occurring among rural East
Indians in Trinidad.
1096 --------. Explaining Caribbean family
and household organization: a ty­
pology of the classics (Journal of Caribbean
Studies (Assn, of Caribbean Studies, Coral
Gables, Fla.] 4: r. Fall t984, p. 38-46, bibl.)
Review of studies of lower-income
families and domestic organization in the
Greater Caribbean.
1097 --------. Social change and the East In­
dians in rural Trinidad: a critique of
methodologies (UWI/SES, 31 : i, March r982,
p. 90-126, bibl.)
Increasing political and economic
involvement in the wider society by East
Indians in mral Trinidad offer powerful argu­
ments against the "plural society model" and
the "retentionist model" perspectives which
inform most studies of East Indians in the
Caribbean. By contrast, the systemic model,
which describes the processes by which eth­
nic and cultural categories are gradually inte­
grated into an overall stratification system,
accounts for both increased participation as
well as for cultural distinctiveness.
1098 Newton, Velma. The silver men: West
Indian labour migration to Panama,
r850-t9t4. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of So­
cial and Economic Research, Univ. of the
West Indies, r984. 218 p.: bibl., tables.
Thorough historical account of British
West Indian emigration to Panama with em­
phasis on the role of West Indians in building
the Panama Railroad and Canal. Useful data
on emigration policies, the recmitment of la­
bor, the demographics of the movement,
effect on the sending colonies, and on the
West Indian experience in Panama.
1099 Nicholls, David. Haiti in Caribbean
context: ethnicity, economy and re­
volt. New York: St. Martin's Press, r98s.
282 p.: bibl.
Collection of author's reworked ar­
ticles and new materials dealing with links
between ethnic structures and economy in
Haiti and how the particular manifestations
of political domination and revolt in that
country are to be understood in light of these
links. Two articles, one on East Indians and
black power in Trinidad and the other on the
Arabs of the Antilles offer some comparative
context. Volume is divided into three sec­
tions: r) Ethnicity; 2) Economy; and 3)
Domination and Revolt. Concludes that
Haitian masses are basically conservative and
that political strategies assuming existence
of a revolutionary working class or peasantry
will fail.
1100 Palacio, Joseph. Food and social rela­
tions in a Belizean Garifuna village
(BISRA/BS, T2:3, t984, p. r-7)
Utilizing excerpts from his disserta­
tion, author argues that commimity is di­
vided into age categories, each with specific
functions. "People in some age categories
control the political structure and monopo­
lize the food supply, bringing about strains in
social relations and enhancing their position
in the social hierarchy."
1101 --------. Food exchange systems
(BISRA/BS, r2;3, 1984, p. 8-34,
tables)
Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 123
Utilizing excerpts from his disserta­
tion, author demonstrates that food circu­
lates in a Belizean Carifuna village through
cash and non-cash exchange systems. The
former involves both petty and large scale
trading; the latter is based on participation in
the subsistence economy and role obligation.
Food exehange reflects rank in the local
system.
1102 Pessar, Patricia R. Kinship relations of
production in the migration process:
the case of Dominican emigration to the
United States. New York: Center for Latin
American and Caribbean Studies, New York
Univ., 1982. 41 p.: bibl. (New York Research
Program in Inter-American Affairs. Occa­
sional papers; 32)
Relations between husband and wife,
and between parental and junior generations
in Dominiean international migrant house­
holds, are seen to be characterized by in­
equities, hierarchies of control, and struggle
over rights and benefits whieh reflect the un­
equal system of exchange of commodities,
capital and labor binding the US and the Do­
minican Republic together. The role of
women's labor in particular is discussed.
1103 Pierce, Paulette. Noncapitalist devel­
opment: the struggle to nationalize the
Guyanese sugar industry. Totowa, N.J.:
Rowman & Allanheld, 1984. 200 p.: bibl.
Author traces the soeiopolitical devel­
opment of Guyana "that culminated in the
triumph of the Marxist-Leninist program to
'resist imperialism' and to place the profit­
able sugar industry firmly in the hands of
'the people.' The resulting national unity and
euphoria were short-lived . . . and today the
working class remains divided along racial
lines." Arguments embedded in book about
the compatibility of liberal democratic state
forms with dependent relations and the com­
patibility of nationalization and MarxistLeninist ideology with capitalism make this
work of interest to students of Third World
development and of the nature of Caribbean
society.
1104 Pollak-Eltz, Angelina. Folklore y
cultura en los pueblos negros de
Yaracuy. Caraeas: Editorial Arte, 1984. 105 p.:
bibl.
Descriptions of folkloric practices and
aspects of culture of the Afro-Venezuelan
population of the Yaracuy River Valley in­
cluding short sections on history, demogra­
phy, agriculture, work, migration, education,
life cycle, popular Catholicism, cults, fiestas,
beliefs and superstitions, language, children's
games, oral literature, etc.
1105 Pollard, Velma. The social history of
Dread Talk (UWI/ CQ, 28:4, Dec.
1982, p. 17-40, bibl.)
The impact of Rastafarianism upon Ja­
maican aesthetic life, in dance, music and
speech forms, has been considerable, proba­
bly because Rastafarianism responds to
"some of the deepest social forces that have
shaped and still determine the discrepancies
of Caribbean society." The case of Dread
Talk, which has progressively "colonized"
Jamaican Creole over the last few decades,
is discussed.
1106 Powell, Dorian. The role of women in
the Caribbean (UWI/SES, 33:2, June
1984, p. 97-r22, bibl.)
Although in several societies there has
been recently a visible shift in the roles of
women from exclusive involvement in the
family to increasing participation in the work
force, Caribbean women have always had
roles which span both the "private" and the
"public" domains. Male-dominated research
which assumes that women's familial role is
paramount obscures this fact; while malebiased economic, political and educational
institutions inhibit further participation by
Caribbean women.
1107 Price, Richard. First-time: the histori­
cal vision of an Afro-American people.
Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Univ.
Press, T983. 189 p.: bibl., maps, music, plates
(Johns Hopkins studies in Atlantic history
and culture)
Collection of oral accounts told by
contemporary Saramaka Maroons to author
about key Saramaka historical events in the
17th and 18th centuries. These interesting
materials are divided into three chronologi­
cally-ordered sections: i) The Heroic years:
1685-1748; 2) Toward Freedom: 1749-1759;
and 3) Free at Last: 1760-1762. Author pro­
vides extensive commentary for each ac­
count (see item 1108 for Dutch perspectives
on many of these events and much of this pe­
riod of time).
1108 --------. To slay the hydra: Dutch colo­
nial perspectives on the Saramaka
124 / Handbook of Latin American Studies
wars. Ann Arbor, Mich.; Karoma Publishers,
rpSs. 247 p.: bibl., ill., plates.
Collection of manuscript documents
with an introduction by the author on the
final years of a nearly century-old war of lib­
eration by the Saramaka Maroons against the
Dutch colonists in Surinam. Documents
written by Dutch witnesses are organized in
this volume around the following themes:
The Abortive Peace of 1749« Th®
Great
Battle; The Djuka Connection; and. Free
at Last.
1109 Price, Sally. Co-wives and calabashes.
Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press,
r984. 224 P" bibl., ill., plates (Women and
culture series)
Account of Saramaka Maroon social
and artistic life through an examination of
the artistic expression (calabash decoration,
textile arts, and popular songs) of women
from the villages of the Pikilio. Since the
institution of marriage brings together art
and Saramaka social relations, the author,
through an emphasis on women's conjugal
experiences, "explores the ways in which cul­
tural ideas about the sexes influence their ar­
tistic life and analyzes the complementary
contributions that the most important artis­
tic media make to their social life."
Ilio
. Sexism and the construction of
reality: an Afro-American example
(AES/AE, ro;3, Aug. rpSs, p. 460-476,
bibl., ill.)
The marked division of labor between
men and women among the Saramaka of
Surinam is reflected directly in their artistic
work. Men's art borrows foreign motifs and
materials, since masculinity reqmres men to
migrate and to function well in "foreign" set­
tings. Women, mostly confined to villages
and horticultural camps, and compromised
in terms of marital opportunity by an adverse
male-female ratio, express parochialism and
insecurity in their artistic efforts. The paper
discusses misconceptions of women's art
by ethnographers and by the Saramaka
themselves.
1111
. Wives, husbands, and more
wives; sexual opportunities among the
Saramaka (FIU/CR, rz-.z. Spring 1983, p. 26,
Î9, 54, 59, plates)
The joys and sorrows of polygamy
along the Suriname River are recorded; sex­
ual banter, night-time riverine rendezvous,
marriage, extramarital affairs and jealousy,
husband-wife relations, and life among co­
wives.
1112 Price-Mars, Jean. So spoke the uncle/
Ainsi parla l'oncle. Translation and in­
troduction by Magdaline W. Shaimon. Wash­
ington: Three Continents Press, 1983. 252 p.:
bibl., maps, plates.
Most welcome English translation of
Haitian classic first published in 1928. Cer­
tainly the leading Haitian intellectual of his
time, Price-Mars, in this work, attempted to
restore "the value of Haitian folk-lore in the
eyes of the people." Dealt directly with the
impact of the African past on Haitian social
structure and concentrated on the evolution
of Voodoo, "emphasizing its religious nature
throughout, from the animism of prehistoric
Africa to a synthesis with Christianity in
modern Haiti so as to demonstrate the
strength of folkloric custom in the gradual
development of the culture of a society." In­
teresting appendix on peasant marriage and
family, local mores, and African survivals
ca. 1922.
1113 Prince, Althea V. Anansi folk cul­
ture: an expression of Caribbean life
(FIU/CR, r3 :1, Winter 1984, p. 24-27,
Drawing on examples of Anansi
stories, calypso and reggae composition, au­
thor posits that, in a situation of conflicting
ideologies, black folk culture is not "used as
'prescriptions' for survival, but are rather, ex­
pressions of the life condition of the black
folk of the Caribbean."
1114 Qnamina, Odida T. The social organi­
zation of Plantation Mackenzie; an
account of life in the Guyana mining enter­
prises. Geneva: UN Research Institute for So­
cial Development, 1981. 35 p., 5 leaves of
plates; bibl., ill. (Participation occasional
paper. Report; 81.4)
Insider's view of social relations, social
organization, and change in Mackenzie, a
bauxite company tovra. Role of Catholicism
and other religions, education, company's im­
pact on organization of the community, so­
cial significance of tune and work schedules,
and some aspects of the transition from com­
pany to popular control are dealt with.
Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 125
1115 Quevedo, Raymond. Atilla's kaiso: a
short history of Trinidad calypso. St.
Augustine: Dept, of Extra Mural Studies,
Univ. of the West Indies, t983. 205 p.: bibl.,
music, plates.
History of Trinidad calypso by Atilla
the Hun—whose real name is R. Quevedo—•
once himself a leading calypsonian.
1116 Rashford, John. The cotton tree and
the spiritual realm in Jamaica (IJ/JJ,
18:1, Feb./April 1985, p. 49-57, bibl., plates)
The significance of Ceiba pentandia in
the myal and obeah religions is described.
The cotton tree is described as a shrine or
sanctuary where communing with spirits can
take place.
1117 Reckord, Verena. Reggae, Rasta­
farianism and cultural identity |IJ/JJ,
46, 1982, p. 70-79, bibl., plates)
Informal review of the development
of Jamaican popular and Rastafari music
(Mento, ska, big band jazz. Rock Steady,
Reggae) and the function they play in the
search for identity.
1118 Robotham, Don. Pluralism as an ide­
ology (UWI/SES, 29 :r, March r98o,
p. 69-89, bibl.)
M.G. Smith's theory of the plural so­
ciety (item 1127) is understood as a theory of
Jamaican society whose formulations owe
much to Smith's alleged membership in the
Jamaican nationalist middle class (for Smith's
response, see item 1128).
1119 Rosenberg, June C. El Gagà: religion y
sociedad de un culto dominicano, un
estudio comparativo. Santo Domingo: Univ.
Autònoma de Santo Domingo, 1979. 233 p.:
bibl., ili. (Publicaciones de la Universidad;
272. Colección Historia y sociedad; 37)
Rich description of a syncretic reli­
gious cult in the Dominican Republic with
roots in 19th-century Dominican carnival
and voodoo. Describes material culture, so­
cial organization, ceremonies and beliefs of
one Gagà group and compares it with other
Dominican Gagà groups. Notes differences
with Haitian practices, examines some
elements of Dominican voodoo, and gives
examples of "primary" and "secondary" syn­
cretic religious groups in the Caribbean.
1120 Rubenstein, Hymie. Caribbean family
and household organization: some con­
s
ceptual clarifications (Journal of Com­
parative Family Studies [Calgary, Canada]
14:3, Autumn 1983, p. 283-298, bibl., ill.,
table)
Utilizing St. Vincent data, author dem­
onstrates a variable association between the
elements of domestic organization which
result in the independence or quasi­
independence of the domestic group from
family functions and their associated struc­
tural apparatuses. Consequently, "neither
the domestic group nor the household is a
bounded, closed, corporate group." This per­
mits a fluid form of organization which
maximizes the possibility for maneuver­
ability in domestic life and allows for adjust­
ments to be made.
1121 --------. Occupational complexity in an
Afro-Caribbean village (Journal of Ca­
ribbean Studies [Assn, of Caribbean Studies,
Coral Gables, Fla.) 4: i. Fall t984, p. rirt40, bibl., tables)
Restrictions imposed by island's class
stratification system and economic under­
development on life changes of St. Vincent
villagers have produced village-level occupa­
tional complexity of which "occupational
multiplicity" is one manifestation. Aspects
of village socioeconomic organization are de­
lineated as context for discussion and analy­
sis of interrelation between own-account,
wage-labor, full-time, and part-time work.
Characterization of villagers as having "tem­
poral orientation" would be incorrect and
would lead to misguided social policies.
1122 --------. Remittances and rural under­
development in the English-speaking
Caribbean (SAA/HO, 42:4, Winter t983,
P- 295-306, bibl.)
Against views which hold that remit­
tances bestow several positive effects upon
underdeveloped countries receiving them,
this study concludes that remittances make
no positive contribution to rural economic
rejuvenation in the English-speaking Carib­
bean. The beneficiaries of migration continue
to be the developed industrial-capitalist
societies.
1123 Salgado, Antoine. Le phénomène des
zombis dans la culture haïtierme. Portau-Prince: Imprimerie des Antilles, t982.
r4ô p.: bibl., ill.
126 / Handbook of Latin American Stndies
General discussion on the phenome­
non of zombies in Haitian culture.
1124 Searle, Chris. Words unchained: lan­
guage and revolution in Grenada. Lon­
don: Zed Books, 1984. 260 p.: plates.
Study records how increasing aware­
ness of Grenadians' revolutionary potential,
linger Maurice Bishop's leadership, has af­
fected their use of the English language.
1125 Shaw, Thomas A. To be or not to be
Chinese: differential expressions of
Chinese culture and solidarity in the British
West Indies (Ethnic Groups [Gordon &.
Breach Science Publishers, New York] 6:2/3,
1985, p. 155-185, bibl., table)
Basing his argument on some of the
very limited literature on the Chinese in the
Caribbean, author views use of ethnicity
among this population (particularly in Ja­
maica and British Guiana) as adaptive. In
situations where Europeans were "over­
whelmingly dominant," Chinese deemphasized ethnicity; in situations where
economic and political power "were more
shared or 'pluralistic,'" the Chinese exploited
their ethnicity.
1126 Singaravélou. Les indiens de la
Guadeloupe: étude de géographie hu­
maine. Bourdeaux, France: Centre national
de la recherche scientifique, 1975. ^39 P-bibl., ill., plates, tables.
Thorough detailed study of East In­
dians in Guadeloupe. Work divided into three
principal sections: 1) the Indian peopling of
the island (labor crisis, origins in India, re­
cruitment patterns, arrival and installation);
2) the Indian population and its economic ac­
tivities (distribution of population, popula­
tion movement, Indians in agriculture, the
scarcity of Indians in secondary and tertiary
sectors; and 3) Indians in Guadeloupian so­
ciety (creolization of the Indians, irreducible
Indian culture traits, Indians in Antillean
society).
1127 Smith, M.G. Culture, race and class in
the Commonwealth Caribbean. Mona,
Jamaica: Dept, of Extra-Mural Studies, Univ.
of the West Indies, 1984-163 P-- bibl.
". . . reviews various accounts of
Anglo-Caribbean societies from 1945 to the
present that discuss the parts that culture,
race and class play in them. It seeks to assess
the cumulative contributions of these studies
and to clarify the critical issues and relations
with which they deal. Following introduc­
tory outlines of the subject, of the literature
and topic, and some clarifications of basic
terms, attention is focused on . .. Grenada,
Jamaica, Trinidad and Guyana, which have
figured prominently in the debate so far and
will probably continue to do so. Then, after
evaluating several prominent 'models' or
'theories' that offer general 'explanations' of
social structure in these Caribbean societies,
it concludes with a brief statement of [the
author's] views." Informative essay that
places pluralism in theoretical and regional
context.
1128 --------. Robotham's ideology and plu­
ralism: a reply (UWI/SES, 32:2, June
1983, p. 103-139, bibl.)
Author responds to the "extraordinary
mixture of prejudice, ignorance, dishonesty
and presumption that motivated Robotham's
essay (see item 1118)." Detailed critique of
Robotham's assertions that plural society
theory as developed by M.G. Smith is a re­
sult of latter's class position and its attendant
ideology.
1129 _____ . Some future directions for so­
cial research in the Commonwealth
Caribbean (UWI/SES, 33 :2,1984,
p. 123-155/bibl.)
Funded adequately so as to avoid its
permanent conversion to a not-for-profit mar­
ket research agency, the Institute for Social
and Economic Research (ISER) is identified as
the proper administrator of an integrated pro­
gram of regional research which addresses
the widest range of new relevant and appro­
priate data—some to be drawn from women's
studies and from the ethnographic output
from the Francophone Caribbean, Surinam,
and Belize—to the solution of outstanding
theoretical issues of race, culture, and class.
The research program must identify needs
and provisions for social assistance in the re­
gion and should describe the conditions, tar­
gets, and probabilities of effective regional
and Third World cooperation, such as would
increase the Third World's share of world
production.
1130 --------. The study of needs and provi­
sions for social assistance (UWI/SES,
31:3, Sept. 1982, p. 37-56)
Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 127
Describes concepts, aims, design, and
method used in a systematic study of needs
and provisions for social assistance in Ja­
maica. Study reveals large gap between the
volume of public need for social assistance
and services and resources actually available
to meet them. Means by which social service
provisions may be rationalized are suggested.
1131 Smith, Raymond T. Family, social
change and social policy in the West
Indies (NWIG, 56:3/4, 1982, p. 111-142,
bibl.)
By means of a critical review of T.S.
Simey's Welfare and planning in the West In­
dies, author explores the premises on which
social policy was based during the waning
years of colonial rule. Then, with reference to
selected research, he delineates a system of
West Indian kinship, marriage, and family.
Concludes with discussion of policy implica­
tions and argues "that a family system such
as that of the West Indies arises in a particu­
lar kind of class society with particular kinds
of sex roles, and it is unlikely to change until
the pattern of class relations changes."
1132 The Social and economic impact of
Carnival. Seminar held at the Univ. of
the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, Nov.
24-26, 1983. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Insti­
tute of Social and Economic Research, Univ.
of the West Indies, 1984. 244 p.
Collection of eight papers dealing with
the arts and economics of Trinidad Carnival.
The social impact of successive forms of Car­
nival is explored; this succession of forms is
not related to broader developments in the
global framework in which Trinidad may be
viewed; nor are Carnivals theorized as eco­
nomic enterprises in the global framework.
1133 Spalburg, Johan George. De Tapana-
honi Djuka rond de eeuwwisseling:
het dagboek van Spalburg: 1896-1900. Ingeleid door H.U.E. Thoden van Velzen en
Chris de Beet. Utrecht, The Netherlands:
Centrum voor Caraibische Studies, Instituut
voor Cultúrele Antropologie, Rijksimiv.
Utrecht, 1979. 129 p., 2 leaves of plates: bibl.,
maps (Broimen voor de Studie van Bosneger
samenlevingen; 5)
Teacher and missionary, Johan
Spalburg's diary, written during his four-year
stay with the Djukas of Surinam is one of
the most important early documents on
Djuka society. It is especially valuable as the
only eyewitness report based on an extended
stay rather than on brief field trips. [N.
Vieenti]
1134 Studies in Caribbean language. Edited
by Lawrence D. Carrington. St. Au­
gustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Lin­
guistics, 1983. 338 p.: bibl., tables.
Selection of 26 papers from the 3rd
Biennial Conference of the Society for Carib­
bean Linguistics held in Aruba, 1980. Papers
deal with: Caribbean linguistics, linguistic
developments in the Caribbean disapora, so­
cial history and sociolinguistics, language
and social identity, education in Creole set­
tings, phonology, phonetics, and syntax.
1135 Suriname: slavernij, abolitie en
nasleep, essays ter ere van Silvia W.
de Groot (OSO [Surinaamse taalkunde,
letterkunde en geschiedenis, Paramaribo]
2:2, Dec. 1983, p. 1-247, bibl.)
Issue of OSO journal in honor of Sil­
via de Groot, ethnohistorian of Maroon
society and Caribbeanist, with slavery,
abolition, and consequences in Surinam as
its theme. In addition to a short statement of
appreciation by R.A.J. van Lier and two ar­
ticles by de Groot herself, substantive contri­
butions are made by H. Hoetink, H.E. Lamur,
P.C. Emmer, G. Oostindie and A. van
Stipriaan, J.K. Brandsma, W.C.J. Root, V.Th.
Tjon-A-Ten and P. Uniken-Venema.
1136 Sutherland, Anne and Laurie Kroshus.
A social history of Caye Caulker
(BISRA/BS, 13 : i, 1985, p. 1-27, maps)
Socioeconomic history of very small
Belizean island located a mile from barrier
reef. Although affected by tourism, a success­
ful cooperative, motorized boats, mass com­
munication, etc., island is still characterized
by sense of individualism, autonomy, egali­
tarianism, reliance on fishing, and family as
foeus of individual loyalty. Nevertheless, "the
days of isolation are over. . . ."
1137 Tanna, Laura. African retentions:
Yoruba and Kikongo songs in Jamaica
(IJ/JJ, 16:3, Aug. 1983, p. 47-52, bibl., mu­
sic, plates)
Three Nago songs, collected in a West­
moreland community, are presented with
translation and musical transcriptions. The
songs demonstrate that African languages
survive in the Jamaican oral tradition.
128 / Handbook of Latin American Studies
113g --------. Anansi: Jamaica's trickster
hero (IJ/JJ, r6;2, May 1983, p. 20-30,
bibl., plates)
Analysis of the trickster and the trick;
the potential for metaphor in the stories of
Anansi, Jamaican folk hero and symbol.
1139
. Jamaican folk tales and oral
histories. Kingston: Institute of Ja­
maica Publications, t984. t43 p.: map, mu­
sic, plates (Jamaica; 21. Anthology series; i)
Collection of stories, songs, and
riddles.
1139a Thoden van Velzen, H.U.E. and W. van
Watering. Affluence, deprivation and
the flowering of Bush Negro religious move­
ments (KITLV/B, 139:1, Ian. 1983, p. 99t39, bibl.)
Detailed, carefully argued study ot
three important Bush Negro religious move­
ments of the late 19th and early 20th cen­
turies: Gaan Gadu, and the cults of Anake
and Atjaimikule. Development of these
movements is examined against historical
backdrop of drastically changing relations of
production, varying adaptations to new eco­
nomic circumstances, and greatly differing
ideational structures of the three. Conclusion
is that new theological ideas that emerged
caimot be viewed merely as a result of chang­
ing relations of production. Once the array of
ideas is delineated, it becomes "fully clear
how far consciousness has moved away from
being, how little the intricacies of 'mind
work' can be predicted from material forces."
1140 Thomas, J. Paul. The Caribs of St.
Vincent: a study in imperial mal­
administration, 1763—73 (UWI/JCH, t8:2,
1983, P-60-73)
Account of the expedition sent against
Caribs of St. Vincent in t772: how landhungry, profiteering adventurers prevailed
against an ignorant administration and a vul­
nerable native population.
1141 Thomas-Hope, Elizabeth. Off the Is­
land: population mobility among the
Caribbean middle class (in White collar mi­
grants in the Americas and the Caribbean.
Edited by Arnaud F. Marks and Hebe M.C.
Vessuri. Leiden, The Netherlands: Dept, of
Caribbean Studies, Royal Institute of Lin­
guistics and Anthropology, 1983, p. 39-59)
Psychological dependence upon core
countries becomes more entrenched as
white-collar workers, attracted by high po­
tential and opportunity, migrate.
1142 Thompson, Robert Farris. Flash of the
spirit: African and Afro-American art
and philosophy. New York: Random House,
1983. 317 P-: ill-, plates.
Ambitious, richly illustrated volume
on the visual and philosophic connections
between Africa and Black America. Author
deals with Yoruba art and culture and Kongo
art and religion in the Americas; Vodun reli­
gion and art in Haiti; Mande-related art and
architecture in the Americas; and, Ejagham
art and writing in two worlds.
1143 Tobias, Peter M. The social context of
Grenadian emigration (UWI/SES,
39:1, March 1980, p. 40-59, bibl.)
Emigration, a stimulus to Grenadian
lower class males, is found in "manliness, a
key value in lower-class men's informal asso­
ciations. The international context in which
emigration occurs is not explored.
1144 Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Caribbean
peasantries and world capitalism: an
approach to micro-level studies (NWIG,
58:1/2, 1983, p. 37-59, biW-l
Caribbean peasantries are thought to
offer a privileged vantage point from which
to study the relation between micro-level
processes and over-arching world historical
processes.
1145 Van Lier, R. Bonuman: een Studie
van zeven religieuze specialisten in
Suriname. Leiden, The Netherlands: Institute
of Cultural and Social Studies, Leiden Univ.,
s.d. 132 p. (YICA publication; 60)
Study of seven religious speciaUsts in
Surinam based on life history data.
1147 Wilk, Richard R. Rural settlement
change in Belize, 1970—2980: the
effects of roads (BISRA/BS, 12:4, 1984,
p. r-9, tables)
Based on 2980 census figures, author
indicates that the growth of rural population
is "highly dependent" on the quality of
roads—the better the quality, the faster the
growth.
1148 Women and education. Cave Hill, Bar­
bados: Institute of Social and Eco­
nomic Research, Eastern Caribbean, Univ. of
the West Indies, 2982. 77 P-: biW-, ‘ables
(Women in the Caribbean project; 5)
Anthropology: Ethnology, South America, Lowlands / 129
Voi. s in research series on the role of
women in the English-speaking Caribbean.
Includes two substantive papers. Joyce Cole
deals with official ideology and the education
of Caribbean women, r835-r945, with
special'reference to Barbados, and Patricia
Mohammed details educational attainment
of women in Trinidad and Tobago (1946-80).
1149 Women and the family. Cave Hill, Bar­
bados: Institute of Social and Eco­
nomic Research, Univ. of the West Indies,
r98a. r6a p.: bibl., ill., tables (Women in the
Caribbean project; 2)
Voi. 2 in a research series on the role of
women in the English-speaking Caribbean.
Includes the following articles: Hermione
McKenzie "Women and Family in Caribbean
Society;" Victoria Durant-González "The
Realm of Female Familial Responsibility;"
Jean Jackson "Stresses Affecting Women and
Their Families;" Joycelin Massiah "Women
Who Head Households;" and Dorian Powell
"Network Analysis: a Suggested model for
the Study of Women and the Family in the
Caribbean."
ETHNOLOGY: South America, Lowlands
WAUD H. KRACKE, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Chicago
Circle
A MAJOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAST few years in Lowland South America has
been the strengthening identity and growing self-awareness of indigenous peoples.
One reflection of this is the appearance of writings on indigenous cultixres by mem­
bers of those cultures themselves, on the initiative of indigenous authors, with an
anthropologist (if any) acting merely as a go-between or midwife. The outstanding
work that exemplifies this trend is a set of Desana myths narrated by the old Desana priest Umúsin Panlön Kumu, transcribed by his son, whose publication was
arranged at their request by Berta Ribeiro (who worked with them to edit the trans­
lation under the title Antes o mundo nao existia, item 1363). Another example of
such works is the introduction to Ye'cuana society written by a Ye'cuana villager
through two spokesmen (item 1237). Such writings clearly reflect important social
developments tmderway as indigenous peoples take on a more active part in shaping
their own future. It is hoped that this represents a trend within ethnography which
will allow the indigenous thinker or self-ethnographer to speak directly to his or
her public (item 1330).
Two major new collections of articles constitute important advances in the
comparison and synthesis of South American cultures. The voltune on marriage
practices in northern Lowland South America edited by Keimeth Kensinger (item
1294) grew out of the first armual "Lowland South America" symposium held by
the American Anthropological Association meetings (New Orleans, 1973). Its par­
ticipants, finding themselves echoing a common theme, agreed that these works
should be published together (items 1165,1221,1230,1269,1274,1280,1281,
1290,1294,1341,1346, and 1387). Another major new collection. Adaptive re­
sponses of native Amazonians organized by Harnes and Vickers (item 1153), pro­
vides detailed empirical studies of the ecological adaptation of specific cultures to
diverse ecological situations (items 1169,1171,1184,1233,1238,1253,1256, 1263,
1265,1271, 1351, 1372,1386, and 1391).
Another event to be noted is the posthumous collection of Pierre Clastres's