Changes to course
outline
26 & 30 April
3 & 7 May
Cleft lip and palate
Fluency disorders
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Normal Speech & Language
Development
Recall the various components of
Human Communication:
• Articulation:
• Voice
acquisition of the
• Articulation
consonants and vowels
Development
• Language
• Fluency
used for speaking.
• Language:
acquisition of the words
& sentences used for
• Hearing
speaking.
Language Development
• Involves both Comprehension (or reception
/understanding) and Expression (or
production)
• Bloom & Lahey (1970) identified three skills
that contribute to overall language ability:
»Form = phonology, morphology,
syntax
»Content = semantics
»Use = pragmatics
The Form of Language: Phonology
• Phonology: the sounds of
a language.
• The smallest units of
language which consist of
vowels and consonants.
• Phonotactics: rules for
combining speech sounds
to create a word.
• Consider the word Tseet
The Form of Language: Morphology
• Morphology: The smallest meaningful unit of
language.
• Two types of morphemes:
– Free Morpheme (stand-alone word)
• Examples: “cat”, “build”, “quick”, “structure”
– Bound Morpheme (attached to free morphemes)
• Examples: “cats”, “builder”, “quickly”, “structured”
How many morphemes in the words: jumping
unstructured
banana
The Form of Language: Syntax
• Syntax: the structure of sentences and the
rules for organizing words in sentences
• Running is he
The Content of Language
• Includes the meanings of individual words
and word combinations. Also referred to
as Semantics.
– Consider “the tree was swimming in the lake”
• Words can have:
– Denotative meaning = literal/dictionary
meaning
– Connotative meaning = emotions and feelings
that a word creates. Figurative language,
such as idioms, proverbs have connotative
meaning
Denotative & Connotative Meaning
Mother
Female Parent
(denotative)
Love, Security
(connotative)
Figurative Language
• Idiom = an expression that does not
have a direct meaning.
“Its been raining cats & dogs”
• Proverb = a phrase that expresses a
basic truth.
“The
early bird catches the worm”
The Use of Language
• How language is used “in context.” Also
referred to as Pragmatics.
• 3 components of language use:
• Using for different purposes
– Greetings, informing, demands, requests etc
• Changing/switching according to needs
– Language at an interview vs language with friends
• Following rules
– Turn-taking, proximity to your listener.
Form, Content & Use
Features of Language Development:
Some Terminology
Vocalisations versus Verbalisations
Prelinguistic versus Linguistic
Reflexive versus Non-Reflexive
Expressive versus Receptive
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES ARE COMMON IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT.
Infant/ toddler language
development
0-2 months – reflexive stage of communication
Cooing/gooing
• Vowel like productions
• /k/ and /g/ sounds
– Place in the mouth and positioning
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7OKOS
N-l7o
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBwMzv
LkY_A&feature=related
Babbling
• Reduplicated babbling
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RqUTJAfy48
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bt077TOugdA&feat
ure=related
• Variegated babbling
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMekFpJBOpI
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yK0_D5VjpCE
First words
• Between 11-18 months
– Verbalizations
• Involves sound-symbol connection
– Onomatopoeia: the use of words whose
sound suggests the thing or action
• Most common and functional objects in the
child’s environment.
– Typically nouns
Two word combinations
• Difference between
expressive and
receptive vocabulary
– Receptive approx 2/3
bigger than expressive
Features of Language Development:
0-2 years of age
Type of Vocalisation
Age of Occurrence
• Crying
0-2 months
• Cooing/Gooing
2-4 months
• Reduplicated Babbling
4-7 months
• Variegated Babbling
7-11 months
• Single Words
11-18 months
• Two-Word Combinations
18-24 months
Motherese
Motherese: A modification adults make in
their speech when talking to young children.
Includes:
• High pitch
• Exaggerated speech
• Slow speaking rate
• Short utterances
• Lots of questions and imperatives
Preschool language development
• Major vocabulary growth
from 2-5years
– Morphology (grammatical
markers) and semantics
(vocab)
• Comprehend complex
questions, tell stories
• Understands symbol
sound relationship of
native language
School-age language development
• Major developments in pragmatics
(language use) and semantics (vocab)
– Increased experiences
increased language skills
• Using complete sentences
• Metalinguistic awareness
– Reflect on properties and nature of language