Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth
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Observing System (SIOS) • Click to edit Master text styles
A new level of international research cooperation on Svalbard
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level
Georg H. Hansen & Karin Refsnes
• Fifth level
The Research Council of Norway
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The main goal of SIOS
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• Establish an (Arctic) Earth System
Observing Facility in and around
Svalbard that covers meteorological,
geophysical, hydrological, cryospheric
and biological processes from a set
of platforms to match Earth System
Models.
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• Second level
• Third level
• Establish a first important node in
• Fourth
level
the envisaged
Sustained Arctic
Observing Network (SAON).
• Fifth level
 Identify gaps in existing infrastructure, complement accordingly
 Organize the set of scientific and general infrastructure in the
most practical and effective way
Establish an overarching integration structure (SIOS
Knowledge Centre)
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Why such a system on Svalbard?
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Earth System Models should be applied and tested in regions where CC is
expected to be most pronounced and system coupling is assumed to be
strongest, i.e. in the Arctic. Svalbard is a region with an especially large
natural variability in the Arctic
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• Observation systems: not as
Second level
systematically developed as
Earth System modeling, but in
Svalbard many elements already
Third level
in place: We needn’t start from
scratch
Fourth level
• Scientific activities in Svalbard
characterized by extensive interFifth level
national cooperation with a
strong European core (NyÅlesund RI) and growing global
participation
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Svalbard was a major hub of IPY
activities - SIOS will contribute to
secure the heritage of IPY
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Extensive infrastructure in place
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
• Research organizations from 15 countries present on a regular basis,
operating
a wide variety of land and sea-based facilities.
Fifth
level
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Norway has established an international university in Longyearbyen with
students and staff from 25 countries.
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Ny-Ålesund has been developed into an international, high standard field
station focusing on environmental and climate research.
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Svalbard is accessible all year round because of its advanced community
infrastructure and its relatively mild climate.
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Svalbard has the highest available data bandwidth in the High Arctic.
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Ny-Ålesund – SIOS in miniature
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EUtoresearch
infrastructure
since 1996
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Fourth level
Fifth level
• Focus on environmental research: atmosphere, cryosphere, ocean, ecosystems
• 11 national research stations, coordination through NySMAC
• common research strategy, large coordinated flagship projects (under development)
• Operated by state-owned company (Kings Bay AS)
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Longyearbyen:
Centre
Research
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toPolar
edit Ionosphere
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and Earth Observation
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• Second level
KHO
• Major satellite link: almost
•global
Third
level
coverage
•
Fourth
level
Kjell-Henriksen Observatory
• Fifth level
SPEAR
• Active and passive radiowave
and optical observations of
the ionosphere
Foto: Anja Strømme
EISCAT
SR
Foto: Olli Jokiaho
SvalSat, Platåfjellet
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Polish Polar Station Hornsund
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77º 00’N,
15º 33’E
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Themes:
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- ionosphere
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- meteorology/climate
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- glaciology
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- biology
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- geology
- natural environment
- oceanography
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Barentsburg Science Center: observation sites, location
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1. Meteorology
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1 4
Click6 to edit Master text styles2. Ecology
Second level
3. Glaciohydrology
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4. Upper atmosphere
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and ionosphere
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5. Satellite receiving
Fifth level
station
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6. Oceanography
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Marine Observatories in the Fram Strait
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ARCOONE
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• Second level
• Third level
HAUSGARTEN
• Fourth level
• Seafloor
observatory
• Fifth
level”Hausgarten”
KONGHAU
MASOX
(AWI) since 1999
• ”Mooring” stations in and outside Kongsfjorden since 2002 (NPI, UiT, SAMS)
• To be merged in project ”KONGHAU” (2008-2010)
• Fram Strait transect ARCOONE (ESONET component)
• Seafloor methane observatory (MASOX) due in 2010
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summary:
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• Comprehensive upper atmosphere observation
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systemto(partially
long-term,
distributed)
Comprehensive
• Second
level marine observing system (focus
on
Fram
Strait,
partially
long-term)
• Third level
• Comprehensive atmosphere-climate observing
• Fourth
level
system (partially long-term, mostly Ny-Ålesund)
•• Fifth
level terrestrial, cryospheric and solid
Fragmented
Earth observing system (distributed, some
elements long-term)
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The SIOS Knowledge Centre
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The main integrating element and
exhibition window of SIOS
• Data handling, storage and delivery
• (mostly
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a portal,
with option
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physical data centre), including access to
• Earth
Second
level
Observation
segment (satellite
data)
• Third level
• Interface between scientific platforms
• and
Fourth
level community
user/stakeholder
• • Facilitator
for scientific integration
Fifth
level
(interdisciplinary activities, ESS)
• Education and training on graduate and
under-graduate levels
• Public outreach activities
• Coordination and service functions
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The SIOS Knowledge Centre
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Selected end
users: Policy
makers, NGOs
ACIA
IPCC
European government policy boards
EU
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• Second level
Integrating
Knowledge
platform
centre
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
Observational
platforms
Selected
contributing
organizations
Atmospheric
UNIS
NP
Marine
AWI
AARI
Terrestrial
NERC
CNR
Space
IGFPAS
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IPEV
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What are the challenges?
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History
of establishment
various polar
stations:
 topics, character, size determined in advance at
national level
 cooperation opportunities investigated after
establishment
 Svalbard Treaty freedom
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• Second level
one build
an integrated autonomous facility out of this?
•Can
Third
level
• Choice of research sites:
•determined
Fourthby level
historical factors (coal mining, not scientific suitability): all
along the west coast; to a large degree cemented by today’s environmental
•jurisdiction
Fifth level
SvalSat, Platåberget, Longyearbyen
Will it be possible to build the required network with these
practical limitations?
• Interdisciplinary character (”intellectual barriers”):
between disciplines based on history (e.g., lower – upper atmosphere),
ways of working and thinking, logistical approaches
Can SIOS achieve what numerous previous initiatives didn’t?
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… but more: the opportunities?
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• Genuine interest of all nations present in Svalbard to
integrate activities
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SIOS already influences other cooperation initiatives in
Svalbard, e.g.,
Ny-Ålesund flagship projects
• Second
level
• Much more effective use of financial ressources, e.g.,
logisticslevel
• Third
• Fronting as a major EU research infrastructure
•• Fourth
levelgreat interest from countries not present in
Already today
Svalbard: Denmark, USA, Canada
• Fifth
level conditions for contributing to a pan-Arctic
 excellent
cooperation
• SIOS can become a true node/glue between most of the
environment-related ESFRI projects: EMSO – ERICON
AB – ICOS – LIFEWATCH – EISCAT-3D – EPOS –
EURO-ARGO
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SIOS – Overarching Plan
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• 9 December, 2008: SIOS on revised ESFRI
• Roadmap
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• 3 December, 2009: submission of SIOS
• Preparatory
Second level
Phase proposal
•• Summer
2010 – summer 2013: SIOS Preparatory
Third level
Phase project: clarification of legal status,
• governance
Fourth level
structure and financial strategy and
plan, plus other strategic processes
• business
Fifth level
• From 2013 (at latest): SIOS implementation
phase
• From end of 2013: SIOS operational phase
(since much infrastructure already in place)
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International institutions in the SIOS
Preparatory
consortium
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Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany
Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
National Research Council, Italy
National Environmental Research Council (NERC), UK
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), Russia
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finland
Aarhus University - National Environmental Research Institute,
Denmark
University of Groningen, Netherlands
Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea
Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration, China
Institut Polaire Paul Emile Victor, France
Institute of Oceanology – Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
Polar Geophysical Institute – Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
ITM, Stockholm University, Sweden
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
National Science Foundation, USA
Scottish Association for Marine Science, UK
EISCAT Scientific Association
Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Finland
University of Leicester, UK
Kola Science Center – Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Geophysical Survey – Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
(full partners - associated partners)
Hornsund Station
Climate research near
Barentsburg
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Norwegian institutions in the SIOS PP
consortium
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The Research Council of Norway (coordinator)
Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI)
The University Studies in Svalbard (UNIS)
Norwegian Space Centre (NSC)
University of Bergen (UIB)
University of Tromsø (UIT)
Norwegian Meteorological Institute (met.no)
Nansen Environmental & Remote Sensing Center (NERSC)
Institute of Marine Research (IMR)
Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU)
Norwegian mapping Authority (NMA)
Ocean observatories in Fram Strait
Andøya Rocket Range (ARR)
Norwegian Institute of Water Research (NIVA)
Zeppelin Observatory
University of Oslo (UIO)
Kings Bay AS
NORSAR
Akvaplan-niva AS
Norwegian Institute of Nature Research (NINA)
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Kongsberg Satellite Services AS (KSAT)
Northern Research Institute Tromsoe AS (NORUT)
Norwegian Directorate of Energy and Water Resources (NVE)
Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research (KD)
The Governor of Svalbard (GoS)
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
(full partners - associated partners)
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SIOS Gap Analysis Working
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Groups
• Main task of working groups:
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To identify
the most
crucial
andstyles
pressing scientific
questions in their respective field, and for which of
• Second
levelis best suited as a research platform
them Svalbard
•• Based
this analysis:
Third on
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– make an assessment of existing research infrastructure/
instrumentation
Fourth
level
– Specify additional instrumentation needed to cover the scientific
issues in a satisfactory way
Fifth
level
– In particular: consider the role of (satellite) remote sensing in the
respective field!
• Which organization of the infrastructure is most
adequate?
• What role can/should the Knowledge Centre play ?
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SIOS Gap Analysis Working
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Groups
•• Group
1: Magnetosphere,
ionosphere
and connection to
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climate
•• Second
level
Group 2: The
coupled Arctic climate system:
atmosphere - ocean –ice
•• Third
level
Group 3: Environmental change and marine ecosystems
Group 4: level
Environmental change and terrestrial
• Fourth
ecosystems
•• Fifth
Grouplevel
5: Solid Earth and large time-scale processes
• Group 6: Environmental pollution: sources, transport
and effects
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SIOS Key topics identified by WGs
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• WG1:
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– Primary coupling processes that
connect the troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere and lower thermosphere
– Response of coupling processes to
solar variability and climate change;
causes of observed long-term changes
in ionospheric parameters
– Role of dust and aerosols in the upper
atmosphere and ionosphere; effect of
meteoric input and cosmic radiation
affect the whole atmosphere
– Effect of magnetic reconnection on the ionosphere and thermosphere
– Influence of small-scale structures and dynamics on changes in the large
scale plasma parameters and vice versa
– Long-term evolution of ion and neutral outflow in global energy, mass and
momentum transfer between the magnetosphere and ionosphere
– Interhemispheric conjugacy and seasonal dependence of solar wind coupling
and energy input into the thermosphere
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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SIOS Key topics identified by WGs (2)
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• WG2:
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– Sea ice in the Arctic: studies of
processes and fluxes through the
gateways
– Oceanographic processes in the
Svalbard region and the Fram
Strait: small scales - large impacts
on regional climate and the Arctic
Ocean as a whole
– The Arctic troposphere - boundary
layer – surface system and its
impacts on arctic climate in a region
with large natural variability
Temperature anomaly October/November
– Terrestrial cryosphere, weather and
2005-07 (NCEP analysis)
hydrology in the Svalbard region
– Greenhouse gas budgets on- and offshore: jokers in the Arctic
climate system
– Vertical Atmospheric coupling from the surface to the ionosphere
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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SIOS Key topics identified by WGs (3)
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• WG3:
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– Spatial and temporal variations in
the species
composition
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distribution of zooplankton,
benthos, level
key fish species and
Second
arctic, endemic top trophic marine
mammals
Third
level
– Trends
in the vertical distribution
of zooplankton by use of sediment
Fourth
level
traps and
acoustic methods
Location of established ecosystem monitoring
– Assessment of trends in carbon
export
and biogeochemical cycling transects
Fifth
level
using sediment traps
– Establish ecological baselines and physical mechanisms
of ecosystem regulation using benthos as a monitoring
tool
– Identify thresholds that can change Arctic marine food
webs and energy transfer
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SIOS Key topics identified by WGs (4)
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WG 5:
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related
seismicity,
permafrost
thawing, gas hydrates decay
Second
level
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Glaciology:
mass balance and
dynamics
Third
level
Fig. 1. Map of Svalbard seismicity for years
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The paleo-climate of Svalbard:
2007-April 2009.
sedimentary
rocks
(“breathing
Fourth level
Earth”); ice and marine sediment coring
Fifth
level
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Past
and present tectonic processes; implications for
ocean currents and climate change
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Past and present marine sedimentary processes,
climate and environments on Svalbard
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Preliminary costs SIOS
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Investment in research infrastructure, appr. 400 mill NOK (45 mill
Euro; WG estimate so far: 54 mill. Euro), all participating countries
contribute, Norway as a host country appr. 30% of this
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Operating costs of infrastructure and Joint Knowledge Centre; 50 –
70
mill NOK (5.5
– 8 mill EURO, expected to rise to 10 mill. Euro)
Second
level
per year, all participating countries contribute, Norway as a host
country appr. 30% of this
Third
level handling, storage and delivery
– Data collection,
– Data assimilation including integration of satellite and field data
Fourth
level
– Space and
timing integrating facility
– Input to Earth Modelling Systems
– Outreach
and communication
Fifth
level
• uncertainty: overlap/investment sharing with other ESFRI
projects
• Preparatory Phase – funding from EU 7th Framework Programme:
4 - 5 mill. EURO
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