Geology 12
Name: ___________________________
Block: _________
Activity 11-5 Groundwater
Fill in the Blanks:
1.
__________________ is the amount of space in a body of sediment or rock and
__________________ is the ability of that material to transmit fluid.
2.
Water that enters the ground initially will percolate through an unsaturated zone
called the __________________, where the pore spaces in rock or soil contain
water and air.
3.
Groundwater is transmitted in a permeable layer called an _________________
and kept in that layer by surrounding impermeable layers called
__________________.
4.
For a rock to be permeable, it must have __________________ pore spaces.
5.
The top of the saturated zone is the __________________, where the zone is
not confined by overlying impermeable rocks.
6.
A __________________ is formed when a local aquiclude is present in the zone
of aeration.
7.
Wherever a lake or perennial stream exists, the __________________ is locally
above the ground surface.
8.
When the water table intersects the earth’s surface __________________
sometimes appear, places where water flows out of the earth spontaneously.
9.
The processes of infiltration and migration that replace groundwater are
collectively called __________________.
10.
To be effective, a water well should be drilled to the zone of
__________________.
11.
A spring may form above the regional water table if the ground surface intersects
a __________________ aquifer.
12.
Pumping of groundwater creates a cone of __________________ around the
well.
13.
For artesian conditions to exist an aquifer must be confined above and below by
__________________, the rock sequence must be __________________ so
that the aquifer formation is exposed at a higher elevation in the recharge area,
and there must be sufficient __________________ in the recharge area to
keep the aquifer filled.
14.
In dry seasons, and/or when human use of groundwater is high, the water table in
a given area may __________________.
15.
An __________________ aquifer is one that is overlain only by permeable rocks
and soil.
16.
Excessive groundwater use can cause ground __________________ as pore
spaces in the aquifer become compressed.
17.
Urbanization can __________________ the area available for groundwater
recharge as areas are paved over.
18.
__________________ may occur in coastal areas when rapid withdrawal of
fresh groundwater causes saltwater contamination of the well.
Matching:
19. _____ Forms where the water table intersects the
surface.
20. _____ Water entering an aquifer.
21. _____ Pore spaces are filled with water.
A) confined aquifer
B) unconfined aquifer
C) zone of aeration
D) zone of saturation
22. _____ Where there is an aquiclude located above
the regional water table.
E) recharge
23. _____ Could occur if a sandstone layer was overlain
by a shale layer.
G) perched water table
F) aquiclude
24. _____ Pore spaces are partially filled with air.
H) cone of depression
25. _____ Ground surface gets lower due to excessive
pumping.
I) spring
J) subsidence
26. _____ A depression in the water table caused by
pumping water from a well.
27. _____ Clay or shale.
28. _____ A porous, permeable layer with nothing
impermeable above it.
True/False Plus:
Indicate if the statement is true or false. If it is false, change the
underlined part(s) to make it true.
29. _____ Groundwater commonly flows through underground rivers.
30. _____ If a material is porous, it will also be permeable.
31. _____ An effective aquiclude has low permeability.
32. _____ In the zone of saturation the pore spaces are completely filled with water.
33. _____ The water table usually rises and falls approximately parallel to the
overlying surface topography.
34. _____ When the rate of recharge is greater than the rate of groundwater
withdrawal, the water table can rise.
35. _____ Water in an unconfined aquifer will usually flow to the surface under its
own pressure, without assistance from pumping.
36. _____ Water from an artesian system is usually more pure than water from other
sources.
37. _____ The level of a perched water table is not related to the level of the
regional water table.
38. _____ Most aquifers can be fully recharged if they have been substantially
depleted by high use.
39. _____ Urban areas could preserve their aquifers more successfully by leaving
more open wetlands as recharge basins.
40. _____ Pollutants in groundwater rarely end up in lakes and rivers.
Drawings and Figures:
41.
On the following diagram, label: -
the water table
a perched water table
the zone of saturation
the zone of aeration
springs
42.
On the following diagram, label: -
perched water table
water table for unconfined aquifer
water table for confined aquifer
potentiometric surface (artesian-pressure
surface)
- recharge area for confined aquifer
- flowing artesian well
- nonflowing artesian well