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PHILIP II. OF SPAIN
III.~C?III
PHILIP II. OF SPAIN
BY
MARTIN A.
s.
HUME
EDITOR OJ'
'!'lIB 'CALBlfDAR OJ" SPANISH STATE PAPERS OF BLIZABETH'
(PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE)
Philipp"" £pee Hispanw duiderio magnopere aut....bal, "'" aliud
guam Hispa"iam loqt<£batur;
SEPULVEDA.
!,onlJon
MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED
NEW YORK: THE IIACIIILLAN COMPANY
1899
Pint Editi."
'897
Rep.-"Ied .i!w
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
Philip's failure, and the reasons for it-His birth and infancy-His
appearance and character-His education by Siliceo and
Zuliiga--'fhe emperor meets his son-The consolidation of
authority in Spsin-Suggcstions for marriage with Jeanno
d'Albret-Philip made Regent of Spain-The emperor's in·
structions to his son-His system of government--Character
oC his councillors-Philip's marriage with Maria oC PortugalBirth of Don Carlos and death of the princess-Dona Isabel
de Osorio-Philip in his domestic relations-Project for secur·
ing to Philip the imperial crown-The suzerainty of Spsin
over Italy~Philip's voyage through Germany •
• Page 1
CHAPTER II
The union of the Low Countries to Spain-The Italian suzerainty
-The effecta thereof-Etiquette oC the House of Burgundy
adopted in Spain-Ruy Gomez-Philip's voyage-His un·
popularity with Germans and Flemings-Fresh proposals for
his marriage-The family compact for the imperial succession
-Defection of Maurice of Saxony-War with France-Treaty
oC Passau-Defeat of the emperor at Metz
20
CHAPTER III
Proposal to marry Philip to Queen Mary of England-The need for
alliance with England-The negotiations of Renard-Opposi-
vi
PHILIP II. OF SPAIN
tion of France-Unpopularity of the match in EnglandPhilip's voyage to England-His affability-His first interview
with Mary-The marriage-Philip made King of NaplesFailure of the objects of the marriage-Philip's policy in England-Pole's mission-Philip and the persecution of Catholics
in England-Philip's disappointment and departure Page 30
CHAPTER IV
Philip in favour of a moderate policy in England-His attitude
towards religion generally-He requests armed aid from Eng
land against the French-The emperor's embarrassments in
Italy-Alba made Philip's viceroy in Italy-Factions in Philip's
court-Ruy Gomez and Alba-The emperor's abdicationPhilip's changed position-His attitude towards the papacyThe Spanish Church-Pope Paul IY. and the Spaniards in
Italy-Excommunication of Philip-Invasion of Rome by
Alba-Philip's second visit to England.
43
CHAPTER V
French intrigue against Mary-England at war with FranceBattle of St. Quintin-Philip's tardiness-The English contingent-The loss of Calais-Feria goes to England-,-His
negotiations-Condition of England-The English fleet used
by Philip-Philip and Elizabeth-Negotiations for peaceDeath of Mary-Plans for Elizabeth's marriage-Peace of
Cateau Cambresis-Philip's policy in England
53
CHAPTER VI
Philip's plan for a French alliance-His marriage with Elizabeth
de Yalois-Philip's embarrassments in the Netherlands-De
Granvelle-Philip's departure from ]!'landers-Condition of
affairs in Spain-The Spanish Church-Death of Paul IY.The Inquisition-Bartolome de Carranza-Philip's arrival and
64
routine in Spain-The auto de Ie at Valladolid
CONTENTS
vii
CHAPTER VII
Arrival of Elizabeth de Valois in Spain-Her inDnence over
Philip-Position of affairs in France-War with EnglandPhilip's attitude towards France-Death of Francis ILSpanish disaster at Los Gelves---Position of Spain in the
Mediterranean
. Page 79
CHAPTER VIII
Don Carl_His relations with Elizabeth de Valois--Freneh intrigues for his marriage-His illness-The Cortes of Ara.,aonJeanne d'Albret and Henry of Navarre-The Council of Trent
and the Inquisition-Philip and the pope-Renewed struggles
with the Turks-Siege of Malta •
88
CHAPTER IX
Troubles in the Netherlan~rauvelle's unpopularity-William
of Orange and E.,"IIlont-Their ...n,,"Ilation and protest-Margaret of Parma-Assembly of the Chapter of the Golden Fleece
-Riots at Valencienuee-Discontent of the Flenrish nobleeThey retire from government-Granvelle's dismissal-The
maladministration of the States-Egmont's mission to SpainPhilip's policy in the States-The Beggars-Orange's actionPhilip determines to exterminate heresy in the States-Philip's
projected voyage thither
99
CHAPTER X
Renewed contest betweeu Philip and the papacy--{:ondition of Don
Carl_His arrest and imprisonment-Philip's explanationsCarloa' last illness and death-Death of Elizabeth de Valoi&The interviews of Bayonne and the Catholic Lea,,"Ile-Catharine
de Medici-Philip face to face with Protestantism-Philip
and the Morisco&-Rising of the Moriscos-Deza at Granada
-Don Juan of Austria-Expulsion of the Moriscos from
Andalncia
• 115
viii
PHILIP II. OF SPAIN
CHAPTER XI
Philip and England-Elizabeth seizes his treasnr&-Spanish plots
against her-Philip and the northern rebellion-The excommunication of Elizabeth-Ridolfi's plot-Philip's hesit&ncyProhibition of English trade with Spain-Its futility-Alba's
retirement from Flanders-Philip's responsibility for Alba's
proceedings-The tenth penny-Philip'sdisapproval-Orange's
approaches to the French
• Page 136
CHAPTER XII
Philip's fourth marriage-The killing of Montigny-Anne of
Austria-Philip's domestic life-His industry-The Escorial
-His patronage of art-His character-Renewed war with the
Turks-Don Juan commands the Spanish force-The victory
of Lepanto-Don Juan's great projects-Antonio Perez. 153
CHAPTER XIII
The Spanish troops in Flanders-Don Juan sent to Flanders-His
projects for invading England-Mutiny of the Spanish troops
in Flanders-The Spanish fury-Evacuation of Flanders by
the Spanish troops-Perez's plot a".....inst Don Juan-The
murder of Escobedo-Don Juan seizes N amnr-Renewal of the
war-'l'he battle of Gemblours---Desperation of Don Juan"His death-Alexander Famese
• 168
CHAPTER XIV
Philip's ineffectual action against Elizabeth-The Desmond rebellion-Philip's conquest of Portugal-Recall of Alba and
Granvelle to Philip's councils-Don Antonio, Prior of 0 Crato
-Death of Anne of Austria-Philip in Portugal-Flight of
Antonio-His reception in England and France-The Duke of
Alen~on-Philip and Mary Stuart-James Stuart-Fresh pro-
CONTENTS
ix
posals of the Scottish Catholics to Philip-Philip and Granvelle's views with regard to EngIa.nd-Lennox and the Jesuits
mismanage the plot-Philip's claim to the English crowp.Expulsion of Mendoza from England-The English exiles urge
Philip to invade England-Sixtus V.-Intrigues in RomeThe Babington plot
• Page 182
CHAPTER XV
Tho Infanta to be Queen of England-Approaches of the Scottish
Catholic lords to Philip-Execution of Mary Stuart-Intrigues
for the English succession-Drake's expedition to Cadiz-The
pesce negotiations with Faroese-Preparations for the Armada
-Sailing of the Armada. from Lisbon-Its return to Vigo-'
Medina Sidonia' advises its abandonment-Its strengthEngagements with the English-Panic at Calais-Final defeat
-Causes of the disaster-Philip's reception of the news 20~
CHAPTER XVI
D~n Antonio in England-Catbarine's support of him-Strozzi's
defeat at st. Michaels-Philip's patronage of assassinationPhilip and the League-Renowal of the war of religion in
France-The murder of Guise-Imprisonment of Antonio Perez
and the Princess of Eboli-Perez's treachery-His escape to
Aragon-Thefue1'o8 of Aragon-Philip proceeds against Perez
-Perez aneated by the Inquisition of Aragon-Rising in
Zaragoza.-Perez's escape-Suppression of the Aragonese 223
CHAPTER XVII
Philip and Mayenne-The English attack upon Lisbon-Assassinatioo of Henry III.-,-Philip's plans in France-The war of the
League-The battle ofIvry-Philip's attitude towards Mayenno
-Faroese enters France-Relief of Paris-Retirement of Farnese-Philip changes his plans in France-Faroese's second
campaign-Henry IV. goes to mass-Enters Paris as kingExit of the Spaniards .
. 237
x
PHILIP IL OF SPAIN
CHAPTER XVIII
Blighting influeuce of Philip's system on his officers--Elfects of
Philip's routine on the administlation-Social couditiou of
Spaiu and the colonies-Dr. Lopez and Antonio Perez-Philip
II. and Tyrone's rebellion-The English sacking of CadizPhilip's resignation-His last illness and death-Results of his
life-Causes of the decadence of ~e Spanish power Page 249
GENEALOGICAL TABLE SHOWIll'G PHILIP'S CLAIlI TO TlIB
ENGLISH CROWN
A.PPBNDIX
263
265
APPENDIX
A LIST of some of the printed .authorities upon which the
present monograph has been based, in addition to the unpublished State papers at Simancas, in the Archives Nationales
(Paris), and in the British Museum, etc. : -
Calendar of Spanish State Pap11f'8, Elizabeth, Rolls Series,
volumes i. to iv., 1892-1897.
.
Prescott, Histrwy of tM Reign of Philip II, 3 volumes,
London, 1855.
Estudios sobre Felipe II. (translation of articles by G. Maurenbrecher, M. Philippson,and C. Justi, with prologue
and appendices by Ricardo Hinojosa), Madrid, 1887,
1 volume.
Cabrera de Cordoba, Felipe II. Rey de Espana, Madrid,
1619.
Leti Gregorio, Vita del Catolico Re Filippo II., Cologne,
1679.
Porreiio, Vida 'Y HechoB del SeiWr Bey Felipe II., el Prudent.
(new edition), Valladolid, 1863.
Cervero de la Torre, Testilmonio a'Utentico 'Y 'lJl1f'dadero de las
casas notables que pasaroo en la dichosa 'In'U/1f'te del Rey
Felipe II. (an account of Philip's death by his Chaplain),
Valencia, 1589, 1 volume.
Fernandez Montana, N'llHVu, Lua 'Y I7l1f'dad histurica· sobre
Felipe II. (an unrestrained panegyric of Philip from
a Catholic priest's point of view), Madrid, 1891, 1
volume.
266
PHILIP II. OF SPAIN
Fernandez Montana, Mas lA£z 'Y '/Jerdad hilftoreca Bobre Felipe
IL el Prudente (supplement to the same), Madrid,
1892, 1 volume.
Oorrespondence de Granvelle (edited by C. Piot), Brussels, 1884.
Papiers d'Etat de Granvelle (edited by.Weiss), Paris, 1843.
H. Forneron, Histowe de Philippe IL, Paris, 1880.
Martin Hume, The Year after the Armada (for accounts of
Philip's marriage, the English attack on Portugal, the
social condition of Spain, etc.), London, 1896, 1
volume.
DOC'I.IITMntos inedit06 para la historia de Espana, Madrid, in
progress. (A large number of these volumes contain
valuable papers referring to the reign of Philip II.)
Flores, Reiruis Oatolicas, Madrid, 1770 (an account of the
Queens of Spain).
Philippson, Em Mmisteriwm 'l£nter Philipp IL, Berlin,
1895 (an· account of Granvelle's ministry in Spain,
1579-1586).
Gachard, Oorresporulenoe de Philippe IL, Brussels (correspondence mainly on Flemish affairs).
Gachard, Oorrespondence de Philippe IL avec 8es fllles, Paris,
1884, 1 volume (familiar letters from the king to his
two children in 1580-158n
M. la Fuente, Histaria General de Espana, Madrid, 1885.
Strada, HistDire de la Guerre de Flandre, Brussels, 1712,
3 volumes.
Muro, Gaspar, La Princesa de Eboli, Madrid, 1877, 1 volume
(with valuable preface by Senor Canovas de Castillo).
Perez Antonio, Relaciones, etc~ Geneva, 1649, 1 volume.
¥ignet, Antonio Perez et Philippe IL, Paris, 1881.
Llorente, Histoire critique de l1Inquisition, Paris, 1817.
Fernandez Duro, EstudioB historicos del Reinado de Felipe II.,
Madrid, 1890 (an account of the disaster of Los
Gelves, etc.).
Fernandez Duro, La Armada In'V8ncible, 2 volumes, Madrid,
1885 (a Spanish account of the Armada).
Baumstark, Philippe IL Roi d' Espagne (French translation by
G. Kurth), Liege, 1877 (German Catholic view of the
king~
APPENDIX
267
Du Prat, Elizabeth de Valois, Paris, 1850 (Life of Philip's
third wife~
Ranke, Zur Geschichte des Don Oarlos (in the "Wiener J ahr·
buchen der Literatur," vol. xlvi., gives all the early
relations about Don Carlos), Vienna, 1829.
Schmidt, Epochm und KataBtrophen: Don Oarlos und Philipp
11., Berlin, 1864 (against Philip~
Alberi, Relazioni degli Ambasciatori Veneti, 15 volume.'I,
Firenze, 1839·1863.,
'
,V. la Fuente, Historia eclesiastica de EspaiW, Madrid, 1874~
Oalendars of Venetian State Papers, Rolls Series, in progress.
Sepulveda, De Bebus GesUs Philippi 11., Opera, vol. ii.,
Madrid, 1780.
Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Republic, London, 1859.
Gachard, Don Oarlos et Philippe 11., Brussels, 1863.
Campana, Vita del catolico Don Filippo secondo, con le guerre de
swi tempi (Vicenza, 1605).
CaMeron de 1a Barca, J. M., Gloriosa defensa de Malta,
Madrid, 1796 (best account of the siege of Malta~
Morel Fatio, L'Espagne au 16.... et 17.... Siecles (accounts of
Madrid, letters from Don Juan, etc.), Paris, 1878.
Mendoza, G'/Jerra de Granada, Valencia, 1795 (contem·
porary account of the Morisco war).
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