Task 3: Treatment Technology Validation
for Water Softening Technology
Problem Statement
Numerous water treatment technologies are marketed to reduce water hardness. While marketing claims are often ambitious, the reality is that some
technologies do not live up to the end users’ expectations. The purpose of this project is to develop a strategy for evaluating a particular water treatment
product.
Hardness Defined
Technologies Observed
Calcium ions (Ca2+), major constituents of drinking water,
originate from the dissociation of calcium chloride or
calcium sulfate in water, show in this equation:
Ca (aq) +CO3 (aq)
CaCO3(s)
Three methods for expressing water hardness:
2+
2-
1. Total hardness
2. Calcium hardness
3. Calcium Ion Selective Electrode
Reverse Osmosis
Ion Exchange
Magnetic Water Treament
Theory
Lorentz Force Equation
F= q[E +(v x B]
Test and Results
Several Tests were conducted to evaluate the ScaleRID
Technology, including:
•2 breaker tests
•4 closed looped tests
•1 open flow test
Process Flow Diagram
ScaleRID Closed-Loop Bench Scale Schematic
F: force applied on the particles in Newtons
q: electric charge of the particle in
Coulombs
E: electric field in volts per meter
v: instantaneous velocity of the particle in
meters/sec
B: magnetic field in Tesla
x: is a vector cross product
Test Protocol
Gibbs Free Energy Equations
4
3
2
∆G = -3 ∏ r ∆Gv + 4∏r Υ
3
16∏Υ
*
___
∆G = ( 2 )
hom
3 ∆ Gv
∆G*het = ( ____) S(Θ)
16∏Υ 3SL
3 ∆ G v2
∆G: total Gibbs Free Energy
r: radius of the particle
∆Gv: Gibbs Free Energy for volume
Υ: surface energy term
∆G*hom : activation energy for homogenous nucleation
∆G*het : activation energy for heterogeneous nucleation
Closed Loop System: 100 ppm SEM Photographs
A) ScaleRID
B) Control
X 40.0K
Closed Loop System: WERC Water
X 40.0K
Electromagnetic Water Treatment Schematic
Safety
Safety measures were followed according to:
OSHA 1910.303
OSHA1910.147
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