PDF 18th Oct. 2016
Daily English Vocab
Cool the world
Although it took seven years to come to fruition (सफलता/सख
ु ानभ
ु व), the Kigali agreement to
amend the Montreal Protocol and substantially (काफी हद तक) limit the emission of hydro
fluorocarbons (HFCs) that contribute to global warming represents major progress. The
important role played by this group of chemicals, used in refrigeration and air conditioning, is
evident from the scientific estimate that without a mitigation (अल्पीकरण/न्यूनीकरण/कमी करना)
plan, HFCs could warm the world by an additional half a degree Celsius by the end of the
century. As with other such global compacts on environmental matters, India pressed for a more
lenient (उदार/ सौम्य) deadline at the Rwanda negotiations (समझौता). Ultimately, it agreed to
start freezing HFC use in 2028, four years later than its peer (समान पद का/ बराबरी का) club
countries China, Brazil and those in Africa, and achieving maximum reduction by 2047, two
years after they do. In welcome contrast, however, India has ordered the manufacturers of HFC
23 — a by-product of another chemical used in refrigerant gas manufacture and with a
staggeringly (अत्यधिक रूप से) high contribution to global warming — to now capture and
dispose of it at their own cost. The decision is of particular significance, considering the
expansion of refrigeration and air conditioning in India with a rise in incomes, leading to higher
levels of HFC release into the atmosphere.
One of the questions before India in its implementation of Montreal Protocol commitments is the
need to align its goals for ‘Make in India’ with green technologies in order to remain competitive
in global markets. Inducting (शाममल करना/प्रवेश कराना) alternatives to HFCs, such as
hydrocarbons, ammonia and carbon dioxide, in the relevant industries should happen sooner than
anticipated (प्रत्यामशत/अपेक्षित) and possibly become even attractive as the cost of technologies
falls. The changeover is actually an opportunity to achieve a leapfrog effect. The imperative
(अननवायय/आत्यावश्यक), in any case, should be environmental. It is worth recalling that the
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer adopted in 1985 (operationalized later
by the Montreal Protocol) followed a phase when major producers of chlorofluorocarbons, the
earlier generation of refrigerants, tried to discredit the link between the chemicals and the
developing problem of the ozone hole. Persistent (अनवरत/सतत) and credible science, however,
swayed (प्रभाववत करना/झुकाना (ककसी पररपेक्ष्य में )) public and political opinion in favor of a
phase-out of CFCs. As with the Paris Agreement on climate change, which is strengthened by
the Kigali amendments (संशोिन), developing countries will legitimately (तकयसंगत तरीके से/ वैि
तरीके से) expect rich countries to aid them as they seek to acquire green technologies for
industrial use. Given the impact of global warming, countries and people who have historically
never been part of the problem should not have to argue their case for liberal assistance.
(Courtesy: The Hindu)
1. Fruition (noun): The realization or fulfillment of a plan or project. (सफलता/सख
ु ानभ
ु व)

Synonyms: Fulfillment, Realization, Actualization, Achievement, Attainment,
Accomplishment.
 Antonyms: Imperfection, Disappointment, Failure.
Example: After many obstacles, our dream of owning a restaurant has finally come to fruition.
Related Words:
Related Words:

Fruit (noun): फल/ सफल पररणाम

Fruited (adjective): पररणाम
2. Substantially (adverb): To a great or significant extent. (काफी हद तक)
 Synonyms: Considerably, Significantly, Greatly, Markedly, Appreciably.
 Antonyms: Slightly, Insignificantly.
Example: Ideological differences within the party have grown substantially since their loss in
the recent election.
Related Words:

Substantial (adjective): संतोषजनक

Substantiality (noun): स्थिरता
3. Mitigation (noun): The action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of
something. (अल्पीकरण/न्यूनीकरण/कमी करना)
 Synonyms: alleviation, reduction, diminution, lessening
 Antonyms: increment.
Example: The removal or the mitigation of objectionable matter is also occasionally found
now-a-days.
Verb Forms: Mitigate, Mitigated, Mitigated.
Related Words:

Mitigate (verb): न्यूनीकरण करना
4. Lenient (adjective): mild or soothing; emollient. (उदार/ सौम्य)
 Synonyms: Merciful, Clement, Sparing, Forgiving, Humane, Indulgent
 Antonyms: Rigorous, Merciful, Severe.
Example: The lenient judge is merely going to give culprit a stern warning.
Related Words:

Leniently (adverb) नरमी से/ उदार तरीके से
5. Peer (noun): One that is of equal standing with another. (समान पद का/ बराबरी का)
 Synonyms: Companion, Coequal, Match.
 Antonyms: Inferior, Superior.
Example: Einstein was greatly admired by his peers in the scientific community.
Verb Forms: Peer, Peered, Peered.
Related Words:

Peer (verb): बराबर होना

Peerless (adjective): अद्ववतीय
6. Staggeringly (adverb): Very large, shocking, or surprising (अत्यधिक रूप से)
 Synonyms: Extremely, Greatly, Highly, Remarkably.
 Antonyms: Mildly, Trivially.
Example: In the recent years the use of CFCs has increased Staggeringly that heating of Earth is
expected to be more than anticipated.
Verb Forms: Stagger, Staggered, Staggered.
Related Words:

Stagger (verb): ववचमलत करना

Staggering (adjective): थतब्िकारी
7. Induct (verb): Admit (someone) formally to a post or organization. (शाममल करना/प्रवेश
कराना)
 Synonyms: Enlist, Instate, Include.
 Antonyms: Expel, Reject, Close.
Example: The good virtues must be inducted for harnessing.
Verb Forms: Induct, Inducted, Inducted.
Related Words:

Inductance (noun):अधिष्ठापन

Induction (noun): प्रवतयन

Inductive (noun): प्रेरक
8. Imperative (adjective): of vital importance; crucial. (अननवायय/आत्यावश्यक)
 Synonyms: Vital, Crucial, Critical, Essential.
 Antonyms: Inessential, Insignificant, Trivial, Uncritical.
Example: Water is imperative for survival.
Related Words:

Imperative (noun): अननवाययता
9. Persistent (adjective): Continuing to exist or occur over a prolonged period.
(अनवरत/सतत)
 Synonyms: Continuing, Constant, Enduring, Steady.
 Antonyms: Broken, Inconstant, Halted.
Example: Although I have been taking medicine for two weeks, I still cannot get rid of this
persistent cough.
Verb Forms: Persist, Persisted, Persisted.
Related Words:
 Persist (verb):
 Persistently (adverb):
 Persistence (noun):
10. Sway (verb): Control or influence (a person or course of action). (प्रभाववत करना/झक
ु ाना
(ककसी पररपेक्ष्य में ))
 Synonyms: Effect, Impact, Influence, Impression.
 Antonyms: Inability, Inefficiency, Weakness.
Example: The President is hoping to sway public opinion in favor of free trade.
Verb Forms: Sway, Swayed, Swayed.
Related Words:

Swaying (adjective): प्रभाववत करना
11. Legitimately (adverb): Conforming to recognized principles or accepted rules and
standards. (तकयसंगत तरीके से/ वैि तरीके से)
 Synonyms: Accurately, Correctly, Properly, Equitably, Rightly.
 Antonyms: Unfairly, Wrongly.
Example: We shall try to indicate the extent to which project can legitimately be applied.
Verb Forms: Legitimate, Legitimated, Legitimated.
Related Words:

Legitimate (verb): तकयसंगत करना

Legitimate (adjective): न्यायसंगत
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