4
Step-by-Step
Instruction
4
A 1962 cartoon shows a man choking on fumes
from a pesticide he uses to kill a fly. 䊳
WITNESS HISTORY
Objectives
As you teach this section, keep students
focused on the following objectives to help
them answer the Section Focus Question and
master core content.
• Assess the causes and effects of the
environmental movement.
• Analyze why environmental protection
became a controversial issue.
AUDIO
An Environmental Wake-up
Call
SECTION
SECTION
hsus_te_ch17_s04_s.fm Page 698 Thursday, January 15, 2009 8:11 PM
“There once was a town in the heart of
America where all life seemed to live in
harmony with its surroundings. . . . Then a
strange blight crept over the area and
everything began to change. Mysterious maladies swept
across the flocks of chickens; the cattle and sheep
sickened and died. . . . There was a strange stillness. The
birds, for example—where had they gone? . . . On the
mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus of
robins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens, and scores of other
bird voices there was now no sound; only silence lay over
the fields and woods and marsh. . . . No witchcraft, no
enemy action had silenced the rebirth of new life in this
stricken world. The people had done it to themselves.
—Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 1962
”
䊱
Rachel Carson
The Environmental Movement
Prepare to Read
Background Knowledge
L3
Remind students that many activists
of the 1960s fought against injustice to
improve the world around them. Ask
students to predict how some came to
believe that this improvement needed
to include protection of Earth’s ability
to support life.
Set a Purpose
Objectives
• Assess the causes and effects of the
environmental movement.
• Analyze why environmental protection
became a controversial issue.
Terms and People
Rachel Carson
toxic waste
Earth Day
EPA
Clean Air Act
Clean Water Act
Endangered Species
Act
Why It Matters The “rights revolution” of the 1960s and 1970s
eventually influenced all aspects of American life—including people’s right to a clean and safe environment. The story told by Rachel
Carson pointed out that human actions were harming not only the
environment but people themselves. Public awareness of environmental issues prompted an important debate about the government’s role
in environmental regulations. Section Focus Question: What forces gave
rise to the environmental movement, and what impact did it have?
L3
쐍 WITNESS HISTORY Read the selec-
tion aloud, or play the audio.
Witness History Audio CD,
An Environmental Wake-up
Call
Ask What do you think Carson
was implying in her last sentence? (She was implying that pollution produced by humans was
responsible for the deaths of the
animals.)
Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence As you
read, record major events in the environmental
movement in a flowchart like the one below.
Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring in 1962.
Americans celebrate the first Earth Day in 1970.
쐍 Focus Point out the Section Focus
Question, and write it on the board.
Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears
with Section 4 Assessment answers.)
쐍 Preview Have students preview
the Section Objectives and the list of
Terms and People.
쐍
Using the Guided
Reading strategy (TE, p. T20), have
students read this section. As they
read, have students record major
events in the environmental
movement. Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide
698
An Era of Protest and Change
Use the information below and the following resource to teach students the high-use word
from this section. Teaching Resources, Vocabulary Builder, p. 11
High-Use Word
Definition and Sample Sentence
compel
v. to force someone to do something
The progressive movement encouraged Congress to compel food producers to
make food safe.
hsus_te_ch17_s04_s.fm Page 699 Friday, December 5, 2008 8:53 PM
Environmental Activists Speak Out
Teach
In the 1920s, Progressives had worked to conserve public lands and parks.
But no one thought to worry much about the ill effects of industrialization. In
1952, however, a blanket of deadly smog, caused by coal fires, engulfed the city
of London, killing some 12,000 people. Ten years after the London smog, a book
sparked the modern environmental movement.
Silent Spring Sparks a Movement Coal smog is just one kind of toxic
waste, or poisonous byproduct of human activity. Another is acid rain, or moisture in the air caused by the mixing of water with chemicals produced by the
burning of fossil fuels. Toxic wastes are also produced when nuclear power is
generated. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, scientists learned more about
toxic wastes and other environmental threats.
In 1962, biologist Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring described the deadly
impact that pesticides were having on birds and other animals. Her book caused
a sensation. Though the chemical industry fought back, the public was convinced
by her argument. Carson did more than point to the dangers of chemicals and
toxic waste. She also insisted that human activity drastically altered the environment and that humans had a responsibility to protect it. Her work eventually
compelled Congress to restrict the use of the pesticide DDT. It also spurred widespread environmental activism among Americans.
When a fire erupted on the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1969, activists instantly spoke out. The fire occurred when a spark ignited floating oil and
debris—byproducts of industrialization—on the river’s surface. Time magazine
reported that the river “oozes, rather than flows.” Even more luridly, the magazine remarked that in the Cuyahoga, a person “does not drown but decays.”
Environmental Activists
Speak Out
L3
Instruct
Introduce: Key Term Ask stu-
Vocabulary Builder
compel –(kuhm PEHL) v. to force
someone to do something
Teach Explain to students that the
Inaugurating Earth Day Events like the Cuyahoga fire seemed to confirm
the dire predictions of Silent Spring. One response to growing environmental
concerns was a nationwide protest called Earth Day. Wisconsin senator Gaylord
Nelson, who played the leading role in organizing the protest, wanted “to shake
up the political establishment and force this issue [environment] onto the
national agenda.” On April 22, 1970, close to 20 million Americans took part in
Earth Day events across the nation. The yearly event attracted the support of
many of the same people who had advocated civil and women’s rights. It was also
backed by a number of grassroots groups, including the Sierra Club, founded by
John Muir in 1892, and the Wilderness Society, established in 1935. Historically,
these groups had focused on conservation. With the rise of the environmental
movement, however, they called for broader environmental protections.
dents to find the key term toxic
waste (in bold) in the text. Ask
From where did toxic waste
come? (human activity) Explain to
students that toxic refers to something poisonous to humans. Ask
What images come to mind when
you hear the term toxic waste?
(Students may mention air pollution
or poisoned streams.)
Earth Day, Then and Now
Students march through the streets of
St. Louis on the first Earth Day to protest pollution caused by cars (left);
students on Earth Day in 2005 rush to
break a world record for the most
trees planted in an hour.
“silent spring” in the title of Rachel
Carson’s book refers to the death of
animals in the natural environment,
leading to the lack of animal sounds
in the springtime. Ask Why did
Rachel Carson write Silent
Spring? (to alert people that pollution was damaging the environment
and reducing the animal population)
How was the new environmental
movement different from the
conservation movement? (The
environmental movement focused on
protection of the environment as a
whole system, not just preserving certain areas of land.) How did President Nixon signal his support
for environmental responsibility? (He supported the creation of
the EPA and laws intended to protect
the air and water.) Ask students to
predict why some people might have
opposed environmental legislation
passed during the 1970s.
Analyzing the Visuals Have stu-
dents examine the photographs on
these pages. Ask students to consider how Earth Day has changed
since it began in 1970.
L1 Special Needs Students
L2 English Language Learners
To help students integrate the content of this section,
organize the class in groups of three, and assign each
group one of the following topics: 1) protecting air
and water, 2) protecting animals, 3) monitoring
nuclear hazards. Ask each group to take notes from
L2 Less Proficient Readers
the text to collect information about their topics. Tell
students to use their notes to write a brief paragraph
about their topics. Have each group combine their
paragraphs to develop reports about their topics.
Have each group present its report to the class.
Chapter 21 Section 4
699
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Superfund Sites, 2008
For: Interactive map
Web Code: nep-1741
Independent Practice
Have students fill in additional boxes
in their Recognize Sequence flowcharts
to show events in the environmental
movement that happened after Earth
Day 1970.
130° W
CANADA
MT
OR
MN
ID
NV
IL
CO
KS
OH
IN
AZ
OK
NM
NC
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TX
AK
°N
CANA
MEXICO
140° W
LA
0
HI
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GA
DA
22° N
°N
AL
30° N
70°
60
20° N
158° W
N
SC
AR
MS
SS
IA
40°
VA
KY
TN
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DE
MD
WV
MO
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NJ
PA
UT
CA
MA
RI
NY
Love
C a n al
MI
IA
N
RU
As students complete their flowcharts,
circulate to make sure that they record
the entries in chronological order and
that they understand the effect of
Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring. For
a completed version of the flowchart,
see Note Taking Transparencies, B-141.
WI
SD
NE
aci
fi
cea c
n
NH ME
VT
ND
WY
Monitor Progress
EPA Superfund site
WA
Conic Projection
200
400 mi
0
200 400 km
Map Skills In 1980, Congress
FL
Love Canal, New York:
The first designated Superfund
site in 1983, Love Canal was
successfully cleaned up and
removed from the highpriority list in 2004.
80° W
1. Identify In general, where are
established Superfund, a program
most Superfund sites located? Why
financed by taxes on oil and certain
do you think this is so?
chemicals, to clean up sites that had
2. Draw Inferences Do sites in
extreme environmental pollution.
urban areas pose greater risks than
Today, more than 1,500 sites remain on
sites in rural areas? Explain.
the high-priority list.
3. Synthesize Information Study
the bar graph. What varied benefits
does repurposing Superfund sites
bring that would not be accomplished by just cleaning up the sites?
A President Turns Environmentalist In 1969, President Nixon declared
that the 1970s “must be the years when America pays its debts to the past by
reclaiming the purity of its air, its water and our living environment.” Nixon had
not come into office as an environmental activist. But the public’s increasing
concern with protecting the environment convinced him to support environmental reforms.
Under Nixon’s leadership, Congress created the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) in 1970. This federal agency’s mission was to protect the “entire
ecological chain.” In addition to cleaning up and protecting the environment,
the EPA sought to limit or to eliminate pollutants that posed a risk to the public’s health, such as toxic substances that cause cancer. Nixon also signed a
number of environmental laws. The Clean Air Act (1970) combated air pollution
by, among other things, limiting the emissions from factories and automobiles.
The Clean Water Act (1973) sought to limit the pollution of water by industry
and agriculture. The Endangered Species Act (1973) promoted the protection of
endangered plants and animals.
President Gerald Ford continued in Nixon’s footsteps. In 1974, he created the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission to make sure nuclear materials would be handled safely without harmful impacts on people or the environment.
How did the modern environmental movement
grow?
Answers
Map Skills
1. In the east, especially the Northeast; more
industrial cities are located there.
2. Urban areas have larger populations,
which mean more people who could be
harmed by environmental pollution.
3. The new uses might be safer and more economically beneficial for the communities.
Alarmed by Silent Spring, people organized gatherings such as Earth Day to
draw attention to environmental issues.
When people expressed this concern,
the government responded by passing
environmental protection laws.
700
An Era of Protest and Change
L4 Advanced Readers
L4 Gifted and Talented Students
In the years since the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) was established, opinions of its effectiveness have varied. Some people argue that it does
not do enough to protect the environment and that it
has often been weakened by politicians who are
opposed to environmental protection laws. Others,
especially corporate leaders, argue that it goes too
far, harms businesses and acts on the basis of scientific ideas that are not sufficiently proven. Have students imagine that they are government analysts
charged with deciding whether the EPA should continue to function. Have them research the history and
activities of the EPA and make presentations to the
class as though the class were a group of government officials. The presentation should explain
whether the EPA is effective and necessary. If students recommend against keeping the EPA, they
should propose and explain alternate solutions to
environmental issues.
hsus_te_ch17_s04_s.fm Page 701 Friday, December 5, 2008 8:53 PM
Bowers Landfill, Before Cleanup: Bowers Landfill in Ohio
was a municipal dump for garbage and hazardous chemical
and industrial waste for several decades starting in the 1960s.
Environmental
Setbacks
L3
Instruct
Introduce Explain that for many
Bowers Landfill, Today: Wetlands provide a
safe habitat for a variety of plants and
wildlife, and they also protect the surrounding ecosystem by preventing flooding.
Superfund Cleanup, 2004
Superfund sites
Bowers Landfill, 1991:
After removing all of the
contaminated soil, this site
was completely restored
for use as a wetland.
1,750
1,500
1,250
1,000
750
500
250
0
Environmental Setbacks
As the 1970s drew to a close, a series of environmental crises made the headlines. They reinforced the public’s concern about the environment and produced
calls for even more far-reaching actions. Yet, at the same time, a number of people began to wonder if the government had enacted too many regulations.
Rather than calling for more federal action, they tried to limit the government’s
role in environmental protection.
Teach Ask How did toxic waste
(900)
Site cleanups
completed
people in the 1970s “Love Canal”
became synonymous with toxic waste
and “Three Mile Island” with the
dangers of nuclear power plants. Ask
Why did these places become so
memorable to people? (Heightened
public awareness of environmental
issues and increasing media coverage, including presidential visits, kept
these sites in the public mind.)
(248)
Sites restored
for new uses
One of Superfund’s goals is to
restore sites in ways that provide
economic or environmental
benefits to communities.
The EPA Investigates Love Canal In 1978, a resident of Love Canal, a community near Niagara Falls in upstate New York, hung a sign from his home that
read: “Give me Liberty. I’ve Already Got Death.” This sign referred to the fact
that residents of the community had exceptionally high rates of birth defects
and cancer. Newspaper reporters and EPA investigators determined that these
illnesses were caused by thousands of tons of toxic chemicals, which industries
had been dumping in the ground for decades. One EPA administrator recalled
the scene he witnessed following a heavy rain that sent toxic chemicals percolating up through the ground.
“
I visited the canal area at that time. Corroding wastedisposal drums could be seen breaking up through the grounds of backyards. Trees and
gardens were turning black and dying. . . . Puddles of noxious substances were pointed
out to me by the residents. Some of these puddles were in their yards, some were in
their basements, others yet were on the school grounds. Everywhere the air had a faint,
choking smell. Children returned from play with burns on their hands and faces.
—Eckhardt Beck, EPA Journal, 1979
”
The Love Canal contamination, along with other events involving hazardous
waste, prompted Congress to establish Superfund (see feature at top) in 1980.
that had been dumped at Love
Canal harm the people who
lived there? (The waste caused
increased rates of birth defects and
cancer, killed plants, injured children, and ruined property.) Display
Color Transparency: Three Mile
Island. Ask Why did the governor
of Pennsylvania order that the
Three Mile Island nuclear plant
be shut down? (to prevent the malfunctioning reactor from releasing
radioactive gas into the air as it
melted down) Using the Numbered
Heads strategy (TE, p. T23), ask students to list environmental concerns
that arose in the 1970s. Students
should mention threats from environmental pollution to people, the
contamination of food and water,
and the effects of air and water pollution on species and the ecosystem
as a whole. To help them draw conclusions, ask How did environmental disasters highlight the
dangers to the environment?
(They showed that dangers existed,
even in residential areas.) Color
Transparencies, A-132
Quick Activity Ask students to
complete Reading a Chart: Nuclear
Energy. Then, have them use the
chart to conduct a debate on
whether the country should expand
the use of nuclear energy. Teaching
Resources, p. 23
China Syndrome Twelve days before the Three
Mile Island meltdown, Columbia Studios released The
China Syndrome, a fictional story of an accident at a
nuclear power plant that was covered up by plant
officials. The term “China Syndrome” referred to people’s fears that there could be a nuclear accident so
bad it would melt a hole through Earth all the way to
China. Few Americans had seriously considered such
an idea. The accident, coupled with the movie, suddenly made the phrase “China Syndrome” a national
phenomenon. Many scientists and engineers argued
that the film contained flaws that misrepresented the
nuclear power industry. Others pointed out that some
elements in the film were based on real plant operating errors that had received no publicity. For example,
in the film the nuclear accident almost happens
because of a malfunctioning temperature gauge. A
similar event really had happened at a nuclear plant
near Chicago, Illinois. The China Syndrome became a
symbol of the antinuclear movement and compelled
many people to call for greater regulation of the
nuclear power industry.
Independent Practice
Have students access the Geography
Interactive map at Web Code nep1741. Have students complete the web
activity and answer the map skills
questions.
Monitor Progress
Circulate to make sure that students
understand the significance of
Superfund.
Chapter 21 Section 4
701
hsus_te_ch17_s04_s.fm Page 702 Thursday, June 30, 2011 7:43 PM
Interaction With the Environment
Objectives
• Understand how economic concerns can
affect environmental policies.
• Understand the concept of balancing
economic, social, and political
concerns.
Background Knowledge
L3
Have students recall why the national
parks system was created. Ask students to consider why some people and
corporations advocate using National
Parks and Forests for industry.
Instruct
L3
Point out that the timeline shows
events related to protection of the environment. Ask How does failing to
ratify the Kyoto Protocol reflect
American uncertainty about protecting the global environment? (It
shows that not everyone agrees about
how to prioritize the protection of the
global environment.) Why do some
people support oil exploration in
the Arctic Refuge? (It would allow
America to be less dependent on foreign
oil reserves; supporters also say the
drilling would be environmentally
responsible.) What are the dangers
of drilling in the Arctic Refuge?
(damage to wildlife habitats; smaller
oil reserves than anticipated)
How can we
balance economic
development and
environmental protection?
The goals of economic growth and environmental protection are often in conflict. For
example, power plants provide energy, but
they pollute the air. Dams supply water, but
they destroy natural habitats. Finding a
balance between growth and conservation
may involve trade-offs. Use the timeline
below to explore this enduring issue.
First national park is established.
1916 National Park Service
Congress creates the National Park
System.
1962 Silent Spring
Rachel Carson’s book exposes dangers
of pesticides.
1970 Clean Air Act
Congress establishes air quality
standards.
1973 Endangered Species Act
Law offers protection for threatened
species.
1997 Kyoto Protocol
United States signs international
agreement on CO2 emissions, but
Congress fails to ratify it.
“. . . There are good reasons . . . to per- “Drilling in the Arctic Refuge is not a
mit ANWR drilling. . . . It could be done
without wrecking the environment. . . .
Only 2,000 acres of the 19 million-acre
ANWR refuge would be subject to drilling. . . . Drilling could create 250,000 to
735,000 jobs nationwide. . . . [Drilling]
in an environmentally sensitive fashion
is important insurance against future
energy shocks.”
—Editorial, USA Today, 2005
path to energy independence or
lower prices at the pump. The United
States Geological Survey estimates
that the Refuge has less than a single
year’s supply of oil that would not
reach the market for at least 10 years.
Meanwhile, the harm to wildlife and to
our greatest wildlife refuge would be
irreparable.”
—Defenders of Wildlife
1. Compare Why does the first source support drilling in the arctic
refuge? Why does Defenders of Wildlife oppose it?
Have students complete the Ameri-
can Issues Journal Worksheet, Interaction with the Environment. Check
students’ work to make sure that
they grasp the aspects of the issue.
Remind students to complete their
The Search for Oil Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is a
large nature preserve with an abundance of wildlife. It may also contain
large deposits of crude oil. Some people want to drill for this oil, while
others believe oil drilling would ruin the pristine wilderness.
TRANSFER Activities
Monitor Progress
Teaching Resources, p. 15–18
A herd of caribou
grazes on a
plain near an
oil-drilling facility
in Alaska.
1872 Yellowstone
2. Analyze How might the first source have responded to the creation of the National Park Service in 1916? Explain.
A view of Yellowstone’s Grand Canyon
painted in 1872
3. Transfer Use the following Web site to see a video, try a
WebQuest, and write in your journal. Web Code: neh-9002
American Issues Journal notes.
Review their work for accuracy.
Reading and Note Taking Study Guide
Answers
Transfer Activities
1. It would not be harmful to the environment and it would lead to a huge amount
of new jobs. Those opposed say that it is
harmful to the environment and in addition would not yield enough oil.
2. The first source would have been
supportive.
3. For more information, have students
access Web Code neh-9002.
702
An Era of Protest and Change
The Kyoto Protocol In December 1997, representatives from more than 170 nations met in Kyoto,
Japan, to develop a treaty that was intended to slow
global climate change by reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. The Kyoto Protocol specified a goal of
slightly more than 5 percent emissions reduction by
2012. The treaty specified that the developed industrial nations that had historically emitted the most
greenhouse gases would take the lead in reducing
emissions. Less was expected of developing countries
such as those in Africa and, notably, of India and
China. Although President Clinton signed the treaty,
Congress refused to ratify it. When the Kyoto Treaty
Protocol went into force after its ratification by Russia
in 2005, the United States still had not ratified it.
Some U.S. leaders consider the provisions of the
treaty to place an unfair economic burden on the
United States and believe that the treaty allows
China, which has a trade surplus with the United
States, to avoid responsibility for the pollution it
produces.
hsus_te_ch17_s04_s.fm Page 703 Thursday, January 15, 2009 8:13 PM
Meltdown at Three Mile Island Shortly after the investigation at Love
Canal, an accident occurred in the nuclear energy industry. On March 28, 1979,
the core of the nuclear reactor at Three Mile Island outside Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, began to melt after the reactor malfunctioned. When the plant threatened to release radioactive gas, the governor declared a state of emergency and
shut it down. To reassure the public that plant managers had contained the
accident, President Jimmy Carter and his wife traveled to Three Mile Island
and toured the reactor.
Even though the incident was contained and there proved to be no health
risks, it had profound effects on America’s energy policy. In the wake of the accident, Americans opposed nuclear energy, fearful of possible disasters. The government temporarily stopped building new nuclear power plants. Even though
it later lifted the ban, no new American nuclear plants were ordered for more
than a quarter of a century. In the 2000s, with energy shortages, many Americans began to call for building new nuclear plants.
Questioning Environmental Regulation As more environmental regulations were passed, opposition to them grew. Conservatives complained that they
stripped individuals of their property rights by restricting what they could or
could not do with their land. Some argued that private property owners would
do a better job of protecting the environment than the government because the
owners had an interest in preserving the profitability of their land. Many
people—and especially industry leaders—also worried that too much environmental regulation would hamper business and jobs by diverting funds to cleaning up the air and water. Therefore, as the 1970s came to a close, Americans
remained divided about what role the government should play in regulating
industry and protecting the environment.
Why did some people oppose the environmental
movement?
SECTION
4
Assess and Reteach
Assess Progress
L3
쐍 Have students complete the Section
Assessment.
쐍 Administer the Section Quiz.
Teaching Resources, p. 27
쐍 To further assess student under-
standing, use Progress Monitoring
Transparencies, 137.
Reteach
If students need more instruction,
have them read the section summary.
Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide
L3
Adapted Reading and
Note Taking Study Guide
L1 L2
Spanish Reading and
Note Taking Study Guide
L2
Extend
L4
See this chapter’s Professional Development pages for the Extend Online
activity on the environment in the
1960s and 1970s.
Progress Monitoring Online
Assessment
Comprehension
1. Terms and People For each item
below, write a sentence explaining how
it helped expand a right or provide a
protection.
• Rachel Carson
• Earth Day
• EPA
• Clean Air Act
• Clean Water Act
• Endangered Species Act
Answer
For: Self-test with vocabulary practice
Web Code: nea-1741
2.
Reading Skill:
Recognize Sequence Use your
completed flowchart to answer the
Section Focus Question: What forces
gave rise to the environmental
movement, and what impact did
it have?
Writing About History
3. Quick Write: Organize the
Material You need to give a speech
describing environmental problems in
your region and how they could affect
the local economy. Outline topics and
arguments, remembering to begin with
a strong argument or a personal story
and to end with your most compelling
argument.
Section 4 Assessment
1. Sentences should reflect an understanding of the way that each person or term
helped expand a right or provide a
protection.
2. Research published in Silent Spring,
accidents caused by environmental problems, and awareness events such as
Earth Day gave rise to the environmental movement and led to widespread
popular support for protecting the
environment.
Critical Thinking
4. Recognize Cause and Effect How
did Rachel Carson’s concern about DDT
spark the environmental movement?
5. Make Comparisons How did the
goals and tactics of the environmental
movement compare with those of the
women’s movement?
6. Identify Assumptions What basic
assumptions about the environment
did opponents to environmental
regulation have?
3. Students’ speeches should accurately
reflect environmental and economic
issues in the region or community.
4. Carson’s research showed a connection
between chemicals and animal health,
leading many people to act to protect the
environment and human health.
5. Although the focus of their efforts was
different, both the environmental and
women’s movements acted to achieve
their goals through political protests and
legal reforms.
Some people argued that the environmental movement interfered with private property rights, harmed businesses,
and hampered job development.
6. They did not believe that the damage to
the environment was significant. They
assumed that the environment was
meant to be used for financial gain.
For additional assessment, have students access
Progress Monitoring Online at Web
Code nea-1741.
Chapter 21 Section 4
703