Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Theses and Dissertations 2002-11-01 A History of the Latter-Day Saints in the Columbia Basin of Central Washington 1850-1972 Rick B. Jorgensen Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the History of Religion Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Jorgensen, Rick B., "A History of the Latter-Day Saints in the Columbia Basin of Central Washington 1850-1972" (2002). All Theses and Dissertations. Paper 4840. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LATTER DAY SAINTS LATTERDAY HISTORY COLUMBIA BASIN CENTRAL washington 1850 1972 18501972 rick B jorgensen thesis submitted faculty brigham young university partial fulfillment requirements master arts religious education brigham young university november 2002 degree BRIGHAM YOUNG university GRADUATE COMMITTEE APPROVAL thesis submitted rick B jorgensen thesis found D each member read following graduate committee satisfactory MI 2 2962 7 date l&cmc3 AOO 00 062 9 6 richard E bennett chair jkia6 cctawu Z 0 date richard zngiaaz tbq tbt date jiy jay x dennis cowan iPIN pis ang ht wright 1ng v 4 har01 leh lee FVGHAM YOUNG T 1 B LLE LIBRA lwpity provwvkrsity PROVO BRIGHAM YOUNG university read thesis chair rick B candidates graduate committee I1 1 format citations final form found jorgensen department fulfill university acceptable consistent bibliographical style graduate committee 2 final manuscript satisfactory style requirements university library ready submission jbf jwf lat 7 Z 045z2 richard E bennett chair graduate committee date accepted department 0 milh plo elo ellLh miah &4 Mi bw f I ogfien7 iv 098en D kelly keily dkellyogtien X 1 graduate coordinator accepted college gr innel skinner andrew C skinne dean religious education C y ABSTRACT LATTER DAY SAINTS LATTERDAY HISTORY COLUMBIA BASIN CENTRAL washington 1850 1972 18501972 bjorgensen gensen B jorgensen rick BJor religious education master columbia basin saint history among established central washington regions mormon settlements columbia rivers now historically barren land area leads many columbia basin home call church central washington latter day saints lies between latter day saints thousands latter day sparsely populated basin referred question what twentieth century growth relatively recent western states large concentrations west rural areas arts jesus christ snake chosen brief visit major factors originally inhabit casual observance characteristics leading latter day saints acknowledgments successful completion gracious individuals thesis sacrificed time expresses gratitude those gave authors spouse jorgensen endless drafts coupled credits energy author development kristen much foremost among them constant support L tirelessly editing efforts frequent sacrifices enabling many write author author timely completion respect admiration first rank graduate committee given beyond went above professor supporting local history proofreading led committee chair love worthwhile latter day saints thesis assisting scholarship topic then followed through ensured completion effort through research accepting jim stoker special thanks whose love task gratitude research paper topic supported editing author campus being assigned friends interviews duty work onward richard bennett first inspired careful tutoring carried motivation scholars professional call graduate student geographically removed study help possible history locale combined efforts research convince accomplished finally personal note columbia basin whose lives prompted TABLE CHAPTER CHAPTER TWO beginnings agricultural LURE CENTRAL CHAPTER THREE EARLY washington settlements 11 CHAPTER FOUR WORLD WAR II CHAPTER FIVE CONTENTS population EXPLOSION stabilization CHAPTER SIX WATERING BASIN 21 38 54 70 84 chapter beginnings 1900 1850 18501900 war following lists seeking reviva revivalists convert helped pave west wise men form worship disillusioned having indians religious zeal need mission wifee narcissa prentiss heard wi call 1834 journey time share united religious religious findings wheeler steuben county reverend samuel parker spoke old oregon dr marcus whitman wrote I1 new england region nineteenth century november things left disappointed died room presbyterian country church new york sometime fur trappers seeking those informed felt duty bound small others great book received gifts feelings beginning enlightenment bible know bury tale illustrates states st louis looking direction soul bible traversed four flathead indians referred traveled come west christian missionaries settlers followed Hud sons bay company reportedly hudsons damage early nineteenth century america american west story speaks close behind spiritual particular religious conquest fur trappers hands cries filled colonists souls settlement way continent america religious discipleship calls movements 1812 colonial american board great young Presbyte rians presbyterians narcissa prentiss whitman opening old oregon clifford M drury dr marcus work 30 forests association 1986 23 2 pacific northwest national parks 2330 vol I northwest drury discusses marcus whitman earliest christian rimissionaries travel i writings earliest origins gins journals northwest seeking rediscover religious background pacific northwest national parks forest association work given associated 1 1 dr whitman wrote boston 2 december 1834 samuel parker upon am board subject determined mission bible offer myself 2 rocky mountains beyond oregon territory christianity oregon territory walla walla washington area part rev interview missions accompany him Whit mans helped carry whitmann whitmans 1I time oregon country revolutionary war many respects extension united states great britain battled continent oregon trail pacific crossing newspapers writers spoke sway west concerning drowned country subsided pacific many great make overland war success reports oregon treaty passionately political interests dissuade fears westward written words partially fought those determined people took courage little difficulty nauvoo illinois vision public numerous cries 3 forefront americas manifest destiny feelings efforts north american reservations fear oregon country claiming expansion hrom brom desires coupled 1812 oregon country onto latter day saint exodus westward migration america war remainder political maneuvering brought years preceding attempted united states northwestern comer history overland crossing oregon traveling thousands traveling 1846 settled boundary whitman letter 5 found drury dr marcus whitman 1986 23quote comes recorded quotes 30 instance am refers american board written votes plains across trans mississippi west 1840john D unruh overland emigrants 28 61 illinois press 1979 2861 1860 university 2 2 between oregon what came british columbia settlers rose dramatically john D unruh new immigrants poured significant political 0 0 0 0 0 0 religious events oncoming between 1840 shown american northwest numbers 1860 53062 4 shaping northwest may united states naval captain robert gray discovers large river names nver ship gray lays depositing columbia foundation area american claims rough chart lower river spanish governor nootka thereby notifying european powers discovery5 american discovery5 1793 alexander mackenzie trader north west fur company montreal leads expedition pacific ocean first white 21 july reaches credited being dean channel man cross exploration behalf british company predates continent north mexico lewis clarks darks similar feat ten years 6 8 december meriwether 1805 U Men wether lewis william clark US corps discovery direct oark dark men build fort clatsop near present day astoria oregon 1811 john jacob astors mouth columbia actors american fur trappers establish fort astoria first american move further inland Okanogan establish fort okanogan river march later structure grand coulee dam site then far present day state washington companas Comp anys move spokane area establish fort spokane competition north west companys spokane house 1811 david thompson explorer length north west company montreal while traveling north leaves documents near present day pasco july claiming columbia river area british interests moving down river thompson meets astors actors american fur trappers move inward establish fort Oka nogan okanogan spokane fort astoria before war 1812 war astonans 1813 Asto orians nans due astoriano astorians american invasion according Astorlans sell final british warship canadians agree sell north west fur company before fort renames fort george making first british post along north pacific occupies 7 coasto coast7 coast treaty ghent restores 1814 terms american claims lost territory provides joint occupation between great treaty takes effect 20 october 1818 northwest solving disputes except britain united states diplomatic mechanism level8 levela8 levei level oregon california border 1819 spanish claims drawn 1821 violent competition between Hud sons bay company leads north west fur company hudsons george simpson becomes two companies british parliament force merger between regional head enlarged Hud sons bay company hudsons 1792 4 congress authorized plains across 120 see table 2 U 27 april 1846 US president polk give great britain notice joint occupancy treaty great britain termination U exploration countered similar claims number hist oncal precedence claimed historical US 1846 treaty disputes washington commonly called U british end settlers convinced US 1h ah 49th oregon treaty 49 parallel U british boundary placed US 5 pacific northwest interpretive history lincoln NE arnaldo schwantes carlos amaldo 511 5051 university nebraska press 1996 50 505 6 1811 vol 15 1965 18 crowell collier publishing colliers encyclopedia 7 60 68 pacific northwest 6068 schwantes 8 pete skene ogden john phillip reid contested empire peter snake river expedition norman oklahoma university oklahoma press 2002 4466 unruh 3 peter skene ogden leads Hud sons bay company snake river expedition hudsons animals point extinction creating fur snake river country attempting trap columbia river country desert keep americans fur trappers takes place ogdens 1825 famous british american confrontation agdens hole near party present day huntsville utah between peter skene ogden Hud sons bay company hudsons st louis beaver hunters led johnson gardner several ofogdens agdens freemen trappers defect join ogdens 9 led american trappers 1831 nez perce indians seeks information white mans sources power delegation ornez ofnez oregon country 10 bible requests native americans 1836 responding indian requests american board foreign missions presbyterian based sent dr marcus narcissa whitman establish mission waiilatpu among cayuse eliza spalding lapwai henry laprai among nez perce roman era 1838 francis norbet banchet modeste demers franciscan priests establish Hud sons bay company catholic missions request french canadian employees hudsons 1840 pierre jean de smet jesuit missionary belgium traveled 180000 miles said indians including sixteen trips europe promote missions among 1842 closure waiilatpu american board orders lapwai laprai missions due reports fall feuding feeding among missionaries dr whitman rides east persuade board reconsider 1843 nearly 900 white american whitman returns american board convinced 12 causes indians become apprehensive settlers whitman massacre results 1824 0 I1 I1 0 0 0 following martyrdom nauvoo illinois persecutions latter day saint leadership began preparing nes studied john C fremonfs Fremo Fr emonts fremonte fremonts nfs trans missouri maps west 1842 1843 well consider seriously others bay Francis quo st francisquo francisqui vancouver island upper california covering almost vast area ofupper winter quarters reported asked me may led them necessarily decide head west november 1846 father pierre jean de smet met move expeditionary reports rocky mountain region great salt lake valley gham brigham bn abn aham young indicated continued prophet joseph smith rocky mountains words west coast quorum thequorum area where 13 19 twelve thousand questions regions 1I 9 ibid 11 10 distributed national park service whitman mission brochure prepared summer 2002 site walla walla washington during ibid 12 96 pacific northwest 87 8796 schwantes 13 mormons 1846 1852 should die missouri 18461852 richard E bennett cormons oklahoma press 1987 16 oklahoma university 4 tourists norman explored spot pleased them greatly account gave them orson hyde parley P pratt british house names oregon commons latter day saints ever intended proposing plan travel peter skene ogden commission Hud sons bay company related hudsons great salt lake 16 oregon country became known union south side west peaceably settled 1889 relatively recent latter day western states large concentrations thousands oregon country washington territories until oregon washington mormon settlements now pacific central washington regions saint history among columbia rivers letter dated 2 location united states oregon 1859 columbia basin established whether 500 waggons wiggons political dispute 1846 ended boundary line between great britain rural areas 155 artist working commenced oregon trail towards oregon treaty state february 1847 oregon paul kane mormons cormons mormon migration latter day saints stayed while thousands immigrants continued became 8 way september 1847 500 waggons wiggons february plains john taylor presented petition bearing 13000 vancouver island see manuscript history way here latter day saints kept westward trek across prepared great basin you 14 1I options open 1847 just described I1 sparsely populated latter day saints basin referred latter day saints 14 lies between originally snake chosen inhabit bennett ibid 148 15 58 n 45 bennett ibid 257 25758 16 paul kane paul kane frontier including wanderings odan artist among indians 29 32829 north america ed J russell harper austin texas university texas press 1971 328 5 historically barren land area leads many call church growth latter day saints 1850s twentieth century pioneers efforts faith jesus christ missionaries must first look latter day saints establish tried central washington northwest church converts faced serious opposition persecution erroneous suspicions 1857 four missionaries laboring columbia may harmon hannon john H winslow under officially assigned may 1857 reported latter day saints central washington fully appreciate 8 casual observance characteristics leading jesus christ church early missionary efforts often due brief visit major factors question what twentieth century growth columbia basin home 17 serve leadership oregon western standard departure steamship northwest elders silas G higgins lorenzo F headed 5 san francisco boarded elder david M stuart washington territories missionary voice 18Q three days later church california missionaries tuesday morning ten oclock steamship columbia proudly cut way through slowly noble vessel while watched precious burden ocean apparently conscious deep waters different hopes aims desires feelings reflect bore deck how utterly unconscious covered motley crowd pursuits left 17 land covered text refers primarily columbia basin referred grand coulee dam connected irrigation associated land columbia project others DW columbia basin defined defined smaller focus project oregon addition parts idaho montana central washington meinig encompassing great columbia plain historical geography 1805running canada see meinig DW 327 8 washington press 1995 268 3278 1910 seattle university 18 source obtained northwestern states mission manuscript history 5 may 1857 written NWSMMH microfilm hereafter six reels church archives 6 stood little band mission important character midst work commencement may regarded opening feelings determinations gospel oregon accomplish good feel departure brethren manifested pacific coast done great work work yet instruments shall whether unmistakable whispering spirit 19 left ourselves decide accomplish great measure regarding missionaries might sacrificing scorn reproaches taking hand life 20 strange land among strange people scrip life these four elders experiences including brought him landing near astoria divine direction way bless retired going forth without purse woods where mission according anxious time faithfulness full testimony northwest columbia river mouth bodwell whose wife coming earth perhaps enduring must elder david M stuart mission prosperity forsaking worldly ease hopes heart naturally holds dear mother father each article underscored missionaries future prayed 21 missionaries sought lord david stuart opposition cormons Mormons very bitter towards mormons open quick operated 5 may 1857 NWSMMH nwsmmhmay 20 attempts create emotional NWSMMH 5 may 1857 entire article very lengthy felt very strongly reader feeling article gives complete reading poetic power gospel truths indeed sacrificing bring great work part apparently faced world despite opposition 21 found scattered throughout articles david stuart biographical information juvenile instructor born bom early publication church david stuart written 8 march 1826 mother moved infant father died irvine ayrshire scotland knowledge orphan living nine years old them paisley scotland time good people associated good taught him read mother decided church time sixteen took him sunday school desire learn leam directed prayed time mothers church Presbyte rians presbyterians join tune according stuart church time subsequent dream warned him right join jom message went listen excitement scotland creating quite mormonism 5 may 1842 stuarts life long beginning baptized truthfulness convinced oregon country 1857 later while returning mission included service church ship carrying converts bound utah called preside rriission mission europe stuart 9 7 hotel years before leaving penniless group traveled like apostles lord like always paid way though washington territory river although place elders re committed higgins went south louisa state john bozarth washington during 23 columbia river moved elder john hughes 1855 established met year due opposition small branch several people john bozarth 24 lewis branch near indian lewis river branch saints reorganized ships elders harmon companionships two companion four missionaries felt discovered preside rebaptized including louisa faith those present needs prayer clark oark county dark membership apart daniel W gardener stuart scrip many traveling elders crossed indeed passed through reality evening learned spoke old without purse couple foursome tried way provide people specifically answered short time wars lord provided sufficient money contributed 22 payment faith answered passed through mormon literature insuring appease elder hughes bodwell spoke town 13 june 1857 winslow remained set baptized elders split washington while elders oregon closely connected latter day saint history nineteenth century louisa second half strong oregon country david eccles young shared stories mission met eccles family northwest great economic influence family later 22 may elder hughes information find expended nind considerable effort time searching published indexed list members church region passed through susan E black provided multiple people name john hughes none them time time northwest missionary 23 washington territories stuart david M account early missionary work oregon NWSMMH 26 october 1858 trip son 8 first marriage louisa relocated progressively westward moves before northwestern territories ran portland oregon first settled present day vancouver washington married again time first year louisa together vancouver 26 lewis riverjust river just north earliest settlers gospels sake our brethren point country 27 country leave bayonet louisa ruination eggs wrote 24 having elders appearance hot time elders renounce mormonism hardships merchant those early donated large basket 28 latter day saint missionaries citizens holding culminated saints ordered negative sentiment towards battling away apostates ran very familiar occasion missionaries while washington priests ministers organized mob headed rapids where missionaries came 1857 living elder david M stuart wrote oregon native language while speak 25 bozarth25 bozarth john 1852 53 185253 gorogean Go rogean well known among cascade rapids having learned indians winter hotel near cascade rapids establish moved until boarding house 1826 through clinton county ohio born bom pioneering spirit lewis river meeting sunday august 2 1857 where re baptized order unnamed others NWSMMH louisa along long since regularly met together recommitment church since show 25 john bozarth except married louisa later life little written known faith church become member never did embrace 26 275 276 1997 98 church almanac salt lake city utah deseret news 1996 275276 deseret news 199798 pacific northwest task papers LDS see church arrington leonard J history 18 salt lake city historical department church jesus christ latter day saints history 1977 according 57 5 7 27 david M stuart arrington 4 28 louisa mission johns bozarth oregon juvenile instructor quoted david stuart 9 18 1883 293 326 quoted 293326 NWSMMH 26 october 1858 views drafted several public resolutions concerning converts eight men signed others names agreed selected oregon papers appeared paper 8 statements resolutions then august 1857 written missionaries insisted published them oregonians Ore gonian editor oregonian follows wm kinder J kinder john simmons wm miller RT lockwood wm irven CH fairchild W webb others authorizes murder robbery salt lake mormonism treason resolved breaking open every inducement made united states mails less intelligent our fellow citizens creed proselyte individual property church purposes confiscation resolved practiced vital denial gigantic conspiracy leaders essences looks declaration american independence subversion civil polity basis coadjutors professing receive brigham young resolved god revelation guilty basest blasphemy criminal deception blessings liberty too strongly too highly prize resolved wrested adhere willing should laws our country free brave us land home reared mormon usurpers conspirators usurp ers endorse opposed men preaching among us resolved mormon monnon mon non leaders tyranny blood cruelty outlawry mormon preachers now among us leave our country therefore civilly invite mormon church connection suggest renounce harboring thereby giving aid those two three families among us enemy comfort sense propriety requires them desist unpatriotic business use unwilling employ coercive measures while resolved shall fully accomplish our personal violence executing our determination milder fail virtue severer means object trying members endowment oath administered resolved members entering taken church treason steeped blood little better 29 29 copy article Ose oregonians Ore osegonian editor oregonian ole gonian 10 included NWSMMH 8 august 1857 elder david stuart read these articles while fear saints charge help set war 3311 mormon rebellion put down brigham young called utah territory spring citizens leave undoubtedly louisa unwilling maintain faith leave lot invested remain utah war another piece plan remained faithful returned louisa john bozarth incite washington latter day saints desired lewis river hotel business family being thus involved husband washington least two major reasons mormons cormons Mormons outlying areas stayed behind louisa remained sympathized utah called saints washington 1858 leaving known church member husband what came missionaries latter day saints return home unequal strife 0 30O federal government ordered johnstons army time utah territory considered what began left elder higgins washington fellow missionaries safety oregon still laboring chose family opposition false propaganda arose various indian tribes first connected claims territories join 30 washington territories account early missionary work oregon david M stuart NWSMMH 26 october 1858 3 31 rrianeuverings maneuverings political maneuver arose conflict occurred ings 1854 utah war 1856 first presidential candidate national republican party supported 1857 1858 18571858 mormon issue allow twin relics national politics urging congress brought statehood polygamy territories problems arose utah re applied barbarism slavery notably associate judge william W disgruntled territorial officials conflict ran united states james buchanan ordered troops utah put down drummond president mormon rebellion without investigation supplies situation troops sent west again brigham young immediately driven determination uniting saints responded sent delegations washington DC explain saints defend themselves began prepare peace commissioners offered pardon 1858 resolved june problem situation mountain meadows massacre see conflict church terrible events developed surrounding church jesus christ latter day falness fulness times salt lake city utah church history 368 79 saints 1993 36879 11 them seek feelings hatred latter day saints brigham young invited ultimately led washington enough room valley encouraged them what mormon culture region arizona desire occasions settle establish strongholds throughout western territories though saints needed concentrated numbers concentrated strength driven northwest everywhere though utah brigham young demonstrated day saints live reason 32 established intend 34 latter another utah zion bring them perpetual emigration fund arrington history 4 arrington 33 jan shipps scattering mid twentieth century st diaspora pamphlet 4 jan shipps non LDS point 34 susan evans mccloud brigham did close proximity return indefinitely return beginning nations church encouraged members called salt lake valley gather saints overall spread missionaries alone build temples desired extended growth again utah war temporarily affected salt lake eventually saints even sent them utah southern 33 new mexico western northwest brigham young knew include antagonistic nearly universal beginning idaho western wyoming eastern nevada did work places well utah return church become known outside these suspicions added helped escalate new gospel preached severe mistrust withdrawal 32 characteristically accompanied opposition missionaries feelings united states independence did time brigham declared discusses why those first missionaries well received mormon gathered gathering scattered george utah juanita brooks lecture series march 12 1987 view provides valuable balance young american fork utah covenant communications lons ions cornmunicat 179 1996 1996179 12 gathered may become polished stones ourselves purpose establishing necessary season rocky mountain valleys mormon diaspora having carry five years twentyfive twenty utah 18 family referred law washington followed gathering louisa received settle saints 1911 woodland washington night unknown reason press 1925 16 36 310326 37 paying tithing utah return did buried church john live among died firm secret washington larger faith grave dedicated animosity towards continued persecution discourses ofbrigham brigham young arranged then then returned home temple endowment return true obeyed what being re baptized known member 35 herself do temple work counsel zion affairs expecting body later passed away requested david stuarts assistance deeming him utah saints possessed home children desire husband friend among 36 earth without visit journey alone since made then begin john bozarth traveled conversion louisa august 1882 louisa surprised david stuart ogden utah 05 35 utah converts call enough strength four comers gospel work world countries nations here prepared earth gather us flourish god temple god kingdom purifying express purpose these mountains valleys church 31 37 nearly 30 widstoe salt lake city deseret news 186 david M stuart my mission oregon juvenile instructor vol 18 pp 293 294 309ap 293294 76 1997 1998 church almanac 275 27576 deseret news 19971998 13 portland relief society historical records described years 10 38 pioneers northwest louisa latter day saints available historical records those earliest days stalwart saints definitely queen church returning northwest 1890s decade during good church lead many saints northwest northern utah these end women seeking men jesus christ utah based utah many latter day nineteenth century came better way make living temporary jobs planning eventually settle permanently while others worked temporaryjobs tried church others began main body return closer promise migrate different industries started employment saint businessmen these companies attracted small groups encouragingly others still northwest result oregon utah good jobs latter day saints left foundation group helped build things 1897 latter day saints time continued expansion areas far away settle migrated saints church acknowledged establishment lead northwest prominent latter day saints turn spoke great opportunities utah homes settle northwest church northwestern states mission 39 among those northwest 38 39 greatest influence david eccles relief society historical records arrington history pioneer industrialist made portland branch 20 june 1911 3 14 latter day saints return name ington history arrington 7 northwest west president brigham young perpetual emigration fund PEF established davids father william eccles received latter day saint missionaries 1849 william izing journeys merchandizing merchandizingjourneys merchandising merchand never america headed utah then saints northwest may cynosure presided europe missionary returning first missionary assigned earlier 1857 oregon territory two years mills return saints zion went what william eccles struggling eccles family 40 voyage elder david stuart washington territories eccles family oregon city envisioned first few years 17 arrington david eccles 4417 15 few years seen during oregon move earn enough money working growing family needs william decided provide advance dock occurred during opportunities beauty northwest later influenced mission 1863 seemed same david stuart labor stuarts tales davids 40 david eccles interest americas young seven children sarah PEF two days later 375 dollars came liverpool join able young family williams wood lathe 1860 william davids birth wood lathe living always seemed impossible earnings survive struggled barely managed america message paisley scotland 1842 while living nearly blind better life latter day great achievements degree david owes these trades business throughout hope employing large numbers establishing these businesses saint workers gospel spread helped northwest through numerous business ventures family utah home among still northwest able answer eccles family lived utah impact northwest 1869 before returning 1867 18671869 bring him back young david experience growing business enterprises during next two decades david eccles worked like succeed several serious setbacks man determined never give eventually drew him back 1889 david eccles 1887 41 influential latter day saint businessmen group james R smurthwaite along sumpter valley oregon church day few others opened sunday school first organized latter day saints branch due procedures success oregon found employment baker organized west lumber business baker oregon following offices rapid growth lumber company president oregon territory oregon lumber company eccles charles W nibley joseph started business lumber business nearly unprotected resources established five sawmills becoming dream self made entrepreneur david became heavily involved where ogden john stoddard 1893 42 david eccles influence matched knowledge impact death five western states owed considered livelihood businesses throughout growth 1912 brought business five minute moment utah 41 211 17 25 45 21117 arrington david eccles 2545 42 listed standstill silence great man industry wealthiest citizen index latter day saints spread 16 west flags flew observed time half mast thousands death man well known throughout NWSMMH under important dates northwest formation baker branch among businessmen everywhere david eccles latter day saint church faithful latter day saint among those known latter day saint businessmen forerunner well considered faith saints secularize industry 43 northwestern states mission baker branch day saints throughout northwest anaconda montana two years later same year another branch 1895 another branch rejoined montana these branches werejoined joined president attention led missionary work now successfully throughout church presiding authorities suggested edward stevenson first council montana oregon washington seventy idaho believe northwest visit church accompany him mission began then traveled through eastern idaho northwestern states agton leonard J david eccles pioneer am ngton arrington 122 university 1975 197512 19751 44 43 way small branches making labors oneida northwest set apart assignment salt lake city 4 june 1896 montana visiting states 44 elder stevenson selected matthias F cowley second counselor stake lima soon afterwards president appointed mission open formed formed oneida stake far away oneida stake george parkinson carried latter organized presence church established i 31 spokane washington here august 1896 missionary work western industrialist logan utah utah state 1 preliminary groundwork northwestern states mission formation scient icient numbers sufficient until u nt 11 suff latter day saints NWSMMH led works priesthood set motion northwest mission provided leadership throughout stakes various areas see introduction organized 17 northwest primarily under stake president parkinson jurisdiction northwestern states mission establish oneida 1897 record states matthias F cowley wednesday aug 26 elders edward stevenson 16h 1896 visiting state montana since june 16th traveling mission opening old members holding meetings hunting saints post florence montana headquarters anaconda left state kindly received samuel falls kootenai county idaho where young methodist took formerly lived preston idaho them home along 45 meeting new people these visitors shared another purpose whom people them settled area finding fellowship different places elder cowley recorded elders stevenson washington where member church them home led others met drifted away latter day saint since affiliated latter day saints nephew elders familiar stevenson encounter palouse jalouse city cowley arrived Tum bull buil buli BR turnbull turnbull took josephites 46 benjamin R tumbow turnbow turnbull latter day saints move away separation I1 body quickly joined themselves quicklyjoined saints however tuesday sept church often these body unknown missionaries see gospel message locate members become lost glad sharing cowley contacted time apparently man reorganized church samuel tumbow turnbow characteristic turnbow tumbow jesus christ deceased latter day saint many very kind people elders elders allowed wednesday 26 august matthias cowley entry journal entry dates NWSMMH under 1896 found 46 reorganized church jesus christ journal entry apparently refers elder cowley latter day saints josephites 45 these journal entries begin 18 them stay benjamin indicated times lord fulfilled matthew indication temple suddenly come 47 turnbow family tumbow family elder cowley testified 3rd ard soon deseret news reported taught benjamin temple where elders questioned millennial reign ready bad harming farming fanning signs sure discussed many things visit time during him missionaries felt good surely come elders cowley 1896 surveying assignment september time traveling stevenson spent lot northwestern states mission establishing snake river cowley took boat down tuesday sept 15 elders stevenson 48 riparial washington thence walla walla riparia during particular journey what borders record just two days later 17 cowley conference train heber J grant september 1896 elder stevenson experienced great where elder stevenson bore testimony returned 47 leave walla walla elder baker oregon president joseph F smith apostle elder B F grant arrived 20 september 1896 conference afternoon meeting later evening then operated upon two days later administered again became very ill latter day saints basin early date region recovered sufficiently became seriously ill pain sparsely covered inhabited known seen columbia basin herein referred few dryland dry land farms time rail near traveled likely elders salt lake city accompanied dr charles wilcox 49 elder deseret news 53 534 48 journal entry date NWSMMH under 49 49eider year eider elder stevenson died within return 19 utah NWSMMH 17 august 1897 cowley accompanied them pocatello idaho where far evening three days later elder cowley left improvement association meeting preston idaho home 50 mutual spoke elders stevenson cowley reopened work elder david stuart briefly taken place nearly half century before company 1857 recognizing opportunity apart elders J golightly washington cowley 8 missionary work church leaders called denmark jensen labor specifically followed january 1897 blazed new missionary trails washington followed held meetings made until sunday 26 july 1897 idaho elders lewis washington city idaho elders denmark jensen gaston L braby northwest states number 1900 51 marsh oregon mission boise baker oregon elders walla walla washington since seemed appropriate latter day saints living immigrating members looking released oneida stake open george Z lamb railroad along thomas preston headed pond northwestern states mission naming converts called james R smurthwaite oregon railroad quarterly conference valley oneida county idaho six elders elders stevenson same year march oregon states cities towns end report footsteps set those identify 52 northwest continued better opportunities 953 recognized members 50 present increase missionaries finding new church northwest 53 NWSMMH entries 17 25 september 1896 51 denmark jensen dated 24 october 1905 NWSMMH 28 january 1897 letter written 52 NWSMMH 26 july 1897 deseret news 56580 see reported 53 mry NWSMMH 31 december 1900 summary ury sanm year end sunm recorded 20 chapter two agricultural lure central washington 1901 1938 19011938 1853 captain george mcclellan among first basin explore central washington while surveying white man concluded army officers should standing considered sentiments basin project today filled time farm use parched land changing twentieth century century turn united states canals abundant water inconsistent rainfall resulted washington DC population national elections now carved unattainable hands among struggling settlers until midway through talk columbia farmland plentiful now ironically half century ago water realize once barren landscape though columbia rivers flowed nearby inaccessibility naive evaluations land high yield crops wasteland others did needed water carry plentiful irrigation water changing snake these indians reserved deep rich soil irrigation water country central washington mcclellan fertile farmland upper columbia ever make anything mcclellan shared environment americas civil war later fought reclamation approximately 76 million 2 during major ma political party platforms invested 1900 federal government reclaiming annd west arnd arid 3 lack focus water resources george mcclellan army officers quoted robert E ficken charles P 49 50 histoiy seattle university washington press 1988 4950 Le warnes wames washington centennial history lewarnes lewames lebarnes unique history potential washington state well written centennial history 2 cgeorge george brown tindall 2george david E shi america narrative history new york W W company 1989 appendix 39 norton 3 3president 3 december 1901 president theodore roosevelt commented forests alone cannot necessary equalize arid region great storage works waters conserve fully regulate flow streams save flood waters floodwaters construction 21 conclusively shown burden still agriculturally based economy farmer politician resource development agricultural development through western water development economic development newlands reclamation act bureau 5 reclamation water resource control ardd west arid act heralded congress west eastern washington farmers remained rainfall throughout conditions development began agricultural development population increase way water 4 legislation established paving dam construction advancement united states government passed 1901 water best efforts life began dedicating walks new era american dream people subsequent expansion various professions resource management promise hold century appeared turn ticket first half farmers ners during plagued fan mercy century ticket significant effect economic growth sparse yearly difficult economic 1890s persisted recently referred lands throughout what federal role 1900s frontier people individual states acting best accomplished undertaking too vast private effort nor often resources single states involved alone far reaching interstate problems features works theodore function least properly national ffinction inadequate national edition XV 105 12122 roosevelt memorial edition XVII 121 4 1935 1975 proof 19351975 columbia snake rivers large number dams built interest efforts invested northwest reclamation through water resource development construction energy source management darland alvin F brief chronological history power pioneers grand coulee dam power supervisor united states bureau reclamation part I history grand coulee dam area 1958 distributed national park site through interior service department secretary heml act authorized 5htwllwwwusbrjzovllawslrecact02html interior http www usar usbr govlawsrecact02 html use right 17 western states provides hydropower projects develop irrigation land irrigated beneficial use appurtenant act shall water acquired under provision named newlands reclamation act right limit measure basis shall proceeds public land sales sixteen different act sen francis G newlands nevada through 478 485 tindall america narrative history 478485 states became large fund irrigation projects see 1 22 gain federal attention clamored believed farmlands bring water area controlled water flourish much needed water washingtons yakima county residents first petitioned 1903 help investors involved irrigation water people began gathering new town U created few miles north 6 york W D 359 1909 1909359 white clay banks called hanford less contributed lyman manufacture columbia river 7for information naming ifor richland washington stake compiled first recommended small towns sprang become world famous washington identified accepted due town 7 richland two columbia river town site new irrigation water 1910 named white bluffs became availability name richland rich land then incorporated 1905 first name benton post office rejected desert land being changed 6 greater numbers yakima river north bank time yakima river smaller scale project utilize washingtons water resources trying columbia struggling new agency undertaking too complex 1892 reclamation determined bureau 1904 bureau took 1906 private group columbia river irrigation project plan financially unfeasible river project massive columbia river water source utilize considered federal government site nuclear weapons history myths 1907 1908 east shore 40 years later area hanford engineering works II helped end world war 11 scenery commerce new faith richland see tempered brief history joanne K wilson richland washington july 1997 4 23 farther down river kennewick pasco railroad town ofpasco richland 1884 beginnings steadily growing yakima project several attempts concurrent failed columbia rivers snake basin between columbia basin irrigation project tacoma capitalists basin irrigation project elaborate plan palouse jalouse river above federal government did idea 9 dead 10 struggling settlers consequently remained modest beginnings wind began laboring walla walla washington missionaries officially assigned university canal 1906 political corruption soon change hands among inconsistent rains eastern washington uncertain harming farming fanning conditions missionaries came closer 8d adD 1904 latter day saints early 1900s missionary work 8 again pasco land north ofpasco announced farmland continued mercy palouse jalouse diverted irrigate scheme initial angry cries future site land washtucna coulee near connell full fuli mii mil study irrigation projects taken water storage reservoir falls water south then carry funded new plan called Q 8 initiated later withdrew 1892 ferry landing 1898 natchee district wenatchee closely tied basin area until 1916 first central washington iglo seattle 1805 1910 historical geography 18051910 great columbia plain 32788 washington press 1995 268 327 W meinig 9 pay backs paybacks local extremely costly without sufficient playbacks determined project pasco express vol 3 number 36 29 march 1906 ran end article announced newspaper hopeful locals bringing water palouse jalouse project severe disappointment pasco parched columbia basin north ofpasco 10 great columbia plain 379380 379 380 meinig 24 northwestern states mission direction under 1 northwestern states mission melvin J ballard yakima formed sunday 20 may 1917 summer many cases work constant glad substantial growth words eastern washington 13 meet made history church evident lack hoyt them elders record since optimistic view fact time lost track placed many baptisms easily recognized sparse hoyt reported ever before church families fact commented few months later several mormon families utah moved discovered 12 2 set complete canvas thorough 1917 reported results indicated conference winter shows counselor east washington conference country districts noted yakima northwestern states mission secretary earl 23 october 1917 during missionaries brother charles edwards horace wofenden branch president apart area few latter day saints proposed utah idaho sugar company factory superintendent president first branch north yakima washington gathered together according missionary still relatively multiple organized branches growth organized 15 hood church 20 miles south branch president Top penish toppenish forthcoming brought yakima 2 june 1918 church branch Toppenish washington toppenish james utah idaho sugar company planned processing plant latter day saints wilson tempered 5 12 NWSMMH 20 may 1917 13 NWSMMH 23 october 1917 14 mission president melvin ballards journal 25 area recorded employment 144 NWSMMH 2 june 1918 misunderstandings similar growth came opposition latter day saint exodus described northwest latter day saints challenges spared assigned class mon mormons cormons Mornons mons described salt lake city mormons cormons Mormons then proceeded church anyone joined anyonejoined then wanted utah where life lived instruct misrepresentations faith share class obstacles washington 1918 canceling church conference president ballard counseled missionaries thompson 15 truth knew many next day charlie quarantine 15 different forms entire world following world yakima area local priesthood meeting continue given latter day saints seeking membership growth came resulted those things morrnoni Morr morinoni SM perspective ofmormonism Mormonism ravaged charlie just recently moved declared challenges part great spanish flu epidemic war I1 came class cruel men church leaders personally opportunity killed mormon knew true very cruel man leave teacher utah originally settled brigham young faith declaring defense local public history report nice city declare young clarify student presentation history text young lady spoke incident religious misunderstandings yakima branch president spoke son misrepresentations school utah war time northwestern states mission illustrates how history charlie J edwards preceded december still held work elders C edwin C brinkerhoff reported good success even during six weeks ever present responsibility teaching story demonstrates NWSMMH 8 june 1918 early days dispel false myths during missionaries often members well 26 quarantine shortly thereafter elder thompson pasco labor kennewick being assigned time 16 elder leroy harline assigned missionaries earliest record found basin pasco area herein referred very small towns located near kennewick columbia confluence snake rivers beginning calling ofmelvin meivin J ballard melvin mission heber C iverson selected accomplished experienced tQ 18 ecclesiastical assignments ballard popular salt laker own highly well northwest missed president like many council twelve utah areas away time agriculture potentially fertile ground recognized missionary work 17 7 business responsibilities him called considered him northwest civic northwestern states president latter day saints grateful twelve apostles bishop council replace him liahona described him mission northwestern states major change affected 1919 well volatile agricultural conditions agriculture purchased well land brief agricultural boom 1920 16 17 industry thrived during first world war new equipment following world war I1 farmers experienced exported commodities brought high prices foreign farmers began NWSMMH 17 december 1918 NWSMMH 7 january 1919 recover liahona price NWSMMH 15 april 1919 reported 27 liahona lasted US farm commodities magazine published missions rnissions 18 farmers north american deseret news day collapsed grain gain wain market bottom fell 1921 central washington well conditions caused many crops opportunity land farmers fail even pay land much worthless crops little 1I impossible sold price show signs justify characterized basin tindall america debts due crash 1929 20 latter day saints 692 8 narrative history 6928 28 period less 1 continue farming farmland acquire enough land overall economy continued never factor unrealistic optimism may 917 917icken ficken washington 100 icken 20 bushel buy collapse pay taxes optimistic americans believed united states across basin began 250 2.50 250 wheat dropped columbia basin project depression another depression freefall free fall land sell governments ability ranchers later led coming years livestock acre drought conditions many people good suddenly european farmers resumed high production just eighteen months made 50 cents many taxes due owned land cattlemen lose basin poor sold light grazing 1920 forced many fan ners farmers following world war severe drought least partially improved few sheep gerders herders commodities land effects farmers began consecutive years taxes good farmers land 19 actual stock market crash consistent crop became raise portion united states experienced throughout coming depression eight years before dryland wheat farmers depression washington economic 1929 affected people exempt missionary work continues despite these difficult conditions 1924 four relief societies february these womens organizations acknowledged missionary assignment cranney sunday school 21 november transmitted reported attending primary latter day saints living salt lake city utah northwest 5 mission 24 elder melvin J ballard whom 82 elders washington mission covered church significant number throughout northwest young lady missionaries laboring montana even though idaho 23 william R sloan succeeded brigham january 1927 mission president hear inspiring messages former mission president northwestern saints loved first time basin area able church heber J grant president end first radio broadcasts notable due same year KSL primary auxiliary helped establish area church nearly sixty children 1926 relief society part well 1926 two additional sister missionaries winnifred myrtle hadley came 22 time mary established first sister missionaries area strength area southeastern washington formed latter day saints alva lind came hansen progress church continued area oregon large missionaries helping them much membership establish may 1927 albert N butler mission secretary gave 221 under church liahona part report published information NWSMMH 16 march 1924 yakima credited writing date june 17 1924 alfred L riddle ofyakima 22 13 july liahona written orville H NWSMMH 26 february 1926 published stanfield 23 NWSMMH 16 november 1926 reported liahona vol 24261 24 NWSMMH I1 january 1927 29 mission secretary C verl benzley friends area through grateful 25 july 1927 193 latter day saints successes throughout northwestern states mission began missionary work Cardston alberta temple bardston cardston 1600 miles typically spent two days tradition many people outside ooth anniversary latter day saints area during 13 convert summer baptisms without favorable year end report 1930 aid missionaries may 1927 26 december 1927 27 NWSMMH 25 september 1930 30 latter day saints church 1830 columbia future site walla walla washington reported small branch 31 NWSMMH 31 people led member missionary work involved NWSMMH 2nwsmmh 25 church surrounded first presidency saints faith 26 organization small branches grow basin project temples growth 1500 felt like large caravan show interest being done work 1I building far many mission report publicity church caravan drive temple performing potent factors believed traveling canada ordinances president william R sloan expressed temple trip acceptance positive impact automobiles public church became programs church mission latter day saints prejudice manifest against latter day saints example felt clean sportsmanlike playing helped them break down members made many latter day saint team local church basketball league yakima won respect continued yakima latter day saint basketball team positive report 27 year 1930 ended salt lake city another northwestern states mission 28Q president sloan reported alberta temple annual caravan people eighteen families ordinances financial conditions employment statement northwest throughout found case temple gratefully reported depression tithing difficult due 29 received temple never year before 3600 ordinance work accomplished trip president sloan result fourth 400 people participated though slightly down honest tithe payer deprived remarkable since tens thousands people year entries unemployed during northwestern states mission manuscript history indicate records day saints time felt like obedience challenges depression these comments demonstrate important factor overcoming concern just preoccupation faith rather strengthening each latter financial gain dam perhaps nothing greater impact grand coulee dam according columbia basin columbia Eph phrata resident ofE rata washington damming first suggested spring 1917 meeting W gale matthews grand coulee site friends office attorney william W clapp part interest agricultural development subject hearing region agricultural development account natural blockage 28 late historically diverted northwestern states church NWSMMH 31 december 1930 numerical strength 1930 end 4705 members 43 high priests 38 seventies 324 elders 161 mission boundaries 86 M 831 children priests 94 teachers 270 deacons 2944 lay members missionaries whom 29 sister missionaries 29 NWSMMH 31 december 1930 31 river william clapp suggested monumental undertaking idea remained day planted basin until rufus woods few future development land developers ephrath looking ephrata natchee arrived wenatchee wenatchee natchee daily world woods brought attention building dam idea support seeds local dream journalist publisher story man even consider impossible venture small town ofE rata washington Eph phrata ofephrata people edition river block nature 30 columbia part 18 july 1918 31 united states bureau 1920s during preliminary studies determine grand coulee feasibility engineers produced should private ventures headwaters canadian concerns damming columbia river river far backed proposed lower dam design enlarged power needs supplemented 30 dam canada flood control along designed corps recommendation future necessitated mightiest vaughn L downs washington ye galleon press 1986 19 31 JI mightiest 19 downs dammed diver niver river flow irrigation power generation another report canada report determined infringed provide specified canadian border maximum height allowed 200 feet lower reduced amount world army corps 1931 1931 construction favored final report restrictions since water columbia river below damming largest cement structure need impossible undertaking made reclamation conducted bureau them 32 reclamation memories january 1932 grand coulee dam fairfield outlining proposed irrigation project combination irrigation since proposal along project fell under water projects proposed throughout project further complicated supported water 33 canal system multiple tests debate mostly large potential possible surplus destroy depression construction grand coulee dam roosevelt took office devastating 1933 pumping irrigation project then conducted remained hydroelectric power surplus generating power supply demand time people debate president roosevelts Roosevel ts new deal projects put continued until depression balance group favor surveys political ramifications grand coulee dam feared two camps divided large holding reservoir dam bring irrigation development clark oark fork dark gravity flow idea different suitable way rich columbia basin lands reclaiming grand coulee considerable disagreement among columbia basin area proponents irrigation bureaucratic debate northwest populace groups governmental agencies US direction grand coulee project became part reclamation bureau agricultural development through dam initially 1920 dam project economically feasible power made primary focus new irrigation possible 32 economic forefront united states determination acted 32 president franklin D pull struggling nation han d users owl comchubbardgcda mhtmlhistoy htn internet history documents hqp hap httpusersowtcomchubbardgcdamhtmlhistoryhtml rd 73rd army corps report 73 congress presented united states house document 103 3 33 grand coulee dam through site darland brief chronological history distributed pumpers Pum debate interior pers won history bumpers national park service department banks lake named dam correct today water pumped decision proven project manager FA banks 33 works progress administration WPA project coulee dam overall economic growth programs increase stabilization nation grand coulee dam project intended plan primary intent like many WPA provide thousands jobs restore public faith region originally thought those aid promised WPA project approved resulting revenues hydroelectric power arid regions 34 national progressiveness progress veness helping feeling economy though jobs grand depression roosevelt approved economic slump caused well bring additional new bring water dam agricultural development central washington deliberations president roosevelt approved 63 million dollars grand coulee dam work beginning marked 16 grand coulee lake washington development construction reclamation pushed bureau high dam low dam design giant columbia river irrigation system direction under project provide sufficient water return irrigate project initiators water pump thousands acres new blocks department begun elwood mead low dam july 1935 dedication ceremony then bring irrigation columbia basin project 1934 july 1933 construction originally proposed damming 35 begin central land interior director original high dam design annd portion anid arid central president franklin D roosevelt created told headed harry L hopkins make work projects before ended seen darns dams buildings bridges roads airports built many permanent structures during WWII por pencil refel study oxorn marguerite D pickaxe rekel bloxom reference WPA see Bl encefor study schools congress supt bupt docs US GPO distributor 1982 WPA washington DC library 35 mightiest 19 downs ficken washington 120 see 34 works progress administration WPA federal emergency relief administration replace result jobs quickly provide millions ofjobs 34 washington justify government needed enough land through power sales alone farmers dam supported bankrupt farmers justify expenditures acquired sell 36 land value fund government irrigation acquired large land holdings project sufficient lands resale developed farmland pieces large land holdings order dry- ranchers sense purchased very cheaply back taxes many give land cheaply increase canals along payment approved ranchers those government land grazing value increase farmer fanner new deal order recouped 37 used land land build waterways needed thousands basin area until 1934 grew wheat remainder low cost land sale high dam million dollars 181 remained bring water water literally meant allow lands original plans 1935 project expenditures tripled anxious large landholders needed help recover construction costs irrigated farmland harms land farms farius much land usefulness project governments acquisition water acres value significantly increase 36 secure land willing project 38 washington mashington ashington ficken tV 37 ficken washington 38 jim stoker interview 121 121 acquisition county maps pertaining land land 1939 analysis indicates basin 1919 compared ownership 1919 then major withdrawal people during 1920s owned considered improved grand land through construction government improvement opened door columbia basin irrigation project development coulee dam 4 july 2002 35 building church grand coulee dam construction project got announcement latter day saints attention nearly twenty years away northwestern states mission indicated oregon great falls yakima washington 2 built new chapels butte montana stake stake direction between yakima meet together large enough numbers difficult conditions kept them 39 boundaries changed accommodate latter day saints 1937 NWSMMH 2 april 40 richard H jackson young university press 1978 first yakima branch latter day ways caught between still relatively few members small groups located kennewick branches organized meeting regularly 1937 mormon ed 169 135 135169 role 36 union 1901 northwestern states mission walla walla walla walla assigned mormon core area 40 west outside these two church jurisdictions continued natchee wenatchee north central oregon established stakes established saints living salem kellogg idaho northwestern states mission taken continued under medford eugene 39 centrally located branches washington gaining momentum april 1937 concerning these building church congregations grew members excited mission preston nibley reported president general conference projects northwest church building program another building program church leadership saints 1937 still irrigated land actual development settlement area pasco distance coupled larger congregations west provo utah brigham time primarily northwest long before father charles W nibley northwest including great love establishment helped lead efforts church build northwest church throughout growth basin personal connections very first branch established people history settlement saints 1890 church young preston became member president Ni bleys membership nibleys northwest influenced david eccles work northwest baker city branch branch mission president assigned sawmill along built brought latter day saints 41 northwestern states mission preston nibley mission president familiar northwest rested church ecclesiastical leadership many family relationships marked immigration later proved important latter day area central washington westward migration brought people controlled water resources northwest regions throughout relentless winds made irrigation purposes coupled difficulties depression added production governments intervention through irrigation projects helped tame saints among agriculture progress continued 41 exert lack basin very difficult water meant development development farming conditions meant progress columbia basin attracted settlers during settlers patience imperative modest efforts land through business develop sought developing NWSMMH 21 january 1937 mormon migration patterns connected land determined settlers central washington interesting link familial relationships 37 land latter day much past since past experiences chapter three early settlement interrupted 1939 1943 19391943 bad situations settlers continued sometimes good things do come migrate affordable land columbia basin irrigation project regulated water basin irrigation business opportunities columbia basin columbia river project 1 hanford central washington land primary factors further develop drawing people rapid population increase near nothing led settle many hopeful did government sponsored nuclear extension hanford engineering works manhattan united states secret nuclear weapons development during WWII small communities ofrichland richland white bluffs people living suddenly uprooted hanford along columbia river recently relocated cache valley banks utah latter day saints settlers settle encourage thousands availability promise irrigation systems improvement grand coulee dam project early twentieth century central washington during removed time along move again left without homes lands large scale weapons project turned rest replacement fanning communities small peaceful farming bustling military city small branches before hanford central washington search groups ely ily composed primarily priman new opportunities good farmland latter day saints meeting struggling farmers utah come southeastern idaho 1805 1943 before atomic richland white bluffs & hanford 18051943 martha berry parker tales ofrichland 51 beginnings 51 historical look 3951 reserve fairfield washington ye galleon press 1986 39 395 38 spirit largely claimed yet desired continue agricultural tradition church strength branch 1932 established company yakima where utah idaho sugar latter day saints employed supplemented leadership numerical branch strength cache valley following world war 1I land hanford veteran soldier settlement project 58 plots columbia river north well seeking otis 3 get started mary skelton later expanded east veterans came favorable heralded area agriculture following 1920s 90 productive try war government supported lifestyles change occupations chance project choice farmland economy farming well during house bam barn poultry house white bluffs project called fruit growing land 20 acre project consisted of20 help stimulate development included land bordered where otis columbia river banks washington supported state plots central washington centered time yakima provided small families various locations area 2 many latter day saints still strong latter day saints meeting together groups hands pioneering agriculture methodist couple lived doty washington soldier settlement assistance logger took advantage search location where first bomb made world now known throughout area includes many valuable facts pictorial perspective excellent source 2 beginning northwestern index important dates found 2this athis date states mission manuscript history NSMMH 3 1943 14 18051943 3wwwhanfordgovdoeculres euro american resettlement wwwhanfordgovdoeculres hanford site 1805 39 safer employment skelton family typical government program help farmers new start white bluffs march remembers witnessed experienced growth project end depression moved veterans moved white bluffs remained farm influx subsequent removal settlers depression factor different timetable depression communities did experience industrialized parts prices actually rose 1929 4 4kennewick gathering kennewick kennewick washington compiled richmond utah leave latter day saint families soldiers settlement project 1943 government 4 affected population turnover however hanford white bluffs agricultural crash nation late 1929 farmer characteristic white bluffs farm commodity next year railroad competition lowered freight rates lowered commodity prices these factors postponed depression until 1932 dorothy area skeletons Skel tons did skeltons 1941 abandoned farms purchased face see ties latter day saint family area long enough soldier settlement financial failures associated increased married david rawlins families next twenty years area decline skeletons Skel skeltons tons remained soon met skeletons Skel tons skeltons schools land ownership www ww1 ofwwi dorothy dorothy next few years white bluffs grew 120 students rapid turnover western washington children donovan farmers moved 500 people purchased twenty acres logging business 1925 left treeless central washington settle those responding reprieve short term 97 saints 95 9597 1997 celebration 40 history faith devastating effects 1934 washington latter day saints every footstep farm goods except potatoes wool federal land bank loaned considerable amounts whom did many irrigation district assessments district recovered 11000 acres many veterans lost government time C mark miller farms central washington utah decided outstanding loans available due cache valley utah latter day saints looking opportunity leave them white bluffs fore closures foreclosures 7 farming fanning farmers familiar farm district real estate agent contracted 1939 miller traveled relocate many annd anid arid farm government land desert conditions having enough irrigation water 6 sell farmland cache valley these latter day saints sell outbuildings buildings new land opportunities own land miller promised irrigated land struggles land large scale abandonment fifteen latter day saint families 1939 irrigation government irrigated abandoned military constructed homes 11000 acres along winter priest rapids foreclosure partially developed farmlands left succeed therefore did moved land 1917 WWI veteran farmers 15000 acres available debts priest rapids area following land money experience farming lot repay prices below those selling 5 february northern now experienced utah welcomed encouraged utah farms 5 1943 15 18051943 wwwhanfordgovdoeculres euro american resettlement hanford site 1805 6 taking information pertaining latter day saints relocating white bluffs scene historical video recorded sometime obtained copy abandoned farms priest rapids irrigation made contract saying unidentified man quoted near 1939 environs video part historical footage hanford 11000 acres district sell another historical video clip Han fords unique history hanfords provided harry anderson part I1 3 war video entitled something win identified real estate agent C mark miller columbia river expedition history science cataloged vid 8 hanford diary 1988 came cache valley utah looking richland washington miller said technology desired settle white bluffs experienced farmers among latter day saints 7 wilson tempered 5588 41 subdivided too many times abundant land nearby area hanford dilapidated outbuildings buildings sometimes included old abandoned houses acre even planted orchards 8Q buildings partially developed land reasonable prices appeal came desire five dollars twenty twentyfive average sold developing abandoned soldier support potential growth white bluffs settlement lands land white bluffs owning larger pieces agriculture advantage gain economic grow desire potential area relocate expand among families winter area during described events winter people rent government church 9 shared packed need 991 started 1I 3 fam ilys move familys everything late may owned onto elmer hendrickss hendrickse ss flatbed Hendrick photocopy 42 move better life twenty families author organized branch white bluffs Han fords unique history hanfords life lucy hendricks holden sketches personal history without page numbers saints choosing desire land among headed north 8video ovideo video part going talking different reasons variety families our family 8 people sunday school then predecessor establish stephen rawlins described truck lot latter day saint families quickly enabled influx washington 1939 central washington owned took what little money loaded everything white bluffs move place called hanford washington where you talking farm washington decision led got lucy hendricks holden lucy roland 1939 white bluffs cache valley utah relocated lewiston cache unpublished undated document possession county utah vicinity move make white bluffs earlier came back motivation truck aerial rawlins month family day saints first group bruces braces goat came two large wheel go around 600 miles week twenty four hours canvas cover pass womans perspective rawlins gave comans worked lewiston utah 12 latter another furniture rode making day brothers bruce truck white bluffs imagined new home many related everything else sewing machine under found father 30 dollars paid white bluffs back cache valley calf depression something better looking stephen remembers riding way significant part job duty six days expected claude get us find work except aerial rawlins 10 0 suffering caused move came moved elmer hendricks time stephen pedal making truck go traveled stephens mother dorothy fam ilys situation familys time move anyway things washington here improving year salesman came thought came our place lewiston utah 1I guess mormons come cormons river recruit here washington called here sort them coming talked area thats given government houses homestead 1I guess comfortable little houses soldiers world war I1 given these soldiers certain acreage places beautiful fruit produced fruit soldiers lived anyway left empty those houses raising country didnt stay came washington orchards neglected 1I think adams mormons cormons here theyll make go get group said well 1I bet fact coming here see talked lot them came down time moved cache valley seventeen families 10 chapter river first organized LDS branch memories white bluffs site memories white bluffs dedicated found kennewick gathering saints 112 family migrated white bluffs young boy stephen rawlins written kennewick 112 12 kennewick 113 I1 1I 43 dorothy shared feelings church center common utah try came columbia river efforts families tribute succeed left families women many land near settle difficult conditions adapt course aerial friends I1 didnt want white bluffs area tempted do something excited husband too 13 come settled area progress northwest preston nibley president city northwestern states mission arrived march 30 april general conference people northwest generally saints missionaries encouraging described constant influx mission boundaries growth experienced april conference president nibley dam explained acres fertile land salt lake 13 passage comes reported concerning columbia basin listed latter central washington grand coulee place thousands mormon people dorothy rawlins personal history NWSMMH 30 march 1939 migration million central washington under cultivation 112 113 112113 14 rate dam completion furnishing new opportunities saw northwest arizona idaho utah major part great church meetings president nibley come latter day saints approximately 1500 per year day saints accounted non member residents nonmember little difficulty teaching friends assistance latter day very friendly toward 12000 saints living indicated reported conference 1939 salt lake coming 44 found deseret news 14 Kenn elvick kennelvick kennewick same date 1940 preston nibley september northwestern states mission later northwestern states mission development area temple attendance occasions well known long distance body saints where foothold church away reminder unique how far really heber J grant woodruff day encouragement future establish central washington discouragement church visited those earlier saints built 16 assigned prophecy prove what temples tried wasatch front strength 15 5 him washington interior share president heber J grant announced saints occasional journey 1880 ancestors many hard times trying 1937 church washington saints central washington like given them spoke first church southeastern idaho 1884 elders wilford temple desla someone local visit utah beautiful inlaid wood them year membership loved appreciated exterior design idaho trip just president latter day saints made alberta temple establish authority 15 5 evident spokane became transfer reflection throughout limited northwest church prominent businessman northwest president nicholas G smith replaced him growing strength bennion released prophecy building valley fulfilled idaho march idaho falls temple new idaho falls temple district 27 july 1940 president nibley received telegram informing NWSMMH reports i arru srru G th replace him appointing nicholas smith coming september release 16 hqphwwwldschurchtemplescom httpwwwldschurchtemplescom temple website wilford woodruff quote 45 ground broken temple closer construction began considerable journey still temple signified growth time highway system new further spread church expansion logan either alberta temples utah places outside temples basin saints idaho falls december 1939 19 peace united states church around progress mission calls nearly northwest world slowed limited everywhere focus second world war missionary work drawn hopes plans turned toward concerns young latter day saint mothers holden utah middle raising family exception growth sidetracked war effort lucy hendricks moved enjoying life 1939 northern everything changed flowers remodel our house making plans plant garden oh how happy good job supplement our fruit future looked roland church lot us looking very good day december pearl harbor heard bombed having dinner together kitchen seven us women declared war us our bubble broke real fast laughing having real good time 17 draft husbands eligible lucy holden witnessed government officials surveying location extension manhattan project area search war put everyone best edge winter latter part january rest lived anxiety well dressed men started driving through our area fancy cars river sorts strange look every home drive slow down 18 things 17 life sketches searching white bluffs area 18 ibid lucy hendricks holden 46 first hand witness inspectors lucy holden roland investigated families lived possible weapons manufacturing plant government simple agricultural life land being part white bluffs area four years lasted less government seizes land while searching project new extension ideal location military officially described columbia river basin area grade sage brush grazing land land 19 irrigated fruit orchards instructed site selectors electric power find nevada thought hanford site completed river war powers act protection plenty states government columbia first time saw power allow 20 21 sanger hanford 5 sanger hanford 6 taken seize acquire confiscation series settlers land land united treaties river people develop removed franklin T matthias oral history 47 recently perfect location under nomadic wanapum indians order hanford site along grand coulee dam electricity Smowhalla refused great spiritual leaders smowhalla 9 19 water nuclear reactor noted 20 1I hundred years earlier through forced plenty build location great irony nation develop montana washington oregon needed water federal government government less very land along identify perfect columbia river provided irrigated hanford site franklin T matthias flew government investigators assigned 1I take years access remote place investigating multiple sites california mostly low 50000 acres home acreage manhattan land reservation accurately foretold ways upon force became familiar people native americans latter day saints like someone else lands either being displaced just didnt want them wanted 6 united states government handed march 1943 taking entitled declaration columbia river received forever 2 11 river land claim come white men 22 farming fanning communities along quiet little harming notice hanford richland developing military facility needed informed hanford area bluffs richland called war effort five days later area numbering richland discover confiscation understand almost everyone mass meeting governmental reality lands location due sensitivity time 24 project largest public residents partially apprised secrecy many did need reportedly became understandably angry 21 march mass meeting properties historical records indicate gathering ever situation residents 23 thousand people attended fate 11 I 11I headlines richland white huge war industry war projects purpose claimed land taken explain white bluffs small town folks farmers weekly kennewick courier reporter carried 1943 lives drastically change devastating blow little official papers 25 prophecy story detail m ferkin washington 5557 halla described smowhalla Smow sanger hanford 6 white settlers taken land future takeover 22 parker tales 375 23 kennewick courier reporter written wilson tempered 12 11 march 1943 24 parker tales 375 wilson tempered 12 23 25 government stemmed mostly resentment towards landowners feelings anger designed governments need keep things secret maintain lack information feelings resentment relief war replaced many end project purpose angry indicated anna hendricks interview finally war 48 crops before relocated while others leave immediately due importance military operation losing parents harvested pain homes encouraged homes troops sons serving tell return soldiers reality midst lands confiscated areas military very detrimental suggested 26 expected project morale risk government confidential land seizure talk word reached mission president bennion concerning white bluffs northwestern states almost immediate response mission march 1943 16 saints having leave finding new homes branch traveled part saint families discussion affected address met together problem discuss government seizure obvious fighting issue white bluffs decided year end mission report noted close knit branch consideration white bluffs area homes closed blow governments action land 27 government 20 latter day disappointing serious decision hanford engineering works 22 march 1943 construction began state washington avoid connecting name manhattan project name hanford engineering works HEW weapons manufacturing 26 especially extended chosen highly parker tales 376 27 families affected mission history often speaks NWSMMH 16 march 1943 found substantial number families latter day saints group complete list limited information identified author others text original settlers 49 classified attempt added animosity anger understand why military corps confiscated engineers claimed while schools allowed receive what cases initial offer did white bluffs small towns considered took money within government offered what move farmers felt like farmland value fair price twice lands receive payment those ninety days 28 those assessors fought court did take original assessed offer made much five years region people term land though recognize jury court received government total 625 square miles 400000 acres finish three months fair market value easterners explanation 28 given between two weeks referred farmers did homes little notice columbia river encompassing hanford richland lost those land both sides land project top secret nature nuclear weapon develop took 29 effects making atomic weapon project those whose lives powerful weapon ever made destroy life building severely interrupted due 29 subject better secular histories written parker tales 376 what happened first hand accounts hanford lands well researched contains many firsthand confiscation extension manhattan governments decision build directly influenced those sources actively farming home many called land project wilson tempered 12 Hol dens personal history boldens lucy holdens mentioned these same circumstances sanger hanford 5 reliable history those involved first hand lives project 50 time money encouraged defeat patriotic everything including remained bitter do contribute left dorothy skelton rawlins raised worldwide conflict families recognized land looked forced contribution nothing somewhere else new family began war effort homes seemed unreasonable farmland live david white bluffs where soldiers settlement farm soon found themselves caught 1943 while dorothy expecting army army while david drafted rationing spirit belongings simply packed dorothy extra towards united states enemies giving especially scarce people cash reserves rawlins skelton family moved leave white bluffs 51 first child david skelton grandview Grandview washington christmas day otis skelton tried orchard white bluffs return vineyards caskets white bluffs cemetery left unattended families 31 survive during struggled own use prosser washington 177 governmental expense hanford church groups white bluffs rationed war times white bluffs dorothy rawlins wrote 30 government even moved now disbanded confiscated land looking back members pulled FBI came newly planted old die Top penish toppenish year crops picked closed schools shut orchards sites purchased harvest goverm government nent goberm arrest him businesses davids parents moved 1943 following church eviction experience tragic time us everybody just really sad go kept touch get many them long time pasco many them went sunnyside Sunny side yakima area went back cache valley john hyer did aerials husband brother 1I said you know wife went back too well I1 thought horace came here ever walla walla 1I said leave white bluffs you promise me come back walla walla intention ever leaving white bluffs aerial said sure I1 life going live rest what happened said well 1I guess wed reminded him well promise 32 anywhere feeling being scattered lands homes loss friends added heavily orchards latter day saints forbearers bearers forced removal poignant family associated feelings kirtland missouri reminiscent nauvoo turned 30 96 kennewick 95 9596 31 parker tales 376 32 quote kennewick 118 memories white bluffs included white bluffs family migrated ml grated dorothy rawlins son stephen rawlins i 52 chapter dedicated history young boy backs understood communities looking nearby farming fanning latter day saints moved new farms surrounding towns purchase undoubtedly discouraged land left washington land loss bringing hanford project importance war earlier end them time walked away lands homes return idaho while others filtered utah small town farming rapid change participated boomtown military population world war I1 veterans assisted reiterate many project washington suffered great losses forced utah based church these latter day saint families added dwindling farmlands white bluffs small communities significant numbers columbia river safe haven hanford engineering works stopped population growth these communities latter day saints just come soon removed hanford along church tight knit branch II utah transplants world war 11 fruits purchased latter day saints seeking new opportunities away further developed banks repay federal loans unable these abandoned farms lands leave soldier settlement governmental seizure farms land labors still hanging land along settle trees 53 land those orchards abandoned chapter four II population explosion world war 11 1943 1945 19431945 science military construction activity converged previously quiet sweeping bend united states works columbia river thousands help organize instant city many control rent prices due those land seeking new opportunities search understand previously settled come settlers nearby farming communities employment others chose diverse parts land increasing population place away hanford areas moved new farms found work home overnight population explosion many white bluffs lived area those government hanford engineering works secrecy farming west centers needed lands surrounding real estate value long before called sudden interest people gathered hanford engineering build everything newly acquired governmental property soared intervened area military project hanford remain closer growing various trades community recruitment efforts brought people project while others came necessary due construction camp established technicians arrived fulfill specific needs quality employment nearly advertisement every occupation sorely needed housing hanford enormity workers building construction progressed develop population increase project 54 project well scientists engineers complete change major construction site landscape communities scattered farms militarized militari zed city compound replaced rural orchards kkinrciu 5n lccaieii Han hanfords fords purpose 1939 albert einstein alerted president franklin D roosevelt nuclear fission research soon president roosevelt assigned 2 billion development top secret manhattan project established purpose build germanys germanas Germ anys 1 hanford engineering works nuclear reactor site weapons tindall america 785 55 piuto produce pluto plutonium mum process developing nuclear energy before ever military project university researcher likely fission uranium 235 end 12 2 nov 1942 dec 1942 21 dec 1942 march 1943 april 1945 building word 2 3 2 already arms race hanford united states corps engineers assigned charge manhattan project united states government decides build plutonium separation facilities production reactors hanford site first nuclear reaction chicago enrico fermi achieves pile 1I reactor university Chi cagos staff field chicagos manage contract construct worlds du pont receives first plutonium production facility construction hanford engineering works presently named hanford site begins 3 construction completed instant city employment opportunities hanford quickly spread people came referred united states military efforts key events united states 1941 develop nuclear weapons before germany did date august 1942 plutonium 239 california berkeley discovered II academic entered world war 11 underway 25 february 1941 nearly ten pearl harbor glenn seaborg united states months before japan attacked academic discoveries nuclear bomb began camp hanford central washington thousands quickly built near 2htphwwwhanfordgovdocsrl httpwwwhanfordgovdocsrl 97 1047chpl 3httphwwwhanfordgovdocs httpwwwhanfordgovdocs 56 7 place called huge construction site former town accommodate 50000 people 4300 units trailer communities hanford amenities peak construction payroll reaching did hastily built temporary city churches schools stores banks usual swimming pool even II anna burke hendricks world war 11 beginning wyoming soon afterwards casper wyoming moved living work state lovell wyoming military recruiters visited lovell looking friends needed work strong offered wanted adventure pasco washington industries anna did starting war plant hanford washington help convinced anna hanford use women annas heard win friend disposition feel like steady job steadyjob work boarded war related shipyards knew wanted du pont made gunpowder go recruiters war effort nearly everyone recruiters say people war effort patriotic pride contribute many young people wanted way train ticket jobs helping lovell visiting family eighteen months later employment security office two 137000 people worked estimated february 1945 march 1943 june 1944 4 45096 195 temporary barracks 912 huts consisted building big need lots train help left office find work 5 4 sanger hanford 4849 48 49 sited 5 anna burke hendricks interview connell washington 12 june 2001 audio recording came coming hanford anna married dewain hendricks authors possession brother lucy hendricks original 15 latter day saint families settle white bluffs dewain work women talked times social genre holden anna spoke 11 world war II il belief commented length war ships shipping yards riveting commented what womens liberation movement saw really beginning sometimes clerks stores offices time women either worked teachers perspective before II women men asked do every job during world war 11 anna commented gone 57 anna hendricks began working fast paced life style ofhanford hanford local dust storms coming leave checks wasnt time fruit did what menus served ten days hold outnumbered camp hanford large recreation hall 4000 dancers women five america places time plentiful hanford each construction period alone nearly best dance bands five thousand single women workers lived play stay while meat 2700 people ate advance eight mess halls during mealtime during accommodations workers nation food rest planned two months 25000000 meals make encourage being rationed burden employees project tried desperately charge possible high turnover day commenting checks people writing 6 timea time6 time going those high winds blew through many payroll offices remained open twenty four hours anna said recalled employees construction severe belongings ask pack reason nice high turnover rate clearly remembers called ten termination bination winds nination these dust storms people payroll offices 7 built just country came barracks men still numerical imbalance opposite competition female dancing partner must fierce industry business united states II many companies altered production world war 11 ensure profit others simply closed 6 7 heavily impacted outbreak include wartime materials dynamics ofhanford hanford required rapid construction anna hendricks 12 june 2001 rempei tempei ed 15 wilson tempered 58 necessities provided things clothing stores mabel wahlquist clothes buyer CC anderson department chain fondly remembers ever opened scratch very short time hanford plant recalls government priority store where everything cost brand spanking new allowed extremely tight lot frowned upon people project inquire what blueprint mabel gated city people security questioning manufacturer get knew what doing needed richland store do just buy anything store related fun 8 expected specifics word every sense buy anything went nuclear worked peculiar store wanted built completely people benefit complete government priorities quantities interesting richland washington stores situation basic needs businesses capitalized addition privileges did come come pleased go unknowns unnecessary do theiriobs jobs do them well du pont did ever nothing like exactly how 9 do exact done before project remained occasionally deterred construction top secret secrecy history unknown public labeled classified 8 9 hanford site manhattan project role 1943 1990 nearly fifty years 19431990 national security reasons hanford facilities information marcia terry andrews wahlquist pdf 1047chp 1 adf httphwwwhanfordgovdocsrl httpwwwhanfordgovdocsrl 97 1047chplpdf mabel wahlquist memoirs typed 59 purposefully 1992 23 2322 restricted maintained restrictions secrecy large extent until recently information inaccessible interest levels drop hanford compound going what exactly dark mabel wahlquist thought hanford military project hanford well informed heard 10 Han fords initial hanfords national security important before arriving histories studies energy united states department top secret classification made time elapsed significant numbers yet conducted public remained came minnesota give public speech senator sounded like related hanford knew exactly what going 1I thought 1I did know later think thought very well informed discovered said nothing correct wrong war being built 1I guess what best guarded secrets I1 dont know well now way press gets hold guarded everything quickly just simply known really anything very definite atomic bomb until landed hiroshima 1I challenges peculiar sensation mabel wrote you spooky strange things observe girls working looked through project idea what 10 0 11 12 lived day someone ibid wahlquist memoirs 232 wahlquist memoirs 232 60 searched rooms 12 knew work made barracks often commented people secretive thing part find things during coming tight security know store militari zed zone militarized store town rooms return how having came work being offered job united states those involved many cities throughout way told town construction site II world war 11 many buses said nothing 133 probably unimaginable consistently idea transplanting size project tight security project did know what new growth governmental takeover met latter day saints disbanded due land things looked discouraging church branch little bomb dropped white bluffs branch members uncomfortably seen 24 hour news coverage our day of24 worked richland during many people ridden secret military city strong encouragement worked many building until maps world nowhere else long distance 14 included unknown satirist described living richland dont talk projects classified nature remind everyone war hanford project button your lip phrases rapidly growing city ofrichland richland produced during sprung signs encouraging secrecy posted keep quiet simply SHHHH secrecy war effort wartime industries connected since met together white bluffs before time faithful those areas dorothy rawlins described military takeover rented closest little church group you ever saw grange hall used meet believe me got sunday thats where see what right someone somebody wasnt morning everyone felt find why werent those people matter nice always summer time loved people need long distances come church people came picnic wed 13 httphwwwhanfordjzovdocsrl httpwwwhanfordgovdocsrl 14 15 1415 wilson vibon tempered 14 97 l 1047chp 047chp 1 61 cold creek where our branch president hanford ringold drive quite distance used wed bring lunch then wed afternoon meetings stay enjoy morning fun tables grange hall oh picnic everybody else concerned everybody close church group beautiful situation 1I think helping everyone else everyone 15 ever closer lord john hyer lived branches closure area meetings appeared remembers law area anna related lucy maintained lucy latter day saint families often spoke yakima shortly promise came white bluffs talk heard saints latter day saints moved original 15 church conference made recall area stay told well established again church time church future hope governmental takeover remembered see very close friends anna hendricks grown sister found fellowship those bad situation each strength organized church end 16 6 pasco kennewick neighboring communities side sunnyside Sunny concentrated war effort works brought many latter day saints church growth during time richland government build central washington surrounding towns saints started another branch hanford engineering led pasco 62 kennewick hanford history dorothy rawlins comes quote kennewick 115 son stephen rawlins recorded chapter entitled memories white bluffs 16 anna hendricks interview 12 june 2001 15 tremendous found growth organization due church hanford project crews urgency day seven days 17 week regular fellowship commented how organize few p8 hanford early license plates members notices investigate records indicate woman clark oark school dark president 20 latter day saints make work latter day saints wind shields windshields bulletin boards interest starting conducted paul E lowe decide 17 get come work utah cars church branch counselors find 19 twelve men missionary 20 february 1944 hanford branch 0 david merrill decided hanford site elder porter clark oark dark latter day saints met together officially establish small congregate met together placed placed anna unfamiliar first organized church meeting attendance afton wyoming improvised 1944 invitations many cultures unusual wartime circumstances discover best customs tendency sunday meetings accustomed difficult anna hendricks them found each saints recent transplants word hanford construction crews town latter day saint young woman soon manifested itself home type oflifestyle lifestyle very different hanford first came working twenty four hours those latter day saints far transition life hanford lewis james V thompson believed wilson tempered 16 18 1 anna hendricks 12 june 2001 200 19 18 wilson tempered 17 1718 20 james V thompson 0 david merrill paul E initial two hour meeting attending morton jesse D mccullough william H Timm timmerman ennan elaine drake thomas lowe donald D owen C allred woodrow G barnett sterling nelson richard G jones ethan L hansen 63 attendance less 29 members 21 organized school new hanford branch greatest challenges renting building rapidly growing area premium space quickly school accommodate them eventually ended high school rental cost members began think construction crews having rent high even rent raised remembers always gone hanford barracks country made among 21 22 23 branch government largest congregations 22 hanford work train church members meeting government took considered less active parents what church church became people anna those first days old hanford school used before get together land anna sacagawea sacajawea newly constructed columbia arrived where clark oark dark lewis addition hanford built two church buildings quickly found never membership increased own meeting house anna hendricks recalls time meetings building jefferson school then constructing latter day saints continued project used old protestant church used finding hold various locations buildings school sunday 12 march 1944 month later own now never lived among safe haven hers different standards those army barracks without adventurous young people wilson tempered 17 wilson tempered 17 anna hendricks 12 june 2001 64 new home believes first little church group church came 23 hanford helped branch vibrant enthusiasm continued grow affect basin half century saints young singles hanford du pont earlier latter day saints southern idaho raised then earned young single man moved company cache county utah farm connecticut smaller caliber ammunition lowell massachusetts signed secrecy before manhattan project december early leaders newly developing city hard university betty moved washing machine come manhattan project heard 1943 hanford sewing machine plants wilmington delaware hanford washington du pont hired milton construction project training long war milton married betty priority due lyman 25 november 1943 du pont offered milton trip milton remington arms employment remington arms company began closing down many transfer where graduating utah state upon graduation transferred six months until born bom latter day saint served 1936 chemistry degree cache valley old white bluffs area milton south cache high school valedictorian mission settled families same area came person came men chemists recruited professionals milton rasmussen log cabin ones blue collar workers employment hanford six months where received preparation chicago chemist atomic project anticipating move young couple purchased three used appliances fan those first used items 65 wartime home appliances greatly appreciated milton very first chemists pont company operate without betty gender segregated barracks upon arriving shortly thereafter richland returned rasmussens Rasmus sens project foundation church played where larry 1943 larry working scrambling employers stay employed until notify law draft board work strenuous becoming very involved growing latter day saints came during early development integral part recruitment brought bernice nelson latter day saint families living salt lake city utah du pont arms plant many men qualified workers larry time drafted headed pasco hanford project larry did 24 being drafted promised bonus du pont advertised pasco washington area larry decided transfer week demands 24 du ponts fonts efforts well first sunday few weeks later work long hours six days church like many richland branch beginning hanford sunday school betty joined him prevent utah funeral newly formed latter day saint branch where project required milton schedule did families washington immediately left employment attended church counted 40 people area housing sisters untimely death hanford project arrived june 1943 du help project chemical separation plants middle everyone lived notified arrive accept transfer few coworkers bring wife workers then father children him milton rasmussen interview 8 august 2002 audio recording authors possession milton now 84 way gather wheat me stopped connell visit still physically very active years old betty home brief biographical sketch milton north ofritzville Ritz ville nearly 100 miles ritzville 66 second job working took money larry soon registered richland while built bring washington spent 25 larry followed suit house hooked came plenty family came tract houses vacated side until september sunnyside Sunny richland available families 16 penny nails government resources making do people utilized rural farm country large community turned many latter day saints wartime project ended came during order govenu nent govens government acquired year 26 june 1943 washington family moved different people came under various circumstances brought old white another makeshift home larry fixed used electricity prefabricated home pretty bad condition vacant houses house being taken prevented them family sooner brought white bluffs little spare time getting windows securing them white bluffs old tract house law found old vacant home located bluffs farms housing father extra earn government house wait housing list hanford family trailer camp grocery store settling area long term iong tenn longterm latter day saints moved hanford area grow hanford branch consisted latter day saints rasmussen found branch continued walks life 93 where I1 first learned milton saints 91 9193 kennewick gathering ofsaints columbia basin hanford project impact 25 tract houses milton rasmussen referred old hanford white bluffs farm houses 8 august 2002 years abandoned houses interview these tract houses spoke nicer farmhouses inhabited recently removed farmers homes before others being leaders waited new homes commodity especially while highly sought nicer tract houses project managers taking officers constructed richland milton remembers preferred these homes living gardens orchards often themselves since barracks 26 83 kennewick 81 8183 67 branch combined diversity government project moved father hanford house painter work members nona kraus shoemaker strengthen family scouring nonas father took went mother children 1944 nonas then started working family left small farm order them live believes houses none town house built eventually moved exhibited many restricted area having used 27 style house positive attitude families brought double nice home gratitude reveals latter day saints moved waiting list government made took great care us let many children names then put story duplex nona reflected heaven know exactly why big enough leave another farmhouse closer show large family few months stayed live went family probably built yet government butte montana area nona does go nona providing housing restricted government area come workers government project work workers old farmhouse inside badges country looking aunt according cared first built barracks families him time looking 1943 things changed winter shoemaker family du pont recruiters leaving long periods often leave home warmer climates during 1944 before area purchased homes additional members development family within mutual improvement association 27 various church auxiliaries provided opportunities nona krause shoemaker interview 21 branch 21 established followed august 2002 audio recording 68 may 1944 young mens relief society authors possession 9 july improvement association organized hanford branch july 16th moved 31 permanent residences richland branch branch grew middle hanford project entire area branch 29 just 315 year later 1945 close 600 members regularly attending church provide fellowship worldwide conflict richland branch become 30 latter day saints strength involved 28 majority richland where december 1944 located doubled continued boy scouts october 1944 membership end quickly implemented programs formed choir november organized young womens mutual primary quick succession came war effort through foundation church next 50 years 28 18 1718 wilson tempered 17 29 29nwsmmh NWSMMH 31 december 1944 hanford branch very few entries HNWSM everything happened interviews indicate time period estimates surrounding area during II sorely effecting il recorded while world war 11 lot information fast hanford best source seems rather sporadic kept locally information rm missions sesions ssions hanford saints memory 30 18 19 wilson tempered 1819 69 chapter five stabilization 1945 1950 19451950 world changed dropped city japan hiroshima japan destroying four square miles 36000 people days later night 14 august 1945 1600 feet above exploded emperor august 1945 fat man emperor himself declared 2 entered these events marked atomic age larry nelson working store shouting end never nagasaki surrender five radio surrender battleship board world war Han fords role ofhanfords hanfords B 29 city killing another cabinet japan urged formal surrender took place 2 september 1945 broadcast missouri 9 car dropped second nuclear bomb named similar effects enola gay B 29 bomber 60000 people three days later bomber bock 1 august 1945 first atomic bomb killing rushed 6 11 II 3 world same hanford store atomic bomb sanger hanford 178 those involved 6 august 1945 dropped man nagasaki japan immense size construction second bomb bulbous appearance reportedly named fat man death counts listed tindall company george brown shi david E america narrative history new york W W norton 1989 784 788 784788 1989784 1989784788 2 2tindall 784 788 tindall america narrative history 784788 3 gsanger sanger 3sanger bomb L hanford oral history world war 11II seattle living history press 1989 177 subject discussion research atrocities war area history directly relate brief extent try show how discussed author does claim settlement central washington specifically latter day saints II allow detailed study world war 11 fought wars reasons expert hanford project own conclusions concerning whether reader opportunity make these events caused conflict doubt undertaken should should latter day saints people worked hanford including conscience turn off recorder others discuss project interviewed introduction nuclear weapons coming years searching questions before answering philosophies latter day saint involvement asked among scholars concerning world war 70 off wiping stuff map secret ofhanford hanford known materials manhattan project materials making nuclear mission carrying successful mission fulfilled bomb first hanford chemists hired indicated compartmentalized throughout working project 5 public found extraordinary secret military town ofrichland richland instant fame few years earlier purpose development know part do ending war hanford became hanford nuclear site time suddenly became world famous maps made project needed manhattan project impact information concerning apparent became construction what told anything hanford du pont confidential government project information pertaining recalls 4 top secret government backed project nature milton rasmussen time employees manufacturing nuclear weapons hanford engineering works connection helped end surrounding communities lived near surprised news bomb contributed hanford war traveled swiftly throughout hanford soon made public manhattan project nuclear materials manufactured hanford made right here bomb 4 magnitude area held few settlers certain irony considered remained secret old timers long just whole area too desolate daughter kathy Nel sons life recorded story larry belsons nelsons first time father told often story must kennewick nelson corbaley youngest year kathy worked big secret project details heard area still lives five children 5 milton rasmussen interview 8 august 2002 audio recording authors possession 83 4kennewick kennewick 81 8183 71 knowledge worth much close importance governments decision credit those war following minds efforts back possibility seemed probable life without war 6 those fulfilled hanford returning area take nuclear project place ofdu du pont offu quiet sagebrush desert look du pont company war 7 knowledge hanford stabilized still utilized 1947 previous anxious separate understanding opened door gave general electric assume responsibility manufacturing work nuclear energy plutonium though nuclear energy development soon emerged plutonium well now questioned project returned II potential benefits increased following world war 11 opportunity hanford project intended purpose remain development soldiers home bring charge hanford workers immediately following continued growth cost liest worlds costliest anxious hanford closing employment while others chose itself peace americans turned promise homeland development laborers realized hanford future hanford project job stability became foremost history many americans returning gave war earlier end bring publicity business necessary lands confiscate many employees human conflicts focus helping area Han fords secret revealed ofhanfords hanfords production priority nuclear weapons job security hanford engineering works came under direction 6 788 6tindall 784788 tindall america 784 first place reluctant get involved milton rasmussen du pont public want war du pont did secret government project nuclear weapons further study ofdu du pont see kinnane adrian involved weapons development offu think pout wilrm agton delaware EI du pont de ngton wilmington miracles ofscience science wierm brandywine banks Pont du pontfrom found taylor graham D company nemours history ofdu du ponts fonts larger perspective offu 7 according i 72 newly formed national atomic energy commission AEC hanford project site returned resulted enlarged hanford improved renewed focus work force construction purposes families surrounding communities necessity size another temporary permanent potential increased hanford chose framework church latter day saints chose formed increase result nuclear nearby communities established themselves families work continued population growth long term employment accepted longterm employment opportunities those came added work subsequently led new reactors those 8 job market led hanford came construction project often Q richland positive economic effect post war growth build five AEC hired 28000 workers wartime bustle hanford increased construction two additional chemical processing plants reactors under AEC management latter day saint remain fostered healthy growth during next 50 years family affair many family reasons typical following those settle settle long term chose war du pont offered milton employment wife betty headed east patricia E sudnik du pont font central washington came new baby milton rasmussen chemist new jersey year later milton accepted ajob job international chemical industry boston massachusetts twayne 1984 8 sanger hanford 178 threat today economy longer viewed remains largest employer region hanford II may permanently crippled end world war 11 closing down recognized permanent fixture AEC hanford establishment AEC see richard information concerning temporary government project 73 general electric company returned lived return west new offer return what open spaces rasmussens Rasmus sens called anxious return mouth through family relationships leona hendricks stinson large family 1940 siblings leona bluffs areas terribly disappointed siblings having significant impact high school join better agricultural disappointment lies lles iles farni families 10 leave hanford white live closer children high school leona remembers being graduated having hendricks rest adult children already living grandchildren although word still living central washington soon washington leonas parents wanted 9 stinson family story central washington looking opportunities washington seven children parents left utah migrated church often spread cache valley utah ended latter day saint community graduation places point case youngest began opportunity initial growth washington benefits sagebrush sweet smell familiar friends living reported benefits young family recognized hanford gave him significantly involved hanford utah east before washington milton family hanford new contractor friends tempered however descriptions benefits lifelong home lewiston excitement closer relocating washington united states atomic energy commission university park pennsylvania history pennsylvania state university press 1962 9 du pont miltonrasmusseninterview mllton rasmussen interview 8 august 2002 milton told scientists working milton truly felt fireplace kept imported sagebrush smell bowl full east marvelous place raising washington desert believes west drawn move back work hanford made family hes very grateful 10 notes authors leona hendricks interview 6 august 2002 audio recording assisted living apartment elderly woman living tri cities area possession leona washington G hewlett 74 siblings already residing near family set leona stage fear older brothers old farm truck roads trip excitement loading long drive washington making uneventful memory except heading towards pendleton oregon leona pendleton evening job see washington leona white bluffs community area fulfilled vivid memory reached beautiful much I1 white bluffs leonas parents found small farm short time family strength made must sister lucy Hol dens house leona spoke boldens holdens pasco washington 11 them remaining washington staying command steering little like pioneers until sisters house saying columbia river far felt arrived anticipated brother fog running board while leona sixty years later traumatic experience move steep descent down darkness stick brake operate very primitive blue mountains family made help them move stood come things onto crossing limited visibility due living central washington migrate family rest still remember obvious advantages coupled near original purpose strength helped develop richland branch ended basin extended many latter day saints significant difference II il ended world war 11 leonas siblings remained hanford project establish foundation richland stake aftermath turnover II world war 11 people moved away leona hendricks interview 6 tri cities area experienced area others quickly moved august 2002 75 great deal vacated government homes remain built looked area continued father decided eight siblings father what concerned children busy again able care well devils workshop idle hands kraus family enjoyed living day saint branch nearby travel believed attending church become important organized group put place rent father continued move often nonas father often organized latter none local methodist church nonas like situation where put sale house summer being near church home sold large family until tent until lived father initially soon decided however family needed makeshift tent town happy meetings did latter day saints quickly found richland felt children 12 better him home rivers edge watermelons sometimes attend children good purchased benton family benton grapes father kraus keep enough work property acres stay busy working family nona wanted richland nearby kiona benton area fruit trees high school go did trouble while living acreage said getting ready richland city life wanted rural communities since richland homes 1946 nona kraus grow project workers finished new home organized membership 12 nona kraus shoemaker interview 21 august 2002 audio recording notes authors left montana come hanford project harold twelve possession nona baptized young man young boy 1935 shoemaker moved benton nonas family gs evenings ebenm having met nona high school participating family home evenm i 76 church remained very important children him tried provide best circumstances 3 13 sustained latter day saint growth branches richland pasco kennewick addition 1948 yakima district under still part states mission 28 january 1948 meeting 232 men attended wife central washington saints area number priesthood leadership led conference stucki named richland growth throughout territory north increasing region meeting elders quorum potential less 13 newly formed quorum yakima including ellensburg ellensberg Ellens burg richland three months northwestern states mission pasco kennewick branches yakima district 14 latter day around area pasco kennewick present ten northwestern membership those branches first elders quorum president richland president strength development richland established held principal speakers shifting active men northwestern priesthood conference meeting indicate records direction area branches states mission joel richards branch these meeting divided recently april 1948 virgil thirty elders 5 sustained september 1948 included newly formed wenatchee natchee district think anything offer shoemaker interview 21 august 2002 nona did opened area started share great insights then research project 14 NWSMMH 28 january 1948 15 first quorum elders northwestern states mission NWSMMH 13 april 1948 rapid growth further proof church richland area set across branch boundaries unusual church wide growth central washington time during may northwestern states mission those leading attention impressive enough gain 13 77 latter day saints continued surrounding areas new converts richland happen latter day saints northwestern states mission part finding meeting location proving difficult columbia high school these factors combined researching possibility place motivate permanent meetinghouse form stake become expensive richland branch began smaller buildings series district richland branch hold meetings time grow ward organized sufficient numbers large branches helping numerical strength pasco richland kennewick move rent new members begin needs fill meet latter day saints obvious growth 1947 build meetinghouse prompted property latter day saints piece richland town leasing land difficulties build fund raising richland government chapel deal term lease long longterm hanford project property new experience church worked details begin construction sold caused branches soon five months building fund money raising projects enough money sign downtown richland still government controlled securing became involved land petitions latter day saint chapel 16 richland branch exceeded 1000 members meetings scheduled 16 facilities meetings scheduled available 1 24 2224 wilson tempered 2124 78 different times building being held activities various meetings very apparent members church details land leasing actually started building chapel construction latter day saint meetinghouse significant project community richland since else seemed temporary saturday 5 sign february 1949 district conference due first shovel dirt 18o six years finally building throughout 17 18 held richland meeting church meetings nearly constant growth richland branch call yakima district conference many members 375 area necessitated own large number breaking service groundbreaking ground first session attending everything stability renting buildings days end district living near richland richland faiths indicated northwestern states mission spoke 0 members jadwin street new jadwin chapel breaking service groundbreaking ground richland president richards coming own construct 17 washington along turned government friends them important new building time before zed non LDS even volunteered militari militarized building latter day saints labor own first non government construction unincorporated town week need great enthusiasm members forged ahead worked throughout sundays secure building space extremely expensive members 6 february 1949 held held 500 area two general sessions second rapid growth additional session held wilson tempered 21 NWSMMH 5 february 1949 79 branches kennewick pasco kennewick branch members following district conference held same year ye yearthe yeartie arthe number attending september first session 669 people church membership families moved latter day saints significantly increased 2861 20 membership meant members rapid increase building effort 1948 responsible church area leona hendricks stinson spoke begin working always helping 21 church time start work another 19 donations time period members project building construction just seemed like building pasco those days relied physical labor talents building fund composed largely building fund saying mission building program area time money required using year throughout 1949 branches besides richland needed larger places many contribute end growth move ins translated local membership facilities transplanted northwestern states mission reported branch began building small chapel project considerable number growth area meet numerical growth placed priority members six branches though 1001 new converts baptized during new converts conference second attended 509 yakima district reported president J carroll bagley district 19 rapid growth church another my husband 22 NWSMMH 6 february 1949 20 NWSMMH 1I111I september 1949 221 baptized indicate specifically how many those converts records do HNWSM 31 december 1949 yakima district significant portion may 22 something truck time needed leona hendricks stinson indicated buildings work using people husband go get told interview 6 august 2002 church needs same fashion always reply said 80 jadwin chapel began construction work chapel allowed harold build jadwin building tile allowed hanford remain general electric animals learned reactors radiation harold millwright stake center throughout volunteers contributed saints burden great during overhauling hanford richland beauty 24 23000 hours volunteer hours construction period 23 1951 until 1988 earn money working another 18162 hours leavitt karren reportedly donated test sheep apprentice program where involved these skills construction period addition agriculture used then transferred initial opportunity proud remain option hanford river pumps harold worked faithfully remains grateful AEC previous experience farm fan fannn small harm work allowed him area harold appreciated gave him farm find able direction reactors under central washington without owning first hired laying project harold leading employer employment opportunity chapel many others hanford project construction area 23i work complete general electric working employment remain helping work volunteer like week additional forty hours paid then skilled workers need building fund paid week twenty hours worked sixty hours 11 il looking world war II young newly married veteran harold shoemaker labor paid labor 844 credited man named financial still required nona shoen laker interview 21 august 2002 shoemaker 24 harold shoemaker interview 21 august 2002 nona shoemaker indicated during brief recording harold answering few questions worked hanford husband interview authors possession same tape recorded 81 meeting places due rent unfinished building chapel high costs 27 february 1950 early inlaid scout emblem summer building members began meeting rent detailed work scout room floor dedicated beautiful completed following year 9 september 1951 25 richland stake extended mission AEC richland branch church continued large branch coupled grow reaching completion formation harold B lee council northwestern states mission district another meeting district officers 225 discuss dedication booklet day church yakima stake district formation jadwin building written 21 26 wilson tempered 2126 26 milton rasmussen interview 8 august 2002 having building become ward milton thought state president joel richards organization held later third first presidency twelve met discuss richland central washington saturday 24 june 1950 stephen L richards 26 formation stage jadwin street chapel first stake 1300 members many stabilized community set richland stake facilitated hanford engineering works stake branch presidents 27 LM becksted jr see split asked why branch did biggest factor does remember being push big push called ward opposed branch get own building very expensive stop meeting columbia high school them rent hard feel like own really strong church group without place 27 direction local leader called congregations branches latter day saints under time districts washington under group branches forms district branch president ward typically larger congregation direction northwestern states mission latter day form stake bishops oversee local ward area wards coupled saints wards form stake group stake presidents lead members church living 28 28deseret 1997 1998 salt lake city utah 1998 276 wilson deseret news church almanac 19971998 tempered 26 82 sunday 25 june 1950 next day latter day saints washington organization richland hermiston branch hepner sunday school northwestern states mission walla walla ward stake included branch becoming center seen church 8 growth entire region 29 NWSMMH 25 june 1950 30 milton rasmussen interview new richland those first thirteen people hanford project just six years earlier wonderful branch august 2002 83 addition geographical proximity total membership approximately 3180 yakima taken new stake 29 wards two wards newly formed stake oregons egons union stake formation started made part richland formation pasco kennewick sunnyside Top penish Sunny side toppenish ward each moved coupled stake newly formed richland stake consisted branches jesus christ church newly constructed jadwin building formed 28Q t 180th 180h stake northwestern states mission organized richland stake I1 30 1944 those built witnessed richland chapter six basin watering 1951 1972 19511972 during determinant II following world war 11 hanford project growth central washington columbia basin project completion war dam became development development economic stimulus columbia basin project impact dam great depression those ultimate columbia basin agricultural face came fanning opportunities saints seeking better farming settle place evident lives continued posterity land agricultural tradition many 1951 basin columbia basin irrigation project transformed those columbia basin construction carry irrigation water complete change dam effects grand coulee insured continued growth through 1933 during ready end connection newly irrigated agricultural areas grand coulee dam began significant latter day project lands children raise agricultural environment controlling great columbia river grand coulee dam columbia basin irrigation project meant new lands farmers II attention returned central washington following world war 11 arid west promised revive productive farms mean columbia basin irrigation project completion larger diversity fanning entire area enhance farming ability crops increase coupling new face reclamation irrigation water number control water amounts through irrigation turn 84 domino effect whole build continue towns dam however columbia basin project reclamation efforts associated atomic energy development plants six 65000 horsepower pumps pump water war emphasis returned irrigation project resultant franklin D roosevelt lake dam electricity pumping plant key components ready concrete lined feeder canal well aluminum industries cheap source supported 1946 construction resumed irrigation project grand coulee finish construction clock grand coulee dam during world war 11 II following irrigation primary role 2 much needed wartime airplane 1942 1933 1941 19331941 columbia basin project act authorized work thousands worked around dam 1935 further electric power became production 1943 harbors act dam progressed II delayed world war 11 irrigation project continue rivers 1933 construction united states involvement columbia public works administration project under designated project grand coulee dam columbia basin project damming national industrial recovery act supported 1 reclamation began building beginning grand coulee people attract united states bureau 1933 loads roads population bring new industry develop increase economy operate grand coulee pumping took until 1951 operation carry plant designed water north damming columbia river see blaine hardens river adverse effects book shows columbia new york WW norton 1996 death lost life increased farmland fam fland cheap electricity columbia good intentions damming americans brought nuclear waste native americans endangered salmon exploitation led area 1 2 study httpwwwscbidorghistoryhtmi httpwwwscbidorghistoryhtml 85 banks lake end 1951 1951 completed 18 miles equalizing reservoir located above later enlarged length 25 feet deep 18 1.8 natural canyon like lake via 2 11 mlle mile coulee walls columbia basin main canal coulee city reservoir preliminary truman dedicated irrigation meeting irrigating facts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 system carries bound banks sennes senies series serles water throughout distribute grand coulee dam irrigation project feeder canal inaugurating dream frank irrigation removed franklin D roosevelt lake opening passed since named earthen dams west reservoirs may 195 19511 young women representing each dam banks lake 4 president harry named 3 east length water channels tunnels siphons canal grand coulee dam banks lake 27 miles south north water accommodate 80 feet wide chief construction engineer banks original canal dam beginning dam occurred year later 7 48 states poured ceremonial water water delivery 5 attorney william clapps office finally become grand urand coulee dam may 1950 dedication columbia basin project lands columbia basin I 11 I 11 grand coulee thirty years Eph rata washington ephrath ephrata reality columbia basin project flood control primary functions electricity irrigation largest concrete dam north america 3rddlargest ard dlargest elargest world largest producer electricity dimensions length 5223 ft height above bedrock 550 ft base 500 ft thick dam 11975521 cubic yards total concrete hoover dam 1 4 power plants bonneville dam 2 33 generators bonneville dam 21 hoover dam 17 ion iong long banks lake 31 miles lon franklin D roosevelt reservoir 150 miles long 3 httpusersowtcomchubbardgcdamhtmlirrigatehtml httpusersowtcomchubbardgcdamhtmlirrigatehtn 4 httphwwwefcomconiwswracbpabouthtmi httpwwwefcomcomwswracbpabouthtml 5 downs mightiest 56 downs worked first hand account 86 engineer project gives excellent beginning irrigation project blocks inaugural pouring 1951 completed land creation 1951 195 1 7 developed under available units lottery system where drawn owned land Q 8 just getting under way reclamation bureau lifestyle families case studies latter drawing half century project spanning steady flow land buy priority names desperate farmers came seeking new lands placed larger irrigation land divided apply continually being made available land irrigation project originally prospective farmers initially veterans government 160 acres 6 nearly 13000 family size farms land blocks 1985 final units years until continued mattawa Mat tawa washington received water mattala expecting each new canal system built stages opened columbia basin water land sometimes adventurous improved agricultural opportunity day saint migration columbia basin irrigation project promising new opportunities frontier farming pieces farmland 11 world war II face again opened economic advantages grand coulee dam central washington people agriculture looking addition larger hanford columbia basin irrigation project changed effective results 6 bringing irrigation 2000 compiled 6othello bothello 19502000 legacy offaith othello stake faith 1950 othello washington stake roger durkee pasco WA bab express printing 1999 53 history committee jan walker 7 125 two day special report called watering 7tri atri trl tri city herald 5 may 2002 vol 100 incompleteness 2000 farms actually came west mike lee reported farms size necessary change project 8 grow compiled jimmie B stoker place betty lou benson basin city ward pasco WA bab express printing 1991 87 columbia basin demonstrated exceptions day saints studies lives trend latter day saints following examples settlers pull stakes made decision day families came surrounding communities jesus christ church building move richland saints irrigated lands joining farm case many latter representative dam these examples washington latter land claimed those lives latter day saints basin katie lay represent portion joseph basin having enough hopes remain desires opportunity basin late life joes ancestors raised primarily familiar deuel came matched 1902 opportunities came keep them close start latter day saint couple challenged agriculture prompted them left him way across southern man since considered children give new development stretched overseas latter day saints columbia move began pioneering heritage continent spanning 238 years ancestors lived escalante utah among long time wealthy nauvoo pioneer stock mississippi outlaws joe indians wild bunch butch cassidy bill wilson 9 10 rosie katie young beautiful full fire bright red hair katies family set grand ronde valley latter day saint community healthier climate rich agricultural joined eastern oregon theyjoined growing move newly formed union stake katie reportedly refused kohler charmaine lay southern grace beagle creek press 1995 95 i10 kohler southern grace 90 9 story 88 mississippi saints boise ID go without joseph utah lay katie filed 365 acre homestead katie 12 him spent forty joes pioneering blood 1943 joe heard radio broadcast columbia basin project joe convinced katie children land wanted joe saw something inspired challenge excitement contagious area power came joe affected before project irrigation system them start columbia basin basin purchased land big bend salesman working company value rose land available irrigation water 13 katies posterity suffered tremendous delay project caused completed discovered crops without destroy provide able total 90000 acres children owned land grow old surrounded new development land company selling 30000 grand coulee go look barren landscape ended best washington discussing children grandchildren I111I1 rustic central washington due dam wanted union years governor agricultural opportunities him joe restless feet got new land manti oregon once mountains 18 miles raised ten children beautiful mountain home then hurried parents temple before following sealed joe escalante soon married wind katie lay loaded kohler southern grace 92 12 94 9394 kohler southern grace 93 13 kohler southern grace 94 11 89 many others II those world war 11 plentiful irrigation following basin joseph loss like came harsh conditions opening possessions truck oregon longtime mountain home near union moved permanently grandchildren right where posterity basin thus opened improve time support themselves being conceived newdale idaho born bom raised idaho generation small agricultural community wayne farmers disliked working income nearby twin groves idaho verla winnie hobbs wayne 15 cold damp spud cellars verla verla schwendiman began kohler southern grace 95 wayne verla schwendiman interview supplemental notes wayne schwendiman still live couples own land posterity rata Eph ephrath ephrata 24 december farming fanning family family did young irrigation gatlon gation water InI int 1922 seventeen years later wayne owning provide opportunities grand coulee dam people columbia basin project agriculture enough land nearby idea like 14 posterity came economic conditions washington wayne edwin schwendiman enough land columbia columbia basin benefits 2 desired 1916 years moving agricultural opportunities schwendimann represent latter day saints schwendimans near advanced couple primary motivation door children near 14 wanted farmland primarily starting again warden washington new pioneering adventure case study sixty nine years old seventy two 1953 endless battles fam ilys familys supplement married married life born bom 8 8 june 1939 newdale may 2002 audio recording january 15 then interview short personal history written photocopy possession author oldest remaining schwendimann schwendimans author held governmental draw nearly fifty years ago original land acquired 2 90 verlas father dry farm along year later bought 160 acres another 160 acres canyon creek wayne cut log cabin 320 acre farm living conditions running water grandchildren father realized three times 1944 166 canyon creek gave them experience father chester idaho moved sufficient stock felt like things going well them money various jobs hamer idaho summer forced tried 1948 wayne time grow potatoes hired man come farming fanning problems 16 idaho go rather further encouraged them saying schwendiman interview 2 may 2002 91 make ends meet brothers went first heard spud temporary work man spoke where moved working spokane washington through developing irrigation project stick land right leave wayne recalls montana looking exchange small talk breaks owned man two columbia basin project wayne remembers digger land wayne wanted neighbor didnt yet built buy buy preparation farmed ground where newdale working brief time period without warning sold under us then columbia basin option cattle ranch next few years then sold primitive living conditions try ranching cattle ranch sold back rent sell decided future challenges law decided verlas II world war 11 beginning paid primitive four years school too far much wayne young family difficult farm cheap bought farm haseLl purc purchased two room rough verla moved life electricity U 4 traveling south said hassle should go check going ever chance project lands 17 waynes introduction change future home become life columbia basin johnny pratt 1949 wayne rented irrigated land near newdale idaho returned farming fanning farming land give life remained reasonably stable until february 1954 became discouraged felt like opportunity traveled half earlier see fall columbia basin harvey next year washington wanted profitable land spring 1953 18 visit family friends russell stopped learned ephrath where ephrata columbia basin irrigation roylance families moved fanning 80 acre blocks began farming verla come waynes initial impression our family both our families 17 still mesa rental columbia basin good verla remembers being very unimpressed besides life verla took advantage seattle good friends wayne newdale family made wives along haws significant visit basin trip bertha roylance reclamation office bureau project him 1952 wayne waynes brothers two lols lots lois haws visited overall progress better opportunity year johnny another years rent once again wayne definite answer others mercy schwendimann enjoyed schwendimans next five years own crops nothing idaho 19 young first recollections many questions pertaining schwendiman interview 2 may 2002 mhand unnamed hired farmhand farin far farinhand just passing farmland experience hand basin wayne related through 18 very hand written personal history handwritten wayne schwendiman personal history 39 local connell interview history coupled somewhat difficult follow interesting historical motivations verla compiled gives reasonably complete picture ward history difficult still conditions coming columbia basin farm 19 verla schwendiman interview 2 may 2002 92 farr wom rom family did seemingly bar barren en landscape settling thought mother frcai cal J even seem reasonable let alone profitable july 1953 keith stock waynes close friend asked wayne business prospects investigate wayne wayne keith within four days keith prepare still anything renewed desert wayne wasnt afraid family land put fall pull feeling basin then waynes land rental land farm point water decided idaho wayne remembers believing what going truly hard wayne second trip longer people convincing short elaine stock wayne columbia basin eventually idaho right place relying better keith columbia basin agreement suddenly july russell haws took visit move later equipment convinced him finally tired 20 headed back many latter day saints like opportunity towards 1h ah 4th ath 4 basin farming conditions wayne still look crops looked surprisingly good remembers hay moses lake keith go arriving agreed mesa washington haws family stayed columbia basin since land leveling time accompany him good place start scratch carve himself farm just knew hard work knew how farm great sacrifice 71 21 small details schwendiman interview 2 may 2002 waynes memory incredible 21 interview 1I asked verla wayne asked schwendiman interview 2 may 2002 during indicated columbia basin project lands verla scoffed just little wanted move smiling wayne just told moving wayne just sat 20 93 personal history wayne specifically described decision moving columbia basin connell three good reasons moving first opportunity get farm boys second get away us need work cold potato cellars subsidize our living third go where canyon irrigation water without having fight tail end 1I canal 22 wayne said few years later determined following inspiration due lord hand see even looked back knowledge work wayne attributes perseverance believed going bureau office ephrath ephrata mormons cormons mons Mor none men commented here support everything couple part like years 22 what am I1 many others challenge wrong do three men begin speaking mormons cormons feeling field 24 1 I here24 did ever come here why made really 23 ask himself audibly sometimes difficult land recalls direction often doing day saint said 1 I creek sometimes seemingly insurmountable gone wrong remembers waiting above great farming potential common easy wayne indicated those people moved my life leading my family above struggles broken down why good damp enough proving 1955 wayne appointment heard them knew wayne good then theyll latter nothing go broke go asked during personal history wayne schwendiman 39 interview family idaho decision move away turning point taming single event specific time things seemed just push him direction barren columbia basin wayne indicated 23 schwendiman interview 2 may 2002 24 schwendiman interview 2 may 2002 94 enjoyed hearing 25 idaho ldah0 idah utah miming back T making something work hard farming fanning veteran status interested governments advertisements laura montierth veterans latter day saints father support arizona just enough land church very active family raising extremely concerned move desperate situation himself desired veteran montierths living decision what don described farmer fanner took advantage situation another primary factor managing hotel don latter day saints improve anna columbia basin don land availability government lands farm basin potential targets own land representative arrangements him build strong posterity farming fanning tradition right columbia basin project gave land priority son drove veterans 3 priority supposed nothing productive farm develop children continue case study belief stay challenge schwendimann schwendimans those same bureau men same office few years later mormons cormons Mor mons confess eye wayne recalled LWJ twinkle lrkle uwi arkle children occasionally questionable hotel atmosphere 1950 friend government him advertising flyers being developed throughout land 23 25 national guard started giving don montierth west columbia basin schwendiman interview 2 may 2002 printed promote lands particular flyer detailed central washington don written notes 95 drawing veteran units world war offer intrigued 11 II forms consideration filled them prospective lands potential family along going while driving through playing being small town potential looked pretty bleak farming fanning encouraged him letters told don supplied him expected land seemed what investigation seasons saw should do member northwest too short stake presidency gets too whom agriculture connection thought great potential bureau reclamations required 27 don sat before did government basin recommendation acted like member worked research done arizona unsure you wouldnt like alternate voice came great confidence impressed federal bureau what rolling two different priesthood leaders worked discouraged him saying discouraged land returned anna don often looked back sign him don received conflicting counsel cold young marquee arizona overall don arizona flat lands bishopric man movie called 50 years terrible condition see lands see connell don read possible meaning laughed having come washington drove invitation land don took block apply application columbia basin 26 available laura joked don received 1952 aging parents movie theatre received same friend screening board spoke mind directly think don belonged another man supported him commenting 26 don montierth interview july 3 2002 audio recording 27 21 ibid 96 authors possession man what didnt need lot took positive things backing arizona water abundance promise desperate need drawn support return work water experience water grand coulee dam coupled plenty basin family unit 1955 86 acres probably gone home said become heavily involved well strength 29 ecclesiastical positions cash believed taught don ready connell never give attitude thus far survived farming fanning positive influence through local positive value anna don stay few reasons why latter day saints specifically came land opened assets thought many kind wife demonstrated decision don believes basin church montierth family persists lauras perseverance land quite large enough arizona economic uncertainty unit fq 28 first three years stay lack claim very difficult prompted him 29 project family things friendship base civic basin aq land church thought stand farmland helped encourage him move don got 28 21 continued government gave him confidence bigger influence came 10000 basin yes men cited lot younger people financial base frugal irrigation money wanted thought many therefore money ibid ibid 97 need nearly 25 330 year old man come settle land did latter day saints felt many came came shared sentiments raising children continue credited basin continued early 1950s 480600 acres 30 work irrigated farmland water platted farm units next served under water service contracts finally council 4 preparing thousands tried months bureau 31 3 settle training land latter day saint promise reclamation claim suspended 31 sent ibid httpwwwefcomcomwswracbpabouthtm 98 bureau reclamation represents those originally government job ken hired Ephrata washington ephrath ephrata sent told irrigated lands many provide them assistance settlers assistance agent SAA irrigation project initially ken 0 basin columbia basin issuance stop new irrigation diversions experienced farmers chose artificially stored irrigation people came succeed ken benson work land acreage northwest power planning requests veterans screen those came ground water licenses response increase increased ultimately national marine fisheries service case study settlers area served project facilities reclamation bureau continued development reclamation approved additional water service contracts increased 622053 acres three primary factors grow bureau increase following irrigated acreage 1969 irrigated acres first increase groundwater derived agriculture environment safe haven teaching them how acreage first delivery finding receive six new columbia basin othello washington training another SAA 4 vi v2months months othello old railroad town south sent ken cache valley utah 1929 place born bom war service traveling home passed through farming fanning projects ken wanted starting having farm utah settlers assistance agent state governments coming develop new land unstable extremely difficult involved finish leveling helping working 32 legend referred 33 34 14 farmers aiding surveying land ken helped long month ditches name say el shortened version pa 99 taming layout land new receive fields drenching ching ken remembers trenching tren 34 ken benson interview 24 march 2002 audio recording ectopia eltopia earned hell pay ibid ibid work help setting land planning digging both conditions kens whole purpose settlers worked new farmers farmers left settlers assistance agent farmer succeed working fanner water 33 columbia basin project initially land potential farm kid called specialized county agent sole purpose just someone young see environment happy developing seeing great potential really what knew korean seattle while time columbia basin land 5 32 small farm during rural agricultural lifestyle ultimately federal replace him two years serving felt like El ectopia topia eltopia quit saying equipment turned ken never go back three days spent notes authors possession old railroad days during time ken lived pasco washington ken farmers each day process irrigation evolution times them before difficult without giving ken really enjoyed however heartbreak basin job seek work elsewhere developed opportunities opened made available even water delivered headgates gravity flow method land each farm decreased irrigation techniques improved sprinkler systems irrigate 1972 42 farms survive give surface quickly far behind wheel lines amount lers center pivot sprink sprinklers needed water volume individual farm turnouts measured improved pressurized systems use decades later farm otherwise land too rough too 35 better new water fought hard choice lost everything these old cement ditches remain irrigation idea first farmers get started helping cement ditches soon became common application irrigation water frustrating times people struggled endure farming fanning dug just soaked dry destination these ever came close ditches always being developed ground rapid went through area sometimes quickly wash sandy soil turned new better ways new leaming definitely learning being very difficult work scale help drove tools truck equipped recalls bachelor apartment single men two amount farmers water used basin reduced using 366 31 ibid 36 httphwwwefcomconiwswracbpabouthtm wheel lines httpwwwefcomcomwswracbpabouthtm lengths pipe running between lines motor disperse through sprinkler heads axels carry water large metal wheels like abels gravity flow ditches circles make possible water ground too bumpy hilly too level driven 100 progressive time front lines him process understood meeting irrigation district referred mel speech speak needed making land come received come three members reclamation i ng preparing prepan frepan even view board land important sent subsequently interested find specific farm unit then application farmers selected order preliminarily accepted invitation particular block specify determine wanted process became lands available see what veteran already knew interested land efforts put dividing application veterans developed crops grow administration factor public meeting ensured them land first develop worked giveen hell mels giveem good humor new home before dont want you cause youll never make succeed met mel mcinturf those mei 37 basin started farm potential basin farmers gathered planned explain succeed took southern irrigation district potential farmers introductory meeting given what obtaining process veteran application many attended allocated lands basin farming farming fanning columbia basin lands developing job kept work ken enjoyed farming drawing still land once occur applicant screening board questioned them representative bureau particular irrigation district veterans highly regulate water amounts banners fanners latest way commonly used irrigation system effective pressurized sprinkler systems done irrigation basin 37 benson interview 24 march 2002 101 cover large pieces ground time 1996 70 basin screening boards primary purpose farm screen QQ 38 make something land started assets intended converted given two years develop farmer cars trailers veteran committed started ken remembered build land particular houses sprang even lived apply bureau easier eligible candidate often became tool sheds merely wanted good piece obtained turn forfeited piece whole process again secure own land ibid ibid 102 use ground land ken commented originally drawn reclamation go through basin ken benson decided SAA own land another man forfeited little 39 few years working veteran status tents time dugouts twentieth century little middle replace makeshift shelters purposes broadly many lived habitable dwelling makeshift shelters while primitive living especially 39 something viewed very liberally another requirement interpreted 38 8500 these land unit development get veteran soon raised needed once requirement employment financial base before 4500 cash getting succeed required useful protect veterans themselves ultimately capital assets believed sifting board intended land handle secure tell someone discourage those safety net governments investment utilized necessarily ken did well land another give summer 1960 married betty town moved 1960 reclamation basin church family case study 5 man land expand desired considered became pioneers own right basin interest farming where include mission field parents moved family new opportunities encouraged related farming seven ray church born bom Bun kerville bunkerville families marriage local church leaders difficult family agriculture children children where latter day saint settlement raised 40 raise farm came underway growing family enough land ray represents well motives veterans nor those original pioneering what land made available through came those latter day saints business water grand coulee dam building ray brought 40 farm civilians coming ray knight latter day saints same reasons desire SAA bureau employment many stayed work farm unit half century ago built home december 31 farm ken continued live nearly 10 years ken still lives though ken first came six months later kennewick schoolteacher children ibid strong still st george utah mesquite nevada boise valley children 1936 41 idaho open ray remembers emigrate since many marry according Bunkerville bunkerville knight 41 aray columbia basin may 29 2001 ray knight personal interview while traveling through 2001 4ray sons three hard copy notes authors possession ray knight still full time farmer 103 even received financial help moved washington basin moving returned wanted place where children basin project many farmers preference did make these farms purchased them try hand came land come G 1I bill according remembers hoping provide opportunities country came idea liked gospel less apathetic dry untamed land land 42 nearly irrigation project since many columbia basin project moving very difficult basin ray knight interview latter day saints mission field church beginning church shortly certain animosity between farmers whose families came still considered new twelve children stronger admits land buy private lands pioneer living way made work living came ray occasional animosity towards area ray realized making received first choice few others children felt like felt like knights latter day saints war veterans columbia land through veteran families like basin farming fanning century those 104 moving old time dry land new settlers came religious tension arose shortly man told ray my ancestors ran your people 29 may 2001 dairy wanted him farm sold many traveled connell washington family originally drew units ray knight recalled young man partially improved through bought land land ray family married man ray sold columbia basin worked boise valley needed agriculture while continued idaho help them move local leaders 42 run mn you missouri establish himself basin nearly own families posterity accounts ray 43 need 0 here L proved worthwhile twelve children now live near him faithful latter day saints large number basin still living conclusion latter day saints began worship services meeting houses day saint meetinghouses area even scarce rent activities buildings until latter day saints settled church newly irrigated columbia basin project lands small branches organized throughout columbia basin part natchee district wenatchee 43 41 columbia basin northern half saints natchee district wenatchee saints northwestern states mission developed natchee wenatchee along coupled number those members southern end richland stake direction organized under congregations these branches grew smaller towns church living continued basin kind latter day saint church 1950s central washington buildings became common latter scratch starting many respects meant church breaking new ground pioneers preliminary costs pay central washington settle 1954 significant moses lake Eph ellensberg rata ellensburg Ellensburg othello ephrath ephrata smaller branches dissolved sunday grand coulee stake ibid 105 18 quincy april 1954 formed center moses lake elmo J bergeson church consisting seven wards small groups turned basin church increase throughout columbia basin othello ephrath ephrata kennewick east move congregations 45 washington45 washington current number members 3637 see moses lake 3392 25 june 1950 18 april 1954 18 april 1954 24 may 1959 21 may 1967 24 oct 1976 aug 1979 12 12augl979 15 june 1980 31 oct 1982 pasco kennewick basin starting point significant number date organized stake richland grand coulee renamed moses lake yakima 44 increased number wards richland stake became established church related stakes 2164 members latter day saints continued converts stakes 2932 3724 3984 2402 2229 3427 basin natchee washington wenatchee walla walla washington hermiston oregon thesis branches basin southern end coupled total two branches branches multiple stakes president church continued membership wards sustained ih 213th 213 stake described twentieth century growth 29 jan 1967 2714 3283 2661 march 1979 26 october 1980 11 I 11I major factors church characteristics leading jesus christ 44 latter day saints existing congregations organized wards NWSMMH 18 april 1954 burg ward 200 ellensburg ellensberg included 491 members moses lake I1ist ward 505 moses lake 2nd ward 245 Ellens natchee ward 350 wenatchee ephrata ephrath ward 120 othello ward 155 quincy ward 38 bridgeport branch 60 coulee dam branch 45 come courtesy karen blain 4 november 2002 these numbers current church jesus christ latter day saints church office building these stakes numbers 106 central washington columbia basin concentration latter day saints despite contrast rural areas among now home church work came initially help areas land thriving cities ofrichland richland pasco communities though become lives strength 46 toil continued populated move latter day saints basin 46 effect grand coulee construction latter day saints sacrifices saints surrounding rural churches growth members church build now whole hanford project coupled tribute siblings many hanford settled remain minority columbia basin project dam return kennewick along significant congregation among II world war 11 education gain basin latter day saints southern end multiple stakes organized parents war effort latter day plentiful agricultural land helped make grown children often leave own families large columbia basin project came latter day saints thousands area originally established church irrigation water promise western states regions saint settlement those members large relatively recent presence basin latter day saints percentages area demonstrated why demonstrated through church central washington those established continue columbia basin f philip L barlow new historical atlas 0 religion america oxford mormon predominance 1990 specifically source documents map university press 2001 307 map grant mormons mormans monnons denorm three largest deform denominations nations among noting counties largest latter day saints being columbia basin coded middle county coded basin latter day benton counties county franklin denomination county second largest denomination saints edwin scott gaustad i 107 sources cited arrington leonard J davideccles david eccles pioneer western industrialist logan utah utah state university 1975 pacific northwest task papers arrington leonard J history church LDS history 18 salt lake city historical department church jesus christ latter day saints 1977 basin city history compiled kaye freeman kennewick washington bab printing 1997 basin city ward place B stoker pasco washington cormons bennett richard E mormons norman oklahoma university jimmie B stoker printed grow compiled betty lou benson bab express printing 1991 1852 missouri 1846 18461852 oklahoma press 1987 should jimmie die pencil referencefor bloxom marguerite D pickaxe WPA study reference washington DC library congress supt bupt docs US GPO distributor 1982 church history fulness falness times salt lake city utah christ latter day saints 1993 colliers encyclopedia crowell collier publishing church jesus vol 15 1965 darland alvin F construction brief chronological history dam power supervisor united states bureau reclamation power part 1I history grand coulee dam area 1958 grand coulee pioneers deseret news 1996 church almanac salt lake city utah deseret news 1997 1998 church almanac salt lake city utah deseret news deseret news 19971998 downs L vaughn mightiest them memories fairfield washington ye galleon press 1986 grand coulee dam narcissa prentiss whitman drury clifford M dr marcus opening old oregon vol 1I 2 pacific northwest national parks forests association 1986 groves leslie R now told new york da capo press 1983 story manhattan project new york hendricks anna personal interview connell WA june 12 2001 audio recording notes authors possession 108 hendricks leona personal interview inifkennewick washington Vas hington 6 august 2002 notes audio recording authors possession hewlett richard G history united states atomic energy commission university park pennsylvania pennsylvania state university press 1962 holden lucy hendricks undated sketches life unpublished personal history without mormon role jackson richard H ed brigham young university press 1978 lucy hendricks holden page numbers settlement west provo utah indians kane paul paul kane frontier including wanderings ogan artist among north america ed J russell harper austin TX university texas press 1971 ofnorth kennewick gathering ofsaints kennewick stake historical committee ed saints marilee matheson kennewick washington bab printing 1997 brandywine miracles ofscience kinnane adrian du pont banks science company wilmington delaware EI du pont de nemours knight ray personal interview while traveling through 2001 2001 hard copy notes authors possession kohler charmaine lay southern grace beagle creek press 1995 columbia river lyman WD new york 1909 mississippi saints boise ID story history columbia basin may 29 myths scenery commerce mccloud susan evans brigham young american fork utah covenant communications 1996 great columbia plain meinig DW university washington press 1995 1805 1910 seattle historical geography 18051910 church northwestern states mission manuscript history NSMMH found church jesus christ latter day saints historical department 1950 2000 compiled othello washington stake legacy offaith faith 19502000 roger durkee printed history committee chairman jan walker WA bab printing 1999 othello stake kennewick parker martha berry tales 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