Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
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Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
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‘Focus in Action’ UNIT LEARNING PACKS
These booklets are designed to provide Grade 9 students with all the resources needed to review
or reinforce concepts, covered in the Alberta Science Curriculum, and included in the Grade 9
Science Final Exam in June. There are circumstances in which an entire unit may be missed
and covering the concepts from that unit (for the final exam) can be difficult. This can happen for
a number of reasons:
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Students – new to the school – register throughout the year (from other provinces, school
jurisdictions or countries)
Students may be ill or have surgery and often can miss one or more units
Students have extended holidays throughout the year
Transfers from another school, who have completed the units in a different order
For additional support, students are directed to the Edquest Middle School Science Website
or, Scienceman Resource (www.scienceman.com/scienceinaction/pgs/hot_8u1.html)
Unit 2 – Matter and Chemical Change
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Topic 1 Notes & Quiz
Topic 2 Notes & Quiz
Topic 3 Notes & Quiz
Topic 4 Notes & Quiz
Topic 5 Notes & Quiz
Topic 6 Notes & Quiz
Topic 7 Notes & Quiz
Topic 8 Notes & Quiz
Unit Summary
Review Booklet
(Covered in class, prior to the Final Achievement Exam)
Unit Test
Answer Key for Section Quizzes and Unit Test
Additional support will be provided, in the form of practice Achievement Test Questions, during
the course review in June. Multiple Choice Questions and Numerical Response Questions will be
reviewed, as these are the types that will make up the Science 9 Final Exam
Handouts and other activities, to reinforce the concepts covered in this Unit, will be made
available based on need. If you require further information or resources, email Edquest directly:
[email protected].
Finding Solutions to Problems, instead of Making Excuses
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
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Student Instructions for use of this Learning Pack
The purpose of this Learning Unit Pack is to provide you with the resources that will help you
cover the material from the curriculum that will be tested on the Final Exam in June.
Follow these steps to successfully complete this Unit Learning Pack:
Step 1 – Read the Topic Notes
Step 2 – Use a highlighter to identify the key words or phrases in the Topic Notes and
reread the material again paying close attention to those words that you highlighted. If
necessary, modify your highlights to make sure you understand the material in the notes.
Step 3 – Complete the Topic Quiz
Step 4 – Correct the Topic Quiz by checking the answers in the back of this Learning
Pack.
Step 5 – Using your textbook and the completed quiz, find the page where the question
and correct answer can be found and write it next to the question number in your
Learning Pack.
Step 6 – Repeat Steps 1-5 for each of the other Topics in this Unit.
Step 7 – Look over the Unit Outline to review the Key Concepts once you have
completed all of the Topics.
Step 8 – Complete the Unit Review, using your Learning Pack and Textbook.
Step 9 – Highlight those sections of the Review that you had difficulty with and review
those sections with your teacher prior to taking the Unit Test.
Step 10 – Take the Unit Test and correct it using the answer key provided in the back of
the Learning Pack.
Step 11 – You should now be ready to answer any questions on the Final Exam related
to this Unit.
Anything you still do not understand should be discussed with your teacher. Congratulations on
your Independent Study, and Good Luck on the Final Exam. I hope you have made good use of
this resource. Please provide feedback to your teacher, so that this resource can be improved.
Additional support is available in the form of practice Achievement Test Questions. Multiple
Choice Questions and Numerical Response Questions will be made available on request, as
these are the types that will make up the Alberta Science 9 Achievement Exam.
Handouts and other activities, to reinforce the concepts covered in this Unit may be acquired by
visiting the Edquest Middle School Science Resource Website
http://www.edquest.ca
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
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Topic 1 Exploring Matter
Safety First
A good science lab is a safe one. All of the procedures, equipment and chemicals you use have
been designed to help you understand the science principles you are investigating.
Go over the safety notes provided (link below) and be prepared to take the
safety test in class (do the practice test - link below - to help prepare you – the test in class will be
slightly different). Do the two activities in the Science Focus textbook as well (p. 93 Put Safety
First & p. 94 Fasten Your Safety Seat Belt)
Notes: http://www.edquest.ca/Labs/labsafety.html
Practice Test: http://www.edquest.ca/Tests/safety.html
Classifying Matter
The particle model of matter is an important part of what you will be learning in this unit.
Recall that:
• All matter is made up of tiny particles.
• All the particles in a substance are the same; different substances are made of
different particles.
• There are attractive forces among particles-these attractions may be strong or weak.
• The particles are always moving; the more energy the particles gain, the faster they
move.
• There are spaces among the particles.
The Particle Model of Matter is a scientific model which helps to visualize a process we cannot
see directly. The first two points help us to understand that particles make up matter. The other
three points help to explain density and how matter behaves when temperature changes.
Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, or gas.
The Particle Model of Matter is useful in explaining the differences among solids, liquids, and
gases. Illustrations such as these help to clarity the particle theory.
Solids have a definite shape
Liquids take the shape of its
and volume because the
container because the particles
particles of a solid can move
can move around more freely
only a little. They vibrate back
than they can in solids. A
and forth, but strong forces
liquid's particles are held
hold them in fixed positions.
together by strong attractions
to each other, so a liquid, like a
solid, occupies a definite
volume.
Gases always fill whatever
container they are in. The
attractions among the particles
of a gas are so weak that
individual particles are quite far
apart, with spaces among them.
Since gas particles are moving
constantly and randomly in all
directions, they spread
throughout their container, no
matter what its shape and
volume.
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
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Mixtures of Matter
A pure substance is made up of only one kind of
matter and has its own unique set of physical
properties.
Types of Pure Substances
• element
- cannot be broken down into any simpler
substance
• compound
- is a combination of two or more elements
in fixed proportions
A mixture is a combination of 2 or more pure substances
Types of Mixtures
• mechanical (heterogenous)
- each substance in the mixture is visible
• solution (homogeneous)
- each substance is not clearly visible
(A substance dissolved in water is called an aqueous
solution)
• suspension
- is a cloudy mixture in which tiny particles are held
(suspended) with another substance, and can be
filtered out
• colloid (emulsions)
- is also a cloudy mixture, but the particles are so
small that they cannot be filtered out easily
(emulsions are types of colloids in which liquids are
dispersed in liquids)
Whether a mixture is a solution, colloid or suspension
depends on the size of the particles, solubility and
mixing ability (miscibility)
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
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Topic 1 – Exploring Matter
1.
This symbol means …
A. toxic
B. reactive
C. corrosive
D. poisonous
4.
The particle model helps us to understand about the state of a substance by the number of particles that
appear to be moving and the relative spaces between the particles. A liquid substance would be
represented most likely by model …
D.
deposition
sublimation
vaporization
condensation
gas
solid
liquid
plasma
Concrete is a mixture that would best be
classified as …
A.
B.
C.
D.
10.
C.
The Particle Model of Matter is useful in explaining the differences among solids, liquids, and
gases. This type of matter always fills whatever container it is in.
A.
B.
C.
D.
8.
B.
When a substance undergoes a change of state it
can use energy or give off energy. The change that
occurs when a substance changes from a liquid to a
gas is referred to as …
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.
This symbol means …
A. toxic
B. reactive
C. corrosive
D. poisonous
safety goggles
latex gloves
neoprene apron
Safety shoes
A.
6.
This symbol means …
A. toxic
B. reactive
C. corrosive
D. poisonous
Even in modern times scientists can die because they don’t follow safe lab techniques. When
working with toxic metal poisons it is not safe to wear …
A.
B.
C.
D.
5.
3.
2.
colloid
solution
suspension
mechanical
9.
Brass is a solution that is best classified as …
A.
B.
C.
D.
element
solution
compound
mechanical
A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture that is composed of fine particles evenly distributed throughout
another substance. An example of a colloid is …
A. milk
B. mayonnaise
C. flour in water
D. hair gel
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
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Topic 2 - Changes In Matter
Matter can change from one form to another, or create new materials.
Every kind of matter has its own distinguishing characteristic properties that can be used to
identify the kind of matter it is. Properties are characteristics that can be used to describe how a
substance behaves substance. These properties can be physical or chemical.
Changes that matter can undergo fall into two classification categories: physical change and
chemical change.
A physical change occurs when a material changes form but not composition. A change of state
is an example of a physical change where energy is used or released.
No new substances are formed. The change is not permanent.
Dissolving is also a physical change.
A chemical change occurs when two or more substances react and create one or more new
substances. It is often permanent, although not always. Combustion is an example.
Can You Ever Be Sure About Changes?
It is often difficult to decide if a change is physical or chemical, so certain clues will help you
decide if a chemical change has occurred.
• Change in colour
• Change in odour
• Formation of a gas (bubbles) in a liquid
• Formation of a solid (precipitate) in a liquid
• Release or absorption of energy (heat)
• Materials you started with are used up
• A new material is formed
• The change is difficult to reverse
The only evidence that will guarantee a chemical change has occurred is that a new substance
has been formed.
Properties: Chemical or Physical?
Any property that can be observed without forming a new substance is a physical property.
These can include: color, texture, luster, smell, state, melting point, boiling point, hardness,
malleability, ductility, crystal shape, viscosity, solubility, density and conductivity (electrical and
heat).
Any property that describes how a substance reacts with another substance when forming a new
substance is a chemical property. Chemical properties include: reaction with acids, ability to burn
(combustibility), reaction with water, behaviour in air and reaction to heat, toxicity, stability.
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
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Topic 2 - Changes In Matter
1.
Properties are characteristics that can be used to describe how a substance behaves.
Ductility is a property that describes a substance’s …
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
Deposition is a change that occurs when a gas changes directly into a solid and heat is
released. The evidence that this is a physical change is …
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.
mixing ability
reaction with water
ability to stretch
toxic effect
energy is released or absorbed
it is a permanent change
gas bubbles form in the process
no new substance is formed
It is often difficult to decide if a change is physical or chemical, so certain clues will help
you decide if a chemical change has occurred. The only evidence that will guarantee a
chemical change has occurred is …
A.
B.
C.
D.
a change in colour and/or odour
the release or absorption of energy (heat)
that a new material is formed
the formation of a solid (precipitate) in a liquid
4.
The only list below that describes only chemical properties of a substance is …
A. reactivity, toxicity, stability, malleability
B. ductility, crystal shape, miscibility, solubility
C. malleability, smell, viscosity, miscibility
D. density, conductivity, combustibility, color
5.
A substance’s ability to resist being scratched is the physical property of matter known as …
A. ductility
B. hardness
C. malleability
D. conductivity
6.
An obvious chemical property of pancakes is …
A. ability to combine ingredients easily
B. the positive reversibility of the process
C. the heat it gives off as it cooks
D. the new substance that appears to form
7.
Physical or chemical change can be identified by evidence. When a substance undergoes a physical
change the evidence used includes all of the following, EXCEPT …
A. colour
B. odour
C. toxicity
D. density
8.
This property of gold allows it to be hammered into thin sheet and different shapes.
A. malleability
B. ductility
C. miscibility
D. stability
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
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Topic 3 What Are Elements
The original ‘elements’ were earth, air, fire and water.
Ancient Greek philosophers thought matter was made out of these four ‘elements’.
They thought all things were made from these four elements with varying degrees of hotness,
coldness, dryness and wetness.
Alchemists (part pharmacist and part mystic) developed many useful procedures, including
distillation, and they described the properties of many different materials. They also thought they
could change lead and copper into gold. They used special symbols to prevent others from
finding out their secrets.
The current view of matter began with Sir Francis Bacon, who stated that all science should be
based on experimental evidence, rather than thought. Robert Boyle recognized that elements
could combine to form compounds. Bacon and Boyle motivated others to search for elements.
Taking Apart Matter
Scientists began using heating, burning, mixing, and cooling to take matter down until it could not
be broken down any further, to determine if a substance was a pure substance or a mixture.
Antoine Lavoisier defined elements as pure substances that could not be decomposed into
simpler substances by means of a chemical change. In this way he identified 23 pure substances
as elements. Lavoisier was one of the first chemists to use a balanced view of chemical change,
which we now call …
The Law of Conservation of Mass
In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants,
is always equal to the total mass of the products.
This law ties in well with the atomic theory, which states that atoms are never created or
destroyed. In a chemical reaction the atoms and molecules are simply rearranged.
This law of conservation of mass however does not apply to nuclear reactions, because there Is
some loss of mass: the mass is changed into energy. This was first suggested by Albert
Einstein in his famous equation:
E =MC2
2
(E Is Energy, M is Mass, C is a large number)
A very tiny amount of mass is equal to a very large amount of energy
In an open system some of the mass seems to disappear, when it is in the form of a gas.
Other scientists followed up on the law of conservation of mass by stating the …
Law of Definite Composition
Compounds are pure substances that contain two or more elements
combined together in fixed (or definite) proportions.
Water is an example of this law. Pure water always contains 11% Hydrogen and 89% Oxygen.
Chemistry Tutorials http://www.chemistrycoach.com/tutorials-2.htm
Law of Multiple Proportions states that the masses of one element, which combine with a fixed
mass of the second element, are in a ratio of whole numbers.
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
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Pure substances have constant composition and properties. An unknown substance can be
identified by measuring a property of the substance (eg. density) and compare it to known values
of other substances. If the test property matches a known value, it is likely that substance,
because each substance has its own distinguishing properties unique to that substance.
New Discoveries
Allesandro Volta made the first practical battery (the
voltaic pile) around 1800, by piling zinc and copper
plates on top of each other, separating them with
electrolyte-soaked paper discs.
When this voltaic pile was hooked up to transfer the
electricity through water, they discovered hydrogen and
oxygen gases could be produced and the water level
dropped slightly. Using electricity to split molecules into
their elements was a process called electrolysis.
Scientists used electrolysis to isolate the elements
potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and
barium.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
John Dalton developed a theory that helped explain what happened in the electrolysis of water
and was a new way to explain chemical facts and laws. His Atomic Theory was widely accepted.
• All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms
• Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided into smaller particles.
• All atoms of the same element are identical in mass and size. Atoms of one element
are different in mass and size from the atoms of other elements.
• Compounds are created when atoms of different elements link together in definite
proportions
An element is a pure substance made up of only one type of particle, or atom. Each element has its own
unique set of distinguishing properties and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by means of a
chemical change.
A compound is a pure substance made up of 2 or more elements chemically combined together.
Compounds can be broken down into the elements that they are composed of.
Laws, Theories, Models, and Observations
In science, laws do not explain anything. They simply describe and summarize what happens.
Theories are imaginative ways to explain why something happens the way it does.
Theories are developed over the course of many observations and hundreds of experiments
before other scientists will accept it.
Observations
Hypothesis
Experiments
as many
times
as needed
Theory
Time
Revised Theory
revised
Hypothesis
Scientific ideas may change over time as more evidence is gathered. Most of Dalton’s atomic
theory has stood the test of time, however, smaller particles (subatomic) have been discovered
and Dalton’s Theory needed to be revised.
Scientific models help others to visualize structures or processes that cannot be seen directly.
Some of the atomic models are illustrated on p. 113 in the Science Focus 9 textbook.
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
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A Brief Timeline of Atomic Theory
Year
Evolving Theory of Matter
3D Model
8000 B.C.
(Stone Age) Matter was made up of solid material,
which could be fashioned into tools.
Stone implements
6000-1000 B.C.
Chemists investigated the properties of only those
materials that were of high value to humans.
(gold and copper)
Metals
4500 B.C
(Bronze Age) The effect of heat on copper, lead to the
creation of a strong material (bronze) for use as
tools.
Bronze tools
1200 B.C.
(Iron Age) Iron combined with carbon to make steel,
for even stronger tools.
Steel
350 B.C.
Everything was made out of
Air – Water - Earth – Fire
(atomos particles)
Earth/Wind/Fire/Ice
1500
Theory of Matter was based more on
experimentation. (History of Alchemy)
States of Matter
1660
Particles can be compressed. (Boyle)
Particles
1770
System for the naming of chemicals was developed.
(Lavoisier)
Molecule
1780
Air is necessary for
combustion to occur.
Molecules
A Brief History Atomic Models (p. 113 SF9)
1808
Observation principles
during experimentation.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
(billiard ball model)
1897
Raisin bun model
with charged particles.
JJ Thomson
Raisin bun
(plum pudding model)
(1904)
1911
Negatively charged particles
orbiting around nucleus.
Ernest Rutherford
(planetary model)
1913
(1922)
Electrons rotate randomly
around the nucleus.
Niels Bohr
(atomic model)
Today
the atom is a cloud of electrons
around a nucleus
‘quantum model’
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
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Topic 3 - What Are Elements
1.
Ancient Greek philosophers thought matter was made out of these four ‘elements’…
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
One of the procedures used today - credited to alchemists (part pharmacist and part
mystic) - is a procedure used to separate mixtures, called …
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.
dissolving
distillation
desalination
disintegration
Antoine Lavoisier defined elements as pure substances that could not be decomposed into
simpler substances by means of a chemical change. In this way he identified 23 pure
substances as …
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.
earth, fire, air, water
water, air, hotness, coldness
wetness, dryness, air, fire
fire, wind, earth, water
solutions
particles
elements
compounds
Lavoisier was one of the first chemists to use a balanced view of chemical change, which
we now call the Law of …
A.
B.
C.
D.
5.
Conservation of Mass
Definite Composition
Multiple Proportions
Combustion
First suggested by Albert Einstein in his famous equation:
E =MC2
2
(E Is Energy, M is Mass, C is a large number)
His equation does not follow the law stated by Lavoisier, because mass is …
A. created by energy
B. destroyed by energy
C. changed into energy
D. increased by energy
6.
An unknown substance can be identified by measuring a property of the substance (eg. density) and
compare it to known values of other substances. If the test property matches a known value, it is
likely that substance, because each substance has its own …
A. range of densities
B. combined properties
C. color and chemical properties
D. unique distinguishing properties
7.
Allesandro Volta made the first practical battery (the voltaic pile), by piling zinc and copper
plates on top of each other, separating them with paper discs soaked in …
A.
B.
C.
D.
electrodes
electrolyte
pure water
animal blood
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
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8.
Using electricity to split molecules into their elements is a process called …
A.
B.
C.
D.
electrolysis
electricity
electroplating
electrorefining
9.
John Dalton developed a theory that helped explain what happened in the electrolysis of water and
was a new way to explain chemical facts and laws.
•
All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms
•
Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided into smaller particles.
•
All atoms of the same element are identical in mass and size. Atoms of one element
are different in mass and size from the atoms of other elements.
•
Compounds are created when atoms of different elements link together in definite
proportions
His theory was called the …
A. Quantum Theory
B. Atomic Theory
C. Raisin Bun Theory
D. Plum Pudding Theory
10.
An element is made up of only one type of particle, or atom. Each element has its own unique set of
distinguishing properties and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by means of a
chemical change. A compound is made up of 2 or more elements chemically combined together.
Compounds can be broken down into the elements that they are composed of. The common
characteristic of elements and compounds is that they are …
A. pure substances
B. heterogeneous mixtures
C. homogeneous mixtures
D. solid or liquid solutions
11.
In science, these do not explain anything. They simply describe and summarize what
happens.
A.
B.
C.
D.
12.
models
theories
ideas
laws
Smaller particles (subatomic) have been discovered and Dalton’s Theory needed to be
revised. The model we use today to explain atomic and subatomic particles is the …
A.
B.
C.
D.
Raisin bun model
Planetary model
Quantum model
Plum pudding model
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
14
Topic 4 Classifying Elements
Element Symbols
History of Chemical Symbols - http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/chemical_symbols.html
New elements continue to be discovered. Finding a pattern in an unknown helps scientists to
organize ideas and information. It also helps scientists to interpret what the information means
and explain these ideas, based on what they have learned.
Early chemists used symbols of the sun and the planets to identify the elements known to them.
This later was a problem, when more elements were discovered, because they ran out of planets.
Metal
gold
silver
Symbol
Celestial
Body
Sun
Moon
iron
mercury
♂
Ŏ
Mars
Mercury
tin
copper
lead
♀
Jupiter
Venus
Saturn
John Dalton developed a new set of symbols in the early 1800’s to improve communication
between chemists.
Symbol
Element
hydrogen
oxygen
carbon
G
S
gold
silver
mercury
http://www.chemsoc.org/exemplarchem/entries/2001/robson/symbolspart1.htm
Berzelius later revised Dalton’s symbols by replacing them with letters, instead of pictures. He
represented the elements by their first letter (capitalized) or their first two letters (first one
capitalized and the second letter lower case).
Elements were listed in order of their atomic mass. Atomic mass is the mass of one atom of an
element. It is represented in atomic mass units (amu).
John Newland’s “law of octaves” identified the pattern in which the properties of the elements
seemed to repeat at regular intervals, similar to the octave scale in music.
Demitri Mendeleev later revised the pattern in 1869, when he organized the elements into the first
periodic table.
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
15
Different Kinds of Elements
One way of classifying elements is to sort them into categories, based on their distinct properties.
Long before anyone knew any detail about the atoms or any of the periodic properties the
elements were divided into two broad categories → metals and non-metals.
Distinct properties of metals were malleability and ductility, shiny luster
and were solid at room temperature (except mercury).
Non-metals: some were gases, solids or liquids; solid non-metals are
brittle; they are flexible, dull and non-conductors of electricity or heat.
In-between elements were called ‘metalloids’, having properties of
both metals and non-metals.
Transition Metals -
Other Metals -
The 38 elements in groups 3 to 12 are called transition metals. The
only elements in this group known to produce a magnetic field are
iron, cobalt and nickel.
There are 7 elements considered "other metals" in groups 13 to 15. All
these elements are solid with a high density. Examples are tin,
aluminum and lead.
Metalloids -
These elements have both metal and non-metal properties. Some of
them are semi-conductors, which means, they can carry an electrical
charge under special conditions. Metalloids are great for computers
and calculators.
Non-Metals -
These fall into groups 14 to 16 in the periodic table. They can't
conduct heat or electricity very well and are brittle. They also can't be
made into wire or sheets. At room temperature, non-metals turn into
gasses and solids.
Rare Earth Elements -
There are 30 rare earth elements. Many of them are synthetic or manmade. They're found in group three of the periodic table and the sixth
and seventh groups.
Chemical Families
Chemical family is a term used to describe a group of related elements that have similar
properties.
Alkali Metals - These are group 1 in the periodic table. They don't occur freely in
nature and are softer than most metals. Like all metals, they are great
heat conductors and can even explode if exposed to water – they are
very reactive and need special storage. They easily give off an
unpaired electron by forming a compound.
Alkaline Earth Metals -
These are group 2 in the periodic table. Because they're extremely
reactive, they aren't found freely in nature. An example of an alkaline
earth metal is radium.
Noble Gases -
The 6 noble gases are in group 18. All of them have the maximum
number of electrons possible in their outer shell which makes them
stable. Examples of noble gases are helium, neon and krypton.
Halogens -
All 5 halogens are non-metallic elements. Compounds that contain
halogen are called ‘salts’. At room temperature, they are in three
states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
16
Topic 4 - Classifying Elements
1.
♀
Early chemists used the planets to identify the elements known to them. This later was a
problem, when more elements were discovered, because they ran out of planets.
This symbol represent the planet and element …
A. Mars - iron
B. Venus - copper
C. Mercury - mercury
D. Jupiter - tin
2.
The purpose for developing a new set of chemical symbols was that Dalton wanted to …
A.
B.
C.
D.
become rich and famous
win a Nobel Prize in Chemistry
earn bragging rights with other scientists
streamline communication with other scientists
3.
Berzelius later revised Dalton’s symbols by replacing the pictures with …
A. letters
B. names
C. shapes
D. numbers
4.
John Newland’s “law of octaves” identified the pattern in which the properties of the elements
seemed to repeat at regular intervals, they were similar to the …
A. base ten number system
B. suits of playing cards
C. heartbeats of different animals
D. octave scale in music
5.
These elements have both metal and non-metal properties. Some of them are semi-conductors,
which means, they can carry an electrical charge under special conditions. Making them great for
computers and calculators. They are the …
A. Transition Metals
B. Rare Earth Elements
C. Metalloids
D. Other Metals
6.
The 6 elements in this group all have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer s hell
which makes them stable. They are known as the …
A. Halogens
B. Alkali Metals
C. Noble Gases
D. Alkaline Earth Metals
7.
Demitri Mendeleev wanted to find a pattern that would allow him to predict the properties of elements
not yet discovered. By using information cards he charted the pattern that seemed to work. The
characteristic that showed that the properties of elements vary periodically was the …
A. atomic number
B. atomic mass
C. symbol
D. density
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
17
Topic 5 The Periodic Table
Mendeleev Builds a Table
The system of using atomic mass to classify and organize all the elements
known and undiscovered was created based on Dalton’s Theory,
by Dmitiri Mendeleev (1834-1907)
Mendeleev collected the 63 elements
known at the time and arranged them
according to their atomic mass - the
average mass of an atom of an element (which he wrote on a file card).
He then arranged the cards into a
‘solitaire-like’ table. He played with them,
by sorting and arranging the elements in
many different combinations.
Mendeleev was able to identify gaps
where elements, not yet discovered,
would be able to fit.
Find out more about Dmitri Mendeleev
Blast From The Past @
http://www.edquest.ca/content/view/214/
Ti=50
Zr=90
?[2]=180
V=51
Nb=94
Ta=182
Cr=52
Mo=96
W=186
Mn=55
H=1[5]
Li=7
Be=9,4
Mg=24
Rh=104,4[3
Pt=197,4[4]
]
Fe=56
Ru=104,4
Ir=198
Ni=Co=59
Pd=106,6
Os=199
Cu=63,4
Ag=108
Hg=200
Zn=65,2
Cd=112
B=11
Al=27,4
?[6]=68
Ur=116[7]
C=12
Si=28
?[8]=70
Sn=118
Au=197?
N=14
P=31
As=75
Sb=122
O=16
S=32
Se=79,4
Te=128?
F=19
Cl=35,5
Br=80
J=127[9]
Na=23
K=39
Rb=85,4
Cs=133
Tl=204
Ca=40
Sr=87,6
Ba=137
Pb=207
?[10]=45
Ce=92[11]
?Er=56
La=94
?Yt=60
Di=95
?In=75,6
Th=118?
Bi=210?
Putting the Elements in Order
When Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of their mass he found that the properties of the
elements repeated at periodic intervals. This enabled him to group elements into families. The
gaps he left in the organization of the elements in his table were filled in many years later when
more elements were discovered. In 1875 gallium was discovered and proved that Mendeleev’s
organization of the elements worked, because it fit in where he had placed a (?). The next (?)
was not replaced until 1939 when francium was discovered. In 1915 the Modern Periodic Table
was reorganized with a focus on atomic structure and included more information about each
element.
Atomic Number –
The number of protons an
atom has is called the atomic
number.
Mass Number Atomic Symbol -
Atomic Mass –
To find the average number
of neutrons for an element,
simply subtract the number
of protons (atomic number)
from that atomic mass.
An element is defined by the number of protons it has. Carbon
atoms have six protons, hydrogen atoms have one proton and
oxygen atoms have eight protons. The chemical behavior of an
element depends on the number of protons in an atom.
The atomic mass number of an element is simply the sum of the
protons and neutrons in the nucleus of 1 atom of the element.
These are almost always one or two letters that represent an
element. They're used worldwide and usually relate to the name of
the element or the Latin name of the element. An example of this
is "O" for Oxygen and "Ca" for Calcium.
The average mass of an element in atomic mass units (amu.) The
mass in an atom is roughly the mass of one proton or neutron. The
atomic mass is a decimal number on the Periodic Table because
it's an average of the various isotopes (one or more atoms that
have the same atomic number but different mass numbers) of an
element.
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
Periodic Table Models
About 112 elements are known today.
They are organized into what is called ‘The Periodic Table of Elements’
Understanding the Periodic Table ( Web Elements.com )
Horizontal rows are called periods (numbered 1-7)
Vertical columns form a group, or family of elements (numbered 1-18)
There are so many good resources available to help you look into the details of the Periodic
Table and also to help you with Think and Link Investigation 2-D (Science Focus pgs. 129-133)
Meet the Modern Periodic Table, that you should have access to the Internet when you
complete the investigation.
Periodic City – A Site that shows many different versions of the Period Table
http://www.mpcfaculty.net/ron_rinehart/periodic.htm
[Other versions]
http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/foldedtable.html
Los Alamos Periodic Table
Visual Elements (Flash Version)
Pictorial Periodic Table - http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/periodic.html
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
18
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
19
Topic 5 - The Periodic Table
1.
Mendeleev arranged the element cards and played with them, by sorting and arranging
them in many different combinations. He was able to identify gaps where elements, would
be able to fit, that were ...
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
In 1915 the Modern Periodic Table was reorganized, including more information about each
element with a focus on …
A.
B.
C.
D.
3,
Atomic Number
Mass Number
Atomic Symbol
Atomic Mass
Vertical columns form a group of elements (numbered 1-18) The horizontal rows
(numbered 1-7) are called …
A.
B.
C.
D.
5.
atomic structure
Chemical properties
Physical properties
reactivity rating
These are used worldwide and almost always use one or two letters that represent an
element …
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.
known to exist
not yet discovered
rare earth elements
identified by alchemists
lists
types
family
periods
2
8
1
11
Na
Potassium
22.98
A.
B.
C.
D.
mass
number
reactivity
ion charge
6.
In this element –
Sodium –
11 refers to the …
8
O
Oxygen
15.99
A.
B.
C.
D.
2
8
8
1
In this element – Oxygen –
the numbers down the right
side indicate the …
mass
toxicity
number
ion charge
7.
In the periodic table the following elements would be identified as the Noble Gases.
A. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
B. Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
C. He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
D. Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Uun
8.
From the excerpt from the periodic table above how many neutrons does Sodium have?
A. 11
B. 12
C. 22
D. 23
9.
As you move across the periodic table the properties of the elements change. The most reactive
metals include …
A. sodium and lithium
B. iron and copper
C. aluminum and carbon
D. lead and zinc
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
20
Topic 6 - Chemical Compounds
When any of the 112 elements combine into groups of 2 or more they form compounds. If an
atom of an element transfers electrons to another atom of a different element, an ionic compound
is formed. If atoms of elements are shared, a molecular compound is formed.
Understanding Formulas for Compounds
The combination of elements to form compounds has a chemical formula and a chemical name.
The chemical formula uses symbols and numerals to identify which elements and how many
atoms of each element are present in the compound.
For example:
ethanol ( C2 H6 O ) has 2 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
To determine a chemical name, a standardized chemical naming system, or nomenclature, is
used. Guyton de Morveau in France developed it in 1787. The metal name is always first. Since
1920, the IUPAC ( International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ) is responsible for determining
the appropriate name for each compound.
If you know the formula for a compound you can determine its chemical name
If you know its name, you can determine its formula.
Write the chemical formula as determined by the name of the compound.
(If a poly atomic ion is part of the formula, keep the poly-atomic ion intact)
Aluminum oxide
2 - Al
3-O
Al2O3
Calcium nitrite
1 - Ca
2 - NO2
Ca(NO2)2
Sodium Chloride
1 - Na
2 – Cl2
NaCl
If the compound contains a metal the compound is ionic.
If the compound does not contain a metal, it is molecular.
Write the name of the compound as determined by the chemical formula.
Al2O3
2 - Al
3-O
Aluminum oxide
Ca(NO2)2
1 - Ca
2 - NO2
Calcium nitrite
NaCl
1 - Na
2 – Cl2
Sodium Chloride
Chemical Name &
Physical State
Glucose (s) - solid
Nitrogen dioxide (g) - gas
Carbon dioxide (g) - gas
Water (l) – liquid
Atomic
model
Chemical Formula
C6H12O6
The chemical formula for glucose tells us that
each molecule is made of 6 carbon atoms, 12
hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms.
NO2
CO2
H2O
(aq) – aqueous solution This is used when substances are dissolved in water.
A saltwater solution would be NaCl (aq)
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
21
Molecular Compounds
A molecule is the smallest independent unit of a pure substance. Diatomic molecules are
molecules made up of 2 atoms of the same element (oxygen O2, nitrogen N2, hydrogen H2). Most
molecular compounds do not form large structures.
When non-metals combine, they produce a pure
substance called a molecule, or molecular
compound. They can be solids, liquids, or gases at
room temperature. The bonding between atoms is
strong, but the attraction between the molecules is
weak.
Examples: sugar (
acetylene, water
Properties of molecular compounds
• Low melting point
• Low boiling point
• Good insulators
• Poor conductors
• Distinct crystal shape
C12H22O11(s) )
Of the 10 million compounds discovered so far, about 9 million are molecular compounds
Writing Formulas For Molecular Compounds
The formula tells how many of each type of atom is present in the molecule.
How Are Molecular Compounds Named?
A compound made from two elements is called a binary compound.
Rules for naming binary molecular compounds:
1. The first element in the compound uses the element name
2. The second element has a suffix – ide –
3. When there is more than 1 atom in the formula, a prefix is used
which tells how many atoms there are:
4. Exception to #3 above – when the first element has only 1
atom the prefix mono is not used
Examples:
CO2(g) carbon dioxide
# of Atoms
1
2
3
4
Prefix
mono
di
tri
tetra
5
penta
6
hexa-
7
hepta-
8
octa-
9
nona-
10
deca-
CCl4(l) carbon tetrachloride SiO2(s) Silicon dioxide
If you are changing from the written name to the chemical symbol:
1. Write the symbols for the elements in the same order as they appear in the name.
2. Use subscripts to indicate the numbers of each type of atom.
Some molecular compounds are better known by their common names rather than their chemical
names, example: water H2O is actually dihydrogen oxide, propane C3H8 is tricarbon octahydride.
The bracketed symbol following the chemical formula represents what state (solid, liquid, gas) the
compound is in. (aq) means aqueous (water) solution.
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds are pure substances formed as a
result of the attraction between particles of opposite
charges, called ions. When an atom gains or loses
electrons, the atom is no longer neutral – it is an ion,
either positively or negatively charged.
22
Properties of ionic compounds
•
•
•
•
High melting point
Good electrical conductivity
Distinct crystal shape
Solid at room temperature
Sodium Chloride ( table salt ) – NaCl – is an ionic compound. When it is dissolved in water, the
metal (Na) loses an electron – to become positively charged - and the nonmetal (Cl2) gains an
electron – to be negatively charged - forming an aqueous solution of ions. Conductivity is the
ability of a substance to carry an electric current. The ionic salt solution provides good
conductivity. Positive sodium ions attract negative chloride ions to form a cube-shaped
arrangement (ionic model). The force holding them together is called ionic bonds.
Ion Charges
A superscript ( + ) or a ( – ) are used to indicate the charge. Na+ and ClSome ions can also form when certain atoms of elements combine. These ions are called
polyatomic ions (poly meaning “many”). Polyatomic atoms are a group of atoms acting as one.
Example:
1 carbon atom reacting with 3 oxygen atoms produces
1 carbonate group of atoms, which act as one. CO32Then, when carbonate ions react with calcium atoms they produce
calcium carbonate, or known by its common name - limestone. Ca CO32How Are Ionic Compounds Named?
Two rules:
1. The chemical name of the metal or positive ion goes first,
followed by the name of the non-metal or negative ion.
2. The name of the non-metal negative ion changes its ending to ide.
NB: one exception – Where negative ions are polyatomic ions, the name remains unchanged.
Some elements with more than one ion charge use a roman numeral in its chemical name to
clearly show which ion is being used. Cu(II)SO4 (Copper II Sulfate)
Using Ion Charges and Chemical Names To Write Formulas
Step 1 – Print the metal element’s name, symbol and ion charge,
then the non-metals name, symbol and ion charge
Step 2 – Balance the ion charges (the positive ion must balance with
the negative ion
Step 3 – Write the formula by indicating how many atoms of each
element are in it.
Ca2+
Cl1-
Ca2+ Cl1- Cl1CaCl2
Periodic Table Patterns:
ion charge
Alkali metals
1+
Halogens
1Generally elements in a group all have the same ion charge (most consistency at either end of the table)
All ionic compounds have distinct (different) crystal shapes.
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
23
Topic 6 - Chemical Compounds
1.
When any of the 112 elements combine into groups of 2 or more they form compounds. If atoms of
elements are shared, this type of compound is formed.
A. ionic
B. atomic
C. aqueous
D. molecular
2.
The chemical formula uses symbols and numerals to identify which elements and how many atoms of
each element are present in the compound.
The chemical formula for ethanol
A. C2 H6 O
B. H3CH2 COH
C. C2 3H2 O
D. H2 HC2 OH H2
would be written as …
3.
Guyton de Morveau in France developed a standardized chemical naming system in 1787 to
determine a chemical name. The type of element that is always first is the …
A. acid
B. base
C. metal
D. Non-metal
4.
If a compound is formed and it contains a metal the compound is.
A. ionic
B. acidic
C. basic
D. molecular
5.
The only compound that contains three elements is …
A. H2O(l) Water
B. C6H12O6(s) Glucose
C. CO2(g) Carbon dioxide
D. NO2(g) Nitrogen dioxide
6.
Substances dissolved in water use a symbol following the chemical formula ti identify it as a waterbased solution ...
A. liquefied
B. dissolved
C. distilled
D. aqueous
7.
A molecule is the smallest independent unit of a pure substance. Diatomic molecules are molecules
made up of.
A. 2 atoms of the same element
B. more than 2 atoms of an element
C. 1 atom from 2 different elements
D. 2 atoms from 2 different elements
8.
In molecular pure substances the bonding between atoms is strong, but the attraction
between the molecules is weak. They are good insulators, poor conductors and have a
distinct crystal shape. This type of molecular compound is produced when …
A.
B.
C.
D.
metals combine
non-metals combine
gases and solids combine
non-metals and metals combine
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
9.
Some molecular compounds are better known by their common names rather than their
chemical names, example: water H2O is actually
A.
B.
C.
D.
10.
H2O(l)
NaCl(s)
C6H12O6(s)
CaCO3(s)
which ion is used
how the ion is used
the order of ions used
how many ions are used
A compound made from two elements is called a.
A.
B.
C.
D.
14.
(Cl2) +
(Cl2) +
(Cl2) (Cl2) -
Some compounds of copper such as Copper II Sulfate used use a roman numeral in its
chemical name. Cu(II)SO4 The roman numeral is used to show …
A.
B.
C.
D.
13.
(Na)+
(Na)(Na)+
(Na)-
Some ions can also form when certain atoms of elements combine. These ions are called
polyatomic ions (poly meaning “many”). Polyatomic atoms are a group of atoms acting as
one. The compound that contains a polyatomic ion is …
A.
B.
C.
D.
12.
hydroxide
dihydroxide
hydrogen dioxide
dihydrogen oxide
When dissolved in water, the metal (Na) loses an electron and the nonmetal (Cl2) gains an
electron forming an aqueous solution of ions like these …
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
24
dual compound
binary compound
double compound
secondary compound
Generally when looking at patterns in the periodic table this can be said about elements in a group …
A. They all have the same density
B. They react very violently
C. They all have the same ion charge
D. They all have different ion charges
15.
The formula for carbon tetrachloride is …
A.
B.
C.
D.
# of Atoms
Prefix
1
mono
2
di
3
tri
4
tetra
5
penta
C4Cl
CCl4
C4Cl4
Cl4C
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
25
Topic 7 Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reaction Movies ( So Cool! )
http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/jcesoft/cca/cca0/sampmovs.htm
Examples of Chemical Reactions
http://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/creact.htm
Chemical Reactions in the body (see figure 2.47 on page 146)
Cellular Respiration is a chemical reaction that takes place in the cells in your body.
Animations of cellular respiration
A chemical reaction takes place when two or more substances combine to form new
substances. Different types of chemical reactions can occur, including combination,
decomposition, displacement and exchange reactions. The substances at the beginning of
the reaction are called reactants. The new materials produced by the reaction are called
products. The properties of the products differ from those of the reactants, thus a chemical
change has occurred. A chemical change results from a chemical reaction. Evidence that a
chemical change has occurred include:
• A change in colour, or presence of an odour
• The formation of a solid (precipitate) or a gas (bubbles)
• The release or absorption of energy
¾ A chemical change, which releases energy, is called EXOTHERMIC.
¾ A chemical change, which absorbs energy, is called ENDOTHERMIC
Chemical Equations
Chemical reactions can be written as word equations which gives the names of all the reactants
(separated by a "plus' sign + ) followed by an arrow which points to the names of all the products
(separated by a 'plus' sign +)
eg. ( iron + oxygen + water Æ rust )
(Iron plus oxygen plus water produces rust)
Reactants
->
Products
Combustion is a chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen reacts with a substance to form a
new substance and gives off energy.
Identification Tests:
¾ for OXYGEN
Light a wooden splint. Blow out the flame, allowing the splint to continue glowing. Hold the glowing splint in a
small amount of the unknown gas. If the splint bursts into flame, then the gas being tested is oxygen.
¾
for HYDROGEN
Light a wooden splint. Hold the glowing splint in a small amount of the unknown gas. If you hear a "pop",
then the gas being tested is Hydrogen.
¾
for CARBON DIOXIDE
If you put a burning splint into Carbon Dioxide, the flame will go out and you will know the gas is not oxygen
or hydrogen, but you will not know for sure that it is Carbon Dioxide. The test for Carbon Dioxide is not a
combustion test, but rather uses a liquid called limewater (a clear colorless solution of calcium hydroxide, or
slaked lime). Bubble the unknown gas through the limewater solution, or add a few drops of the limewater
solution to the gas and swirl it around. If the limewater turns milky, the gas is Carbon Dioxide.
Although a chemical equation may look complicated, by knowing what you know now, it should
be much easier to understand.
HC2H3O2(l) + NaHCO3(g) -> NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(vinegar)
(baking soda)
(sodium acetate)
(water)
(carbon dioxide)
Breaking Chemical Bonds
Chemical bonds are forces that cause a group of atoms to behave as a unit. Energy is stored in
these bonds. To break the bonds energy must be added. When bonds form, energy is released.
All chemical reactions involve energy being absorbed ENDOTHERMIC, or released EXOTHERMIC.
Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction, because it needs light energy to occur, whereas
combustion is an exothermic reaction, because it gives off light and heat.
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
26
Topic 7 - Chemical Reactions
1.
Different types of chemical reactions can occur when two or more substances combine to
form new substances. Corrosion ( iron + oxygen + water → rust ) is this type of chemical
reaction.
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
A chemical change, which releases energy, is called …
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.
exothermic
endothermic
combustable
dangerously reactive
Chemical reactions can be written as word equations which gives the names of all the
reactants followed by an arrow which points to the names of all the products.
eg. ( iron + oxygen + water Æ rust )
The arrow in the word equation indicates …
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.
exchange
combination
displacement
decomposition
The rate of the reaction
The reactants produced
The products produced
What is used in the reaction
A chemical equation may look complicated, but, by knowing what you know now, it should
be much easier to understand
HC2H3O2(l) + NaHCO3(g) -> NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
This chemical equation happens when you mix …
A.
B.
C.
D.
vinegar and calcium carbonate
carbon dioxide and flavored water
calcium carbonate and water
vinegar and baking soda
5.
The following word equation identifies what happens when hydrogen peroxide is left out in the sun. It
changes to water and oxygen gas.
A. Water + Oxygen
Hydrogen peroxide
B. Hydrogen peroxide + Energy
Water + Oxygen
C. Water + Energy + Oxygen
Hydrogen peroxide
D. Hydrogen peroxide + Oxygen
Water + Energy
6.
Use the following chemical reaction word equation to answer the question.
wood + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water + energy released
The reactants in this chemical word equation are …
A. wood and oxygen
B. wood and energy
C. oxygen and energy
D. carbon dioxide and water
7.
To treat an injury in sport, cold packs are used to reduce the swelling where the injury occurs.
These cold packs are examples of …
A. Endothermic reactions
B. Exothermic reactions
C.
Combustion reactions
D. Corrosion reactions
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
27
Topic 8 Reaction Rate
The speed of a chemical reaction is called the reaction rate.
¾ Temperature of the reactants affects the rate of all reactions (The higher the temperature
the faster the reaction rate)
¾ Surface Area of the reactants affects the reaction rate (The more surface in contact, the
faster the reaction rate)
¾ Concentration of the reactants affects the reaction rate. (The higher the concentration,
the faster the reaction rate)
¾ The presence of a Catalyst affects the reaction rate
Speeding Up a Reaction With Catalysts
A catalyst is a substance that help a reaction proceed faster and are not consumed in the
reaction. Types of reactions involving catalysts can be found in living and non-living things.
Enzymes are natural catalysts that help in the reactions in the body, which break down food.
They also get rid of poison in the body. Catalase (an enzyme found in plant and animal cells)
speeds up the breaking down of hydrogen peroxide into harmless oxygen and water.
Slowing Down a Reaction With Inhibitors
Inhibitors are substances that slow down chemical reactions. Plants have natural inhibitors in
their seeds to prevent germination until the right conditions are present. Inhibitors are added to
foods to slow down their decomposition.
Corrosion
Corrosion is a slow chemical change that occurs when oxygen
in the air reacts with a metal. Corrosion is a chemical reaction
in which the metal is decomposed (eaten away), when it reacts
with other substances in the environment. The corrosion of iron
is called 'rusting'.
Many metals can corrode. The green roofs of the parliament buildings are an example of corrosion.
The red-brown copper color is replaced with the green color because copper corrodes. Gold does
not corrode. Solid solutions of metals (alloys) resist corrosion.
Preventing Corrosion
Corrosion protection (e.g. painting the metal) involves protecting metal from contact with the
environment and the factors that affect the reaction rate of this chemical reaction. Coating a
corrosive metal with a thin layer of zinc is called galvanization. The process of coating a
corrosive metal with another metal through electrolysis (review p.110) is called electroplating.
Combustion
Combustion is the highly exothermic combination of a substance with oxygen. Combustion
requires heat, oxygen, and fuel.
Products of Combustion
The burning of propane ( C3H8 ) in a barbeque is an exothermic reaction that produces heat to
cook the food. If the heat is too intense, the products being cooked will be changed into pure
carbon (the meat will be burnt). The products of combustion are not always beneficial. Burning
fossil fuels (such as propane) produces carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, smoke, soot, ash and heat. Some of these products are pollutants which will be covered
in more detail in Environmental Chemistry – Unit C.
H
H
H
H–C–C–C–H
H
H
( Propane C3H8 )
H
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
28
Topic 8 - Reaction Rate
1.
A catalyst was used in an experiment. The effect that the catalyst had was …
A. There was no effect at all
B. The reaction happened faster
C. The reaction happened slower
D. The reaction produced more products
2.
Enzymes are catalysts used in our body to break down food. Without the presence of enzyme the
reactions in our body would …
A. require much higher temperatures
B. produce different substances
C. happen more quickly
D. not occur at all
3.
Some substances are used in foods to slow down decomposition. Plant seeds prevent germination
until the right conditions are present by these natural …
A. reactors
B. enzymes
C. catalysts
D. inhibitors
4.
By crushing a tablet of medicine before you take it, you are changing the reaction rate by changing
the …
A. temperature
B. surface area
C. concentration
D. a catalyst
5.
Corrosion protection involves protecting metal from contact with the environment and the factors that
affect the reaction rate of this chemical reaction. Coating a corrosive metal with a thin layer of zinc is
called …
A. galvanization
B. sterilization
C. electrolysis
D. electroengineering
6.
H
H
H
H–C–C–C–H
( Propane C3H8 )
H H H
The burning of propane ( C3H8 ) in a barbeque is an exothermic reaction that produces
heat to cook the food. If the heat is too intense, the products being cooked (will be burnt)
will be changed into.
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.
hydrocarbons
hydrogen dioxide
carbon monoxide
pure carbon
Burning fossil fuels (such as propane) produces carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur
oxides, nitrogen oxides, smoke, soot, ash and heat. These products are called …
A.
B.
C.
D.
pesticides
pollutants
combustibles
hydrocarbons
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
Matter and Chemical Change
Topic 1
Exploring Matter
• Safety First
• Classifying Matter
• Mixtures of Matter
Topic 2
Changes In Matter
• Can You Ever Be Sure About Changes?
• Properties: Chemical or Physical?
Topic 3
What Are Elements
• Taking Apart Matter
• New Discoveries
• Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• Laws, Theories, Models, and Observations
• A Brief History of Atomic Models
Topic 4
Classifying Elements
• Element Symbols
• Different Kinds of Elements
• Chemical Families
• Alkali Metals
•
Alkali Earth Metals
• The Noble Gases
• The Halogens
Topic 5
The Periodic Table
• Mendeleev Builds a Table
• Putting the Elements in Order
• Mass Number
• Periodic Table Models
Topic 6
Chemical Compounds
• Understanding Formulas for Compounds
• Molecular Compounds
• How Are Molecular Compounds Named?
• Ionic Compounds
• How Are Ionic Compounds Named?
Topic 7
Chemical Reactions
• Chemical Equations
• Breaking Chemical Bonds
Topic 8
Reaction Rate
• Speeding Up a Reaction With Catalysts
• Slowing Down a Reaction With Inhibitors
• Corrosion
• Preventing Corrosion
• Combustion
• Products of Combustion
Unit B
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
29
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
Topic 1 Exploring Matter
Identify or Illustrate the following W.H.M.I.S. symbols
Toxic
Compressed Gas
Reactive
Identify the Lab Safety equipment by telling what it is, or drawing what it looks like.
Fume Hood
Fire Extinguisher
Illustrate and explain the following techniques or procedures to be followed in the Science lab.
Wafting an unknown substance
Heating Chemicals in a Test Tube
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
30
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
31
Classifying Matter
Identify the 5 main points in the Particle Model of Matter.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What do the first two points help us to understand?
_____________________________________________________________________________
What do the remaining points help to explain?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Identify each state of matter and describe the action of the particles in that state.
___________________
___________________
___________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
32
Mixtures of Matter
How is matter Classified?
MATTER
Explain the difference between a colloid and an emulsion.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Topic 2 - Changes In Matter
Illustrate what happens when matter changes state and identify in your illustration whether energy
is needed or given off.
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
33
What happens during a physical change?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What happens during a chemical change?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What are the clues that describe a change as being chemical?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Complete the table by giving a physical property and a chemical property for each example of
matter.
Matter
Physical Property
Chemical Property
gold
copper
iron
sulfur
water
helium
hydrogen
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
34
Topic 3 What Are Elements?
What were the 4 original elements?
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
What did Alchemists do?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Explain what the Law of Conservation of Mass describes.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Explain what the Law of Definite Composition describes.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
How can you identify an unknown substance?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
35
Explain, with an illustration, the process of Hydrolysis.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Explain John Dalton’s Atomic Theory as it applies to matter.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Explain the difference between a LAW, a THEORY and a MODEL.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
36
Complete the Timeline
Stone Age
Quantum Model
1808
8000
BC.
Present
Day
Billiard Ball Model
Atomic Model
Iron Age
Raisin Bun Model
Bronze Age
Chemical names
Planetary Model
Topic 4 Classifying Elements
Early chemists used symbols of the sun and the planets to identify the elements known to them.
Illustrate the symbols they used.
Metal
gold
silver
iron
mercury
tin
copper
lead
Sun
Moon
Mars
Mercury
Jupiter
Venus
Saturn
Symbol
Celestial Body
Illustrate the symbols John Dalton later used for the different substances listed.
Substance
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Water
Pot Ash
Sulfuric Acid
Phosphorous
Symbol
What does this illustration tell you about the History of the Periodic Table
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Describe how it has changed to what is illustrated here.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
37
Describe each Chemical Family and explain how it is represented in the Periodic Table.
Chemical Family
Description
Table Representation
Transition Metals
Other Metals
Metalloids
Non-Metals
Rare Earth
Elements
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth
Metals
Noble Gases
Outer shell is full of electrons, making these gases
stable
Group 18 – Dark Green
column on the right side
st
1
Halogens
Topic 5 The Periodic Table
What system did Dmitiri Mendeleev (1834-1907) use to organize the elements?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Why did Dmitiri Mendeleev use ‘?’ in his original representation of the elements?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
38
Explain what each of the following tell us about an element …
Atomic Number
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Mass Number
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Atomic Symbol
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Atomic Mass
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
How many elements are known?
________________________________________________
What are the Horizontal rows called? ___________________________________
How are they numbered? ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Topic 6 - Chemical Compounds
Explain the difference between organic and inorganic compounds.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
How is a chemical formula determined?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
39
Write the chemical formula as determined by the name of the compound.
Aluminum oxide
Calcium nitrite
Sodium Chloride
Write the name of the compound as determined by the chemical formula.
NO3
C6H12O6
C12H22O11(s)
Compare the properties of Molecular and Ionic Compounds
Properties of molecular compounds
Properties of ionic compounds
•
____________________________
•
____________________________
•
____________________________
•
____________________________
•
____________________________
•
____________________________
•
____________________________
•
____________________________
•
____________________________
•
____________________________
What are the rules for naming Molecular Compounds?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
40
How are ions formed?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What are polyatomic atoms?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What are the rules for naming Ionic Compounds?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
How can you use ion charges and chemical names to write a formula for an ionic compound?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What distinct property do all ionic compounds have?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Topic 7 Chemical Reactions
What are the four main types of chemical reactions?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
41
What are the clues to identify a change as being chemical?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Write a word equation and a chemical equation for the corrosion of iron.
How can you identify an unknown gas?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Explain the difference between an Endothermic and Exothermic reaction – give an example of
each.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
42
Topic 8 Reaction Rate
What are the 4 main factors that change the speed of a chemical reaction?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Explain how a catalyst works.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Explain how an inhibitor works.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What is a corrosion effect that can be seen on parliament buildings?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Explain the process of galvanization.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Explain electroplating.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
43
What three things are needed for combustion reactions?
_____________________________________________________________________________
List some harmful by-product of combustion.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Illustrate 2 molecular models and 2 ionic models
Molecular Models
Ionic Models
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
44
Matter and Chemical Change Unit Test
1.
2.
This symbol means …
A. toxic
B. reactive
C. corrosive
D. poisonous
3.
The particle model helps us to understand about the state of a substance by the number of particles that
appear to be moving and the relative spaces between the particles. A liquid substance would be
represented most likely by model …
B.
A.
4.
This symbol means …
A. toxic
B. reactive
C. corrosive
D. poisonous
C.
When a substance undergoes a change of state it
can use energy or give off energy. The change that
occurs when a substance changes from a liquid to a
gas is referred to as …
A.
B.
C.
D.
deposition
sublimation
vaporization
condensation
5.
6.
Brass is a solution that is best classified as …
A. element
B. solution
C. compound
D. mechanical
7.
A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture that is
composed of fine particles evenly distributed
throughout another substance. An example of a
colloid is …
A. milk
B. mayonnaise
C. flour in water
D. hair gel
Properties are characteristics that can be used to describe how a substance behaves.
Ductility is a property that describes a substance’s …
A.
B.
C.
D.
mixing ability
reaction with water
ability to stretch
toxic effect
8.
9.
The only list below that describes only chemical
properties of a substance is …
A. reactivity, toxicity, stability, malleability
B. ductility, crystal shape, miscibility, solubility
C. malleability, smell, viscosity, miscibility
D. density, conductivity, combustibility, color
10.
D.
When a substance undergoes a physical
change the evidence used includes all of the
following, EXCEPT …
A. colour
B. odour
C. toxicity
D. density
One of the procedures used today - credited to alchemists (part pharmacist and part mystic) is a procedure used to separate mixtures, called …
A.
B.
C.
D.
dissolving
distillation
desalination
disintegration
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
11.
45
Lavoisier was one of the first chemists to use a balanced view of chemical change, which we
now call the Law of …
A.
B.
C.
D.
Conservation of Mass
Definite Composition
Multiple Proportions
Combustion
12.
Using electricity to split molecules into their elements is a process called …
A.
B.
C.
D.
electrolysis
electricity
electroplating
electrorefining
13.
John Dalton developed a theory that helped explain what happened in the electrolysis of water and
was a new way to explain chemical facts and laws. His theory was called the …
A. Quantum Theory
B. Atomic Theory
C. Raisin Bun Theory
D. Plum Pudding Theory
14.
In science, these do not explain anything. They simply describe and summarize what
happens.
A.
B.
C.
D.
15.
models
theories
ideas
laws
♀
Early chemists used the planets to identify the elements known to them. This later
was a problem, when more elements were discovered, because they ran out of
planets.
This symbol represent the planet and element …
A. Mars - iron
B. Venus - copper
C. Mercury - mercury
D. Jupiter - tin
16.
These elements have both metal and non-metal properties. Some of them are semi-conductors, which
means, they can carry an electrical charge under special conditions. Making them great for computers
and calculators. They are the …
A. Transition Metals
B. Rare Earth Elements
C. Metalloids
D. Other Metals
17.
The 6 elements in this group all have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer s hell
which makes them stable. They are known as the …
A. Halogens
B. Alkali Metals
C. Noble Gases
D. Alkaline Earth Metals
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
18.
Mendeleev arranged the element cards into a ‘solitaire-like’ table. He played with them, by
sorting and arranging the elements in many different combinations. He was able to identify
gaps where elements, would be able to fit, that were ...
A.
B.
C.
D.
19.
known to exist
not yet discovered
rare earth elements
identified by alchemists
In 1915 the Modern Periodic Table was reorganized, including more information about each
element with a focus on …
A.
B.
C.
D.
20.
46
atomic structure
Chemical properties
Physical properties
reactivity rating
Vertical columns form a group of elements (numbered 1-18) The horizontal rows
(numbered 1-7) are called …
A.
B.
C.
D.
lists
types
family
periods
21.
In the periodic table the following elements would be identified as the Noble Gases.
A. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
B. Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
C. He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
D. Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Uun
22.
As you move across the periodic table the properties of the elements change. The most reactive
metals include …
A. sodium and lithium
B. iron and copper
C. aluminum and carbon
D. lead and zinc
23.
When any of the 112 elements combine into groups of 2 or more they form compounds. If atoms of
elements are shared, this type of compound is formed.
A. ionic
B. atomic
C. aqueous
D. molecular
24.
26.
Guyton de Morveau in France developed a
standardized chemical naming system in 1787 to
determine a chemical name. The type of element
that is always first is the …
A. acid
B. base
C. metal
D. Non-metal
25.
The only compound that contains three
elements is …
A.
B.
C.
D.
H2O(l) Water
C6H12O6(s) Glucose
CO2(g) Carbon dioxide
NO2(g) Nitrogen dioxide
In molecular pure substances the bonding between atoms is strong, but the attraction
between the molecules is weak. They are good insulators, poor conductors and have a
distinct crystal shape. This type of molecular compound is produced when …
A.
B.
C.
D.
metals combine
non-metals combine
gases and solids combine
non-metals and metals combine
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
47
27.
A molecule is the smallest independent unit of a pure substance. Diatomic molecules are molecules
made up of.
A. 2 atoms of the same element
B. more than 2 atoms of an element
C. 1 atom from 2 different elements
D. 2 atoms from 2 different elements
28.
When dissolved in water, the metal (Na) loses an electron and the nonmetal (Cl2) gains an
electron forming an aqueous solution of ions like these …
A.
B.
C.
D.
29.
31.
which ion is used
how the ion is used
the order of ions used
how many ions are used
Generally when looking at patterns in the periodic table this can be said about elements in a group …
A. They all have the same density
B. They react very violently
C. They all have the same ion charge
D. They all have different ion charges
A chemical change, which releases energy, is called …
A.
B.
C.
D.
32.
(Cl2) +
(Cl2) +
(Cl2) (Cl2) -
Some compounds of copper such as Copper II Sulfate used use a roman numeral in its
chemical name. Cu(II)SO4 The roman numeral is used to show …
A.
B.
C.
D.
30.
(Na)+
(Na)(Na)+
(Na)-
exothermic
endothermic
combustable
dangerously reactive
A chemical equation may look complicated, but, by knowing what you know now, it should
be much easier to understand
HC2H3O2(l) + NaHCO3(g) -> NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
This chemical equation happens when you mix …
A.
B.
C.
D.
vinegar and calcium carbonate
carbon dioxide and flavored water
calcium carbonate and water
vinegar and baking soda
33.
The following word equation identifies what happens when hydrogen peroxide is left out in the sun. It
changes to water and oxygen gas.
A. Water + Oxygen
Hydrogen peroxide
B. Hydrogen peroxide + Energy
Water + Oxygen
C. Water + Energy + Oxygen
Hydrogen peroxide
D. Hydrogen peroxide + Oxygen
Water + Energy
34.
To treat an injury in sport, cold packs are used to reduce the swelling where the injury occurs.
These cold packs are examples of …
A. Endothermic reactions
B. Exothermic reactions
C. Combustion reactions
D. Corrosion reactions
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
48
35.
Enzymes are catalysts used in our body to break down food. Without the presence of enzyme the
reactions in our body would …
A. require much higher temperatures
B. produce different substances
C. happen more quickly
D. not occur at all
36.
Some substances are used in foods to slow down decomposition. Plant seeds prevent germination
until the right conditions are present by these natural …
A. reactors
B. enzymes
C. catalysts
D. inhibitors
37.
By crushing a tablet of medicine before you take it, you are changing the reaction rate by changing
the …
A. temperature
B. surface area
C. concentration
D. a catalyst
38.
Corrosion protection involves protecting metal from contact with the environment and the factors that
affect the reaction rate of this chemical reaction. Coating a corrosive metal with a thin layer of zinc is
called …
A. galvanization
B. sterilization
C. electrolysis
D. electroengineering
H
39.
H
H
H–C–C–C–H
( Propane C3H8 )
H H H
The burning of propane ( C3H8 ) in a barbeque is an exothermic reaction that produces heat
to cook the food. If the heat is too intense, the products being cooked (will be burnt) will be
changed into.
A.
B.
C.
D.
40.
hydrocarbons
hydrogen dioxide
carbon monoxide
pure carbon
Burning fossil fuels (such as propane) produces carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur
oxides, nitrogen oxides, smoke, soot, ash and heat. These products are called …
A.
B.
C.
D.
pesticides
pollutants
combustibles
hydrocarbons
Complete the Numerical Response Questions that follow on the next page
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
49
Numerical Response Questions
NR1 - Match the description of the Theory of Matter with the time it
occurred.
1- Chemists only investigated materials that had a high value to humans
2- The use of simple tools and the discovery of fire
3- The work of Dalton suggests matter is made up of elements
4- A group of Hittites discovered how to extract an element from rock
______
Stone
Age
______
Bronze
Age
______
Iron
Age
______
Atomic
Theory
NR2 - The law of conservation of mass in a chemical reaction states that
the mass of the products will equal the mass of the reactants.
Mg(s)
24.3 g
+
S(s)
32.1 g
MgS(s)
Mass?
What is the mass of MgS ?
.
.
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
.
.
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
.
.
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
NR3 - Match the WHMIS Symbol with the description of the Hazard.
1
______
Toxic
2
______
Biohazard
3
______
Flammable
4
______
Oxidizing
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
50
Matter and Chemical Change Topic Quiz – Answer Keys
Topic 1
Exploring Matter
Topic 2
Changes in Matter
Topic 3
What are Elements?
Topic 4
Classifying Elements
Topic 5
The Periodic Table
Topic 6
Chemical
Compounds
Topic 7
Chemical Reactions
Topic 8
Reaction Rate
1
2
3
4
A
D
C
B
5
6
7
8
C
C
A
D
9
10
B
D
1
2
3
C
D
C
4
5
6
A
B
D
7
8
C
A
1
2
3
4
5
A
B
C
A
C
6
7
8
9
10
D
B
A
B
A
11
12
D
C
1
2
3
B
D
A
4
5
6
D
C
A
7
B
1
2
3
B
A
C
4
5
6
D
B
D
7
8
9
C
B
A
1
2
3
4
5
D
A
C
A
B
6
7
8
9
10
D
A
B
D
C
11
12
13
14
15
D
A
B
C
B
1
2
3
B
A
C
4
5
6
D
B
A
7
A
1
2
3
B
C
D
4
5
6
B
A
D
7
B
Copyright 2005 – Developed by Edquest Resources (www.edquest.ca)
Learning Pack for Matter and Chemical Change – Unit 2 (Science Focus 9)
51
Matter and Chemical Change Unit Test – Answer Key
1
A
13
B
25
B
37
B
2
D
14
D
26
B
38
A
3
C
15
B
27
A
39
D
4
C
16
C
28
C
40
B
5
B
17
A
29
A
6
D
18
B
30
C
7
C
19
A
31
A
A
20
D
32
C
NR1
8
2143
9
C
21
C
33
A
B
22
A
34
C
NR2
10
56.4
11
A
23
D
35
A
A
24
C
36
D
NR3
12
3142
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