The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Half Day Lecture on
PROMPT:
A Dynamic Tactual-Kinesthetic
Treatment Approach
Definition of PROMPT
A holistic, dynamic, sensory-motor,
tactile-kinesthetic system designed to
help organize, plan and execute the
phonetic/phonemic elements of speech
production for the development or
redevelopment of language within
function interactions.
PROMPT Who Benefits…
•Developmentally delayed clients.
•Clients with phonological impairments.
•Children or adults with Dysarthria
•Children or adults with Apraxia of Speech.
•Adults diagnosed with speech disorders…
• Autistic Spectrum Disorders
• Hearing Impaired clients.
• Clients with dysfluencies.
• Acquisition of foreign language sound systems.
(with a motor component (e.g.,
Broca’s Aphasia, other Aphasias).
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
1
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Research and Development
•
Over 30 Years of Development
– 1970’s
• Systematic manipulation of tactual-kinesthetic-proprioceptive input to
oromotor structures for changing speech targets for children with severe
motor impairments
– 1980’s
• First empirical studies of PROMPT’s treatment efficacy with children
(autism, and mild-moderate motor impairment) and adults with acquired
apraxia.
– 1990’s
• Developed standardized assessment protocols
• Empirical study of PROMPT’s treatment efficacy with mild motor/CAS
children.
– 2000’s
• An NIH-funded study comparing PROMPT and the Denver Model with
nonverbal autistic children
• Research supported by the South Western Cerebral Palsy Association, Perth,
Australia and conducted at The Centre for Cerebral Palsy. The study’s
principal investigator is Roslyn Ward, the title of the study “The
effectiveness of PROMPT therapy for children with Cerebral Palsy
Research and Development
– 2007 Onwards: An NIH-funded study comparing PROMPT and the
Denver Model with nonverbal autistic children
• Current studies are being planned through the University of Queensland, AU,
the University of New Mexico and New York University that will begin
investigating questions such as:
– 1) The role of the tactual system and how this system works with
auditory and visual systems in contributing to the development
of abstract phonological representations in early language
development.
– 2) Why PROMPT therapy, while changing the accuracy of motor
speech actions, also appears to increase learning across domains.
– 3) What speech production disorders benefit the most from
PROMPT?
– 4) How many times per week does a child need to receive
PROMPT therapy to achieve maximum benefit?
PROMPT Certification Process
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
*Introduction to PROMPT Technique
*Technique Self-Study
*Bridging Technique to Intervention
Parent workshops
*Certification Project
Instructor Training
Yearly Instructor Camps
(Must complete for Certification)
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
2
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Shifts for SLP
• Motor rather than Auditory or Developmental
Model
• ‘Stage’ or ‘Plane of Movement’ rather than
Phoneme
• Emphasis on vowels and diphthongs as well as
consonants.
• ‘Speech through Speech!’ no oral motor
• Proximity to client and tactile cueing
Shifts for SLP (continued)
• New Motor Skill for SLP
• Work on All ‘Domains’ (sensory-motor,
cognitive-linguistic, social-emotional)
• All Treatment is Functional and Interactive
PROMPT Is:
A PHILOSOPHY
• Tenets
AN APPROACH
• Organizing principles of assessment
A SYSTEM
• Development of intervention plans,
communication focus, goals, objectives,
activities etc.
A TECHNIQUE
• Purpose and use of PROMPT technique
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
3
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
PROMPT consists of…
• A PHILOSOPHY- a way of conceptualizing
speech production disorders
• AN APPROACH - suggested
ways that
assessment and evaluation need to be
approached
• A SYSTEM - the way assessment results are put
into treatment planning
• A TECHNIQUE - the way treatment is carried out
using tactual information
PROMPT Tenets
1.
(page 8)
That human beings are internally and
externally driven by the physical, mental
and social-emotional domains.
2. That these domains are fully integrated and
codependent in a functional human.
3. That communication represents the purest
integration of all three domains.
PROMPT Tenets
Con’t
4. That humans need to connect with other
humans across all domains.
5. That communication may be disrupted by
a breakdown in any or all three domains.
6. That to strengthen the weakest domain, all
domains must be reintegrated in a
systematic fashion.
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
4
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
7.
PROMPT Tenets Con’t
That restructuring should alternate focus among
all domains, but the timing and order are
individually determined.
8.
Finally, that no communication intervention can
produce permanent change without involving all
domains.
9.
The final & ultimate goal of PROMPT therapy is
the creation of a state of equilibrium across
domains to the highest level attainable by that
individual.
Conceptual Framework of
PROMPT
• An Approach
– “PROMPT provides guidance about the type and depth of
knowledge needed to assess speech production and how to
conceptualize and organize the obtained information for
intervention”
• Hayden, 2004, p. 260
• A Technique
– PROMPT prescribes the various technical or mechanical
manipulations of operations (types of tactile cues among
others) needed to actually change speech production
performance
• Hayden, 2004, p. 260
Conceptual Framework of
PROMPT
• Prominent Interrelated Concepts
– 1. Oral language is part of a dynamic system influenced by
internal and external factors that interact to determine an
individual’s development over time.
– 2. It is necessary to evaluate external and internal factors that
may affect a child’s speech performance.
– 3. Using tactile stimuli, the embedding of information within
and across sensory and motor systems can be used to create
motor schemas and associations for cognitive-linguistic
retrieval
• Hayden, 2004, pp. 260-261
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
5
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Conceptual Framework of PROMPT
• Internal Domains
– Physical Act of Speech Production
• Requires peripheral and central (i.e., neurological) anatomical body
structures
– Mental Act of Speech Production
• Involves the cognitive-linguistic domain
– Social-Emotional Act of Speech Production
• Involves the use of socially acceptable rules for interacting with other
in conversations and other forms of social discourse, as well as one’s
affective attitude or feelings about self and others
Conceptual Framework of
PROMPT
• Internal Domains (Physical, Mental, and SocialEmotional)
– Interdependence and Contribution to Speech Production
– Impairment
• Speech production may NOT be normal if any one of these global
domains is disordered or delayed
– Assessment and Treatment of Speech Production Disorders
PROMPT Philosophy
Child
Environment
Physical
Sensory
Cognitive
Linguistic
Communication
Skeletal Structure
Neuromuscular Integrity
Sensation
Perception (sensation, discrimination,
recognition)
Concept Formulation
Social
Emotional
Interpersonal Interaction
Trust
Behavioral Outcomes
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
6
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Conceptual Framework of
PROMPT
• “All behavioral outcomes, including speech
production, result from the interaction of
external and internal factors”
• Hayden, 2004, p. 259
– External factors
• Include factors that define the social and physical world in
which speech production occurs
– Internal factors
• Include the physical, mental, and social-emotional
resources that a child brings to all learning
PROMPT Approach
The PROMPT Conceptual Framework
• Stresses the need to thoroughly evaluate all areas of
client function, determine the environments in which
communication is the “most critical.”
• Utilize a wide variety of appraisal/evaluation procedures
and or approaches.
• Evaluate the entire neuromotor system as well as
cognitive and psycho-social domains.
• Utilize input from several other professionals.
Systems Analysis Observation
• Non-standardized assessment tool for use with
neuromotor speech system (can be used with
children or adults)
• Observational checklist format that assesses
each speech subsystem
• Percentage of correct answers in each area are
transferred and then shaded in on the Motor
Speech Hierarchy
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
7
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Clinical Assessment of Speech
Production
• The Motor Speech Hierarchy
– Clinical Application
• Helps the clinician systematically evaluate a child’s motor
speech system
• Helps the clinician identify the level or stage where
problems occur
PROMPT Motor Speech Treatment Hierarchy…
Clinical Assessment of Speech
Production
• The Motor Speech Hierarchy
– Stages 1 and 2
• Stage 1: Muscle Tone
• Stage 2: Structures that Support Phonatory Control
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
8
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Clinical Assessment of Speech
Production
• Questions Relevant to Stage 1 (Tone) Assessment
– 1. Are head, neck, and trunk stable and maintained in proper
alignment at rest?
– 2. Are head and neck stable and maintained in proper
alignment during trunk movement?
– 3. Are postural control and tone within normal range during
ambulation?
– 4. Are head, neck, and trunk maintained in proper alignment
during phonation?
– Hayden, 2004, pp. 270-271
Clinical Assessment of Speech
Production
• Questions Relevant to Stage 2 (Phonatory
Control) Assessment
– 1. Can the child only initiate voicing with the jaw
open (i.e., full open to closed position?)
– 2. Can the child continue the voicing through jaw
movement?
– 3. Can the child maintain voicing with the jaw
closed (e.g., produce the /m/ sound)?
– Hayden, 2004, p. 271
Clinical Assessment of Speech
Production
• The Motor Speech Hierarchy
– Stages 3, 4, and 5
• Stage 3: Mandibular Control
• Stage 4: Labial-Facial Control
• Stage 5: Lingual Control
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
9
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Clinical Assessment of Speech
Production
• Questions Relevant to Stages 3 (Jaw Control) Assessment
– 1. Can the child maintain jaw stability and symmetry during
speech production (i.e., there is no jaw sliding)?
– 2. Can the child open and close the jaw while voicing by
smoothly grading the movement within a normal range?
Jaw Position for Vowel Production…
1. JAW POSITION
1) Neutral resting: teeth slightly
touching and jaw loose.
/u/,/p/,/t/
2) Part open: jaw slightly lowered in a
relaxed state./l/, //, /h/
3) Half open: below position 2.
/k/,/g/
4) Full open: only used for teaching
isolated phonemes. /k/, /a/.
Clinical Assessment of Speech
Production
• Questions Relevant to Stage 4 (Labial Facial
Control) Assessment
– 1. Do the child’s lips show solid contact of the
medial one-third of the labial surface?
– 2. Do the lips move independently of the jaw?
– 3. Do the lips move independently of one another?
– 4. Do the lips show good retraction and protrusion?
Hayden, 2004, p. 271
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
10
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Facial PROMPTS…
2. FACIAL PROMPTS
examples
1 & 2:
3 & 4:
lip rounding
lip retraction
above lips
below lips
/u/
/s/
/i/
//
/f/, /v/
/ /
/m/, /n/
5:
6 & 7:
8:
nasality
9:
voicing
10: jaw opening //,//,//
Clinical Assessment of Speech
Production
• Questions Relevant to Stage 5 (Lingual Control)
Assessment
– 1. Does the tongue move independently of the jaw?
– 2. Does move independently of the jaw form the
anterior, mid, mid-back and back?
– Hayden, 2004, p. 271
Mylohyoid Placement…
3. MYLOHYOID PLACEMENT
examples
A - front
B - mid
C – mid-back
D - back
/t/, /d/, /n/, /s/,/ z/
//, //,
// //, /r/
/k/, /g/, //
One, two or three fingers are used to
stimulate the amount of lingual
surface required to produce the
phoneme.
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
11
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Clinical Assessment of Speech
Production
• The Motor Speech Hierarchy
– Stage 6: Sequenced Movement
• Co-articulated Multiple Planes
Clinical Assessment of Speech
Production
• Questions Relevant to Stage 6 (Sequenced Movement)
Assessment
– 1. Can the child maintain a sound sequence across
multiple planes of movement?
– Hayden, 2004, pp. 271-272
Clinical Assessment of Speech
Production
• The Motor Speech Hierarchy
– Stage 7: Prosody
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
12
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
PROMPT Motor Speech Treatment Hierarchy…
• Video Observations of Two
PROMPT Cases
Wyatt age 3-5 years CAS
Ben age 8-16 years CP
Wyatt Age 3
Suspected Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Background Information
Birth History: Normal gestation and birth. Mother
was kicked by a horse and had her leg & collar
bone broken at 26 weeks. Had surgery and was on
morphine and percoset for 14 days.
Previous Therapy: Assessed at 2 years: suspected
dyspraxia. Difficulty initiating, non-verbal and
withdrawn. 3-4 months intensive traditional
treatment-no change.
Number of Sessions in PROMPT: 34 over 12 months
or approximately 3 sessions per month.
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
13
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Ben Motor-Sensory Domain
• Diagnosis: Hypotonia and global
lack of coordination
• Weak processing of auditory and
visual information
• Poor sense of body in space
Cognitive-Linguistic Domain
•
Strengths
• comprehension of
spoken language
• ability to sight read
• motivation
•Weaknesses
•semantic language
•phonemic awareness
skills
•grasp of spatial concepts
and descriptive terms
•reading comprehension
skills
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
14
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Social-Emotional Domain
•
•
•
•
Significant frustration resulting in severe behavior
difficulties at school
No useable speech
Ineffective sign usage for yes-no
Limited use of words on AAC device in interactive routines
Selection of Lexicon for Therapy
• Consider the number of movement planes and
manner of production constraints within each
word
– Examples:
• “mom”
• “daddy”
• “pancake”
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
15
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Clinical Assessment of Speech
Production
• Sensory Modalities
– Determine whether speech production is
differentially influenced by various sensory
modalities of input
PROMPT Technique…
A dynamic tactile-kinesthetic method of
treatment for motor speech disorders which
uses touch pressure, kinesthetic, and
proprioceptive cues.
What is the Clinicians Role?
The speech-language pathologists acts as an
“external programmer” for speech;
manipulating the mandible, labial-facial and
lingual area in order to provide a framework
for spatial and temporal aspects of speech
production.
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
16
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Technical Aspects of PROMPT
Intervention
• General Postural and Head/Neck Support
– Provide postural control of the body-trunk
– Stabilize the neck and head
Technical Aspects of PROMPT
Intervention
• Orality/Nasality and Voicing/Devoicing
Actions
– Nasality
– Voicing
Technical Aspects of PROMPT
Intervention
• Tension
– Digital Manipulation
• Cues for tension relate specifically to the number of
muscles or muscle group(s) which should be activated in
the facial or lingual systems and the relative length of time
they should be activated
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
17
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Technical Aspects of PROMPT
Intervention
• Timing/Duration
Technical Aspects of PROMPT
Intervention
• Coarticulation
– PROMPT is a dynamic treatment approach
PROMPT Technique – 4 Levels…
•
Parameter – provides support and stabilizes the
•
Syllable Prompting – provides holistic muscle
•
Complex – provides as much information as possible
mandible or broad facial musculature
shaping in CV and VC productions
about mandible excursion, place, amount of facial or
labial contraction and width of lingual contraction
•
Surface – provides signaling transition and timing
delivered in one plane of movement to the mandible,
labial-facial or mylohyoid musculature
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
18
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Technical Aspects of PROMPT
Intervention
• Types of Prompts
– Parameter
Prompts
• Provide maximal
support and
stability to the
mandible or
facial muscles
– Hayden, 2004,
p. 276, Figure
10.3
Technical Aspects of PROMPT
Intervention
• Types of Prompts
– Syllable Prompts
• Shape beginning CV
and VC syllables
– Hayden, 2004, p.
277, Figure 10.4
Technical Aspects of PROMPT
Intervention
• Types of Prompts
– Complex Prompts
• Provide information
about how to
produce a “static”
neuromotor or single
motor-phoneme
“map”
– Hayden, 2004, p.
278, Figure 10.5
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
19
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Technical Aspects of PROMPT
Intervention
• Types of Prompts
– Surface Prompts
• Provide the “most
critical” but least
information necessary for
the neuromotor system to
recognize or produce a
phoneme and maintain its
essence throughout
coarticulated movement
transitions
– Hayden, 2004, p. 279,
Figure 10.6
PROMPT Intervention
• Effective Intervention Using the PROMPT Approach
– Clinicians need to know the specific places where muscles insert and
contract and how to apply deep pressure to soft tissue
– Clinicians need to recognize that the length of time pressure sustained
will affect how well the motor system learns to recognize when to set up
and release muscle contractions, especially for movement transitions
– Clinicians need to recognize that the use of any combination of
parameter, syllable, complex, or surface prompts will vary depending on
the nature of the speech production problem and the linguistic or
corresponding coarticulatory contexts in which a motor-phoneme occurs
Uses of PROMPT General
1. To develop an interactive focus/awareness
for oral communication.
2. To develop integrated ,multi-sensory (tactilekinesthetic) associative mapping for cognitive
or linguistic concepts.
3. To develop, balance or restructure speech
sub systems at the sound, word or phrase
level.
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
20
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
PROMPT System WideIntervention
• Embed information within and across
sensory-motor, cognitive-linguistic and
social-emotional domains that create
associations, motor schemas, language and
oral-event concepts.
• Communication structures are built from
simple to complex.
PROMPT INTERVENTION
• Work on Stage/Plane of Movement Rather than
single Phoneme
• Work across Three Stages at Once with varying
priorities
• Focus on All Domains
• Treatment is Always Functional and interactive
• Prompts Faded When Appropriate
Client Must Learn
• To Interact Appropriately: (listen, wait, signal or can
moderate behavior)
• Routines and Boundaries
• Appropriate Speech-Motor Behaviors
• Use The Behaviors To Communicate Effectively
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
21
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
Rapport Between Client & SLP
• SLP Must Touch Client’s Face, Head, Neck and
Shoulders (minimally)
• Pressure is Light, Moderate, or Firm (light to
moderate on facial tissues, moderate to firm on
mylohyoid)- Timing is variable
• If SLP is Comfortable, Child Will Be: TRUST
• Each Client Needs Different Support Strategies
FOR ADULTS
Understand, Support, Evaluate (USE)
Would often dictate:
1.
RE STRUCTURING/CONNECTING
what has been lost (feed-forward- top-down)
2.
RE LEARNING
conscious, dynamic movement (closed loop, bottom-up)
3.
USE OF PRINT (when this function has been retained) for
reconnecting motor-auditory-(phoneme-grapheme)
associations to concepts.
Is PROMPT for You?
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
•
Research – numerous ongoing efficacy
studies
•
•
•
Clinics: successful use
•
Generalization: clients learn to selfmonitor and self-correct
•
•
Co-articulation is always considered
Clients: high degree of satisfaction
•
PROMPT is a motor skill: clinician
requires extensive training and
practice.
•
Lengthy training process includes 3
levels of training.
Treatment goals: simultaneous
language and speech motor therapy
Can be used with clients with cognitive
impairments
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
22
The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
SELECTED REFERENCES
• Sherman, J. & Chumpelik, (Hayden) D. (1981). Tactile cueing with non-verbal
autism. Unpublished research, Thistletown Regional Center, Toronto, Ontario,
CA.
• Chumpelik (Hayden), D.A. and Sherman, J. (1983). The efficacy of the
PROMPT system in the treatment of developmental apraxia. Unpublished
research.
• Chumpelik (Hayden), D. A. (1984). The PROMPT system of therapy:
Theoretical framework and applications for developmental apraxia of speech.
Seminars in Speech and Language, 5, 139-156.
• Square, P. A., Chumpelik (Hayden), D., & Adams, S. G. (1985). Efficacy of the
PROMPT system of therapy for the treatment of acquired apraxia of speech. In
R. H.
Brookshire (Ed.), Clinical Aphasiology: Conference Proceedings.
(pp. 319-320). Minneapolis: BRK Publishers.
SELECTED REFERENCES
• Square, P.A., Chumpelik (Hayden) D., Morningstar, D. & Adams, S. G.
(1986). Efficacy of the PROMPT system of therapy for the treatment of
apraxia of speech: a follow-up investigation. In R.H. Brookshire (Ed.),
Clinical aphasiology: conference proceedings (pp.221-226). Minneapolis: BBK.
• Square-Storer, P. & Hayden, D. (1989). Prompt treatment. In P. SquareStorer (Ed.), Acquired apraxia of speech in aphasic adults. New York: Taylor and
Francis.
• Hayden, D. (1994). Differential diagnosis of motor speech dysfunction in
children. Developmental apraxia of speech: Assessment. Clinics in
Communication Disorders. 4
(2), 118-147.162-174.
• Hayden, D., & Square, P. (1994). Motor speech treatment hierarchy: A
systems approach. Developmental apraxia of speech: intervention. Clinics in
Communication Disorders. 4
(3), 162-174.
• Square, P.A., Hayden, D. & Ozanne, A. (1995). The Verbal Motor
Assessment for Children: An Update: Miniseminar presented at the Annual
Convention of the American Speech-Language Hearing Association,
Orlando, Florida.
SELECTED REFERENCES
• Freed, D.B., Marshal, R.C., Frazier, K.E. (1997). Long term effectiveness of
PROMPT treatment in a severely apraxic-aphasic speaker. Aphasiology.
11(4/5),365-342.
• Square, P. A., Hayden, D.A., Ciolli, L. & Wilkins, C. (1999, November).
Speech motor performances of children with moderate to severe articulation
disorders. Paper presented at the American Speech-Language-Hearing
Conference, San Francisco, CA.
• Hayden, D., & Square, P. (1999). VMPAC manual, San Antonio: The
Psychological Corporation.
• Square, P.A., Goshulak, D., Bose, A., & Hayden, D. (2000, February). The
effects of articulatory subsystem treatment for developmental neuromotor
speech disorders. Paper presented at the Tenth Biennial conference on
Motor Speech Disorders and Speech Motor Control, San Antonio, TX.
• Bose, A., Square, P. A., Schlosser, R. & van Lieshout, P. (2001). Effects of
PROMPT Therapy on speech motor function in a person with aphasia and
apraxia of speech. Aphasiology, 15 (8), 767-785.
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
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The PROMPT Institute, 4001 Office
Court Drive, Santa Fe, NM
87507/www.promptinstiute.com
SELECTED REFERENCES
• Square, P. A., Hayden, D., Ciolli, L., Wilkins, C., & Bose, A.
(2001). Speech motor performances of children with moderate
to severe articulation disorder. Speech motor control in normal and
disordered speech, (pp. 237-240), Nijmegen, The Netherlands:
Vantilt. This was published as a part of 4th Interantional Speech Motor
Conference, June 13-16th 2001, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. The
proceedings have an ISBN #: 90 75697600
• Bose, A. & Square P.A. (2001, December). PROMPT
Treatment Method and Apraxia of Speech, SID2, Newsletter,
Vol 11 (4), 5-8.
• Hayden, D., Strand, E., Velleman, S. (2004, November).
Comparison of Three Treatment Approaches for Childhood
Apraxia of Speech. Short course presented at the American
Speech-Language-Hearing Conference, Philadelphia, PA.
SELECTED REFERENCES
• Hayden, D. (2004). PROMPT: a tactually grounded treatment approach to speech
production disorders. In Stockman, I. (Ed.) Movement and Action in Learning and
Development: Clinical Implications for Pervasive Developmental Disorders (pp.255-297).
Elsevier- Academic Press, San Diego.
• Rogers, S. J., Hayden, D. Hepburn, S., Charlifue-Smith, R., Hall, T., & Hayes, A.
(2006). Teaching young nonverbal children with autism useful speech: A pilot
study of the Denver Model and PROMPT interventions. Journal of Autism and
Developmental Disorders, 36(8), 1007–1024.
• Hayden, D. (2006). The PROMPT model: Use and application for children with
mixed phonological-motor impairment. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology, 8 (3),
265 - 281.
• Ward, Rosalyn (ongoing research). [The effectiveness of PROMPT therapy for
children with cerebral palsy presenting with motor speech disorder.] South
Western Cerebral Palsy Association, Perth, Australia.
THANK YOU
Visit PROMPT on the Web at
www.promptinstitute.com or call us at
505-466-7710
P.H.C. is the owner of the trademarks
and tradenames "P.R.O.M.PT.",
"PROMPT", "P.R.O.M.P.T. SYSTEM,
"PROMPT System" and "PROMPT
Institute".
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