NELLCO NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers New York University School of Law 12-2014 Judicial Review and Judicial Supremacy Jeremy Waldron NYU School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lsr.nellco.org/nyu_plltwp Part of the Administrative Law Commons, Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Constitutional Law Commons, Courts Commons, Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Judges Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Legal History, Theory and Process Commons, Legal Profession Commons, Legislation Commons, Politics Commons, Public Law and Legal Theory Commons, and the Rule of Law Commons Recommended Citation Waldron, Jeremy, "Judicial Review and Judicial Supremacy" (2014). New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers. 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For more information, please contact [email protected]. ʹǡʹͲͳͶ ǤʹͻǡʹͲͳͶ JUDICIALREVIEWANDJUDICIALSUPREMACY 1.Introduction ȄDz dzͳȄ Ǥ Ȅ Ȅ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǯ ǦǤʹ ǡ͵ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ͳʹǣͳǦͳͺǤ ʹǡRepublicǡͶ͵ ǣDzǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǦǦ ǡdz ͵ǡTheStatesmanǡ͵ͲͳǣDz ǯǣǯ Ȅ Ǥdz ͳ ǤǦ ǡǦ Dz dzͶȄ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǯ ǡ ȋ Ȍǣ Ǥͳͺͳǡ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡ ǯ Ǥǡ ͶǡAMatterofPrincipleȋǡͳͻͺͷȌǡǤ̴̴ ʹ ǣDz ǡǡ ǡdz Ǥȋ ǡ ǤȌ ǣDz ǡ ǥǥ ǥǤdz ǡ ȏȐǡ ǡǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǣ ǡDz ǡdz Dz Ǥdz ͵ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥͷ Ǥ Ȅ Ȅ Ǥ ȄȄ Ǥ ǤȄ ǡ ǡ Ȅ Ǥ ͷǡDz ǡdzͳͳͷYaleLawJournal ȋʹͲͲȌLawandDisagreementȋǡͳͻͻͻȌǤ Ͷ Ǣ Ǣ Dz dz Ǥ ǡǡ Ȅ Ȅ ǡ Ȅ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǣ Ǧ Ǥ ͷ 2.TypesofJudicialReview ǡǡǡ Ǥ Ǥȋ ǤȌ DzjudicialreviewoflegislationǤdz Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥǡǡ ǤȋȌ Ǥ ǡǣ Dz dzǡ Ǥȋ Ȍ Ǥ̴̴ǡDz Ǥdz Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǧȋ Ȍ ǤȋȌ ǡ Ȅ ǤͺȋȌ ǡǦ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ ǣ ͷͶǤͻ ȋǡȌǡǡ ǤͳͲ ǡ Ǧ ǤȋȌ ǣ Ǥǡ ͺ ǡǤǡͷǤǤȋͳ Ȍͳ͵ȋͳͺͲ͵ȌǡǤǯ Ǥ ͻǡDzǣǡdzͳʹ͵YaleLawJournalͳʹ ȋʹͲͳͶȌ ͳͲȋ ǤʹȌǯDz ǤdzǣDz Ǥ Ǥdz ͳͻʹͲǤ ǣ ȋ ǡ ͶȌǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ ǡDzdz Ǥ Ǥ ȋȌ strong weak Ǥ ǡ ȋ Ȍ ȋ ȌǤ ǦǤ Ǥͳͳ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ͳͳǡDz ǣ ǡdzHarvardLawReviewǡͻȋͳͻȌǡͳʹͲǡǤͳʹʹʹǤ ͺ ȋ Ȍ Ǥͳʹǡ Ǥǡ Dz dzDz dzȄǤǤ Ǥ Dz ǡ Ǣǥ Ǥdzͳ͵ ǣ Ǧ ǤͳͶ Ǥǡ ǡ ȋǡ ͳͻͻͲȌǢ ͳʹ ǡTheNewCommonwealthModelofConstitutionalism:Theoryand PracticeȋǡʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ ͳ͵ ǡͳͻͻͺȋȌǡ ͶȋʹȌȋȌǤ ͳͶǡ ͳͲǤ ͻ Ǥͳͷ ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ǡ ǡǤǤ ǡ Ǥȋ Ȍ ǣ Dzdz Ǥͳ ǡǡ Ǥͳ ͳͷ ͳͻͻͲǡ ͶǣDz ǡ ȋ ȌǡǥȏȐ ǡ ǢǥȏȐ Ȅ Ǥdzǡ DzȏȐ ǡ Ǥdz ͳ ǡ ͵͵Ǥ ǣDzȋͳȌ ǡ ǡ ʹ ͳͷ ǤȋʹȌ Ǥdz ͳ ǡ ±± Ǥ ǡDz ǣ ͳͲ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ǥjudicialsupremacy ǡǤ ǡǯǤ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ theway Ǥ ͵͵ǡdzJournaloftheInstituteofPublic AdministrationinCanadaǡͶͶȋʹͲͲͳȌǡʹͷͷǤ ͳͳ 3.What’stheproblem? ǣ ǫ ǫ ǣ Ȅ Ȅ isǤ (a)ThedisplacementofselfǦgovernment. Ǥ ǡǥ ǡ Ǥ Dz dz Ȅ Ǥ ͳʹ ǯ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ȅǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡǡ Ǧ ǡȄ ǯ ǡ ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳ͵ ǡ ǡ ȋǡ ǡȌ ǡ ǡȄ Ǥ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ Ȅ Ǥ (b)Judicialsovereignty:thereproductionofHobbes’sproblem. Dz dzǢ Dz Ǥdz ǡ ǤǤ Ǧ ǦȄ ȋ ǡ ͳͶ Ȍǡ Ǥ ǫ ǤǡʹȋͳͷͳȌǣ Ǧǡǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǡǡ ǡ ǡǢ Ǥǡ ǣ Ǣ ǡ Ǣ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡǡ ǡ Ȅ ǥ ͳͷ ǡ ǡǡ Ǣ Ǣ ǡ Ǣ ǡǡ ǦǤ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǣ ǡ ǡǤǡDeCiveǡ ǡ ǡǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǣǡ Ǣ ǡ ǯǢ ǡǡ ǡ ǥǤȋǤǤͳͺȌ ͳ Ȅ Ȅ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ ǢǦǢ ǦǤThe FederalistPapersȋͺȌǡǮȏȐ ǥ Ǣ Ǣ Ǥdzǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȄȄ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǧ ȄǦ Ǥ Ǧ ͳ ǦǦ Ǥ ǫǡ Dzdz Ǧ ǫ Ȅ Ȅ ȋ ȌǤǡ ǡ ǡ ǯ Ǥ (c)Usurpingtheroleofpouvoirconstituent. Ǧ ǡ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ Ǥ Ǣǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ͳͺ ǡǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǡ ǡDzlepouvoirconstituantǡdz ȌǤDzdz ǡǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ lepouvoirconstituentǤdz ǡ Ǥpouvoirconstitué. lepouvoir constituantlespouvoirsconstituésDz ǡdzǯ± °Ǥͳͺ lepouvoirconstituentǤͳͻ Ǥ ͳͳ ǤǤ Ǥȋ ȌunpouvoirconstituéǤ ͳͺ ǡǤ ǡCarl Schmitt’sCritiqueofLiberalism:AgainstPoliticsasTechnologyȋǣ ǡͳͻͻȌǡǤʹͶ͵Ǥ ͳͻ°ǡWhatistheThirdEstate?°ǡPoliticalWritingsǡǤ ȋ ǡʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ͳͻ ǡ ǤȄpouvoirconstituentȄ Ǥ ǡ thepositiveSieyès principleǤʹͲ Ǣ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ° ǣ ȋ Ȍ lepouvoirconstituantǤ ȄȄ ʹͲ °ǡ ǤͳͻͲ ̶ ̶ Ǥ̶ȏȐ ǡdzǡDz ǢǤǤǤǡǡ ǡǡǡ Ǥ̶ ȋǤȌTheWorksofJamesWilsonǡȋ ǡͳͻȌǡǤͻ͵Ǥ °ǯ ǡ ǣ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡWethePeople:Volume1.Foundationsȋǣ ǡͳͻͻͳȌǡǤͶͲǦͷVolume2:Transformationsȋǣ ǡͳͻͻͺȌǡͻͻǦͳͳͻǤ ʹͲ Ǥ°ǡ Ǥ ǣ Ǧ ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǡles pouvoirsconstitués ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǣ ȋȌǡ Ǥ°ǡDz ǤǤǤ Ǥ Ǣ ǡ Ǥdzʹͳ ǡ °ǡ ʹͳ°ǡǤͳʹ͵Ǥ ʹͳ Ǥʹʹ Ǣ ǣDzȏȐ ǤǤǤǤ Ǥ ǣ Ǥdzʹ͵ Ǥ ȄȄ ǡ Ǥ ȋȌǡ ǡ Ȅ ʹʹǤǡǤͳ͵ͲǣDz ǡ Ǥdz ° ǣ ǡDz ǣ ǡdzJournalofModernHistoryǡͲǡǤȋͳͻͺͺȌǡͻͺǡͳͳͺǤ ʹ͵ǤǡǤͳ͵ʹǤ ʹʹ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ° ǯ Ǥǡ only Ǥ lespouvoirsconstituésǤǡ ǡǡ ǤʹͶ Ǥ ǡDzthe dzȄǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ʹͶǤǤǡTheManonHorseback:TheRoleoftheMilitaryinPoliticsȋǡͳͻʹȌǤ ʹ͵ ǡ ȋ ǡȌǤ ° unpouvoirconstituéǤ Ȅ Ȅ ǡ ǣthecourts ȋ° Ȍ ǫ ǡ ǫ Ǥ Dz ǡdz Dz Ǧ ǡǡǯ ǡǮ Ǥǯdzʹͷ Ǥ Ǥ ʹͷǡOnRevolutionȋǡͳͻ͵ȌǡʹͲͲǢǡ ǡǤǡTheConstitutionandWhatitMeansTodayȋ ǡͳͻͷͺȌǡǤ͵Ǥ ʹͶ ȗ ȄȋȌ Ǧ ǡȋȌ ǡȋ Ȍpouvoirconstituent Ǥ ǡ Ǥǡ Ȅ ǯ Ǥ ǣ ȋȌǢȋȌǢȋ Ȍ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ (4)Howthejudiciarymighttrytomakeitselfsupreme ʹͷ ǤDz dz Ǥǡ ǡ ǣ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ȅ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡȄ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ʹ ǡ Ȅ LawandDisagreement Dz dzǤ ǡ ǡǡ ǡǤ ǡ ǤǦ Ȅǡǡ Ǥ ǡǡ programpolicyǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ȅ Ȅ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ʹ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥǯ Ǥȋǡǡ ͷ͵ͻ ǤȌǤ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ǥ ǡ ǣDz Ǥdz ʹͺ Ǥ Dzǡdz ǡDz Ǥdz ǡǡ Ǥʹ ǡǡ Ȅ staredecisisȄ Ȅ ǤǤʹǡ ʹ ǣDz ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥdz ʹ Ǥ ǡǡDz ǡ ǤdzǡDz ǡǣ ǡdzͶNewYork UniversityLawReview͵͵͵ȋͳͻͻͺȌǡ͵ͷʹ ǡǡ ͳǡ ͳǤǡǡ Ǥ ʹ ȋǡ Ȍ ͳ ǡǯǤ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ͳ Dzdzȋ ͳȌ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡǢ ǡ ȋ ȌǤ Ǥ ǤǡDzǦ Ǧǡdzͳͳ͵ ʹͻ ǦǡstaredecisisȄ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ Ȅ ǡ ǯ Ȅ Ǥ Ǥǡ ǯ Ǧǡ Ǥ HarvardLawReviewͳ͵ʹͳȋʹͲͲͲȌǡͳ͵͵ͻǤǡ ǡDz dzǤǤ ǯ Dickersonv.UnitedStatesͷ͵ͲǤǤͶʹͺȋʹͲͲͲȌǡͶͷǣDz̵ ǡǡ Ț͵ͷͲͳǡ ̵ Ǥdz ȋȌ Dz dz ǡ ȋʹǡ͵ǡǤǤǤ ǤȌ ͳ Ǥ ǡͳǯ supremacyǤ ͵Ͳ ǣ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ LochnerǤ ǣLochnerv.NewYorkǡͳͻͺǤǤͶͷ ȋͳͻͲͷȌǤ ǡ ͳͺͺͲǦͳͻ͵Ͳ ȄͳͲȄ Ǥ ǡ DzǦdzȄȄ Ǥǡ Ǥ ͵ͳ ǡ ǯ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǣ Ȅ Ȅ Ǥ ǣ ǡ ownersǡ Ǥ ǦǦ Lochnerǡ Ǥ Dz dz ͵ʹ Ǥǡ ǡ Takingthe ConstitutionAwayfromtheCourtsǤʹͺ ǣ Ǥ ǡǢ Ǥ anywayǡ ȄȄ Ǥǣ ǫǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ʹͺǡTakingtheConstitutionAwayfromtheCourtsȋ ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǤǡThePeopleThemselves:PopularConstitutionalismand JudicialReviewȋǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ ͵͵ Ǥͳͻͷͺ Cooperv. Aaron ǤDz ǡdz Dz dz Dz Ǥdzʹͻ ǯǤͳͻͻͲǡ EmploymentDivisionv.Smithǡ͵Ͳ ǯ Ǥ ǣȋͳȌ Ǣ ȋʹȌ ǯ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ ǤSmithǡ ʹͻCooperv.Aaron͵ͷͺǤǤͳǡͳͺȋͳͻͷͺȌǤ ͵ͲEmploymentDivisionv.SmitǡͶͻͶǤǤͺʹȋͳͻͻͲȌǤ ͵Ͷ ȋʹȌǡ͵ͳSmith ȋʹȌ ǡǤȋͳȌǤǡ Ǥͳͻͻ͵ǡ SmithǡǤǤ ǡ ȋʹȌ Ǥ͵ʹǡǡ ǡCityof Boernev.Floresǡ͵͵ ȋͳȌǡǯǡ Ǥȋ Ȍǣ Ǥ ǡ ͵ͳSherbertv.Vernerǡ͵ͶǤǤ͵ͻͺȋͳͻ͵ȌǤ ͵ʹȄͶʹǡʹͳǣȚʹͲͲͲǣDzȋȌ ǣǤǤǤȋʹȌ̶̶ Ǣȋ͵Ȍ ǢǤǤǤȚʹͲͲͲǦͳǤȋȌ ̵ ǤǤǤǤȋȌ Ǧ ̵ ǦȋͳȌ ǢȋʹȌ Ǥdz ͵͵CityofBoernev.FloresǡͷʹͳǤǤͷͲȋͳͻͻȌǤ ͵ͷ ǡ Ǥǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǣ ǡǯ ǡ ǡ Ǥ͵Ͷ That ǣ Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ ǡ Ǣ ǡ itsownitsown itsown Ǣ ͵ͶǤǡͷ͵ͷǦȋǤȌǤ ͵ Ǥ Ǧ Ȅ ǡǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǯ Ȅ Ǥ Ǥ ȄPlannedParenthoodofSouthEastPennsylvaniav.Caseyǡ ͳͻͻʹǡͷͲͷǤǤͺ͵͵ȋͳͻͻʹȌȄ ǡ Ǥǯ Ȅ ͳͻ͵ Roev.WadeȄ ͵ ǡ DzRoe̵ ǥ ̵ ǥ ǡdzDz̵ ̵ Ǥdz ǡ Ǥǡǡ Ǥ andspeak beforeallothersfortheirconstitutionalidealsǤȏȐ ǯ ȋ Ȍǡ Dzdz Ǥ ǦǦǦǦǦǦǦǦ ǡ Ǥ ͵ͺ CaseyCityofBoerneCooperv.AaronǤ Ȅ Ǥǯ Dzdz Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡǡ Ǧ ǦDz dz ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ °Ǥ Ǥ Dz dzDz dz Ǥ Ȅ Ȅǡ ͵ͻ ǡ ȋǤǤȌ Dz dzDzdz Ǥ ǯ ȋǤǤǯͺͶ Ȍǡʹͳ Ǧǣ ͳͻͳǡ Ǥ͵ͷ ǣǯ Ǥ͵ beyondǡ ȋ Ȍ ȋȌ Ȅ Ȅ ǯǤ ǡǡ Ǥ ͵ͷǡFreedom’sLaw:theMoralReadingoftheAmericanConstitution ȋǡͳͻͻȌǤ ͵ǡǡǤȋͳͻͷͺȌDz ȏȐ ǡ dzDzȏȐ ǡdz Ǥ Ǣ Ǥ ͶͲ ʹͳ ǡ pouvoirconstituantǤ Ǥ ȋ ǡ ȌǤ Ǯ ǯ ǣ ǡ ǡ ǤǤǤǤ͵ ǡǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥǡ ǡ Ǥ ͵ReferencereSameǦSexMarriageʹͲͲͶͻǤʹʹǡȏʹͲͲͶȐ͵ͻͺȋͻ ʹͲͲͶȌ Ͷͳ ǡ ǡ Ǥ 5.SelfǦgovernment,theruleoflaw,andpopularsovereignty. 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