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Intro
Knowthesevencharacteristicsoflivingorganisms.
Knowthedomainsandkingdoms.Whatareineachofthedomainsand
kingdoms?
Knowthestepsofthescientificmethodandbeabletodescribethestepsin
order.
Beabletoidentifyahypothesis,variable,testgroup,controlgroup,and
constants.
Knowthephasesofclinicaltrials.
Chemistry
Knowthethreeparticlesofanatom,wherearetheylocated,aswellasthe
charge,andmassofeachparticle.
Beabletodeterminehowmanybondseachelementcanform.
Beabletorecognizeifamoleculeisdrawncorrectly.
Beabletodeterminethenumberofprotons,neutronsandelectronsinthe
atomsofallthebiologicallyimportantelementsusingtheperiodictable.
Knowthethreemostcommonelementsinthehumanbody.
Beabletoidentifypolarandnonpolarmolecules.
Knowthetypesofchemicalbondsandhowtheyareformed.
Beabletodescribethefourpropertiesofwaterandtheirimportancein
livingorganisms.
UnderstandthepHscale.
Knowthethreemostcommonelectronegativeelementsfoundinbiological
molecules.
BiologicalMolecules
Knowthefunctionsofeachofthebiologicalmolecules.
Knowthetypesofcarbohydrates,wheretheyarefound,thefunction(s)of
each,andthedigestibilityofeach.
Knowinwhatpartsofthebodyglycogenismainlystored.
Knowthecauseandsymptomsoflactoseintolerance.
Knowthemonomerunitofcomplexcarbohydrates.
Knowthebasicstructureofthecomplexcarbohydrates(branched,tightly
packedandstabilizedbyH-bonds,etc,coiled).
Knowthedifferenttypesoflipids,theirfunctions,theirbasicstructures,and
themoleculesthatmakeupeachlipid.
Knowthedifferenttypesoffattyacids,andtheorderfromhealthiesttoleast
healthy.
Knowthepropertiesofphospholipids.
Knowthefunctionsofeachtypeoflipid.
Knowthemonomerunitofproteinsandwhattypeofbondjoinsthem
together.
Knowtheprimary,secondary,tertiary,andquaternarystructureofaprotein.
Knowthefunctionsofproteins.
Knowthemonomerunitsthatmakeupnucleicacids.Knowthegeneral
structureofnucleotides.Knowthemoleculesthatformnucleotides.
Beabletoidentifyfromapictureanyofthebiologicalmolecules.
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WhatarethedifferencesbetweenRNAandDNA?
WhatarethefunctionsofDNAandRNA?
TheCell
Knowwhymostcellsaresmall.
Knowthemaindifferencesbetweenprokaryoticcellsandeukaryoticcells,
andknowexamplesofprokaryoticcellsandeukaryoticcells.
Knowthemajorfeaturesofcellsandtheirfunction:
§ Plasmamembrane,Cytoplasm,Nucleus,Cytoskeleton,Mitochondria,
Ribosomes,Endoplasmicreticulum(smoothandrough),Golgibody,
Vesicles,Lysosomes
Knowwhatdisorderisassociatedwithamissingenzymeinlysosomes.
Knowthetypesofcytoskeletonandtheirfunctions.
Knowwhatcytoskeletonmakesupciliaandflagella
Functionsoftheplasmamembrane
Knowthemaincomponentsoftheplasmamembraneandthefunctionof
eachcomponent.
Knowwhatcanandcan’tpassfreelythroughamembrane.
Knowthedifferencesbetweenpassivediffusion,facilitateddiffusion,and
activetransport.
Knowhowthingsaretransportedinandoutofacellusingavesicle.
DNA/ProteinProduction
KnowthestructureofDNA.
Knowwhatmoleculesarebondedtogetherandinwhatorder.
Knowwhattypeofbondsholdsthesubunitstogether.
Knowthefourbasesandwhichbasesarepairedtogether.
KnowthestepsofDNAreplication.
KnowwhereDNAreplicationtakesplace.
KnowtheroleofhelicaseandDNApolymerase.
KnowwhatsuppliestheenergytobuildthenewstrandofDNA.
Knowwhatmutationsare,whatpointmutationsare,possibleoutcomesof
mutations.
KnowthestructuraldifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenDNAandRNA.
BeabletodeterminethecomplementarymRNAsequencefromaDNA
sequence.
Knowthestepsofproteinsynthesis.
Knowwhattranscriptionandtranslationareandthestepsinvolvedineach.
Beableto“read”mRNAtomakeaprotein,giventhetableofcodonstoamino
acids.
KnowthetypesofRNA,theirfunctions,andwhereinthecelltheyfunction.
CellularMetabolism
Knowwhatcellularrespirationandanaerobicfermentationareandthe
differencesbetweenthem.
Knowthefourstepsofaerobiccellularrespiration,whathappensineach
step,whatarethestartingmolecules,whatcomesoutofeachstep,wherein
thecelldoeseachstepoccur,howmanyATPandNADH/FADH2areproduced
ineachstep.
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DescribeindetailhowATPismadeusingtheelectrontransportchainand
ATP-synthase
KnowtheroleofATP-synthase,H+,O2,NADHandFADH2andtheelectron
transportchaininATPproduction.
IntrotoA&P/IntegumentarySystem
Knowthe4tissuetypes,theirfunctions,andexamplesofeachtype.
Knowwhatcellsmakeupeachtypeoftissue.
Knowwhyittakesalongtimeforcartilagetoheal.
Knowhownegativeandpositivefeedbackwork,beabletodescribethe
examplesofnegativeandpositivefeedbackgiveninclass,andbeableto
identifythesensor,controlcenter,andeffectorforeachexample.
Knowthethreecell-celljunctionsandtheirfunctions.
Knowthebodycavities,theirlocationandwhateachcavitycontains.
Knowthefourtypesofmembranes,theirfunctionsandlocations.
Knowthefunctionsoftheintegumentarysystem.
Knowthecomponentsoftheintegumentarysystemandtheirfunctions.
Knowthetwolayersoftheskin,thetypeoftissuesthatcompriseeachlayer,
andwherearethelayerslocated.
Knowwhatlayerliesunderneaththeskin,andwhattissuetypemakesup
thislayer.
Knowthethreetypesofskincancer.
Knowwhatmelanocytesare,andtheirfunction.
SkeletalSystem
Knowthefourcomponentsoftheskeletalsystem,andtheirfunctions.
Knowthefunctionsofbone
Knowthepartsofatypicallongbone.
Knowthestructuralunitofcompactbone,andknowthefeaturesfoundin
theosteon.
Knowthethreetypesofbonecellsandtheirfunctions.
Knowthepartsofsynovialjointsandtheirfunctions.
Knowthehormonesinvolvedinbonegrowthandhomeostasis;whatglands
producecalcitoninandparathyroidhormones.
Knowthedisordersoftheskeletalsystem.
Knowhowbonesheal.
Knowwhatosteoporosisisandtheriskfactorsforosteoporosis,andwhat
canbedonetopreventit.
NervousSystem
Knowthefunctionsofnervoussystem.
Knowthethreetypesofneuroglialcellsandtheirfunctions.
Knowthetwomaindivisionsofnervoussystem(CNS,PNS)andwhereeach
isfound.
Knowthepartsandfunctionsofaneuron.
Knowthethreetypesofneurons(sensory,interneuronandmotorneurons),
theirfunctions,andwherearetheylocated.
Knowwherethecellbodiesarelocatedforthetreetypesofneurons.
Knowwhatschwanncellsandoligodendrocytesareandtheirfunction.
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Knowthecauseandeffectsofmultiplesclerosis
Knowthepartsofanerve
Knowthefunctionofthesodiumpotassiumpump
Knowthestepsofanactionpotentialbeingconductedthroughaneuron,
startingwiththerestingstageandendingwiththenextneuronormuscle
beingstimulated.
Knowthecomponentsofthesynapse.
Knowthefunctionofneurotransmitters,howtheywork,andwherethey
work.
Knowwhatacetylcholineis,whereitisfound,whateffectithas,andhowitis
removedfromthesynapticcleft.
KnowthecauseandeffectofMyastheniagravis.
Knowwhatthesomaticnervoussystemandautonomicnervoussystemare,
andwhattheycontrol.
Knowwhatreflexactionsare.
KnowwhattheParasympatheticdivisionandtheSympatheticdivisionare,
andwhatspecificallytheycontrol.
KnowwhatprotectstheCNS.
Knowwhatthethreelayersofthemeningesare,andtheirlocation(whichis
theinner,middleorouterlayer).
Knowwhatmeningitisis,andwhatcausesit,andknowwhatencephalitisis.
Knowthefunctionsofcerebrospinalfluid.
Knowthefunctionoftheblood-brainbarrier,andwhatitallowstopass.
Knowthemajorregionsofthebrainandtheirfunctions.
Knowwhatthecorpuscallosumisanditsfunction.
Knowthefunctionofsensoryreceptorcells.
Knowthetypesofsensoryreceptorsinskin,andwhattypeoftouchthey
detect.
Knowallofthelayersandstructures(includingthefluids)oftheeyeand
theirfunctions.
Knowwhattheblindspotis.
MuscularSystem
Knowthefunctionsofskeletal,cardiacandsmoothmuscles.
Knowhowskeletalmusclesworkinpairs.
Knowthestructureandthecomponentsofamuscle.
Knowthestructureandcomponentsofamusclecell(musclefiber)andthe
functionsofthecomponents.
Knowwhatstimulatesamuscletocontract.
Beabletodescribethestepsofhowthemessageistransmittedfromthe
neurontothemyofilamentsandwhathappenswhenthesignalreachesthe
myofilaments
Knowthethreeenergysourcesformusclecontraction,andwhichrequire
oxygen,whichproducecarbondioxide,howmanyATPareproducedbyeach,
andhowlongeachcanprovideenergy.
EndocrineSystem
Knowthefunctionoftheendocrinesystem.
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Knowthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenneurotransmittersand
hormones.
Knowthetwotypesofhormones;howeachtypeofhormoneworks,how
doeseachaffectitstargetcells.
Knowwhereallthehormonesfromlectureareproducedandreleased,and
whatthefunctionsofthehormonesare,andwhatthetargetofeachhormone
is.
Knowhoweachglandiscontrolled.
Knowallofthedisordersdiscussedinthelecture,andwhatthecauses,
effects,andtreatmentsofthedisordersare.
Knowhowthehypothalamuscontrolsthepituitarygland.
Knowhowcalciumlevelsinthebloodareregulated,andwhathormonesand
glandsregulateit.
Knowhowbloodglucoselevelsareregulated,andwhathormonesand
glandsregulateit,knowthecausesofthetwotypesofdiabetes.
Blood
Knowwhattypeoftissuebloodis.
Knowthecompositionofblood,plasma,andformedelements.
Knowthefunctionsofblood.
Knowtheexamplesofproteinsfoundinblood,andwhatthefunctionsof
thesebloodproteinsare.
Knowwherebloodcellsareformed.
Knowhowwhitebloodcellsleavethebloodvesselsandentertissues.
Knowthecharacteristics,andfunctionsofRedBloodCells,WhiteBloodCells,
andPlatelets.
Knowthetypesofwhitebloodcellsandtheirfunctions.
Beabletodescribethestepsofhowabloodclotisformedandremoved.
Knowwhatvitaminisnecessaryforclottingtooccur.
Knowwhatcommondruginhibitsclotting.
Knowthemajorbloodtypes,andwhatantibodiestheyhave.
Knowwhichbloodtypescandonatetoeachother,andtheuniversaldonor,
andtheuniversalrecipient.
KnowwhattheRhfactoris,andwhatproblemsitcancauseinpregnancyand
blooddonation.
Knowtheresultofareactiontoaforeignbloodtypeantigen.
Knowalltheblooddisordersdiscussedinclass.
Genetics
X-LinkedInheritance–knowhowtraitsarepassedtooffspringontheX
chromosome,andwhymalesaremorelikelytobeaffected.
Autosomaldisorders–knowthedifferencesbetweenrecessiveand
dominantautosomaldisorders.
Knowthebenefitsofsicklecellanemia.
Dominantautosomaldisorder–Huntingtonsdisease.Knowthegeneralage
ofonsetofHuntingtonandhowitaffectspassingonthetrait.
Knowthebasicsofhowaneuploidycanhappenandthatitcanhappenduring
MeiosisIorII.
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KnowthatDownssyndromeisanexampleofAneuploidy.
KnowthatCri-du-chatsyndromeisanexampleofchangestochromosomal
structureduetodeletionofpartofthechromosome.
CardiovascularSystem
Knowthefunctionsandcomponentsofthecirculatorysystem.
Knowthecomponentsofthebloodvesselandtheirfunctions,andwhata
crosssectionofavein,arteryandcapillarylooklike.
Knowthepathofthebloodthroughthebody,startingwithwhenitleaves
theheartthroughtheaorta,intoarteries,thenarterioles,thencapillaries,
thenvenules,totheveins,tothevenacava,backtotheheart.
Knowhowarteriolesaffectbloodpressure.
Knowthepressuresthatcausefluidtoenterandleavethecapillariesand
whatpressurecausesgassestoenterandleavethecapillaries.Beableto
discussindetailthetransportoffluid,gasses,nutrientsandwasteacrossthe
capillaries.
Knowthefunctionofcapillaries.
Knowthechambersoftheheart,andwhicharethelowerchambersand
whicharethemoremuscularchambers.
Knowthepathofthebloodthroughtheheart.
Beabletodescribethecardiaccycle.
Knowhowtheheartbeatisregulated,bothintrinsicallyandextrinsically.
KnowthethreewavesontheECGandbeabletodescribetheeventsthat
happenduringeachofthewaves.
Knowwhatcausesbloodtoflowinthearteriesandintheveins.
Knowwhatthepulmonary,systemicrenal,hepaticportal,andcoronary
circuitsare,andwhattissuestotheygoto.
Knowthecausesandeffectsofthecardiovasculardiseasesdiscussedin
lecture.
Knowthetwotreatmentsofcoronaryarteryblockage.
Knowthefunctionofthelymphaticsystem.
Knowthecomponentsofthelymphaticsystemandtheirfunctions.
Knowwhatlactealsareandtheirfunction.
Knowwhatcausesfluidstotravelthroughlymphaticvessels.
ImmuneSystem&Disease
Knowtheexamplesofbarrierdefenses.
KnowwhattheNonspecificdefensesandtheSpecificdefensesare,andthe
differencesbetweenthetwo.
Knowthethreetypesoflymphocytes,whicharepartofthespecificand
whicharepartofthenonspecificdefensesystem.
Knowhowthebodymountsaninflammatoryresponseandwhattheeffectis
onthebody.
Knowthefunctionsofcomplementproteinsandinterferons.
Knowthefunctionofmajorhistocompatibilitycomplex(MHC)markers.
KnowwhereTcellsandBcellsareproduced,wheretheymature,wherethey
arefoundoncetheyhavematured,andwhethertheyarepartofthecell
mediatedorantibodymediateddefenses.
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KnowthetypesandfunctionsofTcells.
Knowwhatantibodiesare,howtheyareproduced,andtheirfunctions.
Knowwhatmemorycellsare,whatplasmacellsare,andhowclonalselection
works.
Knowwhat“antigen-presentingcells”(APCs)areandtheirfunction.
KnowthetargetofHIV.
KnowhowdoesHIVreplicateitself(includingtheenzymesneeded).
Knowexamplesofautoimmuneandimmunesystemdiseases,thetargetof
theautoimmunediseases.
Knowwhattheeffectofallergiesonthebodyis.
Knowtheshapesofbacteria(latinnames).
Knowhowbacteriacausedisease.
Knowexamplesofpathogenic(bad)bacteria.
Knowexamplesofbeneficial(good)bacteria.
Beabletodiscussantibioticresistance,includingthecausesandeffects.
Knowhowtodesignanantibiotic,whattargetwouldyouuse.
Knowthecharacteristicsofviruses.
Knowthestepsofviralreplication.
KnowhowtodesignanHIVdrug;includingwhattargetsyouwouldattack.
RespiratorySystem
Knowthefunctionoftherespiratorysystem.
Knowthelocationandfunctionoftheallthepartsoftherespiratorysystem.
Knowwhichcelltypelinesthetrachea,whatareitsfunctions.
Knowwheretheexchangeofgasesoccursinthelungs.
Knowwhatcontrolstherateofbreathing.
Beabletodiscussthemechanicsofbreathing.
Knowhowoxygeniscarriedintheblood.
Knowhowcarbondioxideiscarriedintheblood,knowalltheways,and
whichwayisthepredominateway.
Beabletodiscussthedisordersoftherespiratorysystemincludingthe
description,symptoms,causes,andtreatments.
DigestiveSystem
Knowthefunctionsofthedigestivesystem.
KnowthelayersoftheGItractandbeabletodescribethelayersandwhat
thefunctionsofthelayersare.
Knowthepartsofthemouthandtheirfunctions.
Knowthemajorpartsofthedigestivesystemandtheirfunctions.
Knowhowfoodisabsorbedinthesmallintestine.
Knowhowarefatsabsorbedversusothernutrients.
Knowwhatthestructureofvilliis,andtheroleofbloodcapillariesand
lacteals.Knowtheroleofbileandlipaseinfatdigestion.
KnowwhattypeofmuscleisfoundinthewalloftheGItract,howmany
layersareinthestomachandtheintherestoftheGItract.
Knowthefunctionofthemuscles.
Knowwhatpancreaticsecretionscontain,andtheirfunctions.
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Knowthedigestiveenzymes,andchemicalsecretions(bileandacid)their
specificfunctions,andwheretheyaresecretedfromandtheirsiteofaction.
Knowthefunctionoftheacidsecretedinthestomach.
Knowthefunctionofglobletcells.
Beabletodescribeallthedisordersofthedigestivesystem,includingthe
causes,effectsandtreatments.
UrinarySystemandExcretion
Knowthefunctionsoftheurinarysystem.
Knowwhatcompoundsarecontainedinurine,andwhatcompoundsarenot
containednormallyinurine.
Knowtheorgansoftheurinarysystemandtheirfunctions,includingallthe
functionsofthekidney.
Knowthebloodvesselsthatleadtoandfromthekidneyandthevessels
withinthekidney.
Knowthethreeregionsofthekidney.
Knowthefunctionofanephron,thepartsofthenephron,andthefunctions
oftheseparts.
Knowwhatglomerularfiltrationis,whatreabsorptionandsecretioninthe
nephronare,andwhatiscontainedinthefiltrateleavingtherenalcorpuscle.
Knowhowisurinaryoutputisregulated,andexamplesofdiuretics.
Knowwhichhormonesdecreaseorincreaseurinaryoutput,knowtheeffect
onthenephronandbloodpressurethesehormoneshave,wherethese
hormonesareproduced,storedandreleased.
Knowthefunctionofrenin,whereitisproduced,whatitstargetisandwhat
theeffectofreninonurineproductionandbloodpressureis.
KnowtheroleofthekidneyinVitDproductionandcalciumabsorption,and
theactiveformofVitD?
KnowhowthekidneyregulatesbloodpHandmaintainsosmoticbalance.
Knowhowtheregulationofsalt/waterbalanceaffectsbloodpressure.
Beabletodiscussthedisordersoftheurinarysystem,includingthecauses,
effectsandtreatments.
HumanReproduction
Knowtheorgans,theirlocationandthefunctionsofthemalereproductive
system,includingglands.
Knowwhichcellsinthetestessecretetestosterone.
Knowhowspermareformed,whereformationtakesplace,thepathofthe
spermastheyleavethebody,andtheimportantcomponentsofasperm.
Knowhowmalereproductionisregulated,whathormonesareinvolvedin
malereproduction,wheretheyareproduced,whattheirtargetisandwhat
theirfunctionis.Knowhowthesehormonesareregulated,andbeableto
discussthisindetail.
Knowallthepartsandorgansofthefemalereproductivesystem,their
functionandlocation.
Knowhowaneggdevelops,wheretheoocyteisfertilized,andwhenand
whereafertilizedeggimplants.
Knowtheoverviewoftheovariananduterinecycles(verygenerally).
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Knowthehormonesthatareimportantinfemalereproductionandtheir
functions.
KnowhowRU-486andprevenwork,andwhichwillcausethelossofan
implantedembryo.
BeabletodiscussthedisordersofthereproductivesystemandSTDs,
includingcauses,detectionandtreatment.