Surname
Centre
No.
Initial(s)
Paper Reference
4 3 7 0
Candidate
No.
2 H
Signature
Paper Reference(s)
4370/2H
Examiner’s use only
London Examinations
IGCSE
Team Leader’s use only
Geography
Question Leave
Number Blank
Higher Tier
Paper 2H
Section A
1
2
Monday 9 November 2009 – Afternoon
Time: 2 hours 30 minutes
3
4
5
6
Materials required for examination
Ruler, pencil and pen
Items included with question papers
Nil
Section B
7
8
Instructions to Candidates
In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initials and signature.
Check that you have the correct question paper.
This paper is arranged in two sections, A and B.
In Section A, answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
In Section B, answer ONE question in the spaces provided.
Indicate which question you are answering by marking the box ( ).
If you change your mind, put a line through the box ( ) and then indicate your new question with a
cross ( ).
9
Information for Candidates
The marks for individual questions and the parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2).
There are 9 questions in this question paper. The total mark for this paper is 150.
There are 40 pages in this question paper. Any blank pages are indicated.
The following abbreviations are used throughout this paper:
MEDC: More Economically Developed Country
LEDC: Less Economically Developed Country
Advice to Candidates
Write your answers neatly and in good English.
Total
This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with
Edexcel Limited copyright policy.
©2009 Edexcel Limited.
Printer’s Log. No.
N34929A
W850/U4370/57570 5/5/5/3
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SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in this section.
1.
Water
(a) Study Figure 1 which shows the regimes of two rivers in northern Europe: the Thames
and the Yenisey.
N
Atlantic
Ocean
4
Maritime
humid climate
4
3
River Thames
regime
3
2
2
1
0
Continental
snowmelt
climate
River
Yenisey
regime
1
0
J MM J S N J
Month
J MM J S N J
Month
Pacific
Ocean
Key
Numbers: show the relative
flow of the river.
Months are: January, March,
May, July, September,
November, January.
0
2000 km
Figure 1
(i) Describe how the regimes of the two rivers differ.
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(ii) Climate is the main factor influencing the regime of a river. Suggest how the
River Yenisey illustrates this.
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(2)
(iii) Identify and explain two non-climatic factors influencing river regimes.
1 .............................................................................................................................
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2 .............................................................................................................................
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(b) Draw and label a sketch diagram to show the key features of a river in its upper
(upland) course.
(4)
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(c) For a named dam, describe its purposes and its impacts.
Named dam: ....................................................................
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(6)
Q1
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2.
Hazards
(a) Study Figure 2 which shows the Irrawaddy delta in southern Myanmar one week after
a strong tropical storm struck the area.
N
Irrawaddy
River
BAY
OF
BENG
AL
A
AFFE REAS
C
FLOO TED BY
DING
Rangoon
Aid by land
from
Thailand,
China
Aid by air
from EU,
Japan
Laputta
• farming, transport
and economy
devastated.
Dedaye
ANDA
MA
SEA N
Aid by sea
from India,
USA, France
0
Irrawaddy
River
• 100 000 people
dead or missing
• thousands of
houses
destroyed
Path of tropical storm
AREA
SU
WATE NDER
R
Disaster declared in
areas under water
or affected by
flooding where:
60
km
Areas affected
by flooding
Areas under
water
Path of tropical
storm
Figure 2
(i) Give two reasons why the Irrawaddy delta was so badly affected.
1 .............................................................................................................................
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2 .............................................................................................................................
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(ii) Suggest why this tropical storm is likely to have had a long-term damaging effect
on Myanmar.
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(4)
(iii) What is meant by the term emergency aid?
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(b) Describe the measures taken by some countries to reduce the damage caused by
tropical storms.
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(4)
(c) Explain the causes and characteristics of a tropical storm.
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(6)
(Total 20 marks)
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Q2
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3.
Production
(a) Study Figure 3 which shows inputs and outputs of a car factory.
Supply of components
Raw materials
Energy supplies
Water supply
Capital and
technology
Finished products
Labour supply
Waste products
Access to transport
Availability of land for development
Figure 3
(i) To which economic (employment) sector does this factory belong?
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Referring to the inputs shown, explain why a factory may choose to relocate.
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(iii) Describe the disadvantages that factories can bring to a local community.
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(4)
(b) Referring to examples, describe the characteristics of informal employment.
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(c) Describe and explain how the relative importance of the economic (employment)
sectors change as a country develops.
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(6)
(Total 20 marks)
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4.
Development
(a) Study Figure 4 which is an annotated map of part of the Middle East focusing on
Qatar, a country which is currently experiencing an economic boom.
51° E
N
Persian Gulf
Madinat
ash Shamal
BAHRAIN
Now:
•
Highest GNP per
person in world
•
GNP grew 14% in 2007;
60% from gas and oil
•
Major oil exporter
•
World’s largest LNG
(liquid natural gas)
exporter and expanding;
15% of world’s total
known reserves
•
Infrastructure
developing
•
High population growth
rate; major migration
destination from Asia.
26° N
26° N
Gulf of
Bahrain
Ras Laffan
Industrial City
Al Khawr
In the past:
a poor, pearl-diving
and desert
economy
DOHA
QATAR
Dawhat
Salwa
Al Wakrah
25° N
25° N
Persian
Gulf
SAUDI
ARABIA
0
10 20
km
UAE
51° E
Diversifying, especially in
Dubai into property, mass
tourism, shopping and
financial services.
Figure 4
(i) Suggest what has happened to GNP in Qatar during this economic boom.
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(1)
(ii) Name one export associated with this boom.
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(iii) Explain how exports have contributed to the boom.
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(4)
(iv) Suggest how populations change with economic development.
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(b) Describe how people benefit from rising GNP.
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(4)
(c) Countries such as Qatar will need to diversify their economies in the future.
Suggest why this may be necessary and explain how it might be done in a sustainable
way.
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(6)
(Total 20 marks)
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5.
Migration
(a) Study Figure 5 which shows net international migration for the United Kingdom
between 1974 and 2007.
+
Per 1000
inhabitants
per year
12
Period A
Period B
10
economic growth
economic
slowdown
8
6
Net international
migration
4
2
0
–
2
4
6
1974
1980
1986
1992
1998
2004
2007
Year
Figure 5
(i) Describe what has happened to net international migration since 2002.
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(2)
(ii) What is meant by the term net international migration?
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(2)
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(iii) In periods of economic growth, such as Period A, why does net international
migration become more positive?
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(2)
(b) Describe two push factors encouraging international migration.
1 ....................................................................................................................................
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2 ....................................................................................................................................
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(4)
(c) Urban-to-rural migration is a feature of the United Kingdom and other MEDCs
today.
(i) Explain two pull factors behind this type of internal migration.
1 .............................................................................................................................
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2 .............................................................................................................................
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(ii) Describe the consequences of this type of migration for both urban and rural
areas. Examples may help your answer.
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(6)
(Total 20 marks)
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6.
Urban Environments
(a) Study Figure 6 which lists the world’s six largest cities in 1970 and in 2007, and the
six largest predicted for 2025.
1970
2007
Population
(millions)
City
2025 (prediction)
Population
(millions)
City
City
Population
(millions)
New York
16.5
Tokyo
35.2
Tokyo
36.4
Tokyo
13.4
Mexico City
19.2
Mumbai
26.4
London
10.5
New York
18.6
Delhi
22.5
Shanghai
10.0
Sao Paulo
18.3
Dhaka
22.0
Mexico City
8.6
Mumbai
18.2
Sao Paulo
21.4
Los Angeles
8.4
Delhi
15.0
Mexico City
21.0
Figure 6
(i) Name a city in Figure 6 which more than doubled its population between 1970
and 2007.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Describe the changes between 1970 and 2025 in:
1. city size
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2. the mix of MEDC/LEDC locations.
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(4)
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(iii) What is the minimum population of a mega-city?
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(1)
(iv) Give reasons for the growth of mega-cities.
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(4)
(b) (i) Describe two problems associated with the development of mega-cities.
1 .............................................................................................................................
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2 .............................................................................................................................
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(ii) Explain how these problems are being managed in a named LEDC city.
Named LEDC city ................................................................
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(6)
(Total 20 marks)
TOTAL FOR SECTION A: 120 MARKS
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SECTION B
Answer ONE question only from this section.
If you answer Question 7 put a cross in the box
7.
.
Fragile Environments
(a) Study Figure 7 which shows how the forested areas of the world are predicted to
change between 2000 and 2025.
Numbers are 000km2 (average annual change in forested area, 2000–2025)
Figure 7
(i) What is meant by the term deforestation?
................................................................................................................................
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(1)
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(ii) What evidence is there to suggest that today’s deforestation is:
1. mainly of tropical rainforests
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2. an issue for the whole world.
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(b) Explain the impact that deforestation has on:
1. the local ecosystem and economy
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2. global climate change.
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(c) With reference to examples, give reasons for the loss of forests.
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(d) Read the recent newspaper headline below.
MEDCs should pay LEDCs to stop deforestation
Explain how and why sustainable tropical rainforest management requires international
cooperation.
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(9)
(Total 30 marks)
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If you answer Question 8 put a cross in the box
8.
.
Globalisation
(a) Study Figure 8 which shows the locations of Samsung’s headquarters, offices
and factories. Samsung is a transnational company (TNC) making electrical and
electronic goods.
North
America
More Economically
Developed Countries
(MEDCs)
Europe
South
Korea
Asia
Tropic of Cancer
Africa
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Key:
Factories
South
America
Offices
Less Economically
Developed Countries
(LEDCs)
Company headquarters
Australasia
North-South divide
Figure 8
(i) What is the evidence that Samsung is a transnational company?
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(3)
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(ii) Compare the global distribution of Samsung’s offices and factories.
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(4)
(iii) Suggest reasons for the differences in these distributions.
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(b) (i) What is meant by the term global production chain? An example may help your
answer.
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(2)
(ii) Explain the factors (including TNCs) that are helping to create the modern global
economy.
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(c) Explain the advantages and disadvantages that TNCs bring to the LEDCs in which
they locate their factories.
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(9)
Q8
(Total 30 marks)
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If you answer Question 9 put a cross in the box
9.
.
Human Welfare
(a) Study Figure 9 which shows life expectancy in six African countries in 2007 and
predicted changes by 2010.
Country
Life expectancy in
years (2007)
Predicted change by
2010 (in years)
Botswana
50.7
+2.1
Kenya
54.1
+1.7
Mozambique
42.1
–0.8
South Africa
49.3
–2.0
Swaziland
39.6
–1.7
Zambia
42.3
+1.4
Figure 9
(i) Name a country where life expectancy is predicted to:
1. increase by 2010
................................................................................................................................
2. decrease by 2010
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(2)
(ii) What is meant by the term life expectancy?
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(2)
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(iii) Identify and explain three factors that help to increase life expectancy.
1 .............................................................................................................................
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2 .............................................................................................................................
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3 .............................................................................................................................
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(b) What is meant by the term infant mortality rate?
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(2)
(c) Referring to examples, describe how international aid can improve the welfare of
some people in LEDCs.
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(d) Explain how differences in the level of human welfare are best measured. Refer to a
range of indicators and indexes.
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(9)
Q9
(Total 30 marks)
TOTAL FOR SECTION B: 30 MARKS
TOTAL FOR PAPER: 150 MARKS
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