2015 SENIOR REPRODUCTION
EASY
5540 (easy)
Q: What is foal heat?
A: Mare's first heat after foaling
FCH39/HIH940-5
5542 (easy)
HIH910-5
Q: You do the math… A mare that was bred on May 20th should foal in what month the next year?
A: April
5543 (easy)
Q: In a normal birth, which legs appear first?
A: Front
HIH940-4/TH422
5544 (easy)
HIH950-5
Q: Why is creep feeding of foals recommended when foals are 30-60 days old?
A: Mare’s milk production declines
5545 (easy)
HS26
Q: Breaking of the navel cord stimulates the newborn animal to do what?
A: Breathe
5546
(easy)
HIH 450-2/DET p. 171
Q: What is a long yearling?
A: A horse more than 1 year old but not yet 2 years old
5547 (easy)
Q: What does alter mean?
A: To castrate or geld a horse
HS22/TH384
5548 (easy)
HIH920-1/TH387/HS23
Q: What is the term used when a male horse has retained one or both testicles in his body cavity?
A: Ridgling or cryptorchid
5549 (easy)
Q: The mother of a horse is called what?
A: Dam
HIH950-4
5550 (easy)
Q: The father of a horse is called what?
A: Sire
TH537/HS18
5551 (easy)
FCH389/HS22
Q: Define the word "filly"
Q: Immature female horse OR Female horse 3 years old & younger
5552 (easy)
HS26/TH431-32
Q: What do you call the charge for breeding services rendered by a stallion?
A: Stud fee
5553 (easy)
Q: What is the term for an immature female horse?
A: Filly
FCH389/TH322/HS22
5554 (easy)
HS23
Q: What is a ridgling?
A: A male horse that has retained one or both testicles in his body cavity
5555 (easy)
FCH385/HS22
Q: The correct term to use when describing a male foal is what?
A: Colt
5556 (easy)
Q: What is a mare?
A: Mature female horse OR female horse 4 years old & older
5557 (easy)
Q: What is a colt?
A: Male foal (immature male horse)
HIH342/H3-34/DET175
HS22/FCH385
5558
(easy)
Q: A foal is normally weaned at what age?
A: 4 - 6 months
(accept any number within this range)
HIH950-4
5559 (easy)
TH930/HS24
Q: What is a weanling?
A: A weaned foal or foal that's been taken away from its mother
5560 (easy)
Q: What is a foal?
A: Colt or filly under one year old (a baby horse)
HS22
5561 (easy)
Q: How long is the gestation period for horses?
A: Approximately 11 months OR 335-340 days
HIH910-5
5562 (easy)
Q: What do you call an unaltered male horse?
A: Stallion (stud)
5563 (easy)
Q: What is a gelding?
A: A castrated male horse
(accept any number within range)
HIH910-1/DET258
HIH110-5/FCH390
5564 (easy)
Q: An altered or castrated male horse is called what?
A: Gelding
HIH110-5
5565 (easy)
HIH950-2
Q: What is colostrum?
A: The first milk a mare produces after the birth of the foal
5566 (easy)
Q: What is the breeding term for the offspring of a sire?
A: Get
HH56/DET120
5567 (easy)
HH58
Q: What is the slang term for a horse breeding establishment?
A: Stud
(stud farm)
5568 (easy)
Q: What is the breeding term for the offspring of a dam?
A: Produce
HH56
5569 (easy)
HIH940-1/FCH382
Q: What is a barren mare?
A: A mare that's not in foal but who was bred (mare that's been bred, but isn't pregnant)
5570 (easy)
Q: Define sex characteristic.
A: Masculinity in the stallion & femininity in the mare
HH12
5571 (easy)
TH323/ADV336-1L
Q: What is the term for the stallion that is used to determine if a mare is receptive to breeding?
A: Teaser
5572 (easy)
HIH910-5
Q: The length of time (usually 11 months) for the development of the foal from the time of breeding until
birth is called what?
A: Pregnancy or gestation period
5573 (easy)
Q: What do the ovaries produce?
A: Eggs (also accept estrogen and progesterone)
HIH910-4
5574 (easy)
HIH950-1
Q: What care should be given to the navel stump of a newborn foal?
A: Apply mild iodine solution to prevent bacteria from entering body
5575 (easy)
Q: What do you call a mare that's never been bred?
A: Maiden
HIH940-1
5576 (easy)
Q: What is a maiden mare?
A: Mare that's never been bred
HIH940-1
5577
(easy)
Q: What does the term “in foal” mean?
A: The mare is pregnant
5578 (easy)
Q: During what time period are most foals born?
A: Night
DET152 HIH940-1
BEG112-2
5579 (easy)
HIH940-2
Q: In months, what is the gestation period of the Rangerbred?
A: 11 months
5580 (easy)
HIH940-1
Q: What does the term "open mare" refer to?
A: Mare that is currently not pregnant (not bred this season)
5581 (easy)
Q: How long is the estrous cycle of the mare?
A: 21 - 23 days
(accept any number within range)
TH323/HIH910
5582 (easy)
HIH781-1
Q: A nursing foal's nutrient requirements exceed those provided by the dam's milk within how many months?
A: Two
5583 (easy)
Q: What is lactating?
A: Producing milk
H2-35/FCH234
5584 (easy)
Q: What is another name for a ridgling?
A: Cryptorchid
HIH920-1/TH387
5585 (easy)
HIH940-1
Q: What do you call a mare that was bred, but didn't produce a foal?
A: Barren
5586 (easy)
Q: What is the average length of estrus (heat period)?
A: 6 days
HS24/TH326
5587 (easy)
Q: At what age are most mares capable of reproduction?
A: Three
HS24/TH361
5588 (easy)
HS23
Q: At what age can you start using a stallion for breeding purposes?
A: Two
(additional info -- only for limited breeding)
5589 (easy)
Q: What is another name for heat?
A: Estrus
HS24/TH322
5590 (easy)
HIH930-3
Q: Other than hormones, what can be used to bring mares into heat earlier than the normal breeding season?
A: Artificial lights
5591 (easy)
HIH930-1
Q: What is a common method used to determine if a mare is in heat?
A: Teasing
5592 (easy)
Q: Lactation means the production of what?
A: Milk
H2-35/FCH234
5593 (easy)
HIH950-1
Q: Normal foals will nurse for the first time within how many hours of birth?
A: 2 – 3
(accept either)
5594 (easy)
Q: What does it mean to geld?
A: Castrate a male horse
HS22/TH384
5595 (easy)
HIH950-1
Q: What is the nutritious, high-protein first milk for the foal called?
A: Colostrum
5596 (easy)
HIH781-1old
Q: How much weight will a foal typically gain per day during the first 3 months?
A: 2.25 - 3 pounds per day
(accept any number in range)
5597 (easy)
HIH910-4
Q: Of all of our domestic animals, which animal has the lowest reproductive efficiency?
A: Horse
5598 (easy)
Q: What is a colt or filly under one year of age called?
A: Foal
HH46
5599 (easy)
BEG112
Q: Why should you treat the naval stump of a newborn foal with iodine or antiseptic?
A: To prevent bacteria from entering the body through it
MEDIUM
5600 (medium)
TH323
Q: What is the term for the rhythmic opening & closing of the labia as exhibited in mares?
A: Winking
5601 (medium)
Q: What does FSH cause in the mare?
A: Follicle growth
HIH910-6
5602 (medium)
CAHA73/FCH246
Q: What is the last event to occur in the mare's labor?
A: Expulsion of the placenta (afterbirth)
5603 (medium)
HIH910-6/ADV326-3
Q: What hormone does the maturing follicle on the ovary release to stimulate the sexual behavior of mares
during heat?
A: Estrogen
5604 (medium)
FCH235/TH323/HIH930-1
Q: What event triggers the end of estrus or heat - usually within 24 hours?
A: Ovulation
5605 (medium)
HIH910-3
Q: What is the name for the structure in the abdomen that's multi-layered, hollow, Y-shaped & is suspended
by the broad ligaments?
A: Uterus
5606 (medium)
HIH910-1/FCH235
Q: Frequent urination & eversion of the vulva or winking will occur during what phase of the mare's
reproductive cycle?
A: Estrus or heat
5607
(medium)
FCH245
Q: What can be done to delay foaling until the veterinarian arrives if there is an indication of abnormal
presentation of the foal?
A: Walk the mare and keep her standing
5608 (medium)
Q: What is the name of the first feces that the foal excretes?
A: Meconium
HIH950-2
5609 (medium)
TH340
Q: How do nutrients get from the mare to the fetus after it's attached to the uterus?
A: Through the placenta
(additional info -- via the umbilical cord)
5610 (medium)
TH340
Q: What is the correct name for the membranous organ referred to as the afterbirth?
A: Placenta
5611 (medium)
CAHA71
Q: In comparison to the horse, how is the length of the estrous cycle of donkeys and ponies different?
A: Estrous cycles are longer
(additional info -- usually 25 days instead of 19-22 days)
5612 (medium)
DET280
Q: What is the reproductive organ that holds the fetus from conception to birth?
A: Uterus
5613 (medium)
TH321
Q: What is the narrow passage between the female's vagina & uterus?
A: Cervix
5614 (medium)
TH432
Q: What does "return privilege in season" mean?
A: You may bring your mare back until she's in foal for that breeding season only. A second fee will be
charged after the current season if the mare is returned
5615 (medium)
Q: What word means without estrus?
A: Anestrus
TH323
5616 (medium)
Q: What is the process of the uniting of the sperm & egg?
A: Fertilization
TH319
5617 (medium)
TH427
Q: Colostrum is especially important to the foal because it contains what 2 things?
A: Antibodies (proteins) that protect the foal from infection & laxatives (fats) that help foal pass meconium
5618 (medium)
TH271
Q: When does the most rapid period of fetal growth take place?
A: During the last 3-4 months of pregnancy
5619 (medium)
HS25
Q: How are identical twins produced?
A: A single fertilized egg (zygote) divides & produces offspring with identical genetic makeup
5620 (medium)
TH346
Q: What technique of pregnancy diagnosis is the easiest &the most accurate. It can detect pregnancy as early
as 2 weeks after conception?
A: Ultrasound
5621 (medium)
Q: What is the primary sex organ of the mare?
A: Ovary
TH128
5622 (medium)
HIH910-3
Q: What is the largest part of the female reproductive system?
A: Uterus
5623 (medium)
Q: How many follicles are on an ovary?
A: Hundreds
TH318
5624 (medium)
TH361
Q: Puberty - or the capacity to produce sex cells - occurs in the stallion at approximately what age?
A: One year
5625 (medium)
HS22
Q: What is the unborn animal called as it develops in the uterus?
A: Fetus
5626 (medium)
Q: What hormone does the testicle produce?
A: Testosterone
(also estrogen)
TH361
5627 (medium)
Q: What is the primary sex organ of the stallion?
A: Testes (testicle)
TH128
5628 (medium)
TH355
Q: As compared to body temperature, should the temperature of the scrotum & testicles be higher, lower or
the same?
A: Lower
5629 (medium)
TH355
Q: What is the sack-like pouch that suspends the testicles outside the male animal?
A: Scrotum
5630 (medium)
TH128
Q: What is an ovary?
A: A female reproductive organ that produces eggs & sex hormones (estrogen & progesterone)
5631 (medium)
Q: What is the slang term for a mare that's nursing a foal?
A: Wet mare
HIH940-1
5632 (medium)
HIH950-2
Q: About how long does it take for a foal's immune system to become functional & produce significant levels
of antibodies?
A: 2 - 4 months
(accept any number within range)
5633 (medium)
Q: What is the average age of puberty in the mare?
A: 12 - 15 months
(accept any number within range)
TH322
5634 (medium)
TH427
Q: How long does the mare produce colostrum?
A: Up to 48 hours after birth of the foal (foal absorbs antibodies from colostrum for 36 hours)
5635 (medium)
FCH400
Q: What is the slang term for a gelding that shows stallion-like aggressive behavior?
A: Proud cut, rig, false rig
(accept any)
5636 (medium)
DET258
Q: What are 2 meanings of the term “stud”?
A: A stallion & an establishment at which horses are kept for breeding purposes
5637 (medium)
Q: What is a silent heat?
A: Ovulation without outward signs of estrus
FCH235
5638
(medium)
INT226-2L
Q: Name the tube which carries the egg from the ovary to the uterus?
A: Oviduct or Fallopian tube
5639 (medium)
Q: What do the initials AI stand for?
A: Artificial insemination
TH376
5640 (medium)
Q: Parturition is another name for what?
A: Birth
CAHA73
5641 (medium)
TH346
Q: What is a common method of diagnosing pregnancy in the mare?
A: Ultrasound or rectal palpation
(accept either)
5642 (medium)
TH323/HIH910-5
Q: During what season would a mare be naturally in anestrus?
A: Winter
5643 (medium)
CAHA73
Q: Within a few days of birth, what begins to form on the mare's teats?
A: Wax
5644 (medium)
TH427
Q: What is the VERY FIRST step in taking care of a foal immediately after birth?
A: Remove anything from foal's nostrils that might restrict breathing
5645 (medium)
HIH940-1
Q: What is the difference between a barren mare & an open mare?
A: Barren – not pregnant, but was bred;
Open – not pregnant, but was NOT bred this season (has had foals in the past)
5646 (medium)
TH409/HIH930-3
Q: What is the most important environmental cue in inducing estrus in mares?
A: Light
5647 (medium)
TH425
Q: Delivery in which the foal's rump or hind feet are presented first in the birth canal is called what?
A: Breech birth
5648 (medium)
TH339
Q: What is the hormone responsible for the mare's outward sexual behavior?
A: Estrogen (specifically estradiol)
Accept either general or specific answer
5649 (medium)
TH427
Q: The foal’s digestive tract permits absorption of the colostrum antibodies for approximately how long?
A: 36 hours
5650 (medium)
Q: What does the hormone prolactin do?
A: Initiates lactation
TH127
5651 (medium)
TH425
Q: What is the expulsion of the fetus before the time of normal foaling called?
A: Abortion
5652 (medium)
Q: What does the term "proud cut" refer to?
A: A gelding that shows stallion-like behavior
TH400
5653 (medium)
TH323
Q: What is the name of the long period between breeding seasons when the ovaries are inactive?
A: Anestrus
5654 (medium)
TH362
Q: Where in the stallion is sperm produced?
A: Testes/testicles (more specifically in the seminiferous tubules) Accept either general or specific
5655 (medium)
TH365
Q: What is the general term for the substance emitted by a stallion during the breeding of a mare?
A: Semen or seminal fluid
5656 (medium)
Q: What is a wet mare?
A: Mare that's nursing a foal
HIH940-1
5657 (medium)
HIH910-5
Q: At what part of a mare's estrous cycle is she NOT responsive to the stallion?
A: Diestrus
5658 (medium)
TH428
Q: What is a nurse mare?
A: A lactating mare known for her foster mother qualities -- she will accept a strange/orphan foal & let it nurse
5659 (medium)
CAHA5
Q: What is the term for the black, waxy substance that can build up in a horse's sheath?
A: Smegma
5660 (medium)
Q: What is a breeding shed?
A: Specialized building where mares are bred
TH781
5661 (medium)
Q: Name the major cause of infertility in mares?
A: Uterine infections
HIH940-1
5662 (medium)
HIH940-2
Q: What time period during a mare's pregnancy would NOT be a good time to deworm her?
A: Last 30 days
5663 (medium)
TH343
Q: On average, how many days longer are colts carried than mares?
A: 2 - 7 days
(accept any number within range)
5664
(medium)
TH781
Q: A barn where stallions are kept for breeding is called what?
A: Stud barn or stallion barn
5665 (medium)
TH417
Q: How long before birth will pregnant mare's teats begin to wax?
A: 2 - 4 days
(accept any number within range)
5666 (medium)
TH346/FCH239
Q: How soon after ovulation can pregnancy be diagnosed by ultrasound?
A: 10 - 15 days
(accept any number within range)
5667 (medium)
HIH910-5
Q: What is the difference between estrus & diestrus?
A: Estrus - period during which mare is receptive to stallion & encourages mating
Diestrus - period during which mare is not receptive to stallion & will resist him
5668 (medium)
Q: Between what 2 structures is the umbilical cord?
A: Fetus & placenta
TH340
5669 (medium)
HIH910-5
Q: The mare's estrous cycle is divided into 2 distinct phases. What are they?
A: Estrus & diestrus
5670 (medium)
TH327
Q: When a mare ovulates, but fails to show behavioral signs of estrus, this is called what?
A: Silent heat
5671 (medium)
FCH245
Q: In the pregnant mare, the first stages of foaling can often mimic what condition?
A: Colic
5672 (medium)
CAHA5a
Q: 2 part question : What is smegma & where is it found?
A: Waxy substance that builds up in a horse's sheath
5673 (medium)
HIH930-1
Q: When during the estrous cycle is conception rate the highest in mares?
A: At the end of estrus (1 - 2 days prior to ovulation) OR foal heat
5674 (medium)
TH428
Q: What is the term used for a lactating mare that takes care of an orphaned foal as her own?
A: Nurse mare
5675 (medium)
Q: Where do the sperm & egg unite?
A: Oviducts or fallopian tubes (accept either)
TH319
5676 (medium)
Q: What is the hormone called that caused follicle growth?
A: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
TH337
5677 (medium)
TH326/HIH910-5/FCH235
Q: What term describes when a mare undergoes multiple estrous cycles only during a specific part of the
year?
A: Seasonally polyestrous
5678 (medium)
TH317
Q: 2 part question: What are the size & the shape of the ovaries?
A: 2 - 3 inches long, bean shaped
5679 (medium)
Q: What is the scientific name for the egg?
A: Ovum
(additional info -- ova is plural)
TH317HIH910-4
5680
(medium)
Q: What is the name for the specialized building where mares are bred?
A: Breeding shed
5681 (medium)
HIH940-1
Q: Reproductive ability in the mare decreases after what age?
A: 16
(accept any number within 15-18 range)
5682 (medium)
Q: What does the term "entire" refer to?
A: Stallion
DET97
TH781
5683 (medium)
TH431
Q: What is the difference between a booking deposit & a booking fee?
A: Booking deposit is refundable if mare isn't pregnant, booking fee is non-refundable
5684
(medium)
BEG112
Q: In the newborn foal the navel stump is a site that allows easy access for the invasion of what
microorganism into the body?
A: Bacteria
5685 (medium)
Q: What is mastitis?
A: Inflammation/infection of the udder
HIH940-6/FCH234
5686 (medium)
Q: In mare's milk, which is higher -- milk fat or lactose?
A: Lactose
CAHA69
5687 (medium)
Q: What type of lights makes a photo-stimulation effective?
A: Regular bulbs on a timer OR fluorescent bulbs
TH393
(accept either)
5688 (medium)
FCH250
Q: After birth, when a mare passes the placenta, what should you do with it?
A: Examine it to make sure it's all there
5689 (medium)
TH355
Q: What is the main function of the scrotum?
A: Encloses testicles OR controls the temperature of the testicles (accept either)
5690 (medium)
HIH1380-1,2
Q: What breeding policy involves payment of the stud fee when the mare is pronounced in foal at a 42 day
exam?
A: Guaranteed in foal
5691 (medium)
HIH940-4
Q: Difficult foaling (dystocia) may be caused by several situations. Name one.
A: Abnormal presentation, foal too large for mare’s pelvis, twins, “red bag”
(accept any reasonable answer)
5692 (medium)
TH340
Q: Approximately how many days does it take for the fertilized ovum to migrate to the uterus?
A: 4 - 6
(accept any number within range)
5693 (medium)
Q: Give another name for the oviducts.
A. Fallopian Tubes
INT226-2L
5694 (medium)
DET100
Q: During what stage of the mare's estrous cycle is she receptive to the stallion?
A: Estrus
5695 (medium)
HIH1380-1
Q: What breeding policy involves payment in advance of the entire price for the season with the payment
non-refundable?
A: No guarantee
5696
(medium)
Q: How soon after birth should a mare pass her placenta?
A: 3 hours
TH423
5697 (medium)
CAHA74
Q: How does the scrotum regulate testicular temperature?
A: Raising or lowering the testicles close to or away from the body
5698 (medium)
DET222
Q: What is the term for the change that occurs in an animal that results in the animal being able to produce
sex cells?
A: Puberty
5699 (medium)
FCH44
Q: Lactating mares have an increased need for water due to what?
A: Milk production
5700 (medium)
TH430
Q: When weaning a foal from the mare, why is it recommended to reduce the mare's food?
A: To help the drying up process
5701 (medium)
Q: What percent of mare's milk is water?
A: 90%
TH245
5702 (medium)
Q: What happens in the 3rd stage of labor?
A: Expulsion of the placenta (afterbirth)
HIH421
5703 (medium)
Q: Define endometrium
A: Lining of the uterus
DET92
5704 (medium)
Q. What is the name for the lining of the uterus?
A. Endometrium
DET92
5705 (medium)
FCH395
Q: What is the meconium?
A: First manure passed by the foal OR dark green/brown/black tarry stools formed prior to birth - normally
begin to pass 1/2 hour to 6 hours after birth
5706 (medium)
FCH234
Q: What is the term for a bacterial infection of the udder?
A: Mastitis
5707
(medium)
HIH930-2
Q: When using the system for scoring of behavioral estrus in mares, what behavior is seen in a mare scoring 1?
A: Mare isn't aggressive towards stallion OR looks away/isn't interested
5708 (medium)
HIH940-5
Q: A normal foal weighs what percent of the mare's body weight at birth?
A: 9 - 10%
(accept either)
5709 (medium)
HIH1380
Q: When the breeder guarantees a live foal, what must that foal do to fulfill the guarantee?
A: Stand & suck
5710
(medium)
Q: What is a zygote?
A: Fertilized egg
5711 (medium)
Q. Which breed has the highest incidence of twinning?
A. Thoroughbred
DET298
FCH240
5712 (medium)
INT227-2
Q: Which structure of the horse is responsible for maintaining proper temperature for sperm production?
A: Scrotum
5713 (medium)
FCH240
Q: What general type of equine has the lowest incidence of twin pregnancies?
A: Ponies
5714 (medium)
TH323-36
Q: What is meant by the term “seasonally polyestrous”?
A: Mare undergoes multiple estrous cycles only during certain times of the year
HARD
5715 (hard)
DET91
Q: This type of breeding is not accepted by all breed associations. It is the process of recovering a fertilized
egg from the uterus of one mare and transferring it to the uterus of another for gestation. What is this type of
breeding?
A: Embryo transfer
5716 (hard)
HS16
Q: What hormone regulates testosterone in the stallion?
A: LH (luteinizing hormone)
Accept either
5717 (hard)
HIH782-5
Q: On average, how much milk is a light horse mare capable of producing per day?
A: 23 - 29 pounds
(accept any number within this range)
5718 (hard)
TH424
Q: When a foal is in the transverse ventral presentation for delivery, what part of the foal’s body is lodged
against the pelvis of the mare and preventing the delivery of the foal?
A: The foal’s back
5719 (hard)
TH358
Q: What is the vas deferens?
A: Tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra in the male
5720 (hard)
Q: What is the definition of semen?
A: Sperm mixed with fluids from the accessory glands
TH365
5721 (hard)
TH127
Q: What does the hormone progesterone do?
A: Stimulates the glands & tissues responsible for maintaining the pregnancy
OR Aids in development of the uterus for implantation & nutrition of the embryo
5722 (hard)
TH358
Q: What is the tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?
A: Vas deferens
5723 (hard)
HIH940-4
Q: During the second stage of labor, you notice the appearance of a red, velvety bulb at the vulva which looks
like a basketball. This is commonly referred to as a “red bag”. What does this indicate?
A: Premature placental separation
(This is an emergency requiring immediate rupture of this membrane to expedite delivery of the foal)
5724 (hard)
TH358
Q: What is the tube through which both semen & urine pass through the male's penis?
A: Urethra
5725 (hard)
TH128
Q: 2 part question -- What is the birth canal & what organs does it consist of?
A: Organs through which the unborn animal passes at birth. Consists of cervix & vagina
5726 (hard)
TH319
Q: What is the funnel-like membrane which surrounds the ovary & catches the egg when it's released?
A: Infundibulum
5727 (hard)
CAHA72
Q: What does the urachus do?
A: Takes urine away from the foal during pregnancy
5728 (hard)
Q: Where, specifically, does sperm production take place?
A: Seminiferous tubules
5729 (hard)
Q: What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
A: Raises & lowers the scrotum
TH362
HIH920-4
5730 (hard)
HIH920-4
Q: What is the name for the major muscle that raises & lowers the scrotum?
A: Cremaster
5731 (hard)
TH321
Q: What is the canal that leads from the uterus to outside the female? The male deposits sperm there & the
fetus passes through it at birth?
A: Vagina
5732 (hard)
TH340
Q: Why are the testicles suspended outside the body cavity?
A: Because the scrotal temperature is several degrees cooler than that of the body cavity which is necessary
for normal development of the sperm
5733 (hard)
TH361
Q: The glands located along the urethra of the male produce fluids which nourish & preserve the sperm.
What are these glands called?
A: Accessory glands
5734 (hard)
TH319
Q: Define corpus luteum.
A: A solid mass that forms on the ovary after ovulation; produces the hormone progesterone that helps
maintain pregnancy
5735 (hard)
TH358
Q: What is the main function of the epididymis?
A: To store sperm
(additional info -- where they undergo maturation)
5736 (hard)
TH128
Q: Define reproductive organs
A: Special organs that produce sex cells & carry out the process of reproduction
5737 (hard)
TH339
Q: Hormones that stimulate the development & maintenance of feminine sexual characteristics are called
what?
A: Estrogenic hormones OR Estrogens
5738 (hard)
Q: Define follicle
A: Bubble-like structure on the ovary which contains the egg
TH317-18
5739 (hard)
Q: Define ovulation
A: Time when the follicle bursts & the egg is released
TH319
5740 (hard)
DET213/CAHA72-73/TH340,127
Q: What is the placenta?
A: Membrane/organ that attaches the fetus to the uterus & transports nutrients & wastes between the uterus
& fetus (additional info -- via the umbilical cord)
5741 (hard)
Q: What does agalactic mean?
A: Without milk
HIH950-2
5742 (hard)
Q: Regumate is the synthetic form of which hormone?
A: Progestrone
HIH930-4
5743 (hard)
HIH930-3
Q: What ratio of daylight to darkness seems to bring mares into heat?
A: 16 hours of daylight to 4 hours of darkness OR 4:1 Accept either
5744
FCH237
Q: Use of an artificial lighting program to induce early estrous cycling and ovulation should include 16 hours of
light each day and begin how long before the desired breeding season?
A: 2 to 3 months
(accept anything within this range)
5745 (hard)
TH319
Q: What is the infundibulum?
A: Funnel-like membrane that surrounds the ovary & catches the egg
5746 (hard)
Q: What is spermatogenesis?
A: Process of producing sperm cells
HIH920-3
5747 (hard)
TH339
Q: What does a lutenizing hormone do?
A: Causes ovulation & initiates the formation of the corpus luteum
5748 (hard)
Q: What is dystocia?
A: Difficulty in giving birth (foaling problems)
TH423DET87
5749 (hard)
HIH910-3
Q: What is the main purpose of the myometrium?
A: Responsible for the contractions that expel the foal at birth
5750 (hard)
HIH910-6
Q: In response to GnRH release from the hypothalmus, what structure releases FSH & LH?
A: Pituitary gland
5751 (hard)
Q: Give 2 reasons for injecting a mare with oxytocin
A: Help with delivery of foal, stimulate milk let down
TH422
5752 (hard)
ADV327-1
Q: The Sertoli cells located in the seminiferous tubules of the stallion's testes stimulate spermatogenesis in the
stallion. What hormone from the pituitary gland controls the Sertoli cells?
A: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
5753 (hard)
Q: What does PMSG stand for?
A: Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin
TH344
5754 (hard)
HIH910-6/CAHA71
Q: What hormone released by the uterus if the mare isn't pregnant is responsible for the regression of the
corpus luteum & the return of the mare cycling?
A: Prostaglandin
5755 (hard)
TH427
Q: What is the protein in colostrum that provides the foal with temporary immunity against infectious
diseases?
A: Immunoglobulin (antibodies)
5756 (hard)
CAHA71
Q: When during the estrous cycle does ovulation usually occur?
A: 24 - 28 hours before end of estrus
(accept any number within range)
5757 (hard)
FCH239
Q: 2 part question: What substances in the urine & in the blood are used to test for pregnancy & what
specifically are they tested for?
A: Urine—estrogen; blood --PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin)
5758 (hard)
TH376
Q: Name the operation performed on mares where the upper part of the vulva is stitched to reduce infection?
A: Caslicks
5759 (hard)
HIH910-4
Q: What organ is responsible for the production of estrogen & progesterone?
A: Ovary
5760 (hard)
TH396
Q: How long can sperm cells survive in the female reproductive tract?
A: 48 hours
5761 (hard)
HIH 940-5
Q: You do the math… A newborn foal normally weighs 9-10% of the mare’s body weight. What would be the
approximate weight of a foal if the mare weighs 1200 pounds?
A: Approximately 108 to 120 pounds
(accept anything within this range)
5762 (hard)
HIH910-6
Q: Once the follicle has ruptured & released the ova, the luteal phase begins. The corpus luteum begins to
form & is responsible for the release of what hormone?
A: Progesterone
5763 (hard)
TH341/CAHA72
Q: What is the name of the innermost membrane of the fetal placenta that forms the water bag for the
developing fetus?
A: Amnion
5764 (hard)
CAHA72
Q: What is the name of the hard disc-like structure found in the placental fluids after birth?
A: Hippomane
5765 (hard)
ADV327-2
Q: What structures in the testes serve as the location for spermatogenesis?
A: Seminiferous tubules
5766 (hard)
HIH910-1
Q: What is the purpose of a Caslick's operation?
A: To seal the vulva OR to prevent air/debris from being sucked into reproductive tract of the mare
5767 (hard)
CAHA5
Q: What do the sebaceous glands in the prepuce of a stallion produce?
A: Smegma
5768 (hard)
TH358
Q: In what part of the stallion's reproductive tract do sperm undergo modifications or maturation?
A: Epididymis
5769 (hard)
TH338
Q: What 2 hormones increase just before ovulation in the mare?
A: Estrogen & Lutenizing Hormone/LH
5770 (hard)
HIH920-1
Q: 2 part question: What is a bilateral cryptorchid stallion & explaining your answer, can they be used for
breeding?
A: Stallion that's retained both testicles in the body cavity. No, they can’t be used for breeding because
they're infertile (additional info -- due to suppressed spermatogenesis)
5771 (hard)
HIH910-4
Q: What is the function of the cilia in the oviducts?
A: Transporting the ovum/egg down the oviduct & moving sperm in opposite direction
5772 (hard)
HIH920-2
Q: What is the primary hormone that's produced & secreted by the Leydig cells in the testes?
A: Testosterone
5773 (hard)
HIH910-3
Q: Which layer of the mare's uterus is responsible for the powerful contractions which expel the foal at birth?
A: Myometrium (middle layer)
Accept either
5774 (hard)
HIH920-2
Q: Leydig cells in the stallion are responsible for the production of what 2 hormones?
A: Testosterone & estrogen
5775 (hard)
TH127
Q: What hormone causes the cervix of the mare to become relaxed during estrus?
A: Estrogen
5776 (hard)
Q: What is the primary purpose of FSH in the stallion?
A: Stimulates production of sperm
ADV327
5777 (hard)
TH387
Q: How is it determined that a stallion has ejaculated while breeding a mare?
A: Tail flagging
5778 (hard)
TH360
Q: The vesicular gland is responsible for adding what to the semen?
A: Gel fraction
5779 (hard)
TH340
Q: What hormone is responsible for both milk let-down & contractions during parturition?
A: Oxytocin
5780 (hard)
HIH910-3
Q: Name the 2 tough sheet-like structures by which the uterus is suspended within the body cavity?
A: Broad ligaments
5781 (hard)
TH339
Q: What are the 2 ovarian hormones that control the mare's estrous cycle?
A: Estrogen & progesterone
5782 (hard)
HIH910-6
Q: Which hormone do the luteal cells within the corpus luteum secrete?
A: Progesterone
5783 (hard)
TH595
Q: Give a good reason for not breaking the foal's umbilical cord too soon after birth?
A: Foal would be deprived of about 30% of the blood that flows from mare to her foal immediately after birth
5784 (hard)
TH411
Q: Define embryo transfer
A: Transfer of fertilized egg from a donor mare to another recipient mare who carries it to term
5785 (hard)
Q: How long is the spermatogenic cycle in a stallion?
A: 49 days or 7 weeks
TH363
5786 (hard)
HIH910-1
Q: During which stage of a mare's reproductive cycle will she exhibit eversion of the vulva?
A: Estrus
5787 (hard)
ADV327-1
Q: Which hormone stimulates spermatogenesis or the production of sperm in the stallion?
A: FSH
5788 (hard)
TH340
Q: The amnion, allantois, & chorion comprise what structure?
A: Placenta
5789 (hard)
ADV327-1
Q: The process of the production of sperm cells is called what?
A: Spermatogenesis
5790 (hard)
TH343-44
Q: The gestation period of a mare carrying a horse foal is approximately how many days shorter than it would
be if she were carrying a mule foal?
A: 10 days
5791 (hard)
TH218
Q: Lactation increases the energy requirements of a mare above maintenance by what percentage?
A: 50 - 70%
(accept any number within range)
BONUS
5792 (bonus)
FCH245/TH417
Q. List three things that you might observe in your pregnant mare that would indicate she is starting the first
stage of labor.
A. Seeks isolation from other horses
Stops eating
Becomes restless – pacing, lies down and gets up repeatedly
Tail swishing
Sweating
Frequent urination
Wax on the end of the teats may fall off and milk starts to drip
5793 (bonus)
HS22
Q: What are the terms used for a baby horse, a baby female horse, a baby male horse?
A: Baby horse is a foal, baby female horse is a filly, & baby male horse is a colt
5794 (bonus)
Q: Name 3 distinct layers of the uterus.
A: Endometrium, myometrium, serosa
HIH1380-24
5795 (bonus)
ADV336-2
Q: When scoring the behavioral estrus in mares, give 3 examples of behavior that would indicate a score of 4
A: Mare shows intense interest in stallion, turning hindquarters to him, leaning towards him, exhibits
continuous winking & urination, squats, tail lifting, calling
5796 (bonus)
HIH445-3
Q: What 3 booster vaccinations should the broodmare receive 4 - 6 weeks before foaling?
A: Tetanus, rhinopneumonitis, flu
5797 (bonus)
H3-34
Q: Give 3 negative aspects of breeding your horse.
A: Mare could die during foaling, years of training before foal can be ridden, foal could be a "dud"/have none
of parents desirable traits, medical expenses, need to trailer mare to stallion, need to pay for mare care, need
to monitor mare's heat cycle, might not be able to sell foal, mare could have serious complications during
pregnancy and/or birth, may be unable to use mare during some parts of pregnancy & lactation, need to foalproof your facility, need to monitor foal's intake of colostrum
5798 (bonus)
H3-9
Q: Give 3 positive aspects of breeding your horse.
A: Good learning experience, can imprint/train foal, can plan mating to produce type of offspring you want,
possible income from sale of foal or pregnant mare
5799 (bonus)
Q: Give 3 of the 5 reproductive classifications of mares.
A: Pregnant, open, barren, maiden, wet/lactating/nursing
HIH940-1
5800 (bonus)
FCH230
Q: 2 part question: Reproductively, name 3 ways mares can be classified & explain each classification.
A: Barren—mare that's been bred, but isn't pregnant;
In foal—pregnant mare; lactating—nursing a foal;
Maiden—never been bred;
Open—currently not in foal (hasn't been bred this season, but has produced foal in previous seasons)
Also accept Lactating/wet/nursing – mare that’s nursing a foal
5801 (bonus)
Q: Name 3 of the criteria used to evaluate stallion semen.
A: Concentration, motility/movement, volume, morphology
TH365
5802 (bonus)
INT226-2/ADV326
Q: Name 3 behaviors of a mare in diestrus towards a stallion.
A: Biting, kicking, striking, squealing, tail switching, ignoring/disinterested
5803 (bonus)
TH374
Q: Give 3 causes of infertility in the stallion.
A: Poor health, poor nutrition, anxiety, masturbation, unnecessary rough handling, scared by aggressive
mares, injury, worry, improper management, overuse as a teaser, overbreeding, pain
5804 (bonus)
Q: What are the 3 principal estrogenic hormones?
A: Estradiol, estrone, estriol
TH339
5805 (bonus)
TH375
Q: You have recently opened a Quarter Horse breeding operation. You think you've found the ideal stallion
for your program. His conformation is nearly flawless. However, there are other considerations when
purchasing a stallion -- Name 3 other considerations.
A: Semen evaluation, weight (over or under), cardiovascular system, reproductive tract palpation,
temperament/manners, condition of respiratory tract, record of settling mares, general health, hindleg
soundness, arthritis, parasite infestation, colic frequency, libido evaluation, melanomas
5806 (bonus)
TH323
Q: Name 3 signs of estrus in the mare.
A: Frequent urination, flexed pelvis, winking, elevated tail, acceptance of stallion
5807 (bonus)
TH374
Q: Name3 general causes of infertility in either a mare or stallion.
A: Infection, hormonal disturbance/imbalance, nutritional factors, anatomical problems, age, psychological,
mechanical, management factors
5708 (bonus)
Q: Name the 3 membranes of the placenta.
A: Amnion, allantois, chorion
TH341
5809 (bonus)
TH346
Q: What are 3 methods that can be used to determine if a mare is pregnant?
A: Blood test for PMSG after 45 days, palpation, failure to come into heat, ultrasound
5810 (bonus)
TH425-27
Q: Name 3 causes of equine abortion
A: Infectious: acute infections, chronic infections, bacterial infections, viral infections, fungal infections, noninfectious: fetus in the uterine body instead of uterine horn, endometrial fibrosis, strangulation of umbilical
cord, fetal abnormalities, trauma, twins, fetal malnutrition, problems with placenta, drugs, plants, hormone
imbalance, nutritional deficiencies
5811 (bonus)
HIH910/TH128
Q: Name 3 parts of the reproductive tract of the mare.
A: Ovaries, oviducts/fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva
5812 (bonus)
Q: Name 3 parts of the stallion's reproductive tract.
A: Testicle, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, penis
TH128
5813 (bonus)
HS22
Q: Name 3 terms that mean the removal of testicles in a horse.
A: Alter, geld, castrate
5814 (bonus)
TH128
Q: Name the 4 parts of the female's reproductive system known as the duct system.
A: Oviducts, uterus, vagina, cervix
5815
(bonus)
TH385
Q: Give 3 advantages of castration.
A: Geldings are safer for novice horsemen, geldings are easier to care for, geldings are easier to transport,
geldings are less prone to injuries, can keep several geldings together, can keep geldings with mares, prevents
accidental pregnancy
5816 (bonus)
Q: Name the 3 parts of the sperm cell
A: Head, midpiece, tail
TH363
5817 (bonus)
ADV336
Q: Prostaglandin, human chorionic gonadotropin & progesterone (Regumate) are 3 hormones that can be
used to do what?
A: Manipulate estrus in mares
5818 (bonus)
TH360
Q: What are the 3 accessory glands located along the urethra in the stallion?
A: Prostate, seminal vesicles/vesicular glands, Cowper's/bulbourethral glands