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CHAPTER
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Review
06
Summary
which she passed you
nourishment. If you
were an identical twin,
your zygote would
have split in half
during this period.
CONCEPTION
ION
BIRTH
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE LANDMARKS OF PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE,
AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT?
HOW DO OUR BIOLOGY AND OUR
ENVIRONMENTS INFLUENCE OUR
DEVELOPMENT? p.82
• During pregnancy, teratogens can pass through
the placenta and cause irreparable harm to an
embryo or fetus.
• Increased food intake and a decrease in disease may contribute
to the earlier onset of puberty in industrialized countries.
WHAT UNIVERSAL CHANGES DO
WE EXPERIENCE AT DIFFERENT
STAGES IN OUR LIVES? p.82
pp.82, 86, & 90
• Physical landmarks include the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages; newborn reflex actions;
motor development; puberty; menopause and andropause; and
the physical decline of old age.
• Piaget theorized that children use assimilation and accommodation to adjust their informational schemas. Vygotsky believed children’s cognitive development is influenced by cultural experiences.
• Language development landmarks include cooing and babbling,
producing vocabulary, and learning grammatical rules.
• Newborn babies exhibit reflexes.
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• Motor skills tend to develop in sequence from
top to bottom and from inside to outside.
• During puberty, the body develops primary and secondary sex
characteristics.
• The gradual loss of brain cells as we age leads to a decline
in memory.
HOW DO PSYCHOLOGISTS STUDY
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, AND
WHAT QUESTIONS HAVE YET TO
BE ANSWERED? p.82
• Developmental psychologists study the physical,
cognitive, and social changes we experience by
examining three issues: stability/change, nature/nurture, and
continuity/stages.
• Researchers perform both cross-sectional and longitudinal
developmental studies.
• Normative investigations enable researchers to distinguish
between chronological age and developmental age.
Test Your Understanding
1. During puberty, the adolescent brain:
a. produces new cells and connections
b. selectively prunes neurons that are not being used
c. experiences the greatest growth spurt in the frontal lobes
d. peaks in its production of neurons
2. Kerry studies the temperaments of three young children. Two years
later, she returns to the same children to assess changes in their
social development. She completes her research two years later
with a final visit to the same three children. Kerry is conducting:
a. a longitudinal study
b. a cross-sectional study
c. correlational research
d. a biased experiment
3. Which of the following statements is true about the aging process?
a. Older people make fewer memory errors than younger people.
b. Exercise can stimulate brain cells and slow down memory
decline.
c. Intelligence declines as we age.
d. Older people are more likely to suffer common short-term ailments than younger people.
4. According to the cephalocaudal rule of motor development:
a. the upper part of the body develops motor skills before the
lower part of the body
b. the centre of the body develops motor skills before the
periphery areas of the body
c. the ability to execute physical actions occurs in a universal
sequence
d. the timing of motor skill development varies according to
individual experience
5. At what age do infants typically begin to walk on their own?
a.
b.
c.
d.
4–6 months
8–10 months
12–15 months
18–24 months
6. Which of the following illustrates the existence of the zone of
proximal development?
a. Seven-year-old Mia is able to memorize the names of the
planets using a mnemonic rhyme.
b. Six-year-old Tim is unable to read his new school book by
himself, but with the help of his teacher, he understands some
of the more difficult words.
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c. Eight-year-old Samson learns better when he is working in a
group than when he is working individually.
d. Six-year-old Sara was at the bottom of her class last year but
suddenly undergoes a rapid learning period and is now one of
the top students.
7. During which early stage of development do the organs fully
develop?
a. the fetal stage
b. the germinal stage
c. the embryonic stage
d. the neonatal stage
8. The observance of habituation indicates that babies:
a. prefer stimuli they can control
b. prefer colourful stimuli
c. prefer more complex stimuli
d. prefer new stimuli
9. Which of the following physical developments is a landmark of
puberty in males?
a. spermarche
b. andropause
c. menopause
d. menarche
10. Which of the following statements about Fetal Alcohol Spectrum
Disorder (FASD) is NOT true?
c. remembering to put the trash out every Friday
d. remembering a sentimental moment from high school
15. Two-year-old Khalil has learned to say “mama sing” and “dada
play” and uses the words repeatedly. Khalil is:
a. developing content words
b. babbling
c. developing grammatical words
d. cooing
16. Which of the following statements is true about bilingualism in
Canada?
a. Monolingual individuals make more money then bilingual individuals.
b. Bilingual adults experience more age-related cognitive declines
compared to monolingual individuals.
c. Bilingual children focus their attention better than monolingual
children.
d. French immersion students did poorly compared to Englishonly students on the EQAO tests.
17. Andrew, a 55-year-old male, experiences a rapid drop in testosterone levels. Andrew’s likely side effects include:
a. joint and muscle pain
b. weakness and irritability
c. high blood pressure
d. frequent, severe headaches
a. maintain eye contact with an adult who is in the room
b. focus on moving stimuli rather than stationary stimuli
c. pay attention to objects that are unique or that haven’t been
11. Chiyo is conducting a study on working memory at different stages
seen before
d. follow an adult’s gaze and direct his attention to what the adult
is looking at
19. Lamar asked an 18-year-old woman and a 68-year-old woman to
memorize a list of words. He then showed both women several
words and asked them to identify which words were on the original list. Lamar is likely to find that:
a. a longitudinal study
b. a cross-sectional study
c. naturalistic observation
d. a survey
a. both women are able to recognize the same number of words
b. the 18-year-old woman can recognize more words than the
12. According to Piaget, a child who is able to think logically about
abstract concepts has reached which stage of cognitive
development?
a. preoperational
b. formal operational
c. sensorimotor
d. concrete operational
13. Andrea is a 55-year-old female who is trying to fight the aging
process. Which of the following factors is Andrea able to control?
a. sensory decline
b. metabolism
c. fertility
d. physical vigour
68-year-old woman can
c. the 68-year-old woman can recognize more words than the
18-year-old woman can
d. the number of words recognized is higher if both women are
asked later rather than earlier in the day
20. If there were no diseases or other ailments that commonly affect
people in old age, experts believe that life expectancy would:
a. continue increasing indefinitely
b. remain about the same
c. increase to an average of 100 years
d. top out at an average of 85 years
Remember to check www.thethinkspot.ca for additional information, downloadable flashcards, and other helpful resources.
14. Which of the following actions demonstrates prospective memory?
Answers: 1) b; 2) a; 3) b; 4) a; 5) c; 6) b; 7) a; 8) d; 9) a; 10) c; 11) b;
12) b; 13) d; 14) c; 15) a; 16) c; 17) b; 18) d; 19) a; 20) d
a. remembering the name of a former co-worker
b. remembering how to solve a quadratic equation
Physical, Cognitive, & Language Development
of life. She tests five people between ages 18 and 25, five people
between ages 26 and 35, five people between ages 36 and 50,
and five people above age 50. Irene is conducting:
Human Development I
18. A baby who is engaging in joint visual attention is most likely to:
retardation, and developmental disabilities in Canada.
b. The rate of FASD is higher in communities where there is more
alcohol consumption.
c. FASD includes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), a more serious
condition, and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE), a milder condition.
d. FASD is reversible.
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a. FASD is the leading cause of preventable birth defects, mental