GLOSSARY:
Alkane: The saturated hydrocarbon compound formed by carbon–carbon
single bond and hydrogen, having general formula CnH2n+2, where n is
number of carbon atoms.
Alkene: The unsaturated hydrocarbon, in which at least one carbon–carbon
double bond is present, having general formula CnH2n, where n is number of
carbon atoms.
Alkyne: The unsaturated hydrocarbon, in which at least one carbon–carbon
triple bond is present, having general formula CnH2n-2, where n is number of
carbon atoms.
Arene: The hydrocarbon compounds, containing aromatic characteristics
(4n+ 2) π–electrons, having general formula CnH2n–6m, where n is the
number of carbon atoms and m is the number of cycles.
Aromatization: The cyclization process of alkanes or dehydrogenation of
alkanes by which benzene and its derivatives are obtained.
Bebzenoid: The cyclic hydrocarbon containing benzene ring.
Catalyst: A substance, used in small amounts relative to the reactants
modifies and increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the
process.
Cis isomers: The geometrical isomer, in which similar atoms or groups lie
on the same side of the double bond.
Decarboxylation: The reaction for removing carbon dioxide (CO2)
molecule.
Dehydration: A reaction for the removal of water molecule.
Diene compounds: Organic compounds, having two carbon–carbon double
bonds.
Electronegativity: Ability of an atom to attract pair of electrons towards
itself.
Electrophile: The substance or ion, able to attract electrons and electron
deficient substances.
Electrophilic ion: Electron loving ion or electropositive ion, which can act
as Lewis acid.
Geometrical isomers: The compounds, having the same structural
formulae, but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms
attached to the double bond.
Hydration: The reaction for addition of water molecule.
Hydrocarbon: The compound containing only carbon and hydrogen, the
fundamental unit of carbonic compounds.
Hydrogenation: The reaction for addition of hydrogen molecule (H2).
Inductive effect: Permanent displacement of sigma electrons along a
carbon chain in a compound due to the attachment of a more
electronegative or electropositive with the terminal carbon of the chain.
Isomerism: The phenomenon, in which compounds have same molecular
formula, but differ in their physical and chemical properties.
Lindlar catalyst: The mixture of palladium (Pd) and charcoal (C) used in
hydrogenation of alkyne with H2 gas.
Non–benzenoid: The cyclic hydrocarbon not containing benzene ring.
Petrochemicals: The compounds obtained from petroleum.
Polymerization: The reaction in which one or two types of number of
simple organic compounds join with one another by chemical bonding and
form a large molecule.
Prefix: A letter, placed at the beginning of a word to alter its meaning.
Resonating energy: The amount of energy needed to convert the true
delocalized structure into that of the most stable contributing structure.
Saturated hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons, containing single bond, the
alkane hydrocarbon or paraffin hydrocarbon.
Structural isomers: The organic compounds, having same molecular
formula, but different structures due to different arrangements of atoms or
groups of atoms.
Trans isomers: The geometrical isomers, in which similar atoms or groups
lie in opposite sides of the double bond.
Unsaturated hydrocarbon: Hydrocarbons, containing double or triple
bonds between two carbon atoms.
Vicinal dihalide (dihalogen alkene): Dihalogen derivative of alkene, in
which two halogen atoms are attached to two adjacent carbon atoms.
10 carbon: The carbon atom attached to one other (or no other) carbon,
primary carbon.
10 hydrogen: The hydrogen attached to primary carbon and primary
hydrogen.
20 carbon: The carbon atom attached to two other carbon atoms,
secondary carbon.
20 hydrogen: The hydrogen attached to secondary carbon, secondary
hydrogen.
30 carbon: The carbon attached to three other carbon atoms, tertiary
carbon.
30 hydrogen: The hydrogen attached to tertiary carbon, tertiary hydrogen.
40 carbon: The carbon atom attached to four other carbon atoms,
quaternary carbon.
β-elimination: The dehydrohalogenation reaction of alkyl halide, in which
halogen is removed from α–carbon and hydrogen from β–carbon.