Responsible Aquaculture
for the future of food -WWF
Dr Piers R. Hart
Presentation structure
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What WWF is and what we do
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Aquaculture as part of the food system
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Aquaculture and the environment
•
Aquaculture as a stakeholder in ocean governance
WWF is one of the world’s largest conservation organisations
WWF in short
+100
+5,000
WWF is in over
100 countries, on
5 continents
WWF has over
5,000 staff
worldwide
1961
+5M
WWF was founded
In 1961
WWF has over
5 million supporters
Evolving priorities
1961 – Protecting iconic species like pandas
Species
Drivers
Population growth
Conserving biodiversity and protecting whole
ecosystems
Species and places
Urbanisation
Consumption and affluence
Climate change
2011 - Conserving biodiversity and reducing
humanities’ ecological footprint
Places, species and footprints
WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of the planet's
natural environment and to build a future in which
humans live in harmony with nature by:
•
Conserving the world's biological
diversity
•
Ensuring that the use of
renewable natural resources is
sustainable
•
Promoting the reduction of
pollution and wasteful
consumption
Why is food production important to WWF?
Food & feed production:
•
•
•
is responsible for 30% of GHG,s
and uses 70% of freshwater and 50% of habitable land
and is a major source of water pollution.
Demand
for Water
+ 40%
Energy for
desalinisation
Demand
for Energy
+ 50%
2050
Energy for
food
production
Water for
food
production
Demand
for Food
+ 70%
Crops for
biofuel
The Water Food Energy
Nexus
A fundamental question for the future
How to:
•
•
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expand food (and energy) production
while halting climate change
and reducing pressure on land, forests and water
Can aquaculture play a part in this?
Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal farming sector
1990
Pork
28%
Farmed
seafood
5%
250 Mt
Pork
28%
Wild
seafood
24%
Farmed
seafood
13%
Wild
seafood
16%
Poultry
23%
Poultry
17%
Sheep
4%
2006
Beef
22%
Sheep
4%
Global meat and seafood production (Fishstat & FAOstat)
Beef
16%
360 Mt
How much farmed seafood in 2050?
Farmed
seafood •
19%
Pork 30%
Assumes no growth in wild caught
seafood
• Assumes similar relative seafood
demand (29%)
•
Poultry
29%
600 Mt
Sheep 2%
Beef 10%
Wild •
seafood
10%
Assumes meat and seafood
demand of 600 Mt
Farmed seafood is roughly double
2006 production.
Feed Conversion
efficiency
FCR
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Beef
Pork
Chicken
Tilapia
Shrimp
Salmon
Efficiency
(FCR not FIFO)
150 kg beef
300 kg pork
7:1
1,000 kg feed
3:1
500 kg chicken
2:1
1.2:1
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900 kg fish
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Greenhouse Gasses
Freshwater
Freshwater fish, shrimps?
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Salmon, marine fish?
Land use
Land use (m2 yr-1)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
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10
0
Beef
Pork
Chicken
Salmon
Trout
Milkfish
Tilapia
Shrimp
Carp
Mussels
Oysters
But what are the risks?
If done badly aquaculture can have significant
biodiversity and social impacts which will
increase with increasing production
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Land Conversion and Degradation
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Benthic effects & water quality
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Disease and parasite transfer
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Antibiotic & chemical use
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Feed management & sourcing
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Depletion of wild fish – feed &
juveniles
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Escapes
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Social conflict & labor issues
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Aquaculture has many impacts:
Farming the oceans sustainably
•
but 70% of Earth is covered by sea.
•
and produces only 1.5% of our food.
•
how can we produce more farmed seafood while minimising environmental
impact?
•
how can we resolve the conflicts this seems to provoke?
Certification part of the solution?
Roundtable for sustainable
beef
Aquaculture Stewardship Council
•
The ASC is an independent organisation
•
The ASC employs an independent, global 3rd
party Accreditation Body (AB)
•
Global, independent Certification Bodies (CB)
undertake the audits
•
Uses the Aquaculture Dialogue (AD) standards
•
•
Science and metric based
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Focussed on minimisation of impacts
•
Includes social standards
ASC is a member of ISEAL
How WWF works to reduce the impacts of aquaculture
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Retail/Corporate partnerships – sustainable sourcing, promoting certification
(ASC), government advocacy – eg CFP reform
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Aquaculture Improvement Projects (AIP’s) – shrimp in Belize, Thailand and
Vietnam, Chinese and Indonesian tilapia, Madagascar
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Development of standards – ASC Feed Dialogue, Steering Ctte
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Government advocacy – Mozambique, Pakistan, Thailand, China
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Landscape scale – Belize, Vietnam, India, GSI
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Impact monitoring and assessment – Chile salmon, Thailand shrimp
Healthy oceans are required for aquaculture and are
potentially threatened by aquaculture
Healthy Oceans
•
•
•
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Habitat
Biodiversity
Ecosystem services
Livelihoods and wellbeing
Effective Governance
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Threats
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•
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Climate change
Acidification
Pollution
Overfishing
Extraction
•
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Shared vision
• Ecosystem Approach
• Spatial planning and zoning
• Network of MPA’s
Good Science
• Effective funding and research
• Data collection and monitoring
Effective Inclusive stakeholder
participation
• Complete, transparent and
public accounting
• Equitability
International collaboration
Voluntary independent certification
Aquaculture is a key stakeholder
Thank you
[email protected]
www.wwf.org.uk/
www.ascworldwide.org
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. 2015.Reviving the Ocean Economy: the case for action 2015. WWF International, Gland, Switzerland., Geneva, 60 pp.
© 2010, WWF. All photographs used in this presentation are copyright protected and courtesy of the WWF-Canon Global Photo Network and the respective photographers.