INTRODUCTORY LESSON INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
An English Timeline: The Three Main Periods
Old English (Anglo-Saxon)
≈A.D. 450–1100
Middle English
≈A.D. 1100–1450
Early Modern English
≈A.D. 1450–1755
410
1066
Romans leave Britain to the French-speaking Normans,
remaining Celts.
led by William the Conqueror,
invade and rule England.
≈1430–1730
Great Vowel Shift
continues (stoon becomes
stone;; /oo/ becomes /o/;
/o
/ō
final -e becomes silent).
450–575
Germanic invaders (Angles,
Saxons, and Jutes) drive
out the Celts. (Anglo-Saxon
has Germanic roots.)
Intermarriages and
assimilation take place
between the Normans and
the English.
1436
Printing press is invented.
William Caxton sets up
the press in London (1476).
English standards emerge.
597
Augustine brings literacy,
Latin, and Christianity to
the Anglo-Saxons.
10,000+ words, plus roots
and affixes, are gained
from the French Normans.
(French has its origins in
Latin.)
≈1470–1650
The Renaissance:
Discoveries in medicine,
science, and the arts. New
words gained from Latin,
Greek, French, Italian, etc.
≈715
Beowulf is written in
Anglo-Saxon (Old English).
Latin is spoken and written ≈1595
for law, medicine, and
William Shakespeare coins
religion.
more than 1,500 new words.
Grammar is greatly
865
simplified.
Vikings (Scandinavian
Norsemen) invade England.
English language adopts
numerous words from the
Danish Vikings.
≈1387
Canterbury Tales is written
by Geoffrey Chaucer.
≈880
≈1430
The language is called
Great Vowel Shift begins.
“English” (not Anglo-Saxon)
by King Alfred the Great.
1611
Printing of the King James
Bible greatly influences
literacy.
England colonizes America,
India, etc. New vocabulary
is gained from 50+
languages.
1755
Samuel Johnson’s
Dictionary of the English
Language aids literacy.
Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Introductory Lesson  Introduction to Morphemes
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LESSON 1 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Anglo-Saxon suffix -y
TABLE 1
BASE WORD
OR ROOT
SUFFIX -y
MEANING
rust
a rusty nail
“characterized by rust”
oil
an oily rag
“characterized by oil”
draft
a drafty old house
“characterized by a draft”
dirt
two dirty hands
“characterized by dirt”
worth
a worthy cause
“some degree of worth”
ease
an easy test
“some degree of ease”
sun
a sunny day
“some degree of sun”
storm
a stormy evening
“some degree of storm”
summer
a summery day in March
“like summer”
bead
beady little eyes
“like beads”
grub
two grubby, dirty mittens
“like a grub”
dream
a dreamy afternoon
“like a dream”
sneak
a sneaky thief
“inclined to sneak”
laze
a lazy person
“inclined to laze”
drowse
a drowsy, sleepy child
“inclined to drowse”
fidget
a fidgety boy
“inclined to fidget”
So, -y often means “characterized by; like; to some degree; inclined to”
(adjective).
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LESSON 1 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
Another Way to Use the Suffix -y
EXAMPLE
MEANING
PHRASE
bakery
“a place for baking”
baking cookies at the bakery
cannery
“a place for canning”
canning tuna at the cannery
laundry
“a place for laundering”
laundering clothes at the
laundry
cookery
“an activity for cooks”
cooking during a basic
cookery class
archery
“an activity for archers”
arching the bow during
archery class
brewery
“a place for brewing”
building a new brewery
So, -y also means “an activity; a place for an activity” (noun).
Analogies
• Chilly is to sweater as wintry is to overcoat.
• Light is to snack as hearty is to feast.
• Foggy is to San Francisco as windy is to Chicago.
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LESSON 2 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Anglo-Saxon suffixes -er, -est
TABLE 1
Anglo-Saxon Suffix -er
“MORE”
(COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE)
“ONE WHO”
(NOUN)
“THAT WHICH”
(NOUN)
stronger
teacher
toaster
thicker
traveler
dipper
brighter
explorer
washer
softer
minister
heater
smarter
pitcher
clipper
neater
admirer
steamer
sillier
laborer
hanger
hungrier
wanderer
curler
funnier
scorekeeper
highlighter
lovelier
caterer
cooler
happier
designer
cleanser
easier
consumer
marker
So, -er means “more; one who; that which” (comparative adjective or noun).
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LESSON 2 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
Combining Suffixes
BASE WORD
+
+
luck
-y
laze
dirt
+
COMBINED FORM
MEANING
-er
luckier
“more lucky”
-y
-er
lazier
“more lazy”
-y
-er
dirtier
“more dirty”
steam
-er
-s
steamers
“those which steam”
fight
-er
-s
fighters
“those who fight”
-er
-s
flippers
“those which flip”
flip
-p
TABLE 3
Anglo-Saxon Suffix -est
BASE WORD
+
+
COMBINED FORM MEANING
USAGE
tall
-est tallest
“the most
tall”
the tallest boy
long
-est longest
“the most
long”
the longest mile
grump
-y
-est grumpiest
“the most
grumpy”
the grumpiest
patient
tack
-y
-est tackiest
“the most
tacky”
the tackiest
clothing
The suffix -est means “most” (superlative adjective).
Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 2
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LESSON 3 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Anglo-Saxon suffix -ly
TABLE 1
“IN A MANNER THAT IS”
(ADVERB)
“LIKE A (NOUN)”
(ADJECTIVE)
kindly
(“in a manner
that is kind”)
speaks kindly
sisterly
(“like a sister”)
a sisterly hug
suddenly
suddenly faints
quietly
brotherly
periodically
firmly
motherly
momentarily
sweetly
fatherly
instantly
cruelly
manly
lately
harshly
womanly
eternally
loudly
queenly
recently
honestly
kingly
repeatedly
decently
beggarly
constantly
trustingly
friendly
sincerely
saintly
TIME-RELATED ADJECTIVES
silently
neighborly
daily (once a day) vitamins
TIME-RELATED ADVERBS
intelligently
weekly
patiently
quarterly
courageously
monthly
annually
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LESSON 3 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Analogies
• Whisper is to quietly as shout is to loudly.
• Birthday is to yearly as newspaper is to daily.
• Cough is to periodically as breathe is to constantly.
Etymology and Word Origins
In Old English, it was spelled daeglic. Hundreds of years later, the spelling
changed to dayly. Today, we spell it daily. It’s a bit difficult to recognize its
Old English ancestor!
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LESSON 4 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Anglo-Saxon suffix -hood
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
SENTENCE
brotherhood
He is a member of the brotherhood of bankers.
sisterhood
She enjoys her sisterhood of friends.
childhood
Was he ill during his childhood?
adulthood
The young girl grew to adulthood.
motherhood
Motherhood kept her very busy.
fatherhood
He entered fatherhood with a sense of responsibility.
boyhood
Scott played baseball during his boyhood.
girlhood
Sarah matured and left her girlhood behind.
parenthood
Parenthood was only nine months away.
statehood
Alaska finally received its statehood in 1959.
neighborhood
How many people reside in our neighborhood?
likelihood
What is the likelihood of pigs flying?
falsehood
Unfortunately, his falsehood caused grave problems.
livelihood
“Old Sawbones” earned his livelihood as a carpenter.
So, -hood means “condition or state or quality” (abstract noun).
Analogies
• Child is to parenthood as job is to livelihood.
• Play is to childhood as work is to adulthood.
• Deceit is to falsehood as honesty is to truthfulness.
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LESSON 5 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Anglo-Saxon suffix -ful
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE WITH -ful MEANING
PHRASE
careful
“full of care”
a careful doctor
wonderful
“full of wonder”
a wonderful vacation
joyful
“full of joy”
joyful and happy
truthful
“full of truth”
a truthful child
prideful
“full of pride”
a prideful woman
painful
“full of pain”
a painful life
harmful
“full of harm”
harmful actions
sorrowful
“full of sorrow”
sorrowful weeping
regretful
“full of regret”
very sorry and regretful
spiteful
“full of spite”
a spiteful and unkind child
deceitful
“full of deceit”
deceitful lies
vengeful
“full of vengeance”
a vengeful plan of revenge
wrongful
“full of wrongs”
a wrongful death
So, -ful means “full of, having” (adjective).
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LESSON 5 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
Combining Suffixes: -ful + -ly = -fully
(adverb: tells how the action was done)
BASE WORD
SUFFIX
SUFFIX
NEW WORD IN PHRASE
faith
-ful
-ly
faithfully followed
sorrow
-ful
-ly
wept sorrowfully
beauty
-ful
-ly
sang beautifully
scorn
-ful
-ly
laughs scornfully
TABLE 3
EXAMPLE
MEANING (ADVERB)
PHRASE
cheerfully
“in a manner that is
full of cheer”
cheerfully humming along
hopefully
“in a manner that is
full of hope”
waited hopefully for good news
helpfully
“in a way that offers help”
helpfully answered the phone
gratefully
“in a way that is full of
gratitude”
gratefully accepted the gift
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LESSON 6 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Anglo-Saxon suffix -less
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
MEANING
PHRASE
hopeless
“without hope”
a hopeless situation
fearless
“without fear”
the fearless paratrooper
careless
“without care”
careless work
tireless
“without tiring”
several tireless firefighters
boundless
“without bounds”
full of boundless hopes and
dreams
lifeless
“without life”
a lifeless body
thoughtless “without thought”
a thoughtless remark
helpless
“without help”
as helpless as a baby
selfless
“without thought for self” the selfless and giving father
painless
“without pain”
a painless medical operation
harmless
“without harm”
a harmless joke
sightless
“without sight”
a sightless old dog
mindless
“without a mind” or
“out of your mind”
mindless with worry
regardless
“without regard for”
regardless of the weather
So, -less means “without” (adjective).
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LESSON 6 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
Combining Suffixes: -less + -ly = -lessly (adverb)
BASE WORD
SUFFIX
SUFFIX
NEW WORD
hope
-less
-ly
hopelessly
pain
-less
-ly
painlessly
weight
-less
-ly
weightlessly
TABLE 3
EXAMPLE
MEANING
SENTENCE
fearlessly
“in a manner that is
without fear”
She climbed fearlessly to the top.
heartlessly
“in a way that is
without heart”
They heartlessly left the dog
outside.
faithlessly
“in a way that is
without faith”
She faithlessly betrayed her sister.
*mercilessly
“in a manner that is
without mercy”
He mercilessly attacked him.
* Change the final -y in mercy to i, then add -less and -ly.
Synonyms: Shades of Meaning
sorrowful: sad, unhappy, gloomy, depressed, cheerless, dejected, woeful
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LESSON 7 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffixes -able, -ible
TABLE 1
Add -able to English base words only.
ENGLISH BASE WORD SUFFIX
COMBINED FORM MEANING
like
-able
likeable
“worthy of liking”
perish
-able
perishable
“capable of rotting, decaying”
respect
-able
respectable
“worthy of respect”
TABLE 2
Add -ible to words that contain Latin roots.
LATIN ROOT
SUFFIX
COMBINED FORM
MEANING
cred
-ible
credible
“worthy of belief, trust”
terr
-ible
terrible
“capable of causing fear”
vis
-ible
visible
“capable of being seen”
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LESSON 7 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 3
EXAMPLE
SENTENCE
affordable
We can budget for this bike; it is affordable.
debatable
The final results of the test are debatable.
remarkable
She has a remarkable ability to write fiction.
considerable
It took a considerable amount of iron to build it.
perishable
Perishable foods will spoil quickly; they must be chilled.
redeemable
This can is redeemable at the recycle station.
manageable
Jeff thought the job was manageable until a clerk quit.
acceptable
His explanation was acceptable and understandable.
reliable
Jill has always been a careful and reliable worker.
recognizable
After his haircut, Sam was barely recognizable.
feasible
Is it feasible to build a bridge across the ocean?
possible
Is it possible to travel through time?
visible
The entire valley is visible from the hilltop.
defensible
Your crimes are not defensible.
permissible
It is not permissible to cast two votes.
So, -able and -ible mean “capable or worthy of” (adjective).
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-ly
-ly
-ly
-ly
-ly
-ly
-able
-able
-able
-ible
-ible
-ible
honor
consider
depend
terr
poss
cred
credibly
possibly
terribly
dependably
considerably
honorably
COMBINED FORM
She spoke credibly of the riots in Peru.
Could he possibly have died?
Would you mind terribly if we left now?
Some airlines are dependably unreliable!
We use considerably more energy in winter.
They honorably admitted the truth to their
parents.
SENTENCE
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Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 7
SUFFIX
SUFFIX
ENGLISH BASE WORD
OR LATIN ROOT
Rule: Drop the final -e in -able or -ible before adding the suffix -ly.
Combining Suffixes: -ably, -ibly (adverb)
TABLE 4
LESSON 7 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
15
LESSON 7 ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffixes -able, -ible
Extend It! Related Words, Functional Changes
When the suffix—not the prefix—of a word changes, the part of speech
often changes, too. Suffixes allow words to serve different functions in a
sentence. Words that end with -ly are usually adverbs.
afford (verb)
Can you truly afford to buy that new car?
affordable (adjective)
Let’s buy the most affordable car we can find.
affordably (adverb)
This car is the most affordably priced model on the lot.
remark (verb or noun)
Did she remark about that comet? (verb)
She made a remark about that comet. (noun)
remarkable (adjective)
She made a remarkable statement about that comet.
remarkably (adverb)
Everyone agreed that she was remarkably gifted in her understanding
of comets.
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LESSON 8 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Anglo-Saxon suffix -some
TABLE 1
SENTENCE
As the ugsome beast drew near, the men began to shake.
With an insincere and fulsome smile, she hugged her rival.
A Doberman pinscher is a fearsome dog.
Psycho, a gruesome movie, is a classic horror film.
Mary found John to be disgusting and loathsome; she hated him.
“Hello!” he greeted, with a winsome smile.
Slender and lithesome, the model strutted down the catwalk.
“What is that loud and noisome racket?” demanded Fernando.
My neighbor is meddlesome; he always pokes into my business.
We wanted to hug baby Angie; she was cute and cuddlesome.
Finally, Vicki got rid of the bothersome, pesky fly.
“This backpack is heavy and cumbersome,” complained Jeffrey.
“Filing all these papers is boring and irksome,” moaned Mona.
Quarrelsome and irritable, the old men argued for hours.
So, -some means “characterized by” (adjective).
Etymology and Word Origins
Ugsome: “disgusting, loathsome.” Ug came to us from the Old Norse
(Norway, Scandinavia) in the form of the root uggr
uggr, meaning “fear.” It
became uggen in England, during the period known as Middle English
(≈ A.D. 1100–1450). Ugsome may be close to extinction, as it is rarely used
today. Nonetheless, it may be found in the best dictionaries, along with its
relative, ugsomeness. Another relative, ugly, is alive and well today.
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LESSON 9 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Anglo-Saxon suffix -ish
“somewhat like; related to” (adjective)
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
MEANING
PHRASE
smallish
“somewhat small”
a smallish wound
greenish
“somewhat green”
that greenish rock
foolish
“somewhat like a fool”
a foolish thing to do
elfish
“somewhat like an elf”
a tiny, elfish gentleman
childish
“somewhat like a child”
a childish and immature person
ghoulish
“somewhat like a ghoul” a spooky, ghoulish old man
snobbish
“somewhat like a snob”
brutish
“somewhat like a brute” a big, brutish bully
sluggish
“somewhat like a slug”
a lazy, sluggish clerk
feverish
“somewhat like a fever”
a feverish look in her eyes
a stuck-up and snobbish lady
TABLE 2
Relating to Nationality
NATIONALITY
MEANING
PHRASE
Swedish
“related to Sweden”
yummy Swedish pancakes
Spanish
“related to Spain”
Spanish matadors
English
“related to England”
speaking English fluently
British
“related to Great Britain” thanks to our British allies
Danish
“related to Denmark”
a tasty breakfast Danish roll
Irish
“related to Ireland”
the luck of the Irish
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LESSON 9 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 3
Combining Morphemes: -ish + -ly = -ishly (adverb)
+
+
COMBINED
FORM
fiend
-ish
-ly
fiendishly
outland
-ish
-ly
outlandishly She dressed outlandishly
for work.
self
-ish
-ly
selfishly
Selfishly, she locked the
refrigerator.
mule
-ish
-ly
mulishly
He mulishly refused to eat.
boor
-ish
-ly
boorishly
He boorishly tracked mud all
through the house.
BASE WORD
SENTENCE
He fiendishly burned down
the house.
Spelling Note: Usually, drop the final -e before adding the suffix -ish:
• white (drop the -e) + -ish = whitish
• style (drop the -e) + -ish = stylish
• mule (drop the -e) + -ish = mulish
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LESSON 10 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Anglo-Saxon suffix -ness
TABLE 1
BASE WORD
SUFFIX NEW WORD
dark
-ness
darkness
kind
-ness
kindness
sweet
-ness
sweetness
fair
-ness
fairness
So, -ness means “condition, state, or quality” (abstract noun).
Use context clues to find meaning:
1. Look at the unusual brightness of that particular star.
2. His Royal Highness is exercising in the courtyard.
3. He begged forgiveness for his crimes.
4. The peculiar land filled us with a sense of strangeness.
5. The miser was hated for his tightfistedness and his greed.
6. Eleanor Roosevelt was loved for her kindheartedness.
7. Her selfishness cost her every last friend she had.
8. Suffering from sleeplessness, she tried to count sheep.
9. Did carelessness cause the great fire of Chicago?
10. Perhaps her extreme fearlessness played a role in her death.
11. Astronauts noticed a feeling of weightlessness while out in space.
12. After searching for six days, they succumbed to hopelessness.
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LESSON 10 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
Combining Suffixes: -y + -ness = -iness (abstract noun)
Rule: Change the -y to i before adding the suffix -ness.
BASE WORD ENDING IN -y
+
COMBINED FORM
happy
-ness
happiness
sleepy
-ness
sleepiness
blurry
-ness
blurriness
dreary
-ness
dreariness
weary
-ness
weariness
Analogies
• Ridicule is to cruelty as praise is to kindness.
• Scrooge is to tightfistedness as Snow White is to kindheartedness.
• Forgiveness is to peace as vengeance is to war.
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LESSON 10: ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Anglo-Saxon suffix -ness
Extend It! Functional Changes
When the suffix—not the prefix—of a word changes, the part of speech
often changes, too. Suffixes allow words to serve different functions in a
sentence. (Words ending in -ly are usually adverbs.)
child (noun, singular)
One young child rapidly learned to share with others.
childish (adjective)
The celebrity stomped her feet and threw a childish temper tantrum.
childishly (adverb)
Because he did not win, he childishly pouted all the way home.
children (noun, plural)
“Listen, my children, and you shall hear of the midnight ride of
Paul Revere!”
childlike (adjective)
Those old-timers experienced a childlike delight in mud puddles
and rainbows.
Synonyms: Shades of Meaning
child: baby, infant, toddler, youngster, offspring, son, daughter, kid, youth
childlike: innocent, young, naïve, trusting, open, simple-minded
childish: selfish, immature, spoiled, bratty, infantile, self-centered
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LESSON 11 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -cide
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
MEANING
bactericide
“a chemical agent that kills bacteria”
ecocide
“the act of destroying ecological systems (the environment)”
fratricide
“the act of killing one’s brother or sister”
genocide
“the act of killing an entire national or racial group”
germicide
“a chemical agent that kills germs; a disinfectant”
homicide
“the act of killing a person (homo sapiens)”
infanticide
“the act of killing an infant”
insecticide
“a chemical agent that kills insects”
matricide
“the act of killing one’s mother”
patricide
“the act of killing one’s father”
regicide
“the act of killing a regent (king)”
suicide
“the act of killing one’s self”
So, -cide means “an act of killing; a killer of” (noun).
TABLE 2
Combining Morphemes: -cide + -al = -cidal
(“relating to killing”) (adjective)
BASE WORD
ENDING IN -cide
+
COMBINED FORM USAGE
germicide
-al
germicidal
destroying germs
homicide
-al
homicidal
a homicidal maniac
genocide
-al
genocidal
genocidal results of the Black Plague
Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages ■ Part 1: Suffix Study ■ Lesson 11
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LESSON 12 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -ment
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
MEANING
PHRASE
shipment
“through a process of
shipping”
sending a shipment of wheat
parchment
“through a process of
parching”
crisp, dry parchment paper
experiment
“through experience”
conducting a lab experiment
establishment
“in an established state”
an establishment built for
learning
basement
“in a base or
bottom-most state”
down in the basement
contentment
“in a content state”
filled with peace and
contentment
payment
“the act of paying”
full payment due now
placement
“the act of placing”
placement into middle school
amusement
“the act of amusing”
to his great amusement
announcement
“the act of announcing”
an important announcement
astonishment
“the act of astonishing”
to her astonishment
So, -ment means “state, process, or act of” (noun).
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LESSON 12 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
These words ending with -ment have Latin roots.
“May I compliment you on your good taste?” he asked.
Colonel Campbell led his regiment of ground troops into war.
The Richland Wildcats competed at the basketball tournament.
During the wrestling tournament, he tore a ligament in his knee.
Sam Romero needs help to get out of a nasty predicament.
India is home to a great monument called the Taj Mahal.
Constantly watching television can become an impediment to
reading fluency.
Citizens must work together to maintain a healthful environment.
Additional Words Ending With -ment
requirement
statement
judgment
advertisement
treatment
movement
reinforcement
compartment
advancement
punishment
appointment
measurement
encouragement
accomplishment entertainment
enrollment
Synonyms: Shades of Meaning
predicament: dilemma, plight, spot, fix, sticky situation
astonishment: surprise, amazement, awe
journalist: writer, reporter, author, scribbler, recorder
Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 12
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LESSON 13 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin and Greek suffix -ic
TABLE 1
BASE WORD SUFFIXES
COMBINED FORM PHRASE
hero
-ic
heroic
brave, heroic firefighters
angel
-ic
angelic
a sweet, angelic infant
volcano
-ic
volcanic
volcanic rock
patriot
-ic
patriotic
a patriotic holiday
energy
-et + -ic
energetic
an energetic puppy
apology
-et + -ic
apologetic
an apologetic and sorrowful friend
sympathy
-et + -ic
sympathetic
a sympathetic listener
gene
-et + -ic
genetic
a genetic heart condition
So, -ic means “relating to; connected with” (usually an adjective).
TABLE 2
SENTENCE USING -IC DERIVATIVES
RELATED WORD
Her death was a tragic accident.
tragedy
He went into a manic rage when he lost the game.
mania
Lord of the Rings is a fantastic tale of fantasy.
fantasy
History is an academic subject.
academy
The mystic mountain mysteriously disappeared.
mystery
Enthusiastic and energetic, Lisa was well liked.
enthusiasm
Billy was ecstatic when he opened his gift.
ecstasy
Sequoia trees are absolutely gigantic!
giant
Earthquakes cause horrific, catastrophic damage.
catastrophe
Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 13
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LESSON 13 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 3
Relating to Studies
politics
optics
physics
economics
acoustics
linguistics
photonics
electronics
graphics
TABLE 4
Relating to Nationality
NATION
DERIVATIVE
PHRASE
Germany
Germanic
a Germanic accent
Norway
Nordic
Nordic skiing
Spain
Hispanic
a Hispanic family
Yugoslavia
Slavic
Slavic customs
Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 13
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LESSON 14 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -al
TABLE 1
BASE WORD +
SUFFIXES
MEANING
PHRASE
magic + -al
“relating to magic”
a magical pumpkin
logic + -al
“relating to logic”
a logical explanation
Orient + -al
“relating to the Orient”
Oriental food and clothing
history + -ic + -al
“relating to history”
historical evidence
So, -al means “relating to; connected with” (adjective).
TABLE 2
-tial, -cial: Pronounced /shul/
BASE WORD
DERIVATIVE
PHRASE
essence
essential
essential needs
substance
substantial
a substantial amount of food
circumstance
circumstantial
circumstantial evidence
influence
influential
a powerful and influential person
office
official
official notification
artifice
artificial
an artificial heart
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LESSON 14 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 3
-ial pronounced /eul/
/e
/ē
BASE WORD
DERIVATIVE
PHRASE
bury
burial
sacred burial ground
ceremony
ceremonial
a ceremonial prayer
edit
editorial
the editorial section
series
serial
a serial television program
TABLE 4
-ual pronounced /chooul/
BASE WORD
DERIVATIVE
PHRASE
rite
ritual
ritual tattooing
fact
factual
reading a factual account
intellect
intellectual
an intellectual individual
habit
habitual
a habitual shopper
TABLE 5
Add -al to words ending with -ic, before adding -ly to form an adverb.
BASE WORD
+
+
SENTENCE
poetic
-al
-ly
She writes poetically about Italy.
drastic
-al
-ly
We must drastically cut costs.
dramatic
-al
-ly
Ann is dramatically acting her part.
heroic
-al
-ly
He heroically rescued the baby.
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LESSON 15 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Greek suffix -ist
Latin suffixes -ian, -or
TABLE 1
SUFFIX -ist
SUFFIX -ian
SUFFIX -or
scientist
musician
creator
pianist
physician
operator
artist
electrician
educator
harpist
magician
instigator
typist
mathematician
navigator
realist
politician
facilitator
idealist
clinician
translator
specialist
optician
narrator
cartoonist
statistician
contributor
physicist
pediatrician
counselor
naturalist
technician
conductor
biologist
dietitian
professor
journalist
beautician
governor
So, -ist, -ian, and -or mean “one who practices” [often a professional] (noun).
Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 15
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LESSON 15 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
Relating to Nationality
COUNTRY
SUFFIX
ETHNIC ORIGIN
PHRASE
Canada
-ian
Canadian
Canadian coins
Egypt
-ian
Egyptian
Egyptian pyramids
Italy
-ian
Italian
Italian food
Peru
-ian
Peruvian
Peruvian costumes
Cambodia
-ian
Cambodian
Cambodian jungles
TABLE 3
Combining Suffixes
BASE WORD OR ROOT
+
+
USAGE
character
-ist -ic
Barking is characteristic of a dog.
real
-ist -ic
Strive to set realistic goals.
ideal
-ist -ic
Wishful Wilma is an idealistic dreamer.
TABLE 4
Combining Suffixes
BASE WORD OR ROOT
+
+
+
+
PHRASE
simple
-ist -ic
-al
-ly
speaks simplistically about the
problem
real
-ist -ic
-al
-ly
realistically described her
ideal
-ist -ic
-al
-ly
idealistically hopes for peace
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LESSON 16 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Greek combining forms -ology, -ologist (suffixes)
TABLE 1
-ology EXAMPLE
MEANING
biology
“the study of life”
zoology
“the study of animals”
musicology
“the study of music”
criminology
“the study of crime”
bacteriology
“the study of bacteria or germs”
technology
“the study of technical arts”
geology
“the study of the earth’s formation”
mineralogy
“the study of rocks and minerals”
cosmetology
“the study of cosmetics or beauty”
genealogy
“the study of genes or genetic origins (family trees)”
psychology
“the study of the mind or the psyche”
neurology
“the study of nerves or the nervous system”
So, -ology means “the study of” (abstract noun).
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LESSON 16 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
Combining Suffixes: -ology + -ist = -ologist (noun)
Rule: Drop the final -y in -ology before adding -ist.
-ologist EXAMPLE MEANING
biologist
“one who practices the study of biology”
ecologist
“one who practices the study of ecology”
meteorologist
“one who practices the study of weather systems”
archaeologist
“one who practices the study of ancient human life
and culture”
paleontologist
“one who practices the study of prehistoric, ancient fossils”
etymologist
“one who practices the study of word origins”
morphologist
“one who practices the study of the formation of words”
So, -ologist means “one who practices the study of” (noun).
Etymology and Word Origins
Etymology is the study of word origins. What is the origin of the word buck,
meaning “dollar”?
In the pioneer days of America, people exchanged buckskins for goods or
services. A buckskin was worth about the same amount as one dollar. It was
called a “buck” for short. Today, we use the informal word buck to indicate
currency worth 100 cents.
How many “buckskins” do you carry in your wallet?
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LESSON 17 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Anglo-Saxon suffix -ship
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
“ART OR SKILL OF ”
leadership
Her leadership skills were needed during the crisis.
penmanship
Your penmanship is lovely—legible, elegant, and neat.
sportsmanship
Practice good sportsmanship.
horsemanship
His horsemanship skills are too weak for this race.
seamanship
She practiced her basic seamanship skills onboard
The Spirit.
showmanship
He earned six points for showmanship in the dance
contest.
EXAMPLE
“A QUALITY, STATE, OR CONDITION”
scholarship
Linda Porter earned a scholarship due to her scholastic
efforts.
friendship
Friendship is a gift.
courtship
Their courtship was slow and very romantic.
companionship
Lonely folks often keep a pet for companionship.
championship
He went to a championship wrestling match.
relationship
They have enjoyed a deep and lasting relationship.
hardship
After suffering many hardships, she finally prospered.
one-upmanship
Pete got tired of Ted’s constant game of one-upmanship.
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LESSON 17 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
EXAMPLE
“RANK, STATUS, OR OFFICE”
professorship
After ten years of teaching at the university, she gained
her professorship.
apprenticeship
Arthur gained his apprenticeship during his first years
as a mechanic.
internship
Young Dr. Smith undertook her internship under old
Dr. Last.
governorship
After years of campaigning, he finally achieved
governorship.
kingship
He attained his kingship when he was only 12 years old.
EXAMPLE
“A COLLECTIVE BODY OR GROUP”
readership
J.R.R. Tolkien has quite a large readership throughout
the world.
membership
Dr. Juarez keeps her Smithsonian membership active.
citizenship
For once, the entire citizenship was in agreement about
something.
So, -ship means “art or skill of; a quality, state, or condition; rank, status, or
office; a collective body or group” (abstract noun).
Analogies
• Competition is to championship as empathy is to friendship.
• Battleship is to mountain as rowboat is to hill.
• Manager is to leadership as sailor is to seamanship.
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LESSON 18 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -ous
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
MEANING
PHRASE
joyous
“full of joy”
joyous laughter
wondrous
“full of wonder”
wondrous children
glamorous
“having glamour”
glamorous fashion models
vigorous
“full of vigor”
energetic, vigorous farmers
famous
“having fame”
a famous celebrity
nervous
“full of nerves”
a worried, nervous patient
courageous
“full of courage”
courageous rescue workers
dangerous
“full of danger”
dangerous cliffs
thunderous
“having the quality
of thunder”
a booming, thunderous voice
murderous
“having murder in mind” a murderous, hateful person
perilous
“full of peril”
a dangerous, perilous trip
marvelous
“full of marvels”
a marvelous, wondrous journey
poisonous
“full of poison”
poisonous plants
So, -ous means “full of; having the quality of; characterized by” (adjective).
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LESSON 18 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
EXAMPLE
RELATED WORD PHRASE
incredulous
incredible
an incredulous, unbelieving student
horrendous
horror
horrendous war stories
miraculous
miracle
a miraculous recovery
ridiculous
ridicule
a silly, ridiculous hat
mischievous
mischief
a curious, mischievous child
ominous
omen
an ominous warning signal
timorous
timid
a shy and timorous fellow
disastrous
disaster
a disastrous car accident
treacherous
treason
treacherous lies and betrayal
callous
callus
a hard and callous heart
outrageous
rage
chastised for outrageous conduct
TABLE 3
Combining Suffixes: Form an Adverb
BASE WORD
+
+ PHRASE
nerve
-ous
-ly
nervously waited for news
mischief
-ous
-ly
mischievously hid in the box
vigor
-ous
-ly
vigorously attacked the weeds
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LESSON 19 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Forms of Latin suffix -ous
“full of; having the quality of; characterized by” (adjective)
TABLE 1
-ious: pronounced /eŭs/
/e
/ē
ENDING WITH -y CHANGE -y TO i, ADD -ous PHRASE
envy
envious
envious of your new car
glory
glorious
a glorious sunset
fury
furious
a furious storm
victory
victorious
a victorious team
mystery
mysterious
mysterious happenings
MORE EXAMPLES
RELATED WORD
PHRASE
various
vary
various types of plants
tedious
tedium
a tedious, boring task
hilarious
hilarity
a funny, hilarious joke
serious
seriously
a very serious problem
delirious
delirium
mindless and delirious with fever
Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 19
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LESSON 19 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
-cious: pronounced /shŭs/
ENDING WITH -e CHANGE -e TO i, ADD -ous PHRASE
space
spacious
a spacious apartment
grace
gracious
a gracious, kind person
malice
malicious
nasty, malicious lies
vice
vicious
a vicious, nasty dog
avarice
avaricious
that greedy, avaricious man
MORE EXAMPLES
RELATED WORD(S)
PHRASE
delicious
delight
a delicious dessert
suspicious
having suspicions
a suspicious person
atrocious
atrocity
terrible, atrocious crimes
judicious
judge
a wise, judicious person
precious
price
rare and precious jewels
TABLE 3
-tious: pronounced /shŭs/
EXAMPLE
RELATED WORD
PHRASE
nutritious
nutrition
a nutritious, well-balanced meal
repetitious
repeat
a boring, repetitious job
flirtatious
flirt
a flirtatious, coy child
fictitious
fiction
a fictitious fairy tale
superstitious
superstition
a nervous, superstitious man
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LESSON 20 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -ive
TABLE 1
Rule: Drop the final -e before adding -ive (create becomes creative).
ACTION WORD
EXAMPLE SENTENCE
act
He is healthy because he stays active.
protect
She is protective of her infant son.
create
The artist is imaginative and creative.
abuse
He went to prison for his abusive behavior toward others.
explode
Dynamite is an explosive and hazardous material.
intrude
The intrusive fellow interrupted our private discussion.
conclude
The test results are not conclusive, so we will test again.
sense
She is sensitive and caring toward others.
assert
Because she is assertive, she will stand up for herself.
destroy
Put-downs are unkind and destructive.
construct
Her suggestions for change were constructive and helpful.
So, -ive means “tending toward an action” (adjective).
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believing in possibilities
building up
harming the weak
2. positive
3. constructive
4. abusive
TABLE 2
protective
destructive
negative
aggressive
defending the weak
tearing down
expecting the worst
fighting for what you need
Wendy creatively arranged the flowers.
Tom yells explosively at his brother.
They intrusively entered without knocking.
They conclusively found that someone tampered with the
brakes.
create + -ive + -ly = creatively
explode + -ive + -ly = explosively
intrude + -ive + -ly = intrusively
conclude + -ive + -ly = conclusively
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Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 20
He stays protectively at her side.
protect + -ive + -ly = protectively
Combining Suffixes: -ive + -ly = -ively (adverb)
accepting what you get
1. passive
Opposites in Meaning: Antonyms
LESSON 20 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
41
LESSON 21 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -age
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
“RESULT OF …”
PHRASE
luggage
lugging
heavy luggage to lug around
marriage
marrying
a marriage ceremony to marry them
carriage
carrying
a baby carriage to carry him
package
packing
many packages to pack
bandage
banding
banding a bandage around the wound
manage
manning
manage those who are manning the jobs
heritage
inheriting
Chad’s heritage of courage and honor
So, -age means “result of an action or state” (noun).
TABLE 2
Words adopted from French that retain the French pronunciation /ähj/.
fuselage
The rocket has a leaky fuselage.
barrage
She was hit by a barrage of questions.
garage
Four antique bowls were found at a garage sale.
decoupage
Did the French perfect the art of decoupage?
triage
Dr. Simms set up a triage center for the wounded.
massage
Tense muscles called for a relaxing back and neck massage.
mirage
Sadly, there was no oasis; it was only a mirage in the desert.
sabotage
Was the helicopter crash an act of sabotage?
Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 21
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LESSON 21 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 3
Sentences using -age.
1. The porter will carry your baggage to your hotel room.
2. Sewage runs through the sewers to the treatment plant.
3. He found his toaster in a pile of rummage.
4. Two football teams engaged in a scrimmage after school.
5. American coinage includes nickels, dimes, and quarters.
6. The faithful believers went on a pilgrimage to their Holy Land.
7. This car is a gas hog; it does not get good gas mileage.
8. The ranch sits on a lovely piece of acreage near the lake.
9. The rudder broke, and the ship lost its steerage.
10. The orphanage was the only home they ever knew.
11. Every American citizen can claim a heritage of freedom and opportunity.
12. Green and waxy foliage covered the branches of each tree.
13. Many homes surrounded the villa in the village of Chablis.
14. The prisoners were kept in bondage during the entire journey.
15. After a long day at sea, the captain finally reached a safe anchorage.
16. Harold Chesterton traced his lineage back to William the Conqueror.
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LESSON 22 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -ant
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
MEANING
PHRASE
pleasant
“in a pleasing state”
a pleasing, pleasant day
defiant
“in a defying state”
a rebellious, defiant youth
vigilant
“in a state of keeping a vigil” a vigilant, watchful mother
dominant
“in a domineering state”
her dominant older sister
So, -ant means “a condition or state” (adjective).
TABLE 2
EXAMPLE
RELATED WORD(S)
PHRASE
valiant
valor
brave and valiant heroes
buoyant
buoy
a floating, buoyant raft
brilliant
brilliance
a blinding, brilliant light
radiant
radiate, ray
a radiant, beaming sun
arrogant
arrogance
an arrogant, snobbish man
fragrant
fragrance
the scent of fragrant roses
Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 22
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LESSON 22 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 3
MORE EXAMPLES
PHRASE
flippant
a careless, flippant remark
reluctant
reluctant, doubtful volunteers
jubilant
a joyful, jubilant, cheering crowd
elegant
an elegant hat; such an elegant suit
dormant
dormant oak trees, resting in winter
TABLE 4
Another Function for -ant
EXAMPLE
RELATED WORD
PHRASE
assistant
assist
calling for my assistant to help
occupant
occupy
a new occupant in that apartment
attendant
attend
a bridal attendant dressed in blue
defendant
defend
an attorney for the defendant
acceptant
accept
a happy acceptant takes her trophy
consultant
consult
a wise consultant offering good advice
mutant
mutate
a dreadful, hideous mutant
coolant
cool
liquid coolant in the radiator
inhalant
inhale
an inhalant to help you breathe
deodorant
odor
a small bottle of deodorant
contaminant
contaminate
a deadly contaminant; a germ
So, -ant also means “one who performs an action; a thing that is acted upon”
(noun).
Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 22
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LESSON 23 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -ent
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
MEANING
PHRASE
dependent
“inclined to depend”
a needy, dependent child
different
“inclined to differ”
a different answer
recurrent
“tending to recur”
a recurrent, repeating dream
excellent
“inclined to excel”
two excellent readers
persistent
“tending to persist”
unwanted, persistent cough
So, -ent means “inclined to or tending to” (adjective).
TABLE 2
EXAMPLE
RELATED WORDS
PHRASE
fluent
fluid, fluency
a fluent reader
prudent
prude, prudence
sensible, careful, prudent Polly
frequent
frequently, frequency
frequent trips to the store
violent
violence, violently, violate a thunderous, violent storm
innocent
innocently, innocence
an innocent bystander
present
presently, presentation
at the present time
evident
evidence, evidently
an evident fondness for sweets
convenient
conveniently, convenience a convenient place to shop
incandescent incandescence, candle
a bright, incandescent lamp
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LESSON 23 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 3
Another Function for -ent
EXAMPLE
MEANING
PHRASE
student
“someone who studies”
a student who will study
respondent
“someone who responds”
the first respondent speaks up
president
“someone who presides over” a president presiding over
the group
opponent
“someone who opposes”
defend against the opponent
resident
“someone who resides”
a resident of that house
detergent
“something that deters”
a detergent that deters, or
cuts, grease
So, -ent also means “someone who or something that” (noun).
Analogies
• Text is to legible as food is to edible.
• Volcano is to violent as breeze is to calm.
• Moment is to eon as anthill is to mountain.
Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 23
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47
LESSON 24 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
I
Latin suffix -ary
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
MEANING
PHRASE
granary
“a place for grain”
farmers filling the granary
statuary
“a collection of statues”
a group of statues in that statuary
library
“a place for books”
numerous books at the library
dictionary
“a place for words”
multiple words in the dictionary
glossary
“a collection of terms”
a glossary at the back of the textbook
apiary
“a place for bees”
an apiary filled with buzzing bees
topiary
“a collection of sculpted
shrubs”
animal-shaped shrubs at the
topiary
obituary
“a collection of death
reports”
reading the obituary column
summary
“a collection of main ideas” a summary of his life
itinerary
“a collection of travel plans” an exciting, interesting itinerary
vocabulary “a collection of words”
speaks with an expansive
vocabulary
mortuary
“a place for preparing the
dead”
took the body to the mortuary
seminary
“a place for studying
religion”
studies at the seminary to be a
priest
sanctuary
“a place of safety and refuge” hurried to find a peaceful sanctuary
infirmary
“a place for healing the sick” many patients in the infirmary
aviary
“a place for birds”
*cemetery
“a burial place for the dead” gravestones in the cemetery
visit birds in the aviary
*Cemetery ends with -ery, but the function and meaning is the same as -ary in this case.
So, -ary means “a place for; a collection of” (noun).
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LESSON 24 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
Additional Meaning for -ary
EXAMPLE
SENTENCE
missionary
Mother Teresa served for decades as a missionary in India.
dignitary
England’s prime minister is an important dignitary.
contemporary Francis chatted with a contemporary from New York.
secretary
Typing furiously, the secretary finished the report by noon.
emissary
The king sent his emissary ahead of him.
adversary
Queen Beth dealt her adversary a fatal blow.
apothecary
Hans showed his prescription for antibiotics to an
apothecary.
So, -ary also means “one who” (noun).
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LESSON 25 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Additional Function of Latin suffix -ary
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
RELATED WORDS
PHRASE
honorary
honor, honorable,
honorarium
our honorary guest
cautionary
caution, cautious,
cautiously
a yellow cautionary light
legendary
legend
the legendary heroes of the West
imaginary
image, imagine,
imagination
talking with an imaginary friend
voluntary
volunteer, voluntarily a voluntary, unsalaried position
momentary
moment,
momentarily
a quick, momentary flash
probationary
probation
on his best probationary behavior
necessary
necessity, necessarily, the necessary ingredients for a pie
need
sanitary
sanitize, sanitation,
sanitarium
a clean and sanitary infirmary
primary
primal, primarily
doing well in primary school
secondary
second, secondarily
attended a fine secondary school
hereditary
inherit, heir,
inheritance
has the hereditary red hair
So, -ary can also mean “relating to; condition or state” (adjective).
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LESSON 25 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
EXAMPLE
SENTENCE
military
A commissary is a supermarket for military officers and troops.
contrary
Mary is quite contrary; she disagrees with everyone about
everything.
ordinary
Mr. Tim lives in an ordinary house in an equally ordinary
town.
extraordinary While mining in the Mystic Mountains, Ian found an
extraordinary rock.
temporary
After the accident, Julio had to wear a temporary sling on
his arm.
literary
In literary circles, readers discuss great works of literature.
preliminary
Dr. Sun will run some preliminary blood tests before going
any further.
TABLE 3
Combining Suffixes: -ary + -ly = -arily
Rule: Change the -y to i, then add -ly.
momentary momentarily
Having fasted for days, she momentarily
fainted.
temporary
temporarily
After the accident, he temporarily stayed
at home.
primary
primarily
The flooding was primarily due to the storm.
ordinary
ordinarily
Ordinarily, birds begin to sing at dawn.
necessary
necessarily
Some news articles are not necessarily true.
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LESSON 26 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -ize (from Greek -izein)
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
MEANING
PHRASE
criticize
“to show criticism”
don’t criticize others
dramatize
“to show drama”
act up and dramatize the situation
brutalize
“to show brutality”
a brutal person who brutalizes the weak
sympathize “to show sympathy”
sympathize with your suffering friend
specialize
“to show special
skills in”
specialize in medical laws
energize
“to make energy”
energize your body with nutrients
memorize
“to make a memory” memorize the multiplication tables
terrorize
“to make terror”
terrorize the people with brutality
civilize
“to make civil”
civilize the undisciplined cadets
centralize
“to make central”
centralize the school office
fertilize
“to make fertile”
fertilize the fields of wheat
fossilize
“to make a fossil”
old bones that fossilize into rock
formalize
“to make formal”
formalize thoughts into statements
theorize
“to make a theory”
theorize about the origins of man
sensitize
“to make one
sensitive to”
sensitize them to the needs of the poor
immunize
“to make one immune” immunize him against smallpox
*analyze
“to make an analysis” analyze every fact in the case
* The suffix -yze is a form of -ize; it has the same meaning and function.
So, -ize means “to make or to show” (verb).
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LESSON 26 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
Combining Suffixes: -ize + -a + -tion = -ization (noun)
Rule: Change the final -e to a, then add -tion.
EXAMPLE
SENTENCE
fertilize /
fertilization
Fertilization is an important part of farming.
memorize /
Memorization can be assisted with mnemonic devices.
memorization
fossilize /
fossilization
A paleontologist may study the fossilization of ancient life.
civilize /
civilization
Did ancient civilizations know how to read and write?
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LESSON 27 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -ure or -ture (pronounced /cher/)
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
MEANING
PHRASE
fixture
“in a fixed condition”
a permanent light fixture
sculpture
“in a sculpted condition”
shaping a marble sculpture
moisture
“in a moist condition”
moisture on the bathroom mirror
creature
“in a created condition”
every living creature
scripture
“in a scripted condition”
reading the Holy Scriptures
signature
“through the act of
signing”
writing his signature
legislature
“through the act of
legislating”
laws determined by the
legislature
So, -ure and -ture mean “the act or condition of” (noun).
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LESSON 27 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
EXAMPLE
RELATED WORDS
PHRASE
posture
pose, position
her posture is quite straight
pasture
pastoral
sheep grazing in the pasture
gesture
gesticulate
making a gesture with your hands
culture
cultivate
the customs and cultures of Mexico
future
futurist, futuristic
planning for the future
lecture
lectern
listening to a lecture about Chinese society
fracture
fraction
a broken leg with a hairline fracture
nature
native, natural
enjoying the beauty of nature in spring
puncture punctuate
puncture the balloon with a pin
literature literacy, literate
reading classic works of literature
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LESSON 27 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 3
Pronounced /zher/ after base verbs that end with the letters -s, -se, or -t, -te.
VERB
DERIVATIVE SENTENCE USING THE NOUN-FORMING DERIVATIVE
please
pleasure
Jimmy is feeling pleasure at the sight of his new puppy.
close
closure
Everyone felt sadness at the closure of the old library.
expose exposure
Prolonged exposure to the sun’s harmful rays can
cause skin cancer.
press
pressure
Air pressure is measured with a barometer.
mete
measure
Judge Griffin attempts to mete out, or measure,
justice fairly.
treat
treasure
What a treat! We have found a marvelous treasure!
TABLE 4
Combining Suffixes: -ure + -able = -urable (adjective)
Rule: Drop the final -e, then add -able.
NOUN
RULE
ADJECTIVE
PHRASE
pleasure
drop the -e,
add -able
pleasurable
a pleasurable day
measure
drop the -e,
add -able
measurable
a measurable difference
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LESSON 28 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -ate
(pronounced /ate/)
/a
/ā
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
MEANING
SENTENCE
activate
“cause to be active; to act”
Activate the generator.
liberate
“cause to be free”
Liberate the slaves.
pulsate
“cause to pulse”
Strobe lights pulsate.
infuriate
“cause to be furious; to feel fury” Do not infuriate the bear!
TABLE 2
SENTENCE USING VERB ENDING WITH -ATE
Participate in class discussions and activities.
Communicate clearly, and listen carefully.
We appreciate all the help we can get.
Situate that chair right here by the desk.
Both groups work together to coordinate the project.
Professor Finney will demonstrate magnetic force.
He exaggerates the truth into quite a far-fetched fish story.
The author sat for several hours to contemplate the plot.
Don’t complicate the matter; it is really quite simple.
Depletion of the ozone layer may devastate the land.
So, -ate means “to cause to be” (verb).
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Hawaii is the ultimate vacation destination.
The land was barren, lifeless, and desolate.
A literate person reads literature frequently.
Desperate with fear, the thief pulled out a gun.
You are fortunate to have a good education.
She wore appropriate clothing to the job interview.
His actions were not accidental; they were deliberate.
The temperature was moderate—not too hot, not too cold.
We have an adequate amount of food and water.
She is passionate about education.
Be careful! That ornament is fragile and delicate.
Your mathematical calculations are accurate!
He is the legitimate son and heir of Charles Chesterfield.
ultimate
desolate
literate
desperate
fortunate
appropriate
deliberate
moderate
adequate
passionate
delicate
accurate
legitimate
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Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 28
So, -ate also means “state or quality of” (adjective).
SENTENCE
EXAMPLE
Additional Function and Meaning of -ate (pronounced /uht/)
TABLE 3
LESSON 28 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
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LESSON 29 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -ion (-sion) (-tion)
TABLE 1
Use -sion (pronounced /zhun/) with base verbs that end with -de or -se.
VERB
NOUN
SENTENCE
invade
invasion
Our troops were ready for the invasion.
divide
division
Practice your division facts.
decide
decision
He made the best decision.
collide
collision
Two cars crashed in a terrible collision.
provide
provision
Your food provisions are in the bag.
conclude
conclusion
What is the final conclusion?
seclude
seclusion
He is hiding in lonely seclusion.
televise
television
Please turn off the television.
revise
revision
I made a revision to my essay.
supervise
supervision
Recess supervision is a busy time.
So, -ion means “act, process, or condition of” (noun).
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LESSON 29 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
Use -ssion (prounced /shun/) with base verbs that end with -ss or -t.
VERB
NOUN
SENTENCE
express
expression
Actors excel at expression.
confess
confession
The defendant’s confession was accepted.
process
procession
The Scouts will march in the parade
procession.
possess
possession
A person is not a possession.
profess
profession
She is in the medical profession.
submit
submission
After many disagreements, he nodded in
submission.
admit
admission
He made an admission of guilt.
transmit
transmission
My car’s transmission needs repair.
intermit
intermission
Get a soda during intermission.
remit
remission
Tax remission is expected by April 15.
suspend
*suspension
Finally, they are retrofitting that
suspension bridge.
comprehend
*comprehension
I read for comprehension.
tense
*tension
His neck muscles are tight with tension.
apprehend
*apprehension
The ominous headlines filled us with
apprehension.
* These words have only one s, yet the suffix is pronounced /shun/, not /zhun/.
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exaggeration
humiliation
radiation
demonstration Each student performed a laboratory demonstration.
exaggerate
humiliate
radiate
demonstrate
Participation makes up a large percentage of the grade.
Radiation poisoning is quite deadly.
Pam felt humiliation when Gary made fun of her nose.
Some stories are nothing but complete exaggerations.
An athlete usually has excellent coordination.
Have you heard of the hibernation habits of bears?
fascination
desperation
fascinate
desperate
Out of desperation, he finally asked for help.
Chris always had a fascination with insects.
The Civil War activated the liberation of slaves.
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Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 30
liberation
liberate
procrastinate procrastination Procrastination was the cause of Pat’s poor work.
participation
coordination
coordinate
participate
hibernation
hibernate
Her ancestors joined the emigration to America.
emigration
emigrate
SENTENCE
NOUN
VERB
TABLE 1
In verbs ending with -ate, the -ate becomes -ation. Drop the final silent -e, then add -ion. Adding -ion
often turns a verb into a noun.
-ation (pronounced /ashun/)
/a
/ā
Additional patterns using -ion
LESSON 30 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
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LESSON 30 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
Additional Spelling Patterns Using -ion
VERB
NOUN
SENTENCE
edit
edition
One can buy first editions at a rare bookstore.
ignite
ignition
Put the key into the ignition to start the car.
invent
invention
Are we ready for the invention of time travel?
demolish
demolition
It was a demolition derby.
TABLE 3
Words that end with -ation become -able (not -ible) derivatives.
consideration
considerable
demonstration
demonstrable
vegetation
vegetable
operation
operable
TABLE 4
But, words that end with -tion -sion, or -ssion become -ible derivatives.
vision
visible
admission
admissible
division
divisible
production
producible
permission
permissible
expression
expressible
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LESSON 31 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffixes -ance, -ence
TABLE 1
SUFFIX -ance
RELATED WORD SENTENCE
ignorance
ignore
Ignorance can be cured by listening and reading.
defiance
defy
She showed defiance toward the bully.
alliance
ally
The British and the Americans created a friendly
alliance.
appliance
apply
An oven is an appliance.
reliance
rely
He struggled to overcome his reliance on drugs.
resistance
resist
He dug in his heels with resistance.
insurance
insure
Do you have life insurance or car insurance?
abundance
abundant
We filled our baskets with an abundance of
apples.
acceptance
accept
The valedictorian gave a speech of acceptance.
admittance
admit
The sign on the door reads “No admittance.”
endurance
endure
An athlete often has great endurance for pain.
importance
import
He didn’t understand the importance of
education.
dominance
dominate
Some people are born with a natural
dominance.
significance
significant
What is the significance of that flashing light?
distance
distant
There is a comet in the distance.
brilliance
brilliant
Don’t stare into the brilliance of the sun.
radiance
radiant
She smiles with the radiance of a thousand
candles.
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LESSON 31 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
SUFFIX -ence
RELATED WORD SENTENCE
persistence
persist
Her persistence paid off; she finally located
her keys.
excellence
excel
His work was always marked by excellence.
dependence
depend
He must get over his dependence on others.
existence
exist
Do you believe in the existence of alien life?
evidence
evident
The jury looked at the evidence and found
him innocent.
intelligence
intelligent
She speaks with intelligence.
innocence
innocent
The jury believed in her innocence.
audience
auditorium
The comic’s audience listened, awaiting the
punch line.
conference
confer
Mr. Jones attended a parent-teacher
conference.
confidence
confide
I have confidence in you.
consequence consequent
She suffered the consequences for her illadvised action.
convenience
convenient
We enjoyed the convenience of our luxurious
hotel.
preference
prefer
What is your preference for lunch—hot dogs
or burgers?
patience
patient
Patience is a virtue.
occurrence
occur
Lightning is a rare occurrence in California.
residence
reside
His residence is on South Elm Street.
So, both -ance and -ence mean “state, quality, or action of” (noun).
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LESSON 32 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -ity
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
MEANING
PHRASE
ability
“state of being able”
an ability to speak Spanish
reality
“quality of being real”
reality strikes again
purity
“quality of being pure”
the purity of her heart
simplicity
“quality of being simple”
the simplicity of the recipe
security
“state of being secure”
a tight system of security
electricity
“state of being electric”
powered by electricity
curiosity
“state of being curious”
filled with curiosity
fragility
“state of being fragile”
the fragility of an egg
hostility
“state of being hostile”
anger and hostility
obscurity
“an obscure quality”
cloaked in obscurity
priority
“state of being prior, first,
urgent”
a high priority
So, -ity means “state or quality of” (noun).
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LESSON 32 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
EXAMPLE
SENTENCE
sanity
We never questioned his sanity.
prosperity
She enjoys financial prosperity.
intensity
He cried at the extreme intensity of the pain.
superiority
That girl is a snob; she has a superiority complex.
inferiority
Poverty gave him a sense of inferiority and shame.
vulnerability
Protect the vulnerability of children.
infinity
Like the stars, infinity is endless.
disability
He overcame his reading disability.
reliability
We can depend on his reliability.
possibility
Many said that flight was not a possibility.
probability
There is a slight probability of rain tonight.
adversity
Through challenge and adversity, she became a stronger
person.
propensity
He has a propensity toward exaggeration.
Analogies
• prosperity: effort:: poverty: neglect
• security: locked:: vulnerability: open
• simplicity: addition:: complexity: algebra
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LESSON 33 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -tude
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
SENTENCE
attitude
Hard work and a positive attitude lead to success.
solitude
This solitary woman enjoys moments of peaceful solitude.
gratitude
Filled with gratitude, the hungry children recited grace before
eating.
magnitude
It is hard to understand the magnitude of the universe.
multitude
A multitude of geese flew overhead, honking persistently.
plentitude
Each wedding guest enjoyed a plentitude of tasty food.
exactitude
The jeweler cuts gems with exactitude; his work is always precise.
latitude
Tall ships sailed from one latitude to another.
longitude
Lines of longitude run from the North Pole to the South Pole.
rectitude
Mr. Bob replaced the window in rectitude for his son’s vandalism.
aptitude
Maria has an aptitude for science; perhaps she will be a physicist.
fortitude
Giovanni was frightened, but he had the moral fortitude to
face his fears.
beatitudes
The beatitudes state, “Blessed are the peacemakers.”
platitudes
During the speech, Katie heard numerous meaningless
platitudes.
certitude
With great certitude, she cast her vote.
decrepitude Growing feeble and frail, he finally began to feel his own
decrepitude.
So, -tude means “condition, state, or quality” (abstract noun).
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LESSON 33 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Related Words
1. solitude: solitary, sole
2. plentitude: plenty, plentiful, plentifully, replenish, replenishments
3. magnitude: magnify, magnification
4. exactitude: exact, exactly
5. aptitude: apt, aptly
6. rectitude: rectify, correct, correction, corrective, correctively
7. multitude: multiples, multiply, multiplication
8. certitude: certain, certainly, certainty, certified, certificated
9. decrepitude: decrepit, decrepitly
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LESSON 34 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
Latin suffix -ism
TABLE 1
EXAMPLE
RELATED WORD PHRASE
realism
real
writes about realism and truth
idealism
ideal
practices idealism and dreams of what could be
heroism
hero
reading stories of heroism
racism
race
charged with acts of racism
patriotism
patriot
showing patriotism with the flag
skepticism
skeptic
skepticism and mistrust
criticism
critic
constant, hurtful criticism
journalism
journal
studied journalism in school
athleticism athlete
enjoys athleticism
elitism
elite
practicing snobbish elitism
alcoholism
alcohol
overcame his alcoholism
vandalism
vandal
arrested for vandalism
Related Words
The Latin root optimus means “best”:
An optimistic sailor expects fair winds and blue skies. Summer is the optimal
(best) season to go sailing on the San Francisco Bay, and one must optimize
the trim on the sails. When racing, tacticians strive toward the optimization
of the wind and the sails. A skipper who is filled with optimism shares a
positive attitude with the crew. The crew is at its optimum when every hand
is working in harmony.
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LESSON 34 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE
TABLE 2
EXAMPLE
SENTENCE
theism
Theism is the belief in the existence of God.
monotheism
Monotheism is the belief in only one God.
pantheism
Pantheism is the belief in all gods, everywhere.
Hinduism
Hinduism is the belief in the Hindu religion.
Islamism
Islamism is the belief in the Islam religion.
Judaism
Judaism is the belief in the Jewish religion.
Protestantism Protestantism is the belief in a Protestant religion.
Catholicism
Catholicism is the belief in the Catholic religion.
TABLE 3
EXAMPLE
RELATED WORD
SENTENCE
capitalism
capital
Capitalism allows citizens to do business
and save money.
communism commune
Communism forces citizens to share their
earnings.
feudalism
Feudalism involves kings, barons, knights,
and serfs.
feud
monarchism monarch
Monarchism allows a king or queen to rule a
nation.
terrorism
terror
Some nations allow terrorism to rule.
tribalism
tribe
Tribalism involves leadership through a
tribal chief.
So, -ism means “act, belief, or practice of” (abstract noun).
Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages  Part 1: Suffix Study  Lesson 34
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