New words and phrases
Exploration: the action of traveling in or through an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it
‫اکتشاف‬
voyages of exploration
synonyms: investigation, study, survey, research, inspection, examination, scrutiny, observation,
Permanent ‫دائمی‬
adjective
lasting or intended to last or remain unchanged indefinitely.
a permanent ban on the dumping of radioactive waste at sea
synonyms: lasting, enduring, indefinite, continuing, perpetual, everlasting, eternal, abiding, constan
Cosmanaut ‫ فضانورد‬،‫کیهان نورد‬
noun
a Russian astronaut.
In its second year of occupancy, astronauts and cosmonauts have conducted 16 spacewalks for
maintenance and assembly of the Station.
Commander ‫فرمانده‬
noun
a person in authority, especially over a body of troops or a military operation.
the commander of a paratroop regiment
synonyms: leader, head, chief, overseer, controller, commander-in-chief, C in C, commanding office
Crew ‫خدمه‬
noun
a group of people who work on and operate a ship, boat, aircraft, spacecraft, or train.
In addition to training the ship's crew , there's the matter of getting the air crews shipshape.
a group of people who work closely together.
an ambulance crew
synonyms: team, group, company, unit, corps, party, gang
Launch ‫ پرتاب کردن‬،‫راه انداختن‬
verb
set (a boat) in motion by pushing it or allowing it to roll into the water.
the town's lifeboat was launched to rescue the fishermen
synonyms: set afloat, put to sea, put into the water
flight engineer ‫مهندس پرواز‬
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astronaut ‫فضانورد‬
noun
a person who is trained to travel in a spacecraft.
How much food do we need to have on the spacecraft for the astronauts to go to Mars?
synonyms: spaceman, spacewoman, cosmonaut, space traveler, space cadet
cooperative effort ‫تالش مشترک‬
orbit ‫مدار‬
noun
the curved path of a celestial object or spacecraft around a star, planet, or moon, especially a periodic
elliptical revolution.
He therefore accepted Kepler's theory of elliptical orbits for the planets and tested Kepler's laws by direct
observation.
synonyms: course, path, circuit, track, trajectory, rotation, revolution, circle, circumgyration
Earth ‫کره زمین‬
Extreme ‫ نهایت‬،‫مفرط‬
adjective
reaching a high or the highest degree; very great.
extreme cold
synonyms: utmost, very great, greatest, greatest possible, maximum, maximal, highest, supreme
Gravity ‫جاذبه زمین‬
noun
the force that attracts a body toward the center of the earth, or toward any other physical body having
mass. For most purposes Newton's laws of gravity apply, with minor modifications to take the general
theory of relativity into account.
Certainly, every type of matter we have ever encountered feels the attractive force of gravity .
extreme or alarming importance; seriousness.
crimes of the utmost gravity
synonyms: seriousness, importance, significance, weight, consequence, magnitude, acuteness, urg
Biology ‫زیست شناسی‬
noun
the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology,
anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.
An A level student at Sheldon School, Edward is studying biology , physics, chemistry and maths.
Chemistry ‫ نزدیکی‬،‫ ارتباط حسی‬،‫شیمی‬
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noun
the branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed; the
investigation of their properties and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change; and the use of
these processes to form new substances.
The plight of other sciences like physics, chemistry , biology and mathematics however, has not been
recognised.
the complex emotional or psychological interaction between two people.
their affair was triggered by intense sexual chemistry
synonyms: affinity, attraction, rapport, spark
Medicine ‫پزشکی‬
oun
the science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease (in technical use often
taken to exclude surgery).
He said they planned to take on extra clinicians in respiratory medicine , obstetrics and gynaecology.
Shine ‫درخشیدن‬
verb
(of the sun or another source of light) give out a bright light.
the sun shone through the window
synonyms: emit light, beam, radiate, gleam, glow, glint, glimmer, sparkle, twinkle, glitter, glisten
Structure ‫ساختار‬
noun
the arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something complex.
flint is extremely hard, like diamond, which has a similar structure
synonyms: construction, form, formation, shape, composition, anatomy, makeup, constitution
Device ‫ وسیله‬،‫اسباب‬
noun
a thing made or adapted for a particular purpose, especially a piece of mechanical or electronic
equipment.
a measuring device
synonyms: implement, gadget, utensil, tool, appliance, apparatus, instrument, machine, mecha
Aeronautics ‫دانش هوانوردی‬
noun
the science or practice of travel through the air.
The history of aeronautics is full of aircraft developed in secret.
Administration ‫ مدیریت‬،‫اداره کل‬
the officials in the executive branch of government under a particular chief executive.
the Kennedy administration sought to use the conference to repair US prestige
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Mars ‫مریخ‬
Odyssey ‫ مسافرت طوالنی و همراه مکاشفه‬،‫ادیسه‬
noun
a Greek epic poem traditionally ascribed to Homer, describing the travels of Odysseus during his ten
years of wandering after the fall of Troy. He eventually returned home to Ithaca and killed the suitors who
had plagued his wife Penelope during his absence.
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
‫سازمان فضایی آمریا‬
Official ‫مقام رسمی‬
noun
a person holding public office or having official duties, especially as a representative of an organization or
government department.
a union official
synonyms: officer, officeholder, administrator, executive, appointee, functionary, bureaucrat,
Spacecraft ‫سفینه فضایی‬
Task ‫ شغل‬،‫ وظیف‬،‫کار‬
Instrument ‫ابزار‬
noun
a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work.
a surgical instrument
synonyms: implement, tool, utensil, device, apparatus, contrivance, gadget
a measuring device used to gauge the level, position, speed, etc., of something, especially a motor
vehicle or aircraft.
In low visibility, they help guide pilots to the runway as we transition from flying on the aircraft's
instruments to a visual landing.
synonyms: measuring device, gauge, meter, indicator, dial, display, avionics
Environment ‫محیط‬
noun
the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
I lived in hostile environments , surrounded by religious bigotry where no one understood me.
synonyms: habitat, territory, domain, surroundings, environs, conditions
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Support ‫حمایت کردن‬
verb
bear all or part of the weight of; hold up.
the dome was supported by a hundred white columns
synonyms: hold up, bear, carry, prop up, keep up, brace, shore up, underpin, buttress, reinforce
Discover ‫کشف کردن‬
verb
find (something or someone) unexpectedly or in the course of a search.
firemen discovered a body in the debris
synonyms: find, locate, come across/upon, stumble on, chance on, light on, bring to light
Exist ‫وجود داشتن‬
Surface ‫سطح‬
noun
the outside part or uppermost layer of something (often used when describing its texture, form, or extent).
the earth's surface
synonyms: outside, exterior, top, side, finish, veneer
Trap ‫به دام انداختن‬
verb
catch (an animal) in a trap.
Once he dreamed he was trying to trap foxes but kept catching Dalmatians.
synonyms: confine, cut off, corner, shut in, pen in, hem in, imprison, hold captive
Liquid ‫مایع‬
adjective
having a consistency like that of water or oil, i.e., flowing freely but of constant volume.
Gazpachos can thus range in consistency from very liquid to almost solid.
synonyms: fluid, liquefied, melted, molten, thawed, dissolved, hydrous
Measure ‫اندازه گرفتن‬
verb
ascertain the size, amount, or degree of (something) by using an instrument or device marked in standard
units or by comparing it with an object of known size.
the amount of water collected is measured in pints
synonyms: calculate, compute, count, meter, quantify, weigh, size, evaluate, assess, gauge
Amount ‫ مقدار‬،‫میزان‬
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noun
a quantity of something, typically the total of a thing or things in number, size, value, or extent.
the sport gives an enormous amount of pleasure to many people
synonyms: quantity, number, total, aggregate, sum, quota, group, size, mass, weight, volume, bulk, lot, q
uantum
Iron ‫آهن‬
Evidence ‫ سند‬،‫مدرک‬
noun
the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.
the study finds little evidence of overt discrimination
Atmosphere ‫جو زمین‬
noun
the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet.
part of the sun's energy is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere
synonyms: air, aerospace, sky, heavens, firmament, blue, azure, ether
solar system ‫منظومه شمسی‬
noun
the collection of eight planets and their moons in orbit around the sun, together with smaller bodies in the
form of asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.
The moons of the outer planets in the solar system are also rich with various kinds of ices.
Astrophysics ‫فیزیک نجومی‬
noun
the branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of stars and other celestial bodies, and the
application of the laws and theories of physics to the interpretation of astronomical observations.
Cosmology and astrophysics are branches of physics in which one needs an unusual combination of
breadth and depth to excel.
Expect ‫توقع داشتن‬
verb
regard (something) as likely to happen.
we expect the best
synonyms: anticipate, await, look for, hope for, look forward to, contemplate, bargain for/on, bank
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two-hundred-twenty times the size of Earth ‫ بزرگتر از کره زمین‬222
Pioneer ‫ یک سری از فضاپیماهای آمریکایی‬،‫پیشگام‬
noun
a series of American space probes launched between 1958 and 1973, two of which provided the first
clear pictures of Jupiter and Saturn (1973–79).
noun
a person who is among the first to explore or settle a new country or area.
The decision came a month before the start of the Winter Olympics in Utah and can be expected to put
the spotlight on plural marriages that once thrived among Mormon pioneers who settled here.
synonyms: settler, colonist, colonizer, frontiersman, frontierswoman, explorer, trailblazer, bushwha
asteroid belt ‫کمربند سیارک ها‬
Pluto ‫پلوتون‬
Constellation ‫صورت فلکی‬
noun
a group of stars forming a recognizable pattern that is traditionally named after its apparent form or
identified with a mythological figure. Modern astronomers divide the sky into eighty-eight constellations
with defined boundaries.
Section IV takes us off the land and into comets, galaxies and constellations of stars.
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