Somewhere, something
incredible is waiting
to be known.
TAKE­OFF LANGUAGE SKILLS BOOKLET # 03
~ Grammar Basics ~ A lot of us who can speak English with confidence, feel we have no need to learn grammar. At least, not all over again :) One good reason why it is a good idea that we learn the basic again is that question appear in examinations. The second, more important reason is that grammar helps us use words more effectively to convey our thoughts better. Knowledge of basic grammar helps us become a better communicator. And, as you know, good communication makes good business sense! In this booklet, we introduce you to the basics of grammar. You cannot understand grammar just by reading. So, please complete all exercises seriously. You may get most of it right. But do not dismiss anything as too simple. One simple nail is all it takes to deflate a tyre! This booklet is designed by our experts to help you avoid those pinpricks of doubts and mistakes during your examination. Hopefully this booklet will also make you more conscious of the correct usage of grammar for the rest of your life. Finally, a few tips to help you conquer grammar. 1 . 2 . 3 . 5 . Best wishes for a long­lasting friendship with grammar! If you have any queries, please write to us at [email protected] J Best Wishes ! Ó
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4 . Please develop a positive attitude towards grammar! Make it your friend. Be aware of common errors in grammar. Make sure you know how to avoid those mistakes. Identify the kind of mistakes you tend to make and ensure that you do not keep repeating the same mistakes. We tend to be casual in the way we speak. We worry about grammar only when we write. The truth is we tend to write the way we speak. Try to be grammatically correct even when you speak. Those who speak right, write better! And one final tip ­ Read, read and read. Be conscious of the writing techniques used by experts. Observe, understand and use those techniques. Regd. Office: Indore PT centres spread across India ~ Established 1993 Our motto “Kar Ke Dikhayenge” is delivered through our unique Technology Driven Process Engine (TDpro engine). Email: [email protected] Web: www.PTeducation.com , www.facebook.com/PTeducation
IC : PTtkmlb03 (1) of (11)
Sentence ­ What is a sentence? It's a group of words which makes complete sense. Every sentence consists of two parts (i) The part which names the person or thing we speak about is called as SUBJECT. (ii) The part which gives what is said of the person or thing is known as PREDICATE. e. g. 1. The early bird catches the worm. 2. How badly you sing. 3. Sweet are the uses of adversity. In sentence 1, "The early bird" is the subject and "catches the worm" is the predicate. In sentence 2,"you" is the subject and "sing how badly" is the predicate. In sentence 3, "the uses of adversity" is the subject and "sweet are" is the predicate. Note: The subject does not always come at the beginning of the sentence. Exercise No.1 DIRECTIONS: Identify subject and predicate in the following sentences: 1 . The boy stood on the burning desk. 2 . Darkness came quickly on. 3 . The singing of the birds delights us. 4 . Strange are the ways of God. 5 . Across the path lay a frozen snake. 6 . The sun sets in the west. 7. He did it for my sake. 8 . He is inferior to Bali in intelligence. 9 . The population of Tokyo is greater than that of any town in India. 10. Around every cloud is a silver lining. PARTS OF SPEECH As you study the table given ahead, keep in mind that only interjections ("Yes!") have a habit of standing alone (or alongside complete sentences). The three articles (now often identified as a type of determiner rather than a distinct word class) appear before nouns. However, the other parts of speech ­ nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions ­ come in many varieties and may appear just about anywhere in a sentence. To know for sure what part of speech a word is, we have to look not only at the word itself but also at its meaning, position, and use in a sentence. For example, in the first sentence below, work is a noun; in the second sentence, a verb; and in the third sentence, an adjective:
¨
Mohit showed up for work two hours late. [The noun work is the thing Mohit shows up for.]
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He will have to work until midnight. [The verb work is the action he must perform.]
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His work permit expires next month. [The adjective work modifies the noun permit.] Don't let this variety of meanings and uses confuse you. Keep in mind that learning the names of the basic parts of speech is just one way to understand how sentences are put together. Now review the parts of speech listed below, and for each one see if you can provide examples of your own..
(2) of (11) IC : PTtkmlb03 Part of speech Noun What it does Names of person, place or thing. The thing may be real or imaginary. Main kinds Examples Proper Akbar, Mumbai, Himalayas Common man, city, mountain Collective crowd, army, herd Abstract kindness, growth, childhood Countable book, pen, worker Uncountable sugar, honesty, gold First Personal Pronoun Words used instead of a noun Second you, your, yours Third he, she, it, they, its, them, his, her Impersonal it Indefinite one, none, some, other, everybody Distributive each, either, neither Relative who, whose, which Of quality (what kind?) Of quantity (how much?) Adjective Adds something to a noun/pronoun Demonstrative (which?) Interrogative (asks a question) Transitive (needs an object) Intransitive (no object needed) Verb Expresses an action or a state Voice Conjunction Joins words or sentences or phrases or clauses Interjection Expresses sudden feeling
I picked some flowers. There are five minarets. This boy is better than Ram. Why use such a colour? Which train will take us to Indore? Whose work is that? The driver stopped the car. The baby sleeps . Passive The ball is kicked by the boy. Present I play football. Past I played football. Future I will play football. Of time (when?) He came yesterday. Of frequency (how often?) He comes often . Of place (where?) The giant looked down . Of manner (how?) She studies hard . Adds something to a verb, an adjective or an adverb Of degree or quantity (how much? To what extent?) Shows relation between noun or pronoun with something else The smart crow fooled the dog. The boy kicks the ball. Of affirmation and negation Preposition Mumbai is a busy city. Active Tense Adverb I, we, myself, our, us, mine These bananas are almost ripe. The meeting was very stormy. He definitely cheats. I do not think so. Of reason He is hence charged as accused. Simple at, by, for, from, out, through, to Compound about, above, beyond, inside, within Phrase in case of, with reference to, by way of I stumbled but kept my balance. Hurray! we did it. Oh! she missed. IC : PTtkmlb03 (3) of (11) Exercise No.2 Here's an easy and fun way to remember key grammar and usage issues: Learn some reverse rules. Each reverse rule contains the error it describes. Read the following 20 reverse rules. First identify each error. (Hint: It's mentioned in the rule) Then rewrite each sentence so that it's correct. 1 . Remember to never split an infinitive. Error: Split infinitive Correction: Remember never to split an infinitive. (So here the error was in the sentence, which when corrected, gave the correct rule of grammar as well.) 2 . The passive voice should never be used. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ____________________________________ 3 . We never make spelling mistaeks. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ____________________________ 4 . Avoid run­on sentences they are hard to read. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ____________________________ 5 . Don't use no double negatives. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ____________________________ 6 . Use the semicolon properly, always use it where it is appropriate; and never where it isn't. Error: ____________________________ Correction: _________________________________________________________________________ 7. Reserve the apostrophe for it's proper use and omit it where its not needed. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ___________________________________________________________ 8 . Verbs has to agree with their subjects. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ____________________________ 9 . No sentence fragments. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ____________________________ 10. Proofread carefully to see if you any words out. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ______________________________________ 11. Avoid commas, that are not necessary. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ______________________________________
(4) of (11) IC : PTtkmlb03 12. If you reread your work, you will find on rereading that a great deal of repetition can be avoided by rereading and editing. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Don't overuse exclamation marks!!!! Error: ____________________________ Correction: ____________________________ 14. Place pronouns as close as possible, especially in long sentences, as of 10 or more words, to their antecedents. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ___________________________________________________________________________________ 15. Write all adverbs correct. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ____________________________ 16. Writing carefully, dangling participles must be avoided. Error: ____________________________ Correction: _____________________________________________ 17. Take the bull by the hand and avoid mixed metaphors. Error: ____________________________ Correction: _____________________________________________ 18. Everyone should be careful to use a singular pronoun in their writing. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ____________________________________________________________ 19. Always pick on the correct idiom. Error: ____________________________ Correction: ____________________________ 20. Last but least, avoid cliches like the plague; seek viable alternatives. Error: ____________________________ Correction: _____________________________________________ Exercise No.3 DIRECTIONS: Name the part of speech of each underlined word in the following sentences. 1 . Lazy students fail. ______________ 2 . I called her several times ______________ 3 . Our school has a large playground. ______________ 4 . Don't play fool. ______________ 5 . America is the richest country. ______________ 6 . He was not crowned king by them. ______________ 7. Enter by the left door. ______________ 8 . Few boys like to work hard. ______________ 9 . Every attempt to flatter him failed miserably. ______________ 10. She is fond of music, but hates dancing exercise . ______________
IC : PTtkmlb03 (5) of (11) Exercise No.4 DIRECTIONS: Change the following words into nouns 1 . know __________________ 2 . believe __________________ 3 . bathe __________________ 4 . foolish __________________ 5 . curious __________________ Exercise No.5 DIRECTIONS: Change the following into verbs 1 . moist __________________ 2 . large __________________ 3 . equal 4 . bitter __________________ 5 . successful __________________ __________________ Exercise No.6 DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks with an appropriate collective noun from the list given below. (a) fleet (b) stand (c) clutch (d) bale (e) be vy (f ) stud (g) gaggle (h) pride (i) litter (j) plague (k) archipelago (l) 1 . A _________________ of peas 2 . A _________________ of ships 3 . A _________________ of forest 4 . A _________________ of islands 5 . A _________________ of eggs 6 . A _________________ of beauties 7. A _________________ of locusts 8 . A _________________ of kitten 9 . A _________________ of lions pod 10. A _________________ of cotton 11. A _________________ of horses 12. A _________________ of geese
(6) of (11) IC : PTtkmlb03 Home Assignment
For all questions, tick­mark the correct options, or write the answer in the space available, or match­the­columns as instructed. After 40 minutes are over, only then check all answers from the solutions/answer­key available at the end. Do not cheat at all. All the best!
¿ Suggested Time : 40 min T o t a l q u e s t i o n s : 5 + 5 + 10 + 11 + 35 = 66 Exercise No.1 Exercise No.4 In the following questions, indicate the nouns and classify them as common, proper, collective or abstract. 1 . The tiger has great agility. 2 . The Brahmaputra overflows its banks every year. 3 . This class consists of 80 students. 4 . Without wealth there is no happiness. 5 . This class is studying grammar. Please select the pair of words or phrases given in each question that best expresses a relationship similar to that expressed by the capitalised pair: Give the noun form for the following words. 6 . Starve 7. Coward 8 . Regent 9 . Vain 10. Glutton 2 . 1 . I love to walk in the fresh morning (air/airs). I shall spare no (pain/pains) to give the complete information to you. 3 . Please submit your income­tax (return/returns) immediately. 4 . This stool is made of (iron/irons). 5 . I shall shift all my household (effect/effects) from here. 6 . I have booked my (good/goods) by passenger train. 7. He struck the ball with great (force/forces). 8 . You have to pay your (custom/customs) duty. 9 . He has gone to the (wood/woods) in search of his lost cattle. 10. He has built a small temple in the (premises/premise) of his new house. 3 . 4 . 1 . 2 . IC : PTtkmlb03 basketball : hoop (2) vase : water (3) ocean : lake (4) food : pantry UNIQUE : MONOTONY (1) rambunctious : treason (2) excitement : event (3) destiny : limit (4) dangerous : calm
DEHYDRATION : LIQUID (1) disease : medication (2) theory : scientist (3) money : poverty (4) treaty : war APPREHENSIVE : PETRIFIED (1) emotional : accord (2) elated : deaden (3) sincere : satisfied (4) funny : hilarious DIRECTIONS: Choose the option FARTHEST in meaning to the lead word given: 5 . 6 . Exercise No.3 Finding subjects and verbs 1 . This gorgeous grand piano is tuned to perfection. 2 . Every environmental regulation has been undermined by that industry. 3 . My gift for walking and talking simultaneously did not go unnoticed. 4 . Your red scarf matches your eyes. 5 . Every attempt to flatter him failed miserably. 6 . Think before you speak and you will be glad for the things you never said. 7. If all is lost, why am I still playing? 8 . Javed longed for a pity party after he lost his job. 9 . Have you memorised all the chemical symbols on the chart? 10. Buses has only one “s” in the middle of it. 11. Please answer the question without smirking. (1) Exercise No.2 DIRECTIONS: Choose the correct alternative from those given within brackets in each sentence. WALLET : CREDIT CARDS 7. 8 . 9 . BUCOLIC (1) vigorous (2) ripe (3) civic (4) affable (1) compromise a position (2) become ill (3) support enthusiastically (4) fail to see ESPY VITRIOLIC (1) humble (2) pleasant (3) retiring (4) thoughtful RENEGE (1) speed up suddenly (2) allow to become loose (3) follow through (4) conform to what is conventional AMELIORATE (1) exaggerate (2) exacerbate (3) vanquish (4) circumvent
(7) of (11) DIRECTIONS: Choose the option which best fits the blank. 10. Even detractors who warn of its potential for abuse by powerful despots agree that genetic engineering, if used ..., can reduce the incidence of the sort of physical and mental deformities that any society would want to eliminate. (1) premeditatedly (2) biologically (3) recklessly (4) discriminately (5) illicitly 11. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye , having become a manifesto for psychopaths and potential miscreants, is viewed by many high­school administrators as too ... to be suitable for teenage students. (1) austere (2) insipid (3) provocative (4) aberrant (5) progressive 12. Paradoxically, industrialist Andrew Carnegie gained his reputation for ... at the expense of his own factory workers, who were oppressed by the ... steel magnate to an extent that would be considered by today’s standards of labour practice to be unconscionable. 15. The lion’s “ferocious” behaviour was attributed to its lack of edible flesh. (1) tame (2) relaxed (3) savage (4) congenial 16. Be careful not to “rush” your studies, even when in a hurry. (1) improve (2) hurry (3) deepen (4) dwindle 17. Dormitory “get­together” are encouraged on a monthly basis. (1) study periods (2) informal meetings (3) cleaning sessions (4) eating joints 18. The artist’s “profile” can be found carved into the cave walls. (1) vignette (2) outline (3) description (4) decor 19. Horses are often put out to “pasture” during the early morning hours. (1) cleaned (2) field (3) arena (4) coliseum (1) efficiency...affluent (2) innovation...benevolent (3) ruthlessness...shrewd (4) philanthropy...cost­conscious 13. The government’s ... clinical study requirements for approval of new drugs do not ... pharmaceutical firms when it comes to research and development, chiefly because of the profit potential afforded by patent protection. (1) official...permit (2) onerous...dissuade (3) extensive...motivate (4) unenforceable...favour 20. Janet’s “profuse” use of the adjective like bothered the professor. (1) incorrect (2) delayed (3) plentiful (4) subserved 21. The “crooked” use of gambling schemes is often found while surfing the Internet. (1) enjoyable (2) difficult (3) dishonest (4) rarefied 22. Teenage “lethargy” is often due to lack of proper nutrients. DIRECTIONS: Choose the word closest in meaning to the word within quotation marks (“ ”). 14. Mozart’s “partiality” for chocolate from Salzburg resulted in today’s famous Mozart Kugeln. (1) dislike (2) preference (3) aversion (4) abhorrence (8) of (11) (1) enthusiasm (2) sluggishness (3) boredom (4) malaise 23. Unfortunately, information concerning the latest crisis in the state government is arriving “piecemeal”. (1) incorrectly (2) delayed (3) bit by bit (4) over the top
IC : PTtkmlb03 DIRECTIONS: Match the word in the left column with the correct definition on the right 24. Executive a . Contrary to the laws and course of forces; at variance with what is normal and expected 25. Unnatural b . Having or showing a pleasant, kindly, agreeable disposition; amiable 26. Subsequent c . The state of being born, especially with reference to the place of birth 27. International d . Between or among countries; pertaining to two or more countries or their citizens 28. Contract e . A painting, photograph or other likeness of a person, especially one showing the face 29. Attractive f. Providing pleasure or delight, especially in appearance; charming; alluring, arousing interest 30. Consequence g . To draw together; to settle or establish by agreement; to restrict; to shorten 31. Good­natured h. Withdrawal of an opinion, statement or promise as inaccurate or unjustified 32. Pursuit i. Person or group having administrative or supervisory authority in an organisation 33. Retraction j . Act of following in order to overtake; effort to secure or attain; quest 34. Portrait k. Effect, result or outcome of something occurring earlier; conclusion reached 35. Nativity l. Occurring or coming later or after; following in order of succession
IC : PTtkmlb03 (9) of (11) Solutions Success is where
preparation and
opportunity meet...
Practice Exercises Exercise No.1
Subject
Pr ed icate 1 . The boy stood on the burning desk. 2 . Darknes s came quickly on. 3 . The singing of the birds delights us. 4 . The ways of God are Strange 5 . A frozen snake lay across the path 6 . The sun sets in the west 7 . H e did it for my sake. 8 . H e is inferior to Bali in intelligence. 9 . The population of Tokyo is greater than that of any town 12. Correction: If you reread your work, you will find that a great deal of repetition can be avoided.. 13. A silver lining is around every cloud. Error: Unnecessary exclamation marks Correction: Don't overuse exclamation marks!. 14. Error: Pronouns placed too far from their antecedents, the words to which they refer Correc ti on: Pl ac e pronouns as cl os e as pos si bl e to their antec edents , especially in long sentences, as of 10 or more words. . 15. Error: Incorrect adverb use Correction: Write all adverbs correctly . 16. Error: Dangling participles Correction: When you write carefully, you must avoid dangling participles. in India. 10. Error: Redundancy; unnecessary words 17. Error: Mixed metaphors Correction: Take the bull by the horns and avoid mixed metaphors.. 18. Exercise No.2 1 . Error: Split infinitive Correction: Don't put any word between "to" and the verb in an infinitive. Therefore "to split" has to stay as one complete package. 2 . Error: Passive voice Correction: You should not use the passive voice. In addition to showing tense (time), verbs also show voice, the form of the verb that shows whether the subject performs the action or received the action. English verbs have two voices: active and passive. Error: Pronoun agreement Correction: Everyone should be careful to use a singular pronoun in his or her writing. 19. Error: Incorrect idiom Correction: Always pick the correct idiom 20. Error: Cliches (shopworn phrases that have lost their punch) Co rr ec ti on : Wr i t e s e nt en c e s th at u s e f re s h , ne w c o mp ar i s on s an d expres si ons . Exercise No.3 A verb is active when the subject performs the action, as in this example; ( 1 ) adj ecti ve ( 2 ) v e rb “We made a mistake.” (We are taking blame.) ( 3 ) pr on ou n ( 4 ) n o u n A verb is passive when its action is performed upon the subject, as in this example: “A mi stak e has been made.” (No one is tak ing c redi t for the mistake.) ( 5 ) adj ecti ve ( 6 ) v e rb ( 7 ) v e rb ( 8 ) adj ecti ve ( 9 ) ad v e rb ( 1 0 ) adj ecti ve In general, use the active voice instead of the passive voice. The active voice was voted "Most Popular Voice" because it is less wordy. 3 . Correction: "Misteaks" is wrongly spelt; the word is spelled "mistakes”. 4 . Error: Run­on sentence Correction: Avoid run­on sentences; they are hard to read. Or: Avoid run­ on sentences bec ause they are hard to read. A sentence is a group of words that express a complete thought. A sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject includes the noun or pronoun that tells what the subject is about. The predicate includes the verb that describes what the subject is doing. A run­on sentence is two incorrectly joined sentences 5 . Exercise No.4 Error: Spel ling Error: Double negative ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) k nowl edge ba th curiosity ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) moisten equal iz ed succeed ( 2 ) ( 4 ) beli ef fool ( 2 ) ( 4 ) enl a rge embi tter Exercise No.5 Correction: Don't use any double negatives. 6 . Correction: Use the semicolon properly; always use it where it is appropriate and never where it isn't. Use a semicolon between main clauses when the conjunction (and, but, for, or) has been left out. 7 . 8 . Exercise No.6 Error: Misused semicolon ( 1 ) l ( 2 ) a ( 3 ) b ( 4 ) k Error: Apostrophe error ( 5 ) c ( 6 ) e Correction: Reserve the apostrophe for its proper use and omit it where it's not needed. Contractions are two words combined. When you contract words, add an apostrophe in the space where the letters have been taken out ( 7 ) j ( 8 ) i ( 9 ) h (10) d ( 11 ) f ( 1 2 ) g
Error: Agreement of subject and verb Correction: Verbs have to agree with their subjects. 9 . Error: Incomplete sentence Correction: Do not write any sentence fragments. 10. Error: Missing words Correction: Proofread carefully to see if you have left any words out 11. Error: Unnecessary commas Correction: Avoid commas that are not necessary (10) of (11)
IC : PTtkmlb03 Solutions (Home assignment)
Practice
makes perfect !
Exercise No.1 11. The correct response is (3). A miscreant is a villain, scoundrel or criminal. The sentence infers that Catcher In the Rye might provoke (incite) potential miscreants to engage in violent antisocial behaviour. 12. T h e c o rr ec t an s we r i s ( 4) . T h e ope ra ti v e w or d i n th i s s en te nc e i s paradoxic all y. A paradox is an apparent contradi cti on. So the sentence i ntends t o poi nt out two c ontradi c tory trai ts of Carnegi e. O pti on (4) accomplishes this. Philanthropy literally means love of humankind and it is usually used to describe generous charitable giving by wealthy individuals. Carnegie’s cost­cutting business practices and oppressive treatment of his l a bo ur f or c e w ou l d s ee m pa ra do x i c a l , g i v en h i s r ep ut at i o n as a phi lanthropi st. 13. T he c orrec t res pons e i s (2). T he o perati v e word i n thi s s entenc e i s “because”, which requires that what follows it must explain what precedes it. Profit potential would explain why drug companies persist in developing new drugs despite onerous (burdensome) government regulations. Option (2 ) ex pre s s es th i s i dea . (T he word di s s ua de mean s “di s c our age or persuade not to.”) 14.
An s.(2). Parti al ity means a partic ul ar li ki ng or fondnes s for s omethi ng (inclination, predilection, predisposition) and preference in option 2 means a greater liking for one alternative over another. The rest are antonyms. 15.
Ans.(3). Ferocious means savagely fierce, cruel or violent. Savage in option 3 is nearest in meaning to the word. The rest are antonyms. 16.
Ans.(2). Rush means move or act with great haste. So, hurry in option 2 is nearest in meaning to the given word. The rest do not fit. 17.
Ans.(2). Get­together means an informal gathering and hence option 2 fits correctly. The rest of the options do not gel with the given word and can be dis c arded. 18.
Ans.(2). The word profile means a drawing or other representation of such an outline. This is nearest in meaning to “outline” in option 2. Vignette in option 1 means a small illustration or portrait which fades into its background without a definite border. The rest of the options have no connection to the gi ven word. 19.
Ans.(2). Pasture means meadow, field and hence is nearest to option 2. The rest of the options can be discarded. 20.
An s.(3). Profuse means pl entiful , c opi ous and abundant and hence i s nearest to option 3. The rest of the options are incorrect in the given context. 21.
Ans.(3). Crooked means illegal, unlawful, questionable and is nearest in meaning to option 3. The rest can be discarded. 22.
Ans.(2). Lethargy means a lack of energy and enthusiasm (inertia, inactivity) and hence is nearest in meaning to option 2. The rest do not fit in. 23.
Ans.(3). Piecemeal in this context stands for “unsystematic partial measures taken over a period of time” and is nearest to option 3. The rest can be dis c arded. 24. i 25. a 26. l 27. d 1. Tiger (common); agility (abstract) 2. Brahmaputra (proper); banks (common); year (common) 3. Class (collective); students (common) 4 . Wealth (abstract); happiness (abstract) 5 . Class (collective); grammar (abstract) 6 . Starvation 7 . Cowardi c e 8 . Regenc y 9 . Vanity 10. Gluttony Exercise No.2 1. air 2. pains 3. returns 4. iron 5. effects 6. goods 7. force 8. customs 9. woods 10. premises. Exercise No.3 Finding subjects and verbs quiz 1 . This gorgeous grand piano is tuned to perfection. 2 . Every environmental regulation has been undermined by that industry. 3 . My gift for walking and talking simultaneously did not go unnoticed. 4 . Your red scarf matches your eyes. 5 . Every attempt to flatter him failed miserably. 6 . (You) Think before you speak and you will be glad for the things you never sai d. 7 . If all is lost, why am I still playing? 8 . Javed longed for a pity party after he lost his job. 9 . Have you memorised all the chemical symbols on the chart? 10. Buses has only one “s” in the middle of it. 11. (You) Please answer the question without smirking. Exercise No.4 Test your vocabulary 1.
An s.(2) 2.
An s.(4) 3.
An s.(1) 4.
An s.(4) 5 . The correct response i s (3). Bucolic means pastoral , rustic, or agrarian; civic means municipal or urban. So the answer is option (3) (Civic). 28. g 6 . The correct response is (4). To espy is to see at a distance or catch sight of. Among the options, fail to see (4) is farthest from the definition of espy. 29. f 30. k 7 . The correct answer is (2). Vitriolic means bitter and is commonly used to descri be a person’s pers onality. A pleasant pers onal ity is contrary to a vitriolic (bitter) one. 31. b 32. j 33. h The correct answer is (3). To renege is to go back on one’s promise, just the opposite of following through on one’s promise. 34. e 35. c 8 . 9 . The correct answer is (2). To ameliorate is to improve or correct; the opposite of improve is worsen or exacerbate. 10. The correct answer is (4). The missing word must contrast with the notion of abuse of genetic engineering, whi le being cons istent wi th the desirable goal of reducing the incidence of deformities. Only (4) accomplishes both. To use the technology “discriminately” would be to conscientiously apply it onl y toward c ertai n ends (such as reducing deformiti es) and not toward others (like abuse by despots). IC : PTtkmlb03 (11) of (11) DAILY PRACTICE TESTS : DPTs Every registered PT student gets a username and password for the online Student Resources Centre (SRC). With that, you can log into the SRC on www.PTeducation.com, & find the panel containing the DPTs. These are very interesting tests, fully online and real­time, that you can attempt (from your home/hostel too) on a regular basis. Full q­by­ q performance review included. This DPT facility is a roaring hit amongst PT students, and proves extremely useful at all times! Go for it. PT on FACEBOOK An active community of knowledge seekers is awaiting your presence on Facebook. Do join us on www.Facebook.com/PTeducation to participate in several interesting questions, polls, prizes on a daily basis.
(12) of (11) IC : PTtkmlb03