Codex work related to milk and milk products (30 July 2008)
1
III Brazilian Congress on Milk Quality
Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, 23-26 September 2008
CODEX WORK RELATED TO MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS
Annamaria Bruno, Noriko Iseki, Jeronimas Maskeliunas and Kazuaki Miyagishima
Codex Secretariat
Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme
1. What is Codex ?
The Codex Alimentarius Commission, “Codex” for short, was created in 1961/1963 by FAO and WHO to
develop international food standards, guidelines and recommendations to protect the health of consumers and
to ensure fair practices in the food trade. Another important role for Codex is to promote coordination of all
food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non-governmental organizations, with a
view to avoiding duplication of work between Codex and those organizations within the international
normative activities. The constituency of the Codex Alimentarius Commission comprises 176 member
countries and one member organization (the European Community), as of July 2008. The Codex standards
and related texts adopted by the Commission constitute the Codex Alimentarius.
Codex is an international risk management body that develops food safety standards. These standards are
used by policy-makers and regulators of countries in building a sound national food control system to
provide safe food, and to protect the health of consumers at national level. In a rapidly globalising world, it
has become increasingly important for countries to be fully involved in the Codex standard-setting process.
The organizational structure of Codex currently comprises: a) the Commission (which since 2003 meets
annually); b) the Executive Committee; and c) Codex subsidiary bodies (ten general subject committees,
eleven commodity committees, six regional coordinating committees and one ad hoc intergovernmental task
force. For details, see Annex 11. The Secretariat of the Codex Alimentarius Commission is hosted in the
Headquarters of FAO, in Rome, Italy.
A Codex Trust Fund was launched in 2003 by the Directors-General of FAO and WHO to help developing
countries and countries in transition to increase their participation in the work of the Commission. The Trust
Fund 2 will help regulators and food experts from all areas of the world to participate in international
standards-setting work in the framework of Codex and to enhance their capacity to help establish effective
food safety and quality standards and fair practices in the food trade, both in the framework of the Codex
Alimentarius and in their own countries. Enhanced participation of countries in the development and
adoption of international standards is an important condition to their wider application at the national level.
2. Codex standards and WTO/SPS Agreement
The two WTO agreements of most significance for international food trade are the Agreement on the
Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (commonly referred to as the SPS Agreement) and the
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (known as the TBT Agreement).
The SPS Agreement concerns measures applied to protect human, animal and plant life and health. The TBT
Agreement refers to technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures and applies to all
commodities, not just food, and cover all aspects of food that are not covered by the SPS Agreement, such as
product definition and labelling.
While the foods standards, guidelines and other recommendations adopted by Codex do not have a binding
effect on national food legislation, WTO members are encouraged to harmonise national regulations with the
international standards. Furthermore, these standards may be used as a reference in case of a food trade
dispute. Since the SPS Agreement specifically identifies Codex standards, guidelines and recommendations
1
Relevant information on Codex including schedules of forthcoming meetings, their meeting agenda and reports of the
meetings held in the past years are available on the Codex official website (http://www.codexalimentarius.net).
2
The Trust Fund is based at the Headquarters of WHO. More information can be found on:
http://www.who.int/foodsafety/codex/trustfund/en/
Como citar este capítulo: BRUNO, A., ISEKI, N. MASKELIUNAS, J., MIYAGISHIMA, K. Codex work related to milk and milk products.
In: BARBOSA, S.B.P., BATISTA, A.M.V., MONARDES, H. III Congresso Brasileiro de Qualidade do Leite. Recife: CCS Gráfica e Editora, 2008, v.1, p. 253-264.
Codex work related to milk and milk products (30 July 2008)
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as the international benchmark for food safety, national regulations consistent with Codex standards are
deemed to meet the requirement of the SPS Agreement.
Under the SPS Agreement, WTO Members are allowed to implement national standards that are more
stringent than those of Codex. In doing so, however, WTO Members may be requested to provide scientific
justification that such stringent sanitary measures are required to achieve their appropriate level of protection,
as well as demonstrate that the measure taken is based on an assessment of risk.
For the purpose of the SPS Agreement, WTO does not differentiate between standards, guidelines and
recommendations elaborated by Codex. They all have the same status under WTO. For food safety, the SPS
Agreement refers to standards developed by Codex in the following areas:
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codes and guidelines of hygienic practices;
-
contaminants;
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food additives;
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methods of analysis and sampling; and
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veterinary drug and pesticide residues
3. Risk analysis in Codex
Application of risk analysis principle to the work of Codex
Codex standards are based on science. The food standards, guidelines and other recommendations in the
Codex Alimentarius are based on the principle of sound scientific analysis and evidence, involving a
thorough review of all relevant information, in order that the standards assure the quality and safety of the
food supply.
Risk analysis in food safety is a structured approach comprising three distinct but inter-related components:
risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Risk analysis principles are not only applied by
governments, but are also used by Codex to examine and identify potential adverse health effects
consequential to a hazard or condition of a food, and to recommend appropriate food control measures. The
process of risk analysis is fundamental to the scientific basis of Codex standards developed to protect the
health of consumers.
Codex has developed the “Working Principles for Risk Analysis Application in the Framework of the Codex
Alimentarius”3 for use within Codex in elaborating food safety standards. In these Principles, it is mentioned
that:
i) there should be a functional separation of risk assessment and risk management, in order to ensure
the scientific integrity of the risk assessment, to avoid confusion over the functions to be performed by
risk assessors and risk managers and to reduce any conflict of interest; and ii) however, it is
recognized that risk analysis is an iterative process, and interaction between risk managers and risk
assessors is essential for practical application.
In the application of risk analysis principles for the elaboration of Codex standards, the Codex Alimentarius
Commission and its subsidiary bodies, acting as risk managers in the context of these Working Principles,
have established risk assessment policy in advance of risk assessments, in consultation with risk assessor and
all other interested parties. Joint FAO and WHO expert bodies and consultations act as risk assessors, which
are scientific bodies independent from the Codex Alimentarius Commission.
Scientific advice from FAO/WHO expert committees and expert consultations
Codex, in its normative work, relies on the scientific advice provided by expert committees and consultations
convened by FAO and WHO. Through these expert committees and consultations, FAO and WHO provide
scientific advice on food safety matters to Codex and to their Member governments.
3
Codex Procedural Manual (http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web/procedural_manual.jsp ).
Como citar este capítulo: BRUNO, A., ISEKI, N. MASKELIUNAS, J., MIYAGISHIMA, K. Codex work related to milk and milk products.
In: BARBOSA, S.B.P., BATISTA, A.M.V., MONARDES, H. III Congresso Brasileiro de Qualidade do Leite. Recife: CCS Gráfica e Editora, 2008, v.1, p. 253-264.
Codex work related to milk and milk products (30 July 2008)
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Codex elaborates food safety standards taking into account independent scientific advice provided by joint
expert bodies established by FAO and WHO, such as:
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the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA);
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the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR);
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the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meetings on Microbiological Risk Assessment (JEMRA).
The above expert meetings meet regularly to provide expert advice, which is used by relevant Codex
subsidiary bodies in elaborating standards on food additives, contaminants and toxins, residues of pesticides
and veterinary drugs, and managing microbiological hazards in food.
For emerging issues such as biotechnology, antimicrobial resistance in foodborne micro-organisms, FAO
and WHO have convened ad hoc expert consultations upon requests from Member governments as well as
from Codex.
In the process of selecting experts for the above meetings, FAO and WHO follow an established procedure
to ensure the transparency, excellence and independence of the opinion delivered. In addition to scientific
and technical excellence, the diversity of viewpoints, complementarity of scientific background and balanced
representation from all geographic regions of the world, including both developing and developed countries
are taken into account.
All experts invited to the above expert meetings are required to participate only in their individual scientific
capacity. No expert shall represent the position of the government of which he or she is a citizen, or of the
institution with which he or she is associated.
4. Codex work on milk and milk products
Codex work on milk and milk products has mainly been undertaken through the Codex Committees on Milk
and Milk Products, and on Food Hygiene. Other committees such as the Committees on Food Additives ,
on Contaminants in Foods, on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods , and on Pesticide Residues have
developed specific requirements for milk and milk products in the area of their competence. Annex 2
provides a list of Codex texts for milk and milk products.
Codex Committee for Milk and Milk Products
The Codex Committee on Milk and Milk Products (CCMMP) was established by the 20th Session of the
Codex Alimentarius Commission (1993) to build on the previous work by the FAO/WHO Committee of
Government Experts on the Code of Principles concerning Milk and Milk Products. Since its establishment,
the Committee, hosted by New Zealand, has held eight sessions (one every two years). The CCMMP work
has primarily focused on the development of commodity standards encompassing a range of milk and cheese
products and the revision of selected standards (16) for individual cheeses, recently completed.
In developing /revising commodity standards for milk and milk products, the Committee has made an effort
to ensure a harmonised presentation of the standards, in line with Codex recommendation regarding the
format of standards.
In its last session (Queenstown, New Zealand, February 2008), the Committee has completed work on the
development of food additive provisions for the Standards for Fermented Milks (CODEX STAN 243-2003)
and for Creams and Prepared Creams (CODEX STAN 288-1976) and the Model Export Certificate for Milk
and Milk Products (CAC/GL 67-2008). These texts were adopted by the 31st Session of the Codex
Alimentarius Commission in July 2008.
The next session of CCMMP (February 2008) will consider remaining work on the provisions of drinks
based on fermented milk (to be included in the Codex Standard for Fermented Milks, CODEX STAN 24320034) and the standard for processed cheese. It is expected that the Committee will be adjourned sine die
when the ongoing work will have been concluded.
4
http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/400/CXS_243e.pdf .
Como citar este capítulo: BRUNO, A., ISEKI, N. MASKELIUNAS, J., MIYAGISHIMA, K. Codex work related to milk and milk products.
In: BARBOSA, S.B.P., BATISTA, A.M.V., MONARDES, H. III Congresso Brasileiro de Qualidade do Leite. Recife: CCS Gráfica e Editora, 2008, v.1, p. 253-264.
Codex work related to milk and milk products (30 July 2008)
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Codex Committee on Food Hygiene
The Codex Committee on Food Hygiene (CCFH) is responsible to draft basic recommendations on food
hygiene applicable to all foods. Within its mandate, the Committee has developed the Code of Hygienic
Practice for Milk and Milk Products (CAC/RCP 57-2004)5 and the Guidelines for the Preservation of Raw
Milk by use of Lactoperoxidase System (CAC/GL 13-1991)6.
Code of Hygienic Practice for Milk and Milk Products
The purpose of the Code is: i) to provide guidance to countries so that their appropriate level of public health
protection for milk and milk products may be achieved; and, ii) to prevent unhygienic practices and
conditions in the production, processing, and handling of milk and milk products.
The Code includes principles for the hygienic production and manufacture of milk and milk products and
guidance on their application. The overarching principles cover i) the importance that milk should not
contain any contaminant at a level that jeopardizes the appropriate level of public health protection, when
presented to the consumer; ii) contamination of milk from animal and environmental sources during primary
production should be minimized; and iii) the microbial load of milk should be as low as achievable, using
good milk production practices, taking into account the technological requirements for subsequent
processing.
The Code takes into consideration, to the extent possible, the various production and processing procedures
as well as the differing characteristics of milk from various milking animals used by member countries. It
focuses on acceptable food safety outcomes achieved with one or more validated food safety control
measures, rather than mandating specific processes for individual products.
Guidelines for the Preservation of Raw Milk by use of Lactoperoxidase System
The Guidelines were adopted by the 19 th Session of the Commission in 1991 and describe the use of the
lactoperoxidase system for preventing bacterial spoilage of raw milk (bovine and buffalo) during collection
and transportation to a dairy processing plant. It describes the principles of the method, in what situations it
can be used, its practical application and control.
The 19th Session of the Commission (1991) while adopting the Guidelines agreed to emphasize that the
lactoperoxidase system should not be used for products intended for international trade and should never be
used a substitution for refrigeration.
Recently, at the request of the CCFH, FAO/WHO organized a Technical Meeting on Benefits and Potential
Risks of the Lactoperoxidase System of Raw Milk Preservation (Rome, Italy, 28 November-2 December
2005)7. The results of the above technical meeting showed that the use of the lactoperoxidase system is safe
if it used according to the Guidelines. At the last, 31st Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission
(Geneva, 30 June–4 July 2008) the question of whether the restriction put on the use of the lactoperoxidase
system was discussed and divergent views were expressed by member countries. In view of the lack of time
to resolve the issues, the Commission agreed to postpone further discussion on this matter until its next
session in 2009.
Other Codex committees
Codex Committee on Food Additives
The Codex Committee on Food Additives (CCFA) is competent, among others, for establishing or endorsing
acceptable maximum levels for individual food additives. The Codex General Standard for Food Additives
(GSFA) (CODEX STAN 192/1995)8, developed by the CCFA, sets forth the conditions under which food
additives may be used in all foods, whether or not they have previously been standardized by Codex.
Provisions for the use of food additives in milk and milk products are included in the GSFA under food
5
http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/10087/CXC_057_2004e.pdf .
6
http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/29/CXG_013e.pdf .
7
http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0729e/a0729e00.htm .
8
http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/4/CXS_192e.pdf
The GSFA Online (http://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/index.html?lang=en ) provides, in a searchable format,
all the provisions for food additives included in the General Standard for Food Additives.
Como citar este capítulo: BRUNO, A., ISEKI, N. MASKELIUNAS, J., MIYAGISHIMA, K. Codex work related to milk and milk products.
In: BARBOSA, S.B.P., BATISTA, A.M.V., MONARDES, H. III Congresso Brasileiro de Qualidade do Leite. Recife: CCS Gráfica e Editora, 2008, v.1, p. 253-264.
Codex work related to milk and milk products (30 July 2008)
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category 01.2 “Dairy products and analogues, excluding products of category 02.0)” and related food
category. The CCFA is working on the integration of all food additives provisions, listed in Codex
commodity standards, in the GSFA thus reaching the objective to have the GSFA as the only Codex
reference for food additives in Codex.
Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods
The Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (CCCF) is competent for the development of provisions
for contaminants and naturally occurring toxicants in food and feed. The Codex General Standard for
Contaminants and Toxins in Foods (GSCTF) (CODEX STAN 193-1995)9 contains the main principles for
dealing with contaminants in food and feeds, and lists the maximum levels of contaminants and natural
toxicants adopted by the Codex to be applied to commodities moving in international trade. The GSCTF
includes relevant provisions for aflatoxin M1, lead, guideline levels for radionuclides in milk and milk
products.
Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods (CCRVDF)
The Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods (CCRVDF) is competent for the
development of maximum residues levels, codes of practices and methods of analysis and sampling for
veterinary drugs in foods. The CCRVDF has developed maximum residues limits (MRLs) for 51 veterinary
drugs (or group of veterinary drugs) in different tissues, including milk (cattle, sheep and goats).10 Codex
MRLs are based on the independent scientific advice provided by JECFA, which evaluates the available
scientific data of the veterinary drugs prioritised by the Committee. The CCRVDF is currently working on
the revision of “Guidelines for the Design and Implementation of National Regulatory Food Safety
Assurance Programmes Associated with the Use of Veterinary Drugs Residues in Foods” (CAC/GL 161993) and is discussing new approaches to deal with veterinary drugs with no ADI/MRLs. The revised
Guidelines, when completed, will provide governments with overarching principles and guidance for the
design and implementation of national control programmes based on risk countries. This would allow
competent authorities to focus their resources to those areas, which are most likely to generate human health
protection gains.
Codex Committee on Pesticides Residues
The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR) is competent for the development of MRLs for
pesticides in specific food items or in groups of foods. The CCPR has established MRLs for pesticides in
whole milk, which might appear in whole milk if animals were given fodders on which pesticides were
used11. The 2004 Joint Meetings on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) decided that for fat-soluble pesticides, two
maximum residue levels will be estimated, if data permit: one for whole milk and one for milk fat. For
enforcement purposes, a comparison can be made either of the residue in milk fat with the MRL for milk (fat)
or of the residue in whole milk with the MRL for milk12.
5. Cooperation with OIE and other international intergovernmental organizations
FAO and WHO are not the only sources of scientific advice. Codex encourages other relevant
intergovernmental organizations to contribute to the joint FAO and WHO provision of scientific advice.
Moreover, Codex itself actively cooperates, in its standards setting work, with other international
organizations, including the intergovernmental organizations in accordance with the “Guidelines on
Cooperation between the Codex Alimentarius Commission and other International Intergovernmental
Organizations (IGOs) on the Elaboration of Standards and Related Texts”13.
9
http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/17/CXS_193e.pdf
10
Veterinary drugs MRLs can be viewed from: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/mrls/vetdrugs/jsp/vetd_q-e.jsp
11
Pesticide MRLs can be viewed from: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/mrls/pestdes/jsp/pest_q-e.jsp
12
Pesticide Residues in Food – 2004. Report of the Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Resdidues in
Food and the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues, Rome, Italy, 20-29 September
2004, “2.7 Revisited: MRLs for fat-soluble pesticides in milk and milk products, 24-25.
13
Codex Procedural Manual (http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web/procedural_manual.jsp ) .
Como citar este capítulo: BRUNO, A., ISEKI, N. MASKELIUNAS, J., MIYAGISHIMA, K. Codex work related to milk and milk products.
In: BARBOSA, S.B.P., BATISTA, A.M.V., MONARDES, H. III Congresso Brasileiro de Qualidade do Leite. Recife: CCS Gráfica e Editora, 2008, v.1, p. 253-264.
Codex work related to milk and milk products (30 July 2008)
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The CCMMP work has benefited in particular from the cooperation and technical support of two
international organizations: the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the International Dairy
Federation (IDF).
The OIE is involved in the work of several Codex Committees and Task Forces, in particular the Codex
Committees on Meat Hygiene (adjourned sine die), on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods and on Milk
and Milk Products (mainly in the development of the Model Export Certificate for Milk and Milk Products)
and the Task Forces on Animal Feeding and on Antimicrobial Resistance. In turn, the experts with Codex
background also actively participate in the standards-setting work of the OIE, with a view to avoiding gaps
and overlap between the standards set by Codex and the OIE that have bearing to animal production food
safety. For example, the participation of the Codex Secretariat in the OIE ad hoc Group on the revision of
model veterinary certificates for international trade in products of animal origin have been particularly useful
to ensure consistency between the two certificates.
IDF is contributing to the CCMMP work by undertaking initial drafting of several Codex standards on milk
and milk products and by actively participating in the work of the CCMMP and of other relevant committees.
CONCLUSIONS
Codex standards, guidelines and recommendations have the objective of protecting consumer’s health and
ensuring fair practices in food trade. Adherence to Codex provides the basis to ensuring food safety and
quality and meeting the requirements for international trade.
WTO’s SPS and TBT Agreements recognise the importance of harmonising food standards internationally in
order to minimize the risk of sanitary and other technical standards becoming barriers to international trade
and of ensuring sound and objective basis for technical regulations. Codex standards, guidelines and
recommendations are recognised as international benchmark by these WTO Agreements.
Codex recognises the importance of a holistic (“food chain”) approach to food safety and quality and the
need to apply good agricultural and veterinary practices in primary production in order to ensure food safety.
In order to avoid duplication of effort, inconsistencies and gaps, Codex is striving to achieve closer cooperation with the other international standard-setting organizations, such as the OIE.
The points of view expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not the official position of the
organisation she/he works for.
.
Como citar este capítulo: BRUNO, A., ISEKI, N. MASKELIUNAS, J., MIYAGISHIMA, K. Codex work related to milk and milk products.
In: BARBOSA, S.B.P., BATISTA, A.M.V., MONARDES, H. III Congresso Brasileiro de Qualidade do Leite. Recife: CCS Gráfica e Editora, 2008, v.1, p. 253-264.
Codex work related to milk and milk products (30 July 2008)
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Annex 1
Codex Organizational Chart
CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION
Executive Committee
General Subject Committees
General Principles
(France)
Methods of Analysis and
Sampling
(Hungary)
Food Additives
(China)
Pesticide Residues
Contaminants in
Foods (Netherlands)
Residues of Veterinary
Drugs in Foods
(USA)
Food Labelling
Food Hygiene
(China)
(USA)
(Canada)
Food Import and
Export Inspection and
Certification Systems
(Australia)
Nutrition and Foods for
Special Dietary Uses
(Germany)
Secretariat
Commodity Committees
active
Milk and Milk
Processed Fruits
Products (New Zealand)
and Vegetables (USA)
Fish and Fishery
Fresh Fruit and
Products (Norway)
Vegetables (Mexico)
Fats and Oils
ad hoc Intergovernmental Task Forces
Antimicrobial Resistance
(Republic of Korea)
Regional Coordinating Committees
Africa
Vegetable Proteins
Europe
Latin America
and the Caribbean
(Mexico)
North America and
the Southwest Pacific
(Tonga)
Near East
(Canada)
(Switzerland)
(Tunisia)
(Malaysia)
(Ghana)
adjourned
Sugars
Meat Hygiene
Asia
(United Kingdom)
(New Zealand)
(Indonesia)
Cereals, Pulses and
Legumes (USA)
Natural Mineral Waters
(Switzerland)
Cocoa Products and
Chocolate (Switzerland)
Como citar este capítulo: BRUNO, A., ISEKI, N. MASKELIUNAS, J., MIYAGISHIMA, K. Codex work related to milk and milk products.
In: BARBOSA, S.B.P., BATISTA, A.M.V., MONARDES, H. III Congresso Brasileiro de Qualidade do Leite. Recife: CCS Gráfica e Editora, 2008, v.1, p. 253-264.
Codex work related to milk and milk products (30 July 2008)
8
Annex 2
Codex standards and related texts for milk and milk products
CODEX STAN 279-1971
CODEX STAN 280-1973
CODEX STAN 281-1971
CODEX STAN 282-1971
CODEX STAN 288-1976
CODEX STAN 289-1995
CODEX STAN 290-1995
CODEX STAN 207-1999
CODEX STAN 250-2006
CODEX STAN 251-2006
CODEX STAN 252-2006
CODEX STAN 253-2006
CODEX STAN 283-1978
CODEX STAN 284-1971
CODEX STAN 285-1978
CODEX STAN 286-1978
CODEX STAN 287-1978
CODEX STAN 208-1999
CODEX STAN 221-2001
CODEX STAN 243-2003
CODEX STAN 262-2007
CODEX STAN 263-1966
CODEX STAN 264-1966
CODEX STAN 265-1966
CODEX STAN 266-1966
CODEX STAN 267-1966
CODEX STAN 268-1966
CODEX STAN 269-1967
CODEX STAN 270-1967
CODEX STAN 271-1968
CODEX STAN 272-1968
CODEX STAN 273-1968
CODEX STAN 274-1969
CODEX STAN 275-1973
CODEX STAN 276-1973
CODEX STAN 277-1973
CODEX STAN 278-1978
CODEX STAN 206-1999
CAC/ GL 67-2008
CAC/GL 13-1991
CAC/RCP 57-2004
Miscellaneous
CAC/MRL 2
CAC/MRL 1
CAC/MRL 3
CAC/STAN 193-1995
Standard for Butter
Standard for Milkfat Products
Standard for Evaporated Milks
Standard for Sweetened Condensed Milks
Standard for Cream and Prepared Creams
Standard for Whey Powders
Standard for Edible Casein Products
Standard for Milk Powders and Cream Powder
Standard for a Blend of Evaporated Skimmed Milk and Vegetable Fat
Standard for a Blend of Skimmed Milk and Vegetable Fat in Powdered Form
Standard for a Blend of Sweetened Condensed Skimmed Milk and Vegetable Fat
Standard for Dairy Fat Spreads
General Standard for Cheese
Standard for Whey Cheeses
General Standard for Named Variety Process(ed) Cheese and Spreadable Process(ed)
Cheese
General Standard for Process(ed) Cheese and Spreadable Process(ed) Cheese
General Standard for Process(ed) Cheese Preparations (Porcesse(ed) Cheese Food
and Process(ed) Cheese Spread)
Group Standard for Cheeses in Brine
Group Standard for Unripened Cheese including Fresh Cheese
Standard for Fermented Milks
Standard for Mozzarella
Standard for Cheddar
Standard for Danbo
Standard for Edam
Standard for Gouda
Standard for Havarti
Standard for Samso
Standard for Emmental
Standard for Tilsiter
Standard for Saint-Paulin
Standard for Provolone
Standard for Cottage Cheese
Standard for Coulommiers
Standard for Cream Cheese
Standard for Camembert
Standard for Brie
Standard for Extra Hard Grating Cheese
General Standard for the Use of Dairy Term
Model Export Certificate for Milk and Milk Products
Guidelines for the Preservation of Raw Milk by Use of the Lactoperoxidase System
Code of Hygienic Practice for Milk and Milk Products
Maximum Residue Limits for Veterinary Drugs in Foods
Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) for Pesticides
Extraneous Maximum Residue Limits (EMRLs)
General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food
Como citar este capítulo: BRUNO, A., ISEKI, N. MASKELIUNAS, J., MIYAGISHIMA, K. Codex work related to milk and milk products.
In: BARBOSA, S.B.P., BATISTA, A.M.V., MONARDES, H. III Congresso Brasileiro de Qualidade do Leite. Recife: CCS Gráfica e Editora, 2008, v.1, p. 253-264.