GEOLOGY ‐ CONCEPT CHECKS NAME ______________________________________ PER _____ CHAPTER 3 – MATTER AND MINERALS SCORE: Answer the following questions in the space provided. New vocabulary is in bold. 110
OUT OF 3.1 1. List five characteristics an Earth material must have in order to be considered a mineral. (5 pts) ‐ ______________________________________________________________________________ ‐ ______________________________________________________________________________ ‐ ______________________________________________________________________________ ‐ ______________________________________________________________________________ ‐ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Based on the definition of “mineral”, which of the materials are classified as minerals and which of the following materials are not classified as minerals (circle yes or no). For those NOT classified as a mineral state why. (5 pts) Gold: Yes / No ________________________________________________________________ Water: Yes / No _______________________________________________________________ Synthetic Diamond: Yes / No _____________________________________________________ Ice: Yes / No __________________________________________________________________ Wood: Yes / No _______________________________________________________________ 3. Define the term “rock”. (1 pt) _____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ How do rocks differ from minerals? (1 pt) ____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 3.2 1. List the name, charge, and location of the three main subatomic particles in an atom. (9 pts) Name Charge Location _______________________ ______ ____________________________________ _______________________ ______ ____________________________________ _______________________ ______ ____________________________________ 2. Make a simple sketch of an atom and label its three main particles. (3 pts) 3. What is the significance of valence electrons? (2 pts) ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3.3 1. What is the difference between an atom and an ion? (1 pt) ______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. What occurs in an atom to produce a positive ion (cation)? (1 pt) _________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What occurs in an atom to produce a negative ion (anion)? (1 pt) _________________________ 4. Briefly distinguish between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding and the role that electrons play in each. (3 pts) Ionic Bonds: ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Covalent Bonds: _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Metallic Bonds: __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3.4 1. Define “luster”. (1 pt) _____________________________________________________________ 2. Why is color not always a useful property in mineral identification?. (1 pt) ___________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Give an example of a mineral that supports your answer. (1 pt) ____________________________ 3. What differentiates cleavage from fracture? (2 pts) _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What do we mean when we refer to a mineral’s tenacity? (1 pt) ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ List three terms that describe tenacity. (3 pts) ________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 5. What simple chemical test is useful in the identification of calcite? (1 pt) ____________________ 3.5 1. Distinguish between rock‐forming minerals and economic minerals. (2 pts) _________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. List the eight most common elements in Earth’s crust. (8 pts) ____________________________________ ___________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3.6 1. Sketch and label the silicon‐oxygen tetrahedron. (3 pts) 2. Explain the following statement: Silicate minerals with three‐dimensional structures have the highest silicon content, while those composed of independent tetrahedral have the lowest. (3 pts) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What differences in their silicate structures account for the different properties of quartz and talc? (2 pts) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3.7 1. How do most silicate minerals form? (1 pt) _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Apart from their difference in color, what is one main distinction between light and dark silicates? (1 pt) ________________________________________________________________________________ What accounts for this difference? (1 pt) ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Based on the chart in figure 3.25, what do muscovite and biotite have in common?. (1 pt) ________________________________________________________________________________ How do they differ? (1 pt) __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Is color a good way to distinguish between orthoclase (a.k.a. potassium feldspar) and plagioclase feldspar? (1 pt) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ If not, what is a more effective way of distinguishing them? (1 pt) __________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3.8 1. List six common nonsilicate mineral groups. Also list the key ions or elements that define each. (12 pts) Group ___________________________ __________________________________________________ ___________________________ __________________________________________________ ___________________________ __________________________________________________ ___________________________ __________________________________________________ ___________________________ __________________________________________________ ___________________________ __________________________________________________ 2. What is the most common carbonate mineral? (1 pt) ____________________________________ Ions or Elements 3. List eight nonsilicate minerals and their uses. (16 pts) Mineral ________________________ __________________________________________________ ________________________ __________________________________________________ ________________________ __________________________________________________ ________________________ __________________________________________________ ________________________ __________________________________________________ ________________________ __________________________________________________ ________________________ __________________________________________________ ________________________ __________________________________________________ 3.9 1. List three examples of renewable resources and three examples of nonrenewable resources. (6 pts) Renewable Resources ____________________________________ _____________________________________ ____________________________________ _____________________________________ ____________________________________ _____________________________________ 2. Compare and contrast a “mineral resource” and an “ore deposit”. (2 pts) ___________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain how a mineral deposit that previously could not be mined profitably might be upgraded to an ore deposit? (2 pts) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Economic Use Nonrenewable Resources