27.05.2015
A
A The East Asian Realm
East Asia
The East Asian Realm
■ Major issues
• World’s most populous realm.
• One of the world’s earliest culture hearths.
• Political and economic forces continue to transform traditional
cultural landscapes.
• Intensifying regional disparities.
• Population concentrations in the east, situated in river basins.
• Political geography reveals instability.
The East Asian Realm
■ Context
• Considered as the “Chinese Realm” and the “Japanese Realm”:
• Korea being a “zone of interaction” between China and Japan.
• Definition came after WWII.
• Chinese culture area:
Mongolia
• Mother civilization.
• Japanese and Korean cultures strongly influenced by China.
■ Foreign influence
• Both were not influenced from the outside until late 19th century.
• China was forced to open Treaty Ports (Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tianjin, etc.).
• Japan remained closed but reformed with foreign technology.
N. Korea
China
Hunan
Plateau
Himalayas
and Tibetan Plateau
S. Korea
Coastal
Plains
Guangdong
Plains
Japan
Taiwan
South
China Sea
The East Asian Realm
The East Asian Realm
■ Political Issues
■ Demographic issues
• Korea and its re-unification.
• China and Taiwan.
• The South China Sea.
■ Economic Issues
• Growth and development.
• Huge imbalances in the regional distribution of wealth.
• Between countries.
• Within countries (China).
• Food supply.
• Resources hungry China and Japan.
Pacific Ocean
Hong Kong
0
250
500
1,000 Miles
• Overpopulation.
• Urbanization and migration (China):
• Moving from a rural to an industrial society.
• Massive movements from the countryside to cities.
• Missing female population.
■ Environmental issues
• Strong focus on development.
• Air quality (urban and regional):
• 16 of the world’s 20 most polluted cities are in China.
• Access to water (depletion of river systems and aquifers).
• Depletion of natural resources.
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B China
China
■ Geography
• A factor of unity as well as
diversity.
• 3rd largest country in the world.
• Comparable surface with Europe
and the United States:
China
• U.S.: 3.6 million square miles.
• China: 3.7 million square miles.
0
250
500
1,000
1,500
• It is a lot but not enough.
• 65% of the country mountainous.
• Arable land represents 12% of the
national territory as opposed to
25% for the United States.
• Per capita (0.086 hectare) is well
below the world average.
Miles
2,000
United States
China
3.6 million square miles
Main physical barrier
Himalayas
Rockies
Main River
Yangtze / East - West
Mississippi / North –
South
Population
East Coast
East Coast
Connectivity problems
North - South
East - West
■ The Chinese Realm
Cultural border
Arid China Mongols
Gobi
Takla Makan
Koreas
Highland China
Han
Tibetan
Political border
United States
3.7 million square miles
China
Maritime border
Physical border
Turkic
China
Size
Tai
Miao-Yao
Taiwan
• East sea border.
• West: Deserts and
mountains.
• North: Deserts.
• South: Himalayas.
• Cultural division between the
Han realm and the China of
the minorities.
• Han China represents 92%
of the population.
• Dominantly live in
mountainous or arid
regions.
■ The three Chinas
■ The Coast
Exports
West
Centre
Coast
Surface
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
■ The Center
80%
Coast
West
Center
• Agricultural and demographic
hearth.
• Poor and rural China.
■ The West
• Sparsely populated.
• Region of minorities.
• Most mineral resources.
• Geopolitical division:
• Russia.
• South Korea.
• Taiwan.
China
• Forefront of modernization.
• Political and economic center.
• Rich, urbanized and open to
the world.
Population
China
■ Contrasts
Command
Market
Openness
Isolation
Wheat
Rural
Urban
Rice
• Authoritarian Government /
Opening of the Economy.
• Inward-Looking History /
Outward-Looking Future.
• Rural Interior / Urbanizing Coast.
• Wheat Growing North / Rice
Growing South.
• Hans / Minorities.
• Mandarin Hans / Non-Mandarin
Hans (Cantonese, Wu, Hakka,
etc.).
■ Demographics...
• More people than the combined population of Europe, the
Americas and Japan.
• The demography of China is a powerful trend (1.29 billion):
•
•
•
•
About 14-17 million people are added each year in 1980s.
Average of 13 million people per year in the 1990s.
10 million people per year in the 2000s.
About 1.5 billion by 2050.
• 400 million Chinese live in towns and cities (30-35%).
• 64% of the population lives in rural areas (950 millions).
• 343 million females are in their reproductive age.
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Chinese Population, 1949-2000 (in millions)
(projections to 2050)
The Population of China, 0-2050
1600
1500
2050
1400
2000
1995
1200
1000
1981
800
1970
600
1100
900
1953
1949
1851
1911
18121887
400
200
0
1300
2
105
1210
755
0
1083
500
1000
1381
700
1753
1562 1650
1500
500
1945
2000
Population of Selected Chinese Provinces, 1998
1965
1975
1985
1995
2005
2015
2025
2035
2045
China
■ The problems of controlling it...
France
United Kingdom
• The population exploded after 1949.
• Population control was secondary.
• Mao Zedong saw numbers as a workforce and a way to fight the
Soviet Union and the United States.
• Calls for women to “breed for the motherland”.
Italy
Egypt
Hunan
Hebei
Iran
Philippines
■ Population distribution
Jiangsu
• Excessive concentration:
Germany
• 50% of the population lives on 8.2% of the land.
• Bulk of the population along the coast.
Shandong
Henan
• East China accounts for 90% of the population.
• 56%, about 728 million, are living in mountainous areas.
• High density rural areas.
Mexico
Nigeria
.
Sichuan
1955
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
China
Population Pyramid of China, 2000
■ Current issues
Female
Male
• Population growth undermines Chinese development (education,
health, food, transportation).
• About 10 million persons reach the job market each year.
• Increasing ethnic diversity:
• The government had not enforced the One Child Policy among the
country’s 55 recognized minority groups.
• Missing female population.
• Sustaining agriculture.
• Coping with huge urban growth.
64
52
60
63
-70
42
42
31
18
21
24
2
5
8
60-64
50-54
13
18
20
22
29
40-44
41
40
30-34
20-24
48
51
55
1
80-84
3
7
12 70-74
-50
42
43
10-14
0-4
51
-30
-10
Millions
50
43
10
30
48
50
61
58
58
70
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China
China
• Land ownership:
• Peasants do not own the land they use (collectivization).
• With reforms, most of the land has been rented.
• Peasants victims of high taxes and arbitrary expropriation.
• Urbanization, industrialization and transport:
• Decreased agricultural land in the most productive areas.
• Speculation around cities towards golf courses and leisure centers at the
expanse of agriculture.
• The state is investing less in agriculture.
• Local authorities are more interested by business (more taxes).
■ The appeal of modernization
• For the last 500 years, China had an inferiority complex.
• Strong pressure to portray China as a modernizing nation.
• Large investments in grandiose projects:
•
•
•
•
•
Three Gorges Dam.
First maglev train in Shanghai (2003).
First Chinese in space (2003).
New international airports (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou).
2008 Olympics.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Easier and cheaper to switch to the latest technology.
China has 300 million cell phone subscribers.
5 million new subscribers per month.
70% of Beijing resident have a cell phone; 60% for Shanghai (2002).
42% of the Guangdong province population; 30 million.
Half of the rural residents have a television.
• Development of the telecom market:
• Dependency:
• China is now a net importer of grain.
• By 2030, China would need to import the current global grain production.
China
China
■ Growing consumption of resources
■ World dominance in manufacturing
• Economic growth has increased China’s consumption of
resources:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
“The Dragon is hungry”.
Consumes 50% of the world’s cement.
30% of the coal.
40% of the steel.
Second largest consumer of oil after the United States.
Energy supply problems with increasing blackouts.
Completion of a natural gas pipeline in 2004 (Tarim Basin to Shanghai).
• Driving up global commodity prices:
• Increased global competition caused by China.
• Fear that China may “export inflation”.
• China may hit a “resource wall” inhibiting future developments.
• Two processes:
• Addition of new manufacturing activities either the outcome of FDI or
internal investments (modern facilities).
• The closing down of many manufacturing activities, mainly the outcome of
Chinese competition and/or comparative advantages.
• 50% of the world's TVs.
• 60% of the world's cell phones.
• 50% the world's shoes (and 95% of those sold in the United
States).
• 80% of the toys sold in the United States.
• 90% of the sporting goods sold in the United States.
• 100% of Levi's blue jeans are now made in China.
C Jakota
China
■ Industrial development problems
• Pulling out millions of Chinese out of poverty:
• More than 200 million peasants live on less than $1 a day.
• Justifies any policy and project.
• Important environmental costs.
• Inequality is becoming a standard:
• Wages remain $50 to $70 per month.
• With inflation, standards of living are going down.
• Chinese exports are similar to Pacific Asian exports:
• Intense competition from Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea.
• China is however winning the competition war.
• Industrial overcapacity:
■ The Jakota triangle
•
•
•
•
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan.
The most advanced segment of the region.
Rapid economic development.
Great cities:
•
•
•
•
•
Enormous consumption of raw materials.
State-of-the-art industries.
Voluminous exports.
Global links.
Trades surpluses.
• Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul, Taipei.
• Over investment.
• Over supply of consumption goods, driving prices down.
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Japan
Japan
■ Location
■ Economic domination
• “jih-pen” in Chinese:
• Small-sized country; the size of California.
• Average-sized population (127 millions).
• Very limited array of resources:
• Since Western civilizations
encountered China before
Japan, the name “Japan” stuck.
• Nihon (or Nippon), meaning
“Source of the sun”.
• Relative isolation in Pacific Asia:
• Favored the development of trade.
• What Japan does not have on its national territory is obtained through
trade.
• Its industrial corporations and its banks are controlling a significant array
of resources.
Contemporary Flag
• Insularity.
• Do not share a land border with
any country.
• Domination of the Pacific Asian economy:
• Maritime access:
• Shimaguni (island country)
• Labeled as the Great Britain of
the Pacific.
•
•
•
•
Imperial Flag
Vast national market.
Productive labor force.
Financial power.
Technological innovator.
Automobile Production, United States, Japan and
Germany, 1950-2004 (in millions)
Japan
■ Linking the main Japanese
islands
• Shikoku/Honshu.
• Naruto Strait.
25
10
5
Global Production per Car Manufacturer, 2001
20
04
20
01
19
98
19
95
19
92
19
89
19
86
19
83
19
80
19
77
19
74
19
71
19
68
19
65
0
19
62
• Tsugaru Strait (Honshu/Hokkaido)
• 33 miles, 1988, longest in the world.
19
59
• 3) Seikan tunnel:
Shikoku
Kyushu
30
15
• Strait of Shimonoseki.
• Kyushu/Honshu.
1
35
19
56
2
Germany
Japan
United States
World
40
20
• 2) Kanmon bridge:
Honshu
45
19
53
3
Sea of Japan
• Required the construction of bridges
and tunnels.
• Impressive engineering
achievements.
• 1) Seto-Ohashi bridge:
19
50
Hokkaido
The Shinkansen High Speed Rail Network
Operational
Under Construction
Planned
Other
Hokkaido
Mitsubishi
Sapporo
Renault
Hakodate
Fiat
Aomori
Nissan
Akita
Honda
Shinjo
Yamagata
Niigita
PSA
DaimlerChrysler
Kanazawa
Volkswagen
Honshu
Toyota
Shimonoseki
Nagano
Nagoya
Hachinohe
Morioka
Sendai
Fukushima
Takasaki
Omiya
Tokyo
Okayama
Osaka
Ford/Mazda
Fukowa Shikoku
GM
Nagasaki
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0
70 140
280
420
560
Kilometers
Kyushu
kagoshima
0
50
100
200
300
400
Miles
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South Korea
0
50
100
200
South Korea
■ Geography
300
Miles
China
!(
North Korea
!(
Sea of Japan
P'yongyang
!(
Demilitarized zone
!(
Inch`onSeoul
!(
!(
South Korea
!(
!(
!(
!(
Taejon
Chonju
Kwangju
!(
Taegu
!(
■ The Korean War (1950-1953)
“The shrimp between the whales”.
About the size of Indiana.
Population of 48 million.
Highly homogenous ethnicity and
linguistically (100% Korean).
• Religiously divided between
Christianity (49%) and Buddhism
(47%).
• 75% urban with 27% of the
population living in Seoul (13
million).
• 5 million Koreans live oversea:
•
•
•
•
!(
Pusan
• Antagonism of the two new nations:
• Supported by China and the USSR.
• Invasion of South Korea by North Korea (1950).
• United Nations intervention:
• Multinational force intervened and repelled the invasion (1951).
• Military intervention of China (1952).
• An armistice was signed (1953):
• Both countries are still technically at war.
• 4 million civilian perished.
• Millions of refugees trapped in the division of Korea.
• The demilitarized zone of the 38th parallel:
• 1 million in the United States.
Japan
• 240 km in length and 4 km in width.
• Current border between the Koreas.
• The United States maintains a force of 45,000 troops.
LCD Shipments, 2004 (in millions)
Taiwan
■ Geographical Context
Other
!(
HannStar Display (Taiwan)
Fuzhou
Matsu
China
Taiwan
Sharp (Japan)
!(
Quanta Computer (Taiwan)
Quemoy
Chunghwa Picture Tubes (Taiwan)
!(
T'aichung
Chi Mei Optoelectronics (Taiwan)
AU Optonics (Taiwan)
!(
LG Philips (Korea joint venture)
T'ainan
!(
Samsung (Korea)
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
50
100
Kaoshsiung
200 Miles
Taipei
• About 150 km (100 miles) from the
coast of southeast China.
• About the size of Idaho.
• Similar constraints than neighboring
countries:
• 60% of the territory is composed of
mountains.
• Chungyang Range covers about
50% the total land area.
• 25% usable for agriculture.
• Bulk of the population lives in the
western coastal plain.
• Quemoy and Matsu islands:
• Used for defensive purposes.
35
Taiwan
Taiwan
■ The integration of the two Chinas
■ Towards the first Chinese democracy in history
• Strong ideological conflicts prevents reintegration.
• Tiananmen massacre (1989):
• Reinforced mistrust towards mainland China.
• Provided additional support by the United States.
• One China Policy:
• Rapprochement with China (1991):
– Declaration of the end of hostilities (Chinese Civil War).
– Recognition of the existence of the PRC by the ROC.
• Taiwan government recognized there is one China and that Taiwan is a
province of China (1995).
• Officially gave up its pretension of being the representative government of
China.
• 40 years of economic growth, independence and a market
economy has changed considerably the Taiwanese society.
• Democratization and multiparty system (1987).
• The firsts elections are organized (1989):
• Ending 40 years of single party government.
• Put back the Kuomintang in power (this time a legitimate power).
• Affirmation of the Taiwanese identity.
• Creates an uneasy situation with the PRC:
• Reintegration becomes more problematic.
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