Year 11 History Easter Revision
th
10 April 2017
What is this?
Why is it
good for
Batman?
What do the following words mean?
•Utility
• The state of being useful
•Reliability
• The quality of being trustworthy
Unit 1: International Relations:
The Era of the Cold War, 1943–
91
Question 3: Utility
Think about how relevant the
information in the source is, but also
consider its reliability.
Monday 5th June AM
What two areas do we look at to assess a
source’s usefulness?
Provenance (NOP)
Content
•N
•O
•P
• What does the source tell us
about the topic stated in the
question?
• What do you know to
support/disprove this?
Judgement based on evaluation of the nature/origin/ purpose of the sources and on the usefulness of the
sources’ information. Assessing the contribution the sources can make to the specific enquiry.
Highlight the command and content words
The Second Cold War
The New Leaders
•
In 1980, Ronald Reagan an ex-film star, became president of the USA.
•
•
•
•
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
Strong anti-communist
Called USSR ‘Empire of Evil’
Introduced massive budget increases on military and weapons development
In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the USSR.
•
•
•
Wanted to improve living conditions and industrial efficiency in USSR
Moved towards giving people greater political freedom
Understood the crippling effects of keeping up with US spending
The ‘Second Cold War’
•
A phrase used to describe the period between 1979 and 1985 which marked a new low in superpower relations.
•
As in the late 1950s and early 1960s the public was extremely concerned about the possibility of nuclear war.
•
This was reflected in television shows and popular cultures e.g. American movie ‘The Day After’ (1983).
Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI)
President Reagan
•
Détente had fallen apart under President Carter- however Reagan had no intention of putting it back together.
•
He believed it was time for America to start fighting again as he wanted to win the Cold War.
•
The American media were not convinced that Reagan was a suitable leader; as he was famous for starring in low- budget 1950s movies, who
know nothing of world affairs and was unqualified to be American President.
What did Reagan’s ‘Evil Empire’ speech lead to?
Nevertheless, Reagan had strong ideas on future of the Cold War
•
E.g. he believed that Détente had been a disaster for the USA; he thought it made USA weak and allowed USSR to grow stronger.
•
Reagan rejected the idea of a peaceful co-existence with USSR; he believed it was America’s destiny to fight for freedom.
‘Evil Empire’
•
Reagan’s views were shown in his famous ‘Evil Empire’ speech in March 1983.
•
Reagan was a Christian and gave his speech at National Association of Evangelicals, a Christian organisation.
•
Reagan argued that the Cold War was a fight between good and evil- and that America fought for God’s blessing.
•
Reagan urged Americans not to: ‘ignore facts of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire’, and to ‘remove yourself from the
struggle between right and wrong and good and evil’.
•
Reagan’s point was that the Cold War was a moral war and that America had a moral duty to invest in new nuclear weapons in order to defend
liberty from the ‘evil’ Soviet Union.
Crisis in the USSR
Source B
Source C
Provenance
Provenance
Content
Content
Annotate sources for provenance and content.
Key
Provenance
Content
Supporting Statements
Reference to Q
Both sources are useful because of their content. Source B shows Reagan praising the
Western Alliance and its success. Reagan stood firm when he met Soviet leaders – he was
tough with them, challenged them and introduced Star Wars. And thus Gorbachev changed
his views. Source C indicates the Soviet Union had problems over the years and how they
had an impact on the country. They do help in showing why Gorbachev changed his
attitudes in the Cold War because the Soviet Union did not have the money or technology
to compete with Star Wars.
There has to be some doubt about Source B because it is a speech to West Berliners.
Reagan wanted to show his toughness had been successful and so the speech had a
distinct purpose. He also wanted to remind West Berliners of Kennedy’s speech. Source C
shows Gorbachev trying to justify his actions as Soviet leader – in a letter/speech he knew
would be listened to by much of the world. He is careful not to mention the robust attitude
of Reagan or its impact nor other reasons why he changed his attitude in the Cold War. e.g.
nationalities and his desire to modernise the country. Hence there are limitations.
Hence the sources are of use but the information and provenance must be looked at with
some scepticism.
Highlight the command and content words
The Formation of NATO (1949)
• This military alliance contained most of the states in western Europe as well as the USA and
Canada.
• Its main purpose was to defend its members. If one member was attacked, the other members
would help to defend it.
• It was aimed to keep USA in and USSR out.
• When the USSR developed its own atomic bomb in 1949, NATO seemed even more important to
the defence of western Europe, since at the time no western European country had atomic
weapons.
• The NATO was a military alliance- against communism and defending the west
The importance of NATO
• The USA was now formally committed to the defence of western Europe.
• Stalin did not see it as a defensive alliance but as a direct threat to the USSR.
• The USA was able to build air bases in western Europe where planes armed with nuclear weapons
could be stationed ready for use against the Union.
Source B
Source C
Provenance
Provenance
Content
Content
Annotate sources for provenance and content.
How useful are sources B and C as evidence of the reasons for
the USA’s involvement in the formation of NATO in 1949?
• You have 15 minutes to answer the above question.​
• Complete the following paragraph for both sources:​
Source _ is written/published/produced/a cartoon (etc.) by ________. The
target audience is ___________ and the purpose of the source is to
________________. Therefore the author is likely to _____________.
Consequently, I believe that this makes the source useful/not useful as
evidence of the USA’s involvement in the formation of NATO. From my own
knowledge I know that __________. The information in source ___ is
useful/not useful as evidence of USA’s involvement in the formation of NATO.
The source tells us __________. This suggests ______________. From my
own knowledge I know that _________________.​
CONCLUSION: Which source is the most useful and why?​
Unit 3: War and the
transformation of British
Society c.1903-28
Question 4: Reliability
Think about who created the source,
their intentions, how much you can
trust what they say.
Thursday 20th June AM
What two areas do we look at to assess a
source’s reliability?
Provenance (NOP)
Content
•N
•O
•P
• What does the source tell us
about the topic stated in the
question?
• What do you know to
support/disprove this?
Judgement based on evaluation of the nature/origin/ purpose of the sources and on the usefulness of the
sources’ information. Assessing the contribution the sources can make to the specific enquiry.
Highlight the command and content words
Recruitment for the Armed Forces 1914-16
Pals Battalions
Derby Scheme
Conscription
Source D
Source E
Provenance
Provenance
Content
Content
Annotate sources for provenance and content.
Key
Provenance
Content
Supporting Statements
Reference to Q
Source D is less reliable because it was published in a newspaper with
the purpose of encouraging more men to volunteer for the armed
forces. Newspapers were censored by the government and were used
to increase morale in the early months of the war. This newspaper
would have been encouraged to choose a recruitment office where
there were a significant number of volunteers. Source E is reliable
because the recruiting sergeant suggests that men were less willing to
volunteer by 1916. This was the case with a significant fall in
recruitment by the end of 1915 due to greater awareness in Britain of
the situation on the Western Front, where there was stalemate and
high casualties. Also, as the war went on, men could earn very high
wages in war-related industries.
Highlight the command and content words
The General Strike
Tuesday 4 May 1926 - A general strike is called by the Trades Union Congress
(TUC) to support the miners in their quarrel with the mine owners, who want to
reduce their wages by 13 per cent and increase their shifts from seven to eight
hours. Huge numbers of road transport, bus, rail, docks, printing, gas and
electricity, building, iron, steel, chemicals and coal workers stay off work. JH
Thomas, a trade unionist and MP, says: 'God help us unless the government
wins'.
Wednesday 5 May - The government acts aggressively against the strike and
tries to exert greater control over the media. It attempts to take control of the
BBC and publishes a newspaper - 'The British Gazette'. The government also
sends a warship to Newcastle, and recruits 226,000 special policemen
Thursday 6 May - Middle-class volunteers get some buses and trains, and the
electricity working. A few buses are set on fire, and there are fights between
police and strikers in London, Glasgow and Edinburgh. Stanley Baldwin, the
prime minister, declares the strike an attack on Britain's democracy.
Friday 7 May - Police and strikers clash in Liverpool, Hull and London. The
government calls the army to London. It also seizes all supplies of paper, which
hinders publication of the TUC's paper, 'The British Worker'. The TUC is
embarrassed when Russian trade unionists send a large donation and it is sent
back.
Saturday 8 May - Police make baton-charges on rioting strikers in Glasgow, Hull,
Middlesbrough, Newcastle and Preston. The number of volunteers increases.
The army escorts food lorries from the London docks. Secretly, JH Thomas has
talks with the mine owners.
Sunday 9 May - The Roman Catholic Church declares the strike 'a sin'.
Monday 10 May - Some textile workers join the strike. Strikers in
Northumberland derail the Flying Scotsman train. Baldwin declares that Britain is
'threatened with a revolution', and the government arrests 374 Communists.
Tuesday 11 May - The TUC, led by JH Thomas, calls off the strike. The strikers are
taken by surprise, but drift back to work.
The miners struggle on alone until November when they are forced to go back to
work for less pay and longer hours.
Notes
Source D
Source E
Provenance
Provenance
Content
Content
Annotate sources for
provenance and
content.
How reliable are Sources D and E as evidence of the activities
of the strikers during the General Strike?
• You have 15 minutes to answer the above question.​
• Complete the following paragraph for both sources:​
Source _ is written/published/produced/a cartoon (etc.) by ________. The
target audience is ___________ and the purpose of the source is to
________________. Therefore the author is likely to _____________.
Consequently, I believe that this makes the source reliable/not reliable as
evidence of the activities of the strikers during the General Strike. From my
own knowledge I know that __________. The information in source ___ is
reliable/not reliable as evidence of the activities of the strikers during the
General Strike. The source tells us __________. This suggests
______________. From my own knowledge I know that
_________________.​
CONCLUSION: Which source is the most useful and why?​