ARAB OPEN UNIVERSITY – LEBANON
Functional Analysis of Rap (Tupac “Changes” and Eminem “Foolish Pride”)
RESEARCH SUBMITTED TO
DR HAYAT AL-KHATIB
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE PROGRAMME COORDINATOR
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF
UNITED KINGDOM OPEN UNIVERSITY/ARAB OPEN UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR DEGREE
IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Rana Demashk
2011
Table of contents
Acknowledgment………………………………………………………….4
Aims of My Project………………………………………………………..5
Literature review…………………………………………………………………….5
Methodologies………..…………………………………………………………….10
Data Categorization………………………………………………………………...10
Quantitative Analysis……..………………………………………………………...10
Qualitative Analysis……………………………..…………………………………..12
Findings….………………………………………………………………………….17
Conclusion and Evaluation…………………………………………………………..18
References……………………………………………………………………………19
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Acknowledgement
I would like first to thank Dr. Hayat El-Khatib who helped me in choosing this project, and
in pushing me forward and supporting me. Second I would like to thank my family whom
really also supported me and provided me with a good atmosphere in order to focus on my
project. Finally, I will dedicate this work to my tutor, family, friends and everyone who
really change me into a better way. Hope you enjoy my project.
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Functional Analysis of Rap (Tupac “Changes” and Eminem “Foolish Pride”)
Aims of My Project
Music has always touched hearts and minds. People have expressed the social ills of
their particular era through popular music. Therefore, rap is a tool which allows the society’s
lethal elements to voice out their thoughts about personal frustrations and sufferings. That is
why, I decided to study how rap is not just some words said or introduced, but it is a worthy
case in studying the language especially the lexicogrammatical features that rappers use in
their songs to reflect specific situations or events they passed through. When rappers use
language to express meaning, they do it in specific situation and for specific purpose
“persuade, reject, etc…” Based on this, several questions are raised in this research: What
structural features are placed in rap? Are they constant? Do they indicate any specific genre?
What are the overall lexical and syntactical categorizations? Does it have any racial
significant? And how?
Literature Review
For Halliday, language is a system of meaning. When people use language, their
language acts as the expression of the meaning they use. The grammar becomes a study of
how meanings are built up through the use of words and other linguistic forms such as tone
and emphasis. Moreover, Halliday’s explanation of how language works involves the idea
that a language consists of a set of systems, each of which offers the speaker or writer, a
choice of ways of expressing meaning, the choice of mood through interrogative form, the
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declarative form, the imperative form as well as choices in the syntagmatic and paradigmatic
orders. (Thomas Bloor and Meriel Bloor 2004)
Halliday’s “lexicogrammar” is a functional account of the “meaning potential” that
speakers of English have at their disposal. For Halliday, a language is made up of more-orless closed “systems” of words and grammatical structures, with our vocabulary constituting
a relatively open system, and grammar a fixed number of relatively closed ones. From these
systems speakers make selections in order to construct, simultaneously, “wordings” and
“meanings”. The systems of wordings and meanings thus available to a language user reflect
the social and cultural context of the language as well as the needs of the immediate
situation. So the meanings that a speaker can encode, although they may be in some sense
new, are heavily constrained by the recurrent nature of the situations of use. For Halliday
“meanings” are of three sorts, and every utterance encodes meaning on three levels
simultaneously. The three types of meanings available to speakers are ideational,
interpersonal and textual. These broad types of meaning are in fact called “metafunctions”.
Speakers use their lexicon-cum-grammar over the course of a given utterance a) to represent
experience, b) to achieve interpersonal goals, and c) to structure information as efficiently
and effectively as possible from a communicative point of view. It can be seen from this that
for Halliday “meaning” means “function” (more exactly, “function in context”). The kinds of
meaning we communicate can be overt, as in the words we use and what we say, or covert, in
that the structures we employ indirectly also convey more abstract kinds of meaning. In
1978, in a seminal publication called Language as Social Semiotic, Halliday tied many
theoretical threads together to give language a central but ambivalent place in a powerful
theory of human life in social contexts. Here he develops an explicit account of how
“language and society meet in the grammar” (as Diane Kilpert, 2003, felicitously put it).
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According to this account, our language on the one hand shapes the way we perceive the
world we live in and, in particular, our social world; but, at the same time, through its rich
potential for creating new meanings, it allows us to act upon and shape that world.
Investigating language as a socially situated phenomenon, Halliday has revealed the invisible
infrastructure of daily life, and of human relationships and identities. His functional
linguistics, in detailing the non mechanics of everyday talk and texts, has shown us how
social actors both construct meaning and are embedded in constructed meaning. The meaning
potential of language, made accessible in this way, is what gives us our ability to invent and
innovate and (in theory at least) develop the civilizing parameters of our world (Alan Jones
2010). For example, in the rap songs that I will be working with the rappers states the issue
of racism, and the problems that he or any other person of different color may face in his
society.
Speech acts are a central aspect of pragmatics which is concerned with the meanings
which participants in a discourse ascribe to elements of a text. The pragmatic properties
characterize what the producer is doing: making a statement making a promise, threatening,
warning, asking a question, giving an order etc. the producer can be simultaneously doing a
number of things, and so single element can have multiple speech act values. The
conventions for speech acts which form part of a discourse type embody ideological
representations of subjects and their social relationships, asymmetries of rights and
obligations between subjects, these may be embedded in asymmetrical rights to ask
questions, request action, complain, and asymmetrical obligations (Norman Fairclough
2001). For instance, rap carries inside it some speech acts through different representation
like a request actions to end something or begin something, complain on a specific issue (like
racism, cheating, abortion…etc), ask for rights…etc.
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"There is a strong grammatical element in rhetorical transference: and once we can
recognize this we find that there is also such a thing as grammatical metaphor, where the
variation is essentially in the grammatical forms though often entailing some lexical variation
as well." (Edward Arnold 2004) "Metaphorical vocabulary and metaphor themes structure
our experience of concepts such as emotion, education, disease, time or success. Similarly,
but in an even more fundamental way, the grammatical clauses of the language we speak
structure how we understand, experience and act on our material, social and mental worlds.
And just as there are levels of conventionality in our use of vocabulary, so there are usual or
conventional clause patterns for conceptualizing and constructing events, and rather less
typical clause patterns, known variously as 'marked clause structure' or 'grammatical
metaphor.' For example, the usual way to refer to a Thing is by a noun, and to a Process by a
verb. A marked or metaphorical grammar would use a noun to refer to a process.'" (John
Benjamins 2007)
Conceptual metaphor theorists claim that all metaphors both hide and highlight aspects of
the target domain. For instance, the conceptual metaphor understanding is seizing, discussed
by Lakoff and Turner (1989) suggests that an idea is a concrete object which can be
metaphorically grasped and then held. This highlights a familiar aspect of understanding new
ideas but hides the important point that sometimes understanding comes slowly, with some
effort, and that ideas are reinterpreted by each individual. The poetic metaphors that had been
analyzed in research in literature and philosophy for many years were of minor importance
for conceptual metaphor theorists. If conceptual metaphors help people to understand abstract
subjects of such central importance as life and communication, then the metaphorical
expressions that should form the focus of study are the conventional, frequent ones. These
will provide clues to the conceptual structures that both reflect and shape the thought patterns
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of the community. To describe these, a common technique is to identify the linguistic
metaphors used to talk about a topic, and from these postulate underlying conceptual
metaphors which are presumed to motivate them. The researcher can then consider which
aspects of the target domain are highlighted and hidden by the metaphor. In many cases,
linguistic metaphors represent subconscious choices on the part of the speaker or writer,
whose choice of language is partly constrained by the conceptual structures shared by
members of his or her community. Metaphors can also help people to talk about difficult,
emotionally intense or uncommon experiences, and thus, according to conceptual metaphor
theory, to think about them. Gwyn (1999) analyzed the metaphors that seriously ill people
used to talk about their experience, and drew conclusions about their thoughts and feelings
on the basis of these. In other cases, speakers or writers may have deliberately chosen
particular ways of expressing ideas metaphorically to convey an ideological or persuasive
point. Genres that have been investigated include political texts and advertising. In particular,
some analysts have used conceptual metaphor theory to try to identify the ideological stance
underlying a text or corpus of texts. (Alice Deignan 2005) That is what the two rappers use to
highlight their own experiences, beliefs, and ideologies so they can deliberate a certain
message or aim that come to the benefit of the society.
Terry Eagleton's explanation of the way ideology relates the individual to his or her
society bears an uncanny resemblance to the conception of the virtual machine in computing:
"It is as though society were not just an impersonal structure to me, but a 'subject' which
'addresses' me personally which recognizes me, tells me that I am valued, and so makes me
by that very act into a free, autonomous subject. I come to feel, not exactly as though the
world exists for me alone, but as though it is significantly 'centered' on me, and I in turn am
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significantly 'centered' on it. Ideology, for Althusser, is the set of beliefs and practices which
does this centering" (George P.Landow 2004)
Methodologies
The data that will be collected are written data of lyrics. The two lyrics belong to
different rappers Eminem (the white rapper), and Tupac (the black rapper). The lyrics of the
rap songs will be analyzed for their interpersonal meanings. The methods that will be used in
this research are two kinds: quantitative method which is most appropriate in presenting the
data and findings for further interpretation, and qualitative method which helps in analyzing
the results which are observed. Furthermore, I chose to apply the Hallidayan frame work in
the analysis of the lyrics and critical discourse analysis in uncovering the hidden ideology in
these two lyrics.
Data Categorization
I chose to categorize my data into three main points. First I will study the lexical choices
that will include a deep focus on pronouns, nouns, and adjectives. Second I will study the
grammatical choices, in this I will take into consideration the material processes, mental
processes, and verbal processes. Last I will highlight a little bit on the use of speech acts by
both rappers.
Data Analysis
Quantitative Analysis
Tupac Quantitative Analysis
Pronouns
I
I’m
myself
Occurrence
10
3
2
Lexical Choices
Nouns
Occurrence
cops
1
black
4
negro
1
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Adjectives
changes
black
poor
Occurrence
3
3
1
‘em (them)
my
we
me
he
you
they
it
4
2
8
3
2
3
1
9
nigga
kids
brothers
huey
strangers
devil
people
president
purse
hero
mother
evil
place
life
trigger
1
3
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Lexical Density:
Pronouns: 47/367x100=12.8%
Nouns: 28/367 x100=7.6%
Adjectives: 9/367 x100=2.4%
P
12.8%
Mental
see
love
hate
Grammatical choices (Processes)
Verbal
ask
tell
said
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hungry
white
2.4%
A
N
7.6%
Material
wakeup
living
blast
tired
looking
give
pull
kill
watch
making
supposed
take
played
acting
1
1
smoking
filled
staying
selling
Eminem Quantitative Analysis
Pronouns
you
it
I
we
my
I’m
her
she
they
your
Occurrence
8
3
7
6
3
3
1
3
2
2
Lexical Choices
Nouns
Occurrence
pride
8
blacks
8
whites
5
peace
2
brother
1
sister
1
mister
1
girlfriend
2
kid
1
girls
1
Lexical Density:
Pronouns: 38/256x100= 14.8%
Nouns: 30/256x100= 11.7%
Adjectives: 17/256x100= 6.6% Mental
hatred
P
14.8%
Processes
Verbal
say
tell
talk
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Adjectives
foolish
black
white
6.6%
A
N
11.7%
Material
want
take
solve
taking
crush
seen
kissed
placed
going
Occurrence
8
6
3
Qualitative Analysis
Halliday insists on studying real life texts. Communication is an interactive process
through which meaning is negotiated. In Halliday’s view, a grammar that was only
satisfactory for the analysis of individual sentences would be incomplete. We need a
grammar that can also account for texts, and language parts that are longer than a sentence.
The choice of words and the word order of one sentence often depend on the language part
that preceded it. The linguistic analysis can help us find out why some texts are more
effective than others through an examination not only of the correct language application of
the rules but also of their appropriateness to their context of use, that is setting, participant,
and subject matter. (Thomas Bloor and Meriel Bloor 2004)
According to the above analysis, the rap songs are very controversial which has been the
focus of many people who suffers from specific situation. Therefore, I have chosen two
different lyrics for two different rappers “Eminem” and “Tupac.” The focus or the main idea
of the two lyrics is racism. Tupac’s song "Changes" is explaining racism, the life that he had
to live and how he had to get money, and how he tries to get to the point that people need to
make a change in the way they think and live. Through the selection of lexis Tupac tried to
raise the hearers’ attention and awareness on how people (especially black people) suffer
from racism when he mentioned these words like “black, negro, racist, races…etc”.
Moreover, there is an extensive use of personal pronouns “I” and “We” which help in
decreasing the distance between the rapper and the participants or hearers. Also, the
occurrence of pronouns “you” in his song play an important role in engaging the hearers in
the subject rather than just being outside viewers. The nouns also related to the subject
matters of the lyrics, for example the use of the words like “black, negro, cops
strangers…etc” is to highlight the way the rapper and the black people treated and how they
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have been accused for anything whether they did a crime or not only because they are black.
When it comes to the adjectives used in Tupac’s lyric or song, it is clear that it add negative
connotation, and reflect the bad atmosphere that black people lives in “poor, hungry” and
how they suffer because of their color “black, white.” Besides these, the rapper through
adjective “changes” wanted to deliver a message to people (whether white or black) is to
change their behavior and begin treating each others as brothers and sisters “Take the evil out
the people they’ll be acting right / ‘cause both black and white is smokin’ crack tonight.” In
addition to these, the language choices or grammatical choices of the rapper are influenced
by the subject of the song that is what the text is about. This is done by conveying
experiential meanings of processes, participants, and circumstances. That is why according to
the above statistical analysis; there are a significant number of material processes which
refers to the actions of what black people suffer because of their color “I’m tired of bein’
poor & even worse I’m black.” Two main negative sentences appeared in Tupac’s song show
that race is such a big deal that there will not be a black president because all the people are
being racist “We ain’t ready, to see a black president, uhh / It ain’t a secret don’t conceal the
fact…” Furthermore, since speech acts are a central aspect of pragmatics which is concerned
with the meanings which participants in a discourse ascribe to elements of a text, two main
questions are raised by the rapper Tupac the first one “is life worth living should I blast
myself?” shows the bad condition that he is living in that is why he is not sure if his life
worth to be lived. Second question “How can the Devil take a brother if he’s close to me?”
explains that how can the devil, which he means the white society, kill a brother which is
black and they are from the same society and close to each other. Besides a metaphor
element took place in the song, for instance when Tupac said “let’s erase the wasted” he
meant that not literary erasing the bad things that happened but by throwing all the hatred
that we hide between each other and live in a peaceful way loving one another. Also the
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sentence “Take the evil out the people they’ll be acting right” which metaphor since there is
no evil in people but the rapper meant that if people took away all negative feelings and
thinking against black people, they will live together in a better environment and perform in a
good manner with each other. Taking a look at the rapper’s ideologies and beliefs, we can see
that they were expressed in negative words such as “blast, poor, hurts, snatch, cops, negro,
kill, crack, guns, shots, dark, devil, evil…etc”. These show how Tupac was revolving around
the idea of racism and its negative consequences.
On the other hand, Eminem’s song “Foolish Pride” is also talking about the issue of
racism. But since Eminem is a white rapper, the rap song talks about his own experience with
his black ex-girlfriend and the black girls and how they only date white boys for their money.
In relation to the above quantitative analysis on lexical choices and grammatical choices, it is
noticed that in case of lexical choices that he selected some specific lexis that raise the
hearers’ attention and awareness on how black girls are liars and look after money only.
What is more that the distance between him and the hearers are narrowed through his
inclusive use of personal pronouns “I” and “we”. Also, the presence of personal pronoun
“you” many times in the song show how the rapper want to place the hearers in his situation
and experience rather than just being an outer observers. In addition, Eminem used nouns
that are associated with the theme of the lyric, for instance the words like “blacks, whites,
mister, girlfriend, girls…etc” were used to increase or emphasize the issue of race especially
the relation between white boys and black girls and how it is based on financial greed.
Additionally, the adjectives that Eminem used in “Foolish pride” add a high negative value to
the lyric or song and reveal the feelings of rapper against his black ex-girlfriend and other
black girls “foolish, white, and black.” While in case of grammatical choices that are
influenced by what the song is about through three main experiential meanings: processes,
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participants, and circumstances. The result of the above statistical analysis show high
numbers of material processes that reflect the actions of how the rapper and white boys suffer
in their relation with black girls whom only seeks the money of the white men “But Black
girls only want your money cause they’re ***”. Negative sentences were found by the rapper
that role is to give instruction about not dating black girls whom only look after the white
men money “Don’t date a Black girl, take it as a ***”, “Never date a Black girl because
Blacks only want your money /And that *** aint funny.” Moreover, these sentences are also
considered in the speech acts category since they state a warning matter for white people or
men in order not to date black girls. At the beginning of the song metaphor appeared, the first
sentence “Well foolish pride has alot of things to say” Eminem meant from this sentence is
that “foolish pride” which represents his failure experience in dating black girl and represent
his feelings and voice towards this kind of relation that he will talk about through the whole
song. The second sentence “You got foolish pride, you got tooth decay” mean that when you
get into a bad incident it will stuck in your life and become a black point in it just the same as
“tooth decay”. Finally, the beliefs or the ideologies of Eminem are centered on the idea of
never dating black girls because they ask only for the money of white boys, and these are
clearly stated in odd and negative words such as “foolish pride, black girlfriend, hatin’, crush,
black girls, money, date,…etc”. There is a different theme between the two rappers. Tupac’s
theme is to stop the issue of race and calling people to live together, while Eminem’s theme
is with race subject and differentiate between black and white.
Systemic functional linguists have made great contributions to generic research. The
world famous linguist Halliday, who found the systemic-functional linguistics, has paid
attention to generic analysis for a long time. He has made some exploration of the nature and
functions of genre in some of his works. In his book Language as Social Semiotic: The
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Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning, Halliday (1978, pp. 61) argues that “In order
to give a complete characterization of texture, we should have to make reference also to
‘generic’ structure, the form that a text has as a property of its genre.” (Guowei Ren 2010)
Therefore, these texts that were analyzed are lyrics which go under the categorization of the
genre poems.
Findings
After analyzing the data above, we can find that both rappers (Tupac and Eminem) used
pronouns to show how these rappers were in the battle field of living in race issue, for
example, Tupac’s experience race with white people “I see no changes all I see is racist
faces” and Eminem’ experience with black girlfriend “I seen a black girlfriend and I kissed
her.” Additionally, the high frequency of material processes that both rappers used is to show
the tone of the lyrics that hold quick rhythm which keeps the hearers focused and want to
hear more and more to reach into a result. Also, we can notice that they used present tense in
their rap songs to engage the hearers or at least to let them feel that they are there and share
the rapper’s own experience. For instance, Tupac used the following present tense “living,
bein’, makin’, acting, lookin’, smokin’, stayin’, sellin’…etc” to let the people feel how
blacks are being treated from white people and cops and how they live in a very low and bad
conditions. While Eminem used the present tense like “taking, hatin’, wanting, going,…etc”
to let the hearers sense how white boys or men are being fooled from black girls whom only
care about stealing the money through what the rapper passed with. Moreover, we can
conclude that Tupac and Eminem used the vernacular language (or what we call slang
language or African American language) that allow people from any status to listen to their
songs and understand what they are saying, and the most important thing from using this kind
of language is to connect people and have their sympathy in the problem they are dealing
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with. Tupac (the black rapper) used this language more than Eminem (the white rapper) does
(Tupac’s example “bein’, ‘em, gotta, ‘cause, I’d, ain’t …etc”, Eminem’s example “aight,
hatin’”). Furthermore, the ideology that Tupac tried to highlight on through the use of
specific techniques is that he is against racism, against treating people differently because of
their color, and his aim or message is to make “changes” in our thinking of black people and
begin treating them as one main hand in the society. While Eminem’s ideology spot the light
on how he is against dating girls of different color especially black girls and this due to his
dating a black girl who left him, and his aim is warning white man or boys from dating black
girls because they only seek for their pockets.
Conclusion and Evaluation
We conclude that language has the power in shaping people’s thoughts, beliefs and
awareness of the world taking into the consideration what the speaker’s or rapper’s choice of
lexical and grammatical structures. In Tupac’s rap song he used lexis that shows negative
value on racism and its bad consequences in the society. In Eminem’s rap song he also used
lexis with negative connotation but in supporting the idea of racism and not dating black
girls. Therefore, both rappers reconstructed their ideas, experiences, and ideologies through
specific selection of lexical and grammatical choices. Finally as an evaluation of what I did
in this project, we can see that this project was able to indicate that rap is not just words said
by their performance; instead it has a hidden meaning and a message to deliver to people.
Language used in rap is written in a well designed matter through choices of lexical and
grammatical structures. Also, rappers hold ideologies and beliefs in which they are stated in
the song.
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References
•
Arnold, Edward. Michael Halliday: An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 2004.
Available online on Ask.com. Accessed Mar. 15. 2011.
•
Benjamins, John. Andrew Goatly: Washing the Brain, Metaphor and Ideology.
2007. Available online on Ask.com. Accessed Mar. 15. 2011.
•
Bloor, Thomas and Meriel Bloor. The Functional Analysis of English. New York:
Oxford UP, 2004.
•
Deignan, Alice. Conceptual Metaphor Theory. London: Open University, 2005.
•
Fairclough, Norman. Language and Power. Pearson Education Limited, 2001.
•
Jones, Alan. Michael Halliday. Spring 2010, issue 28.
•
P.Landow, George. Eagelton On Ideology. Brown History. 2004.
•
Ren, Guowei. An Overall Review of Linguistic Research on Genre. December 2010,
vol2.
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The Data
2PAC LYRICS
"Changes"
[1]
Come on come on
I see no changes wake up in the morning and I ask myself
is life worth living should I blast myself?
I'm tired of bein' poor & even worse I'm black
my stomach hurts so I'm lookin' for a purse to snatch
Cops give a damn about a negro
pull the trigger kill a nigga he's a hero
Give the crack to the kids who the hell cares
one less hungry mouth on the welfare
First ship 'em dope & let 'em deal the brothers
give 'em guns step back watch 'em kill each other
It's time to fight back that's what Huey said
2 shots in the dark now Huey's dead
I got love for my brother but we can never go nowhere
unless we share with each other
We gotta start makin' changes
learn to see me as a brother instead of 2 distant strangers
and that's how it's supposed to be
How can the Devil take a brother if he's close to me?
I'd love to go back to when we played as kids
but things changed, and that's the way it is
[2]
I see no changes all I see is racist faces
misplaced hate makes disgrace to races
We under I wonder what it takes to make this
one better place, let's erase the wasted
Take the evil out the people they'll be acting right
'cause both black and white is smokin' crack tonight
and only time we chill is when we kill each other
it takes skill to be real, time to heal each other
And although it seems heaven sent
We ain't ready, to see a black President, uhh
It ain't a secret don't conceal the fact
the penitentiary's packed, and it's filled with blacks
But some things will never change
try to show another way but you stayin' in the dope game
Now tell me what's a mother to do
bein' real don't appeal to the brother in you
You gotta operate the easy way
"I made a G today" But you made it in a sleazy way
sellin' crack to the kid. " I gotta get paid,"
Well hey, well that's the way it is
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EMINEM LYRICS
Foolish Pride Lyrics
Friend of Eminem)
"Yo man.. Yo Marsh man, You've been kickin' all this shit about yourself, what about the
homies man?"
(Eminem)
"Ai, you want one about the posse, Aight"
Oh foolish pride, oh, oh, oh, oh foolish pride
Oh, oh, ph, ohh Foolish pride, oh, oh, oh, oh foolish pride
Well foolish pride has alot of things to say
You got foolish pride, you got tooth decay
But tooth decay is another problem
So let's take this old foolish pride and solve it
Now, when I talk about foolish pride
I mean blacks & whites taking different sides
When blacks and whites take different sides
Unity never happens, and we will subside
We will subside and hatred will release
And everything will just crush that peace
Well, when we crush that peace, we start hatin' each other
But remember, you are my brother, and you are my sister
Just like I'm a mister
I seen a black girlfriend and I kissed her
I kissed her ; I placed it on her cheek
And she didn't come back til next week
Now it was next week and she was back again
Wanting to kiss a white kid
So she was my girlfriend, we started going out
But that's okay because we were Black and white
Blacks and whites they sometimes mix
But Black girls only want your money cause they're dumb chicks
So I'ma say like this
Don't date a Black girl, take it as a diss
If you want, but if you don't
I'ma tell you like this, I surely won't
Never date a Black girl because Blacks only want your money
And that shit aint funny
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