Name
Date
REVIEW
CALIFORNIA CONTENT
STANDARD 11.1.4
Effects of the Civil War,
Reconstruction, and the
Industrial Revolution
Specific Objective: Examine the effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction and of
the Industrial Revolution, including demographic shifts and the emergence in the late
nineteenth century of the United States as a world power.
Read the chart to answer questions on the next page.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company
Event
Civil War and
Reconstruction
Industrial
Revolution
Effects
• The need for war supplies during the Civil War led to rapid growth of industry and
cities in the North.
• The Civil War destroyed the South’s economy. Because the war was fought mostly in
the South, its bridges, roads, and farmlands were destroyed. Property values declined,
personal and government debts increased, and the population suffered
devastating losses.
• New labor systems such as the contract system and sharecropping kept many former
slaves locked in a cycle of debt and poverty.
• Constitutional amendments and other laws abolished slavery and guaranteed basic
rights of former slaves. African Americans became educated and took part in state
and federal government.
• Southern states restricted African-American voting rights through literacy tests
and poll taxes. Grandfather clauses allowed many poor illiterate whites to vote but
discriminated against African Americans. The Supreme Court ruled that these laws
did not refer specifically to race and so did not violate the 15th Amendment.
• Jim Crow laws established segregation. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme
Court said that “separate but equal” facilities did not violate the 14th Amendment.
Demographic Shift
• Both sides lost thousands of young men.
• African Americans moved from rural to urban South; in some cities, African
Americans became the majority. African Americans also moved to Northern cities and
to the West.
• The United States shifted from a mostly rural to an industrial society after the
Civil War.
• Railroad lines expanded. People, raw materials, farm produce, and finished products
could be moved quickly throughout the country.
Demographic Shift
• Mechanization of farming displaced many farm workers, especially
African Americans.
U.S. Emergence as a World Power
• In the late 19th century, U.S. industry made more products than American citizens
could consume. The United States looked abroad for raw materials for manufacturing
and new markets for selling U.S. goods. The need for foreign trade was a factor in the
growth of American imperialism.
CSS Specific Objective 11.1.4: Review 25
Name
Date
PRACTICE
CALIFORNIA CONTENT
STANDARD 11.1.4
Effects of the Civil War,
Reconstruction, and the
Industrial Revolution
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.
B
Industry in the South began to
produce a surplus of goods.
C
Industry in the North grew because of
the demands of the war.
D
Industry shifted to the West because
of the dangers of the war.
As a result of producing too many
goods, the United States
A
began to look to foreign trade for new
markets.
B
cut back production to match the
current needs.
C
encouraged immigrants to consume
more goods.
D
encouraged rural people to continue
farming.
a decline in property values in the
South.
B
an increase in personal debt.
C
the migration of rural Americans to
cities.
D
an increase in the immigration of
Chinese laborers.
16
12
8
4
0
1850
1860
1870
Source: Howard N. Rabinowitz, Race Relations
African-American
in the Urban South, 1865–1890
4
5
Urban Colleges, 1865–1890
What does the graph show about the
African-American
population in the
8
South during the 1850s and 1860s?
A
Richmond was the only city with more
African Americans after the war.
B
4
Most Southern
cities saw a decrease
in the number of African Americans.
C
Many African Americans moved to
Southern cities during and after the
0
war.
D
More African Americans lived in
Southern cities before the war.
How did Southern states specifically
restrict voting rights for African
Americans
while helping poor whites
Source: Howard N. Rabinowtz, Race
to vote?
Relations in the Urban South, 1865–1890
A
26 CSS Specific Objective 11.1.4: Practice
20
Atlanta
Montgomery
Nashville
Raleigh
Richmond
3 One of the effects of the
mechanization of farming
methods was
A
24
(Oxford University Press, 1978)
literacy tests
B
grandfather clauses
C
poll taxes
D
Jim Crow laws
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company
Southern industry rapidly caught up
to industry in the North.
Thousands of people
A
African Americans
in Southern Cities
Number of colleges
2
Which statement describes an effect
of the Civil War?
M A
on tl
tg an
o t
N me a
as r
h y
Ra vill
Ri le e
ch ig
m h
on
d
1