UsethePESspectrumofPhosphorusbelowtoanswerquestions1-3.
1. Whichpeakcorrespondstothe1sorbital?
(A) 1.06
(B) 1.95
(C) 13.5
(D) 18.7
(E) 208
2. Whichpeakcorrespondstothevalence3porbital?
(A) 1.06
(B) 1.95
(C) 13.5
(D) 18.7
(E) 208
3. Whatwouldyoupredictfortheintensityandbindingenergyforthe3porbitalforthatof
sulfur?
(A) Higherintensity,higherbindingenergy
(B) Higherintensity,lowerbindingenergy
(C) Lowerintensity,higherbindingenergy
(D) Lowerintensity,lowerbindingenergy
AP Chemistry
Periodic Trends
4. Which of the following provides the best explanation for the many chemical
similaritiesbetweensodiumandpotassium?
(A) Bothhaveatomicmassesbetween20and40amu
(B) Bothhaveanns1electronconfigurationfortheirhighestoccupiedenergylevel
(C) Botharemaingroupelements
(D) Botharesolidsatroomtemperatureandpressure
(E) Theatomicnumbersofthetwoelementsdifferbylessthanten
5. Electronsfromwhichvalenceshellareremovedfirstwhentransitionmetalsionize?
(A) s
(B) p
(C) d
(D) f
6. The +3 charge more common than +2 charge for transition metals in the Fe group.
Whataccountsforthistrend?
(A) Decreasedionicradius
(B) Increasedelectronegativity
(C) Increasedstabilityof“d”orbitals
(D) Decreasedstabilityof“d”orbitals
(E) Increasedshielding
7. Elementswiththisvalenceshellelectronconfigurationwillcommonlyformionswitha2charge.
(A) ns2
(B) ns2np1
(C) ns2np2
(D) ns2np4
(E) ns2np6
8. Anatomwiththeelectronconfigurationof[Ar]4s23d3 wouldbeinthesamegroupas_____
andhavealikelychargeof____.
(A) Cr,+6
(B) Ta,+3
(C) Nb,+5
(D) Y,+2
V,+4
9. WhatwouldbetheexpectedionicchargesforSn?
(A) +1and+2
(B) +1and+3
(C) +2and+3
(D) +3and+4
(E) +2and+4
10. Whichgivesthe correct orbital andorderfor theelectrons lostintheformation ofthe
followingcations?
(A) Ca2+ 4p
(B) Pd4+ 5sthen5p
(C) Co3+ 4sthen3d
(D) Mn7+ 3dthen4s
(E) Zn2+ 3d
11. Atomsontheleftsideofthecharttendtoformpositiveionsbecause...
(A) Theirprincipalenergylevelisalmostempty
(B) Theirprincipalenergylevel isalmostfull
(C) Theiratomicnumberislessthanotherelementsinthatperiod
(D) BothBandC
(E) A,B,andC
AtomicandIonicRadii
12. Atomicradiusgenerallyincreasesaswemove
(A) downagroupandfromrighttoleftacrossaperiod
(B) upagroupandfromlefttorightacrossaperiod
(C) downagroupandfromlefttorightacrossaperiod
(D) upagroupandfromrighttoleftacrossaperiod
(E) downagroup;theperiodpositionhasnoeffect
13. Theeffectivenuclearchargeofanatomisprimarilyaffectedby
(B)
(A) innerelectrons
outerelectrons
(C) nuclearcharge
(D) electrondistribution
(E) orbitalradialprobability
14. Electronsinthe1ssubshellaremuchclosertothenucleusinArthaninHeduetothe
larger__________inAr.
(A) nuclearcharge
(B) paramagnetism
(C) diamagnetism
(D) Hund'srule
(E) azimuthalquantumnumber
15. Of the following, which gives the correct order for atomic radius for Mg, Na, P, Si and Ar?
(A) Mg > Na > P > Si > Ar
(B) Ar > Si > P > Na > Mg
(C) Si > P > Ar > Na > Mg
(D) Ar > P > Si > Mg > Na
(E) Na > Mg > Si > P > Ar
16. Whichofthefollowingisexpectedtohavethelargestradius?
(A) P3(B) S2(C) Cl(D) Ar
(E) K+
17. Whichofthefollowingisexpectedtohavethesmallestradius?
(A) S2(B) Ca2+
(C) Cl(D) K+
(E) P318. Which of the following pairs correctly shows the proper relationshipbetweenthe two
atoms/ionsintermsofatomic/ionicradii?
(A) Na<Na+
(B) Cl>Cl(C) Ti<Zn
(D) N3- >N
(E) O>S
UsethePESspectrabelowtoanswerquestions19-21.Thespectrarepresentelements
foundinthesameperiodontheperiodictable.
19. Whichofthesetwoelementswouldhavethesmalleratomicradii?
(A) Spectrum1
(B) Spectrum2
(C) Theyareboththesame
(D) Thereisnotenoughinformation
20. Whataretheidentitiesoftheelementsrepresentedbyeachspectrumrespectively?
(A) Fluorineandnitrogen
(B) Carbonandberyllium
(C) Carbonandoxygen
(D) Sodiumandcarbon
(E) Fluorineandcarbon
21. Whichofthefollowingisnot trueregardingthespectraabove?
(A) The 2s peak at 1.72 in spectrum 1 has a lower binding energy that the 2s
peakat3.04inspectrum2duetoadecreasedeffectivenuclearcharge.
(B) Thereare4valenceelectronsrepresentedinspectrum1
(C) The valence electrons in spectrum 1 experience more shielding than
thoserepresentedinspectrum2.
(D) Thepeakat52.6inspectrum2isheldclosertothenucleusthatthepeakat28.6
inspectrum1.
(E) The 1s peak in the PES spectrum of Li would have a lower binding energy
thanboth1speaksfromspectrum1andspectrum2.
IonizationEnergy
22.Thefirstfiveionizaztionenergies,inkJ/mol,foraparticularelementareshownbelow.
I1
786
I2
1577
I3
3232
I4
4356
I5
16,091
Theelement islikelytoformanioniccompoundinwhichthechargeis:
(A)1+
(B)2+
(C)3+
(D)4+
(E)5+
23.Ofthechoicesbelow,whichgivestheorderforfirstionizationenergies?
(A)Kr>Se>Br>Ga>Ge
(B)Kr>Br>Se>Ge>Ga
(C)Ga>Br>Ge>Kr> Se
(D)DGa>Ge>Se>Br>Kr
(E)Br>Se>Ga>Kr>Ge
24.Anelementhavingwhichofthefollowingelectronicconfigurationswouldhave
thegreatestionizationenergy?
(A)[He]2s2 2p3
(B)[He] 2s2 2p5
(C)[Ne]3s2 3p3
(D)[Ne]3s2 3p5
25. Theelectronconfigurationbelongingtotheatomwiththehighestsecondionization
energyis
(A) 1s22s22p63s1
(B) 1s22s22p63s2
(C) 1s22s22p63s23p1
(D) 1s22s22p63s23p4
(E) 1s22s22p63s23p5
26. Sodiumismuchmoreapttoexistasacationthanischlorine.Thisisbecause__________.
(A) chlorineisagasandsodiumisasolid
(B) chlorinehasagreaterionicradiusthansodiumdoes
(C) chlorinehasagreateratomicradiusthansodium
(D) chlorinehasagreaterionizationenergythansodiumdoes
(E) chlorineismoremetallicthansodium
Usethefollowingresponsestoanswerquestions27-29below.
(A) Cl→Cl+ +e(B) Cl+ +e- →Cl
(C) Cl+ →Cl2+ +e(D) Cl2+ +e- →Cl+
27. _____Theprocessrepresentingthefirstionizationenergyofchlorine
28. _____Theprocessrepresentingthesecondionizationenergyofchlorine
29. _____Theprocessrequiringthemostenergy
Usethefollowingresponsestoanswerquestions30-32.Useanansweronce,morethan
once,ornotatall.
(B)
(A) Mg&Al
As&Se
(C) Cl&F
(D) Cr&Mo
(E) Cu&Ag
30. __ __ Show a reversal in the trend for first ionization energy because of electronelectronrepulsions.
31. _____ Show a reversal in the trend for first ionization energy because of shielding by
fullorbitals.
32. _____Typicallyformionswithchargesof+3and+6
Usethefollowingresponsestoanswerquestions33-37.Useanansweronce,morethan
once,ornotatall.
(A) Increasedshieldingofvalenceelectrons
(B) Effectivenuclearcharge
(C) ½filledorbitals
(D) Fullyfilledorbitals
33. _____Whygoldisabetterconductorofelectricitythancopper.
34. _____ Why the atomic radius decreases as the atomic number increases from 11-17
acrosstheperiodictable.
35. _____Whyatomicradiusincreasesdownagroupontheperiodictable.
36. _____Whygalliumhasanunexpectedsmallerradiusthanaluminum?
37. _____Whymagnesiumhasanunexpectedlyhigherionizationenergythataluminum.
UsethePESspectrumofNitrogenandOxygenbelowtoanswerquestions38-40.
38. Whichofthefollowingbestexplainswhythe1speakinthenitrogenspectrumhas
alowerbindingenergycomparedtothe1speakintheoxygenspectrum?
(A) Nitrogenatomshavea3electronsintheirpsubshell.
(B) Oxygenexperiencemoreelectron-electronrepulsions.
(C) Nitrogenhasalargeratomicradius.
(D) Electrons in the p subshell of oxygen atoms provide more shielding than those in
nitrogenatoms.
(E) Nitrogen atoms have a smaller nuclear charge and coulombic attraction than
oxygenatoms.
39. Giventhefactthatbothelementsareinthesameperiod,whatinformationfromthePES
spectraindicatesthatoxygenwouldhaveasmalleratomicradius?
(A) Thenumberofpeaks
(B) Theintensityofthepeaks
(C) Bindingenergyofthepeaks
(D) AandC
(E) BandC
40. WhatinformationfromthePESspectraabovebestaccountsfornitrogenhavingsmaller
1st ionizationenergythanoxygen?
(A) Thenumberofpeaks
(B) Theintensityofthecoreelectronpeaks
(C) Theintensityofthevalenceelectron
(D) Bindingenergyofthevalenceelectronpeaks
(E) AandC
41. What trend would you predict for the binding energies of valence electrons moving
downagroupontheperiodictable?
(A) Increasingbindingenergyduetoincreasedshielding.
(B) Increasingbindingenergyduetodeceasedshielding.
(C) Decreasingbindingenergyduetoincreasedshielding.
(D) Decreasingbindingenergyduetodecreasedshielding.
(E) Decreasingbindingenergyduetodecreasednuclearcharge.
42. Whichofthefollowingelementswouldrequiretheshortestwavelengthoflighttoionize?
(A) Ga
(B) B
(C) Al
(D) C
(E) N
43. Whatwouldbethenecessarywavelength(nm)requiredtoremoveonevalence
electronfromsodium’soutermost“s”orbital?Thefirstionizationenergyforsodiumis
495.8kJ/mol.
(A) 350nm
(B) 242nm
(C) 124nm
(D) 824nm
(E) 496nm
MetallicCharacter
44. Betweenwhichtwoelementsisthedifferenceinmetalliccharacterthegreatest?
(A) RbandO
(B) OandI
(C) RbandI
(D) LiandO
(E) LiandRb
45. Thelistthatcorrectlyindicatestheorderofmetalliccharacteris__________.
(A) B>N>C
(B) F>Cl>S
(C) Si>P>S
(D) P>S>Se
(E) Na>K>Rb
46. Which of the following best describes why tin considered a metal and carbon a
nonmetaldespitebeinginthesamegroup?
(A) Carbonhassmalleratomicradium
(B) Theatomicmassoftinisnearly10timesthatofcarbon.
(C) Tinhaslessshieldingofitsvalenceelectronsandahigherionizationenergy.
(D) Tinhasmoreshieldingofvalenceelectronsandalowerionizationenergy.
(E) Tinhasmoreshieldingofitsvalenceelectronsandahigherionizationenergy.
47. Whichofthefollowingorbitalsofscandiumwouldrequirethelowestfrequencyoflight
toionize?
(A) 2p
(B) 3s
(C) 3p
(D) 4s
(E) 3d
Electronegativity
48. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthevariationofelectronegativitywithrespectto
anelement’spositionontheperiodictable?
(A) Increasesacrossaperiod;increasesdownagroup.
(B) Increases across a period; decreases down a group.
(C) Decreasesacrossaperiod;increasesdownagroup.
(D) Decreases across a period; decreases down a group.
49. Which of the following groups of elements is arranged correctly in order of
increasingelectronegativity?
(A) B<O<Al<F
(B) Al<B<O<F
(C) B<O<F<Al
(D) F < O < B < Al
50. The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons is best quantified by the
__________.
(A) paramagnetism
(B) diamagnetism
(C) electronegativity
(D) electronchange-to-massratio
(E) firstionizationpotential
Usethefollowingresponsestoanswerforquestions51- 53.
(A) O
(B) Fe
(C) Rb
(D) Mg
(E) N
51. _____Whatisthemostelectronegativeelementoftheabove?
52. _____Whichelementreadilyformscationswithmultipleoxidationstates?
53. _____Which of the elements above has the smallest ionic radius for its most commonly
foundion?
54. Anelementwithalowerelectronegativityvaluewilllikelyhave
(A) ValenceshellPESpeakswithlowbindingenergies
(B) Alowerfirstionizationenergy
(C) Alownuclearchargeandahighamountofshielding
(D) AandB
(E) Alloftheabove
55. Which of the following BEST explains why silicon has a lower electronegativity than
chlorine?
(A) SihasalowernuclearchargeandsimilarshieldingthanCl
(B) SihasahighernuclearchargeandsimilarshieldingofCl
(C) SihastheequivalentnuclearchargeandlessshieldingthanCl
(D) SihastheequivalentnuclearchargeandmoreshieldingthanCl
(E) Noneofthese
GroupTrends
56. Whichisnottrueofnonmetals?
(A) Mostoftheiroxidesareacidic
(B) Theyarepoorconductorsofheat
(C) Theyarepoorconductorsofelectricity
(D) Manyaregasesatroomtemperature
(E) Mosttendtoloseelectronsreadily
57. Allofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthecharacteristicsofthehalogensaretrue
EXCEPT:
(A) The first ionization energies (potentials) decrease as the atomic numbers of
thehalogensincrease.
(B) Theyonlyrequireonemoreelectrontohavefull“s”and“p”orbitals.
(C) Fluorineatomshavethesmallestradii.
(D) Theyreadilyforcations.
(E) Fluorineisthemostelectronegativeofthehalogens.
58. ElementMreactswithchlorinetoformacompoundwiththeformulaMCl2.ElementM
ismorereactivethanmagnesiumandhasasmallerradiusthanbarium.Thiselementis
___?
(A) Sr
(B) K
(C) Na
(D) Ra
(E) Be
59. Theonlynoblegasthatdoesnot havethens2np6 valenceelectronconfigurationis_______.
(A) radon
(B) neon
(C) helium
(D) krypton
2 6
(E) Allnoblegaseshavethens np valenceelectronconfiguration.
60. An alkaline earth metal forms a compound with oxygen with the formula
__________.(ThesymbolMrepresentsanyoneofthealkalineearthmetals.)
(A) MO
(B) M2O
(C) MO2
(D)M2O2
(E) MO3
61. Alkalimetalstendtobemorereactivethanalkalineearthmetalsbecause__________.
(A) alkalimetalshavelowerdensities
(B) alkalimetalshavelowermeltingpoints
(C) alkalimetalshavegreateratomicradii
(D) alkalimetalsarenotmorereactivethanalkalineearthmetals
(E) alkalimetalshavelowerionizationenergies
62. Theelementin the periodictablethat looks like a metal,is a poorthermalconductor,
andactsasanelectricalsemiconductoris__________.
(A) Sn
(B) B
(C) As
(D) Si
(E) Ge
63. Ofthefollowingmetals,__________exhibitsmultipleoxidationstates.
(A) Al
(B) Cs
(C) V
(D) Ca
(E) Na