W I R
B R I N G E N
D I E
W I R T S C H A F T
I N S
PLUS
ENGLISH
K L A S S E N Z I M M E R
MIGRATION
5
DEZ. | 2010
MIGRATION 1 MIGRATION Contents Warm‐ups: Brainstorming, basic facts about human migration, push & pull factors, expert interview, personal histories Vocabulary & Language Migration memory, immigration flows in Austria, Austria’s immigration history, interpret graphs & words of movement, migration & integration Internal & international migration in Austria Fact files – internal migration, facts & fi‐
gures – international migration, research project, personal histories, silent dia‐
logue Global migration Snapshot, Green Card Lottery, US is still the world’ leading destination for immigrants, Labour migration is crucial for EU growth Students will  get to know basic concepts of migration  learn about internal and international migration in Austria  think about the importance of immigrant labour for the Austrian and the EU economy  be encouraged to think critically about migration  share their personal views and experiences  scan newspaper articles for information  revise, study and get to know words and phrases related to migration  learn to interpret statistics and focus on words of movement  describe and interpret cartoons  carry out research projects, prepare and give presentations  revise lexicogrammar  revise skills used in the centralised exam (Standardisierte Reifeprüfung Neu) MIGRATION 2 1 WARM‐UPS 1A Brainstorming MIGRATION Take a separate piece of paper and spend one minute writing down all the words that you associate with the term migration. Leave your notes on your chair. Then walk around in class and have a look at your colleagues’ notes and ideas (choose at least three other colleagues). Comment on your colleagues’ notes (e.g., add ideas, answer questions that they wrote down, etc.). Then discuss your ideas with your teacher. 1B What is Human Migration? Read through the following text about human migration and put in the words from the box to complete the text. Afterwards go through the text again with a partner and highlight the central terms. Define them in one sentence each and compare your definitions in class. internal voluntary suburbanization human continents
involuntary Migration ((1) _____________) is the movement of people from one place in the world to another. People can either choose to move ("(2) _____________migration") or be forced to move ("(3) _____________migration"). Migrations have occurred throughout the past, beginning with the movements of the first human groups from their origins in East Africa to their current homes throughout the world. Migration occurs in a variety of ways: Migration can occur between (4) _____________and within a continent (“international migration”), or within a single country (“(5) _____________migration”). Migration can even occur when people move out of the city and into the country (“(6) _____________”) or the other way round (“urbanization”). The most important thing about migration to remember is that it occurs when groups of people move for the same reason. Text adapted from: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/09/g35/migrationguidestu
dent.pdf MIGRATION 3 1C Think of your local area and find out in how far it is affected by migration. Prepare a written report and present it to your colleagues afterwards. Compare your results with the others in class. You might find the following terms helpful: 1D 
urbanization / suburbanization / internal migration / international migration 
people from Asia, the Middle East, eastern Europe 
Turks/Turkish families/people 
Arabs, Arabic families/people 
Blacks, Afro‐Caribbeans, Africans. Asians, Indians, Pakistanis, Chinese 
political / economic refugees Why do people migrate? People move for many reasons. To decide, they think about what is good or bad about staying or moving: 
Push Factors: Leaving a place because of a problem (such as a food shortage, war, flood, etc.). 
Pull Factors: Moving to a place because of something good (such as nicer climate, better food supply, etc.). Source: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/09/g35/migrationguidestudent.pdf Get together with a partner and try to come up with more examples of push and pull factors. Also think about real world examples of some of these situations. Then compare your ideas in class. 1E Expert interview Conduct an interview with a person who migrated in one form or another (e.g., emigrated from another country, or moved from a rural area to an urban area or vice versa, etc.). Work together with a partner and develop a series of questions to gather background information on the subject as well as push/pull factors that motivated the person to move. Then conduct the interview and create a written report afterwards. Present your results to the rest of the class. MIGRATION 4 1F By rearranging the letters of the words in brackets find the correct terms to complete the text below. AUSTRIA: A COUNTRY OF IMMIGRATION?
By Michael Jandl and Albert Kraler
International Centre for Migration Policy Development
March 2003
Dotted
with
Czech,
Slovak,
Hungarian, and Polish family names,
Vienna's
telephone
testimony
to
directory
immigration's
on
_____________
(macpit)
Even
indicative
more
longstanding
of
(tamingrims)
country
is
the
fact
educated
Austrians
find
a
(1)
Austria.
of
presence
_____________
is
in
the
(2)
the
that
most
such
names
to be unremarkable.
Along
with
this
history
of
immigration, research bears out the
impression
that
lation
become
has
Austria's
even
popu-
more
(3)
_____________ (redvies) in recent years. According to the 2001 census,
of Austria's roughly eight million inhabitants, more than 730,000 (or
9.1 percent) were (4) _____________ (foegrin) residents, with 62.8
percent
of
them
coming
from
the
successor
states
of
the
former
Yugoslavia and from (5) _____________ (Keyrut). Between 1985 and 2001,
over
254,000
foreigners
were
naturalized.
Austria's
proportion
of
foreign-born residents in 2001 was even higher than that of the United
States, (6) _____________ (racenigh) a level of 12.5 percent.
However, the (7) _____________ (lafociif) line remains that Austria is
not
a
traditional
policies
reflect
country
that
of
immigration,
ambivalence.
and
Traditional
recent
labor
immigration
migration
and
family (8) _____________ (curiaefininto) programs have been severely
curtailed in the wake of widespread public discontent over levels of
immigration in the early 1990s. Since then, new (9) _____________
(anterioting) measures have been introduced, the country's accession
to
the
European
Union
(EU)
has
brought
more
open
borders,
and
thousands of temporary (10) _____________ (aleasons) workers have been
admitted. How these conflicting policies are to be reconciled remains
an unanswered question.
Text adapted from: http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=105
MIGRATION 5 1G The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines migration as follows: the movement of large numbers of people, birds or animals from one place to another In teams of four students, discuss this definition first. Then consider the following quote by Vladimir Zhirinovsky, a populist Russian politician, and try to interpret its meaning. What do you think about it? “We must force the government to stop the bird migration. We must shoot all birds, field all our men and troops... and force migratory birds to stay where they are.” Source: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/migration.html#ixzz185IGtIHu 1H Where do you come from? Investigate your own family history and develop an "immigrant family tree" or map tracing your ancestors and their travels to other countries or areas of the country. Try to include the motivations that caused the movement of your family members. This information could be gathered by interviewing or looking at old letters, diaries or journals of family members. Then prepare to present your findings in class. ................................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................................ MIGRATION 6 1I Look at the two cartoons below. Together with your partner discuss what they refer to. Then work on your own and prepare a brief comment. It is up to you to choose the form of this comment: It can be a letter, an advertising text, a weblog entry, a newspaper article, an inner monologue (e.g. of one of the persons in the pictures) etc. Then read out your comments in class and compare your ideas. Source: http://fr.toonpool.com/cartoons/Migration‐2_50756 ................................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................................ MIGRATION 7 2 VOCABULARY AND LANGUAGE 2A MIGRATION memory First study the following migration terms and their definitions. Internal migration Moving to a new home within a state, country, or continent. External migration Moving to a new home in a different state, country, or continent. Emigration Leaving one country to move to another. Immigration Moving into a new country. Return migration When groups of people move back to where they came from. Seasonal migration The process of moving for a period of time in response to labour or climate conditions. Migrant A person who moves from one place to another. Emigrant A person who is leaving a country to live in another. Immigrant A person who is entering a country from another to make a new home. Refugee Asylum seeker A person who has moved to a new country because of a situation in their former home (e.g., war). A person who has fled their own country and applies to the government of another country for protection. Voluntary migration When people choose to move. Involuntary migration When people are forced to move. Illegal migration People entering a country without formal permission. Urban migration Moving from rural areas to cities. Then work together in groups of three students and cut the following words and their definitions into pieces. Shuffle the individual cards thoroughly and place them face down on your table – do so in random order but in neat rows. Then player 1 turns over any two cards to see if they match each other:  If they match, the player keeps them and turns over two more cards. This player continues playing in this way until the two cards do not match.  If they do not match, the player turns the cards face down again in the same location and the next player takes his or her turn Result: The player with the most cards at the end of the game is the winner. MIGRATION 8 2B In most lines of the following text on immigration flows in Austria there is an unnecessary word. Write the unnecessary word in the space provided after each line. Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick (). 1 Austria is experienced two waves of significant immigration since the 2 early 1980s; the first in the mid of 1980s, to a large extent triggered by 3 asylum seekers (many from Poland – Solidarnosz) culminating in 1991 4 with 76,100 net immigration; the steep rise up towards the end of the 5 1980s is linked on to the fall of the iron curtain and German reunion. 6 Austria profited from the boost to economic growth of German reunion 7 and attracted many of migrants from traditional source countries as 8 well as in Central and Eastern European Countries who were looking 9 for work (combination of push and pull forces). The net inflow in 10 continued to be high for another year or so due to substantial refugee 11 inflows from the civil war in the former Yugoslavia. Text adapted from: http://www.wifo.ac.at/wwa/downloadController/displayDbDoc.htm?item=S_2008_SOMEPI_34259$.PDF MIGRATION 9 2C Now study the second part of the text on immigration flows in Austria. Some words are missing from the text. Choose from the list (A‐L) the correct part for each gap (1‐9) in the text. There are two extra words that you should not use. The second wave of immigration set in (1) _____________ the tail‐end of the 1990s and has reached its peak in 2004, where it stabilised (2) _____________ 2005. The second hump is basically the echo‐effect of the first one in the early 1990s – (3) _____________ the acquisition of Austrian citizenship, family reunification was possible (4) _____________ any quota restrictions. With the implementation of the new Immigration Law (2005) and the imposition of family sponsoring, also Austrian citizens face barriers to family reunification/formation (5) _____________ third country citizens if they have no regular (minimum) income (dependent children face no entry barriers as they are covered (6) _____________ family allowance). The restrictions in combination with the declining echo effect contributed to a halving of net inflows of migrants to 27,500 in 2006. In 2007, immigration picked (7) _____________ again, reaching a net inflow of 32,700. Text adapted from: http://www.wifo.ac.at/wwa/downloadController/displayDbDoc.htm?item=S_2008_SOMEPI_34259$.PDF 2D A prior D without G on B through E up H with C towards F until I by Work together in teams of four students and prepare a short presentation on the following question: Are immigrants a burden or blessing for the host country? Your presentation may also include answers to the following questions:  Why do various countries around the world need immigrants?  What knowledge, lifestyles and so on can immigrants bring with them?  What problems can immigration cause, both for immigrants and the host country? MIGRATION 10 2E The following texts have been taken from a country profile on Austria’s immigration history. Match the headlines (1‐7) with the information paragraphs below (A‐G). 1 Historical Patterns of Migration 2 Transit Migration 3 Labour Migration 4 Challenges and Changes in the 1990s 5 Asylum and Temporary Protection 6 Recent Policy Developments 7 Looking Ahead A B C D E F G Due to its geopolitical position during the Cold War, Austria was one of the main receiving and transit countries for refugees fleeing communist regimes in Eastern and Central Europe between 1945 and 1989. As Austria entered the 1990s, profound political and economic changes were transforming Europe. The fall of the Iron Curtain triggered widespread fears of massive migration flows from Eastern Europe, and the violent disintegration of Yugoslavia sparked massive inflows of refugees from areas to Austria's southeast. These flows came in addition to a rapidly rising number of asylum seekers. Over the last two centuries, Austria has participated in various forms of international migration, including immigration, emigration, and transit migration. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, when the territory of today's Republic of Austria made up only about one‐tenth of the Habsburg empire, migration was driven by that period's new forces of social change: industrialization, proletarization, and urbanization. The formation of a coalition government in January 2000 between the People's Party (ÖVP) and the Freedom Party (FPÖ) brought a major political earthquake to Austria, with repercussions felt all over Europe. From the beginning it was clear that the FPÖ would try to reform aliens legislation, as immigration policy has long been one of its central campaign issues. Finally, in July 2002, Parliament adopted major amendments to the Aliens Act and the Asylum Law. Austria's post‐World War II economic boom led to a growing demand for labor and an important shift in immigration policy. As Germany and Switzerland had already done in the 1950s, Austria began to forge bilateral agreements with southern and southeastern European states in the 1960s. These pacts were designed to recruit temporary workers. Agreements with Turkey (1964) and Yugoslavia (1966) were quickly followed by the establishment of recruitment offices in these countries, and over time led to the settlement of significant numbers of these workers and their families in Austria. Austria's recent immigration policy has been characterized, first and foremost, by ambivalence, a mood manifested in measures that both welcome and restrict immigration. On the one hand, the growing discontent of large parts of the population with the exceptionally high levels of immigration during the first part of the 1990s was met with policy proposals of "zero immigration." On the other hand, the outgoing government greatly facilitated the recruitment and employment of seasonal labor outside the industries in which they were traditionally employed. In addition, the government allowed individual Bundesländer (federal states) to conclude treaties with neighboring countries under which they can determine the number of "commuting" foreigners and an additional number of key personnel (outside the national quota) from these countries. How these conflicting policies are to be reconciled remains to be seen. Austria's role as both a transit country and country of asylum for refugees from communist countries drew to a close by the middle of 1980s. With the opening of the eastern borders and the freer legal movement of people, the number of asylum seekers, however, increased considerably. The majority of applicants then came from Eastern Europe (Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania), Yugoslavia (from 1990 onwards), and Turkey. Other countries (e.g. Iran, Bangladesh, and Pakistan) have become increasingly important as countries of origin. Text adapted from: http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=105 MIGRATION 11 2F Conduct a study and then write a letter to a friend: After the fall of the Iron Curtain, the war in former Yugoslavia and the continuing enlargement of the European Union, Austria experienced a wave of immigration from central and eastern European countries. This was met with mixed reactions from Austrian citizens, many of whom feel uneasy about the open‐border‐policy based on the Schengen agreement. In a letter to your friend, describe the immigrant situation in Austria. This should include information on  where most immigrants come from and why  their distribution within Austria  Austria’s official immigration policy and people’s attitudes towards refugees  your personal opinion ...................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................... MIGRATION 12 2G National and foreign labour: Have a look at the graph copied below and put in the words from the box to complete the description below. Make sure to use the correct form of these words. increase (2x) even rise (2x) high (2x) decline grow (2x) The employment of foreign workers (1) _____________ continuously since
1999, in contrast to the native work force; the latter has experienced
transitory employment (2) _____________ in 2002 and 2003. From 2004
onwards
the
number
_____________,
of
though,
employed
partly
Austrians
as
a
experienced
result
of
a
steep
naturalisations.
(3)
In
contrast, employment (4) _____________ of foreign workers has been more
or less (5) _____________ between 2003 and 2005 with some 12,000, and
gained momentum thereafter, reaching a (6) _____________ in 2007 of
+21,900 or 5.6 percent. The (7) _____________ in the employment of
foreigners is on the one hand the result of a significant increase of
employment of EU citizens, above all Germans, on the other the result of
new legislation. (modelled after the US-green card) which grants third
country
citizens
who
have
legally
resided
in
Austria
for
5
years
permanent residence status with the right to access the labour market
without a work permit (labour market testing). In 2008, the employment
increase of foreign workers is expected to be even (8) _____________
than
in
(excluding
2007.
The
persons
share
on
of
foreign
parental
workers
leave)
is
in
thus
total
employment
constantly
(9)
_____________ − from 11 percent 2002 to 12.8 percent in 2007. In the
current year it is expected to (10) _____________ to 13.2 percent.
Text adapted from: http://www.wifo.ac.at/wwa/downloadController/displayDbDoc.htm?item=S_2008_SOMEPI_34259$.PDF MIGRATION 13 2H Work in teams of four students and discuss the role of immigrant workers in Austria. Summarize your ideas in a written comment (approx. 200 words) that you present in class afterwards. 2I 
Why do you think people actually come to work in Austria? 
Immigrant labour plays an important role in Austria. Do you know which jobs and tasks are mainly taken over by immigrant workers? 
How are immigrant workers generally perceived in Austria? 
Do you think that we should see immigration in a different light? Consider the following quote and prepare a longer text that explains what it actually refers to. “The history of the Austrian "guest‐worker regime" demonstrates that temporary migration has a tendency to become permanent and has long‐term implications for the size and composition of the country's immigrant population.” Source: http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=105 2J Look at the following picture and prepare a comment. Source: http://www.pressetext4joomla.com/cms/medien/politikrecht/15247‐migration‐grosser‐aufholbedarf‐fuer‐
ziellaender.html ................................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................................ MIGRATION 14 3 INTERNAL AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN AUSTRIA 3A Read through the text on Migration in Austria and do the tasks below. MIGRATION IN AUSTRIA 13 August 2010 http://www.statistik.at/web_en/statistics/population/migration/migration_total/index.html Since about 1970 the evolution of Austria’s
population has almost exclusively been
shaped by migration, because the number of
births and deaths has been (more or less)
balanced.
As
both
international
and
internal migration is distributed very
unevenly within Austria, migration has
regionally varying effects. Migration gains
in larger towns and cities have to be seen
alongside
migration
losses
in
more
peripherally located areas.
Approximately
one
in
ten
inhabitants
(875 000
people)
in
Austria
changed
residence in 2008. While more than three
quarters (77% or approx. 680 000 people)
moved their main place of residence within
a given municipality or to a different
.
a) municipality within Austria, 23% (approx.
195 000 people) moved across the Austrian
border. The figure of 107 785 arrivals from
abroad and 87 189 departures to foreign
countries resulted in an international net
migration of 20 596 people. In relation to
Austria’s resident population in 2009, netmigration corresponded to a rate of 2.5 per
1,000 inhabitants and thus was about 40%
lower than in 2008. There were 680 237
cases of people migrating within Austria in
2008, down from 688 895 in 2008. The
majority
of
these
internal
migrations
involved relatively short distances, with
around 54% of cases concerning moves within
a
municipality
Go through the text again and match the following definitions with the appropriate words from the text. ………………………………… the gradual development of sth ………………………………… a change that sb/sth causes in sb/sth else; a result ………………………………… a person or an animal that lives in a particular place ………………………………… the state of living in a particular place ………………………………… an act of coming or being brought to a place ………………………………… a town, city or district with its own local government; the group of officials who govern it ………………………………… the amount of space between two places or things MIGRATION 15 b) Now match the words in column A with the words in column B. All compounds are taken from the text above. c) A place of 1 losses B international 2 population C migration 3 migration D internal 4 residence E Austrian 5 border F resident 6 migration The text above refers to various concepts of migration including the following: international migration – internal migration – urban migration – immigration – emigration Highlight the parts of the text that these concepts refer to and then explain them in your own words. 3B Fact files: Internal migration Get together in pairs. Student A reads through the first part and then practices reading aloud. Student B does the same with the second part. Then dictate each other the missing parts of your text. Afterwards, exchange what you wrote, read through your partner’s work and correct the mistakes s/he made. Finally summarize each part of the text in one sentence only and compare the two sentences that you came up with your partner’s sentences. webs.schule.at/.../Europa_comenius2010_de.htm MIGRATION 16 Student A: There were 680 237 cases of people migrating within Austria in 2009, down from 688 895 in 2008. The majority of these internal migrations involved relatively short distances, with around 54% of cases concerning moves within a municipality. Austria’s eastern provinces showed the largest internal migration gains in 2009. Apart from Lower Austria and Burgenland, which had registered positive net‐migration in previous years, the city of Vienna also had a positive migration balance for the first time in several years. Slight gains of internal migration occurred also in Styria. By contrast, all the other federal provinces recorded migration deficits, the highest being in Upper Austria and at some distance Carinthia, followed by Salzburg and the Tyrol. ..............................................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................................. Student B: At the regional level, little change occurred in migration patterns, with suburban districts once again registering the highest migration gains. The areas most affected by migration losses were the inner‐alpine districts of Carinthia, Styria, Salzburg, Upper and Lower Austria, some peripheral regions of Tyrol, and the Mühlviertel and Waldviertel regions. As a result of Vienna being the single city in Austria with more than 1 million inhabitants and the resulting intensified functional linkages with surrounding regions, migration gains from internal migration occurred more frequently in the East of Austria than in other parts of the country. Most migrants are between 20 and 34 years old and are Austrian nationals. Age‐specific patterns of internal migration show a pronounced trend for suburbanisation, which, with increasing age, also extends to further outlying areas. Only young adults aged 18 to 26 years predominantly move to central cities to benefit from their larger offer of educational and vocational opportunities. ..............................................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................................. Texts adapted from: http://www.statistik.at/web_en/statistics/population/migration/internal_migration/index.html 17 3C MIGRATION Write a longer text answering one of the following questions:  What difficulties and disappointments would you be prepared to accept to start your life from scratch in another country?  Would you be willing to move to another town in Austria to get your dream job? Why/Why not?  Are you or your parents immigrants? Which experiences have you had in your life so far? ...........................................................................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................................................................... MIGRATION 18 3D Carefully read through the following text on International migrations and then do the tasks below. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONS
13 August 2010
Adapted from: http://www.statistik.at/web_en/statistics/population/migration/ international_migration/index.html The figure of 107 785 arrivals from abroad
and 87 189 departures to foreign countries
produced an international net migration of
20 596 people in 2009. In regional terms
and as in previous years, Vienna continued
to predominate as the destination of choice
for international migration to Austria. The
federal capital alone accounted for around
40% of all arrivals and for 42% of
migration gains.
The
immigrants’ nationalities
underline
that
Austria
is
taking
advantage
of
migration flows between the Member States
of the European Union. Although much lower
than in 2008, two thirds (+16°256 people)
of the migration gain with foreigners could
still be allotted to EU citizens. The
largest sub-group was formed of German
citizens
(+7°168
people),
followed
by
Romanians (+3°354) and Hungarians (+1 909).
Further
notable
migration
gains
were
equally
registered
with
citizens
from
Slovakia (+956) and Bulgaria (+889). Thus
about 48% of all immigration from the EU
were citizens of the 12 countries having
accessed the EU since 2004.
a) In
contrast,
immigration
from
non-EUcountries again held much less importance
in 2009 than in the years before 2006, not
least
because
of
restrictive
Austrian
immigration laws. About half of migration
gains with third-country nationals were
with citizens of European states outside
the EU, i.e. Turkey (+1 754 people) and the
West Balkans except Slovenia (+1 461).
At the level of the federal provinces,
Vienna remained the prime destination for
international immigration to Austria. The
federal capital accounted for about two
fifths of the net migration (42% or +8 674
people).
Upper
Austria
(with
+2 612
people), Lower Austria (+2 310) and Styria
(+2 216) registered the highest gains from
international
migration
after
Vienna.
Within the federal provinces, international
immigration
focused
on
the
provincial
capitals and their environs; in Tyrol,
Salzburg and Carinthia, it also gravitated
towards tourist regions and in the case of
Lower Austria towards the southern suburbs
of Vienna.
Answer the questions using a maximum of four words. Write the answers in the spaces provided. Q1 What’s the role of Vienna when it comes to destinations of choice for international migration? Q2 Where do most immigrants to Austria come from? Q3 Why is there less immigration from non‐EU‐countries? Q4 Within the federal provinces, what does international immigration focus on? MIGRATION 19 b) Choose the correct prepositions to complete the sentences below: 1) The figure of 107 785 arrivals ______ abroad and 87 189 departures ______foreign countries produced an international net migration of 20 596 people in 2009. a) from/of b) from/to c) of/to 2) Vienna continued ______ predominate as the destination of choice for international migration to Austria. a) to b) by c) with c) with 3) The federal capital alone accounted ______ around 40% of all arrivals. a) up b) for 4) Austria is taking advantage ______ migration flows ______ the Member States of the European Union. a) o f/ of b) between/of c) of/ between 5) About half ______ migration gains ______ third‐country nationals were with citizens of European states outside the EU a) of / with b) – / with c) of / to c) on 6) International immigration focused ______ the provincial capitals a) in b) at MIGRATION 20 3E In research teams of 4‐6 students you are asked to prepare a presentation (approx. 10 minutes) on the following questions:  Are migrant workers in Austria over‐ or under‐represented in specific sectors or occupations? If so, specify which sectors and occupations.  What are the possible reasons of such over‐ or under‐representation? Are specific skill shortages filled by migrants? Are there specific policies devised to attract migrant workers in certain sectors or occupations?  Does the presence in the different sectors or occupations vary significantly according to the nationality of migrant workers (for instance, a certain nationality is significantly more or less represented in cleaning, health, or in managerial position or in elementary occupations)? If such variations exist, what reasons can be found to explain them? Before you start researching into the topic (by consulting relevant literature and/or the Internet), collect and discuss the facts that you already know and write down the most important keywords. Keep in mind that your presentation requires careful planning and preparation:  Decide in advance which issues will be included in / excluded from your presentation.  Decide who is to investigate which part of your presentation.  Carefully reflect on the mode of your presentation: what kind of devices will you use (overhead projector, power point presentation, etc.)? Will you take turns in presenting? .... After giving your presentation evaluate your work in your group: 
What do we know now that we didn't know before we started work? 
Have we come up with something new/relevant/interesting? 
Did we succeed in making our audience interested? 
If we had to start again – would we set out differently? MIGRATION 21 3F The Austrian economy needs you! The Austrian Integration Fund, the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber and the AMS job market service jointly initiated a project called “Mentoring for Migrants”. The goal of this project is to bring together experienced individuals from the business world – mentors – and people from a migrant background – mentees – to support them in their integration into the Austrian job market. Source: http://www.integrationsfonds.at/en/news/aktuelle_news/the_austrian_economy_needs_you/ Try to find out as much as you can about this project and present your findings in class. 3G Look at the following pictures of a Chinese woman who has initially worked in a Chinese brick factory and then moved to Austria to work in an office. Answer the following question. What do you think:  were her reasons for leaving her country?  were her hopes and fears?  were the consequences for those left behind?  her life is like now? Source: http://www.chinasmack.com/2009/pictures/rural‐chinese‐young‐girl‐family‐working‐in‐brick‐factory.html Source: http://www.superstock.com/stock‐photos‐images/1768R‐12883 3H Silent dialogue Get together with a partner and create an imaginary immigrant character living somewhere in the world today. Then write down a silent dialogue between this character and a person who wants to know the character’s life story. Partner A starts the dialogue by writing down his/her first contribution. Partner B answers and writes down the second contribution, and so on. Your contributions may refer to the character’s family background, reasons for leaving his/her home, the journey to the new place and his/her experiences upon arrival. Do not speak while writing down your silent dialogue! MIGRATION 22 4 4A 4B GLOBAL MIGRATION Look at a world map and think about two places you would like to move to after the Matura or your graduation from university. Create a list of reasons why you think you would like to move there. What would be the downside of moving? Prepare a short report for the rest of the class. Carefully study the Snapshot on Global Migration published by the New York Times and try to interpret it together with a partner. Compare your ideas in class. 4C I wanna live in America Every year 50,000 people are given the chance to emigrate to the USA as winners of the Green Card Lottery. Many of them are attracted by what has become known as the American dream. a) What is your personal perception or idea of the American dream? Why do you think that a growing number of more critical voices now refer to it as the American Nightmare? b) Imagine that you have entered the Green Card Lottery. Write an inner monologue summing up your ideas, hopes, fears, thoughts and dreams. 23 4D MIGRATION Read through the following newspaper article and then do the tasks below. US IS STILL THE WORLD'S LEADING DESTINATION FOR IMMIGRANTS
America now has 43 million foreign nationals, more than any other
country, with a million more arriving every year
Brigitte Perucca
Guardian Weekly, Tuesday 14 December 2010
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/14/united‐states‐immigration‐numbers‐perucca The US remains the world’s prime destination for immigration. Source: UN Photograph: Guardian
In a study published last month, France's
Demographic Studies Institute (Ined) lists
countries that have the largest number of
migrants in absolute or relative terms, and
also where the millions of migrants come
from.
Although a large number leave their homes
in the developing world in search of work
in industrialised countries, there is still
significant
movement
between
emerging
economies, and from one part of the
developed world to another.
Of the 214 million people living outside
their home country (just over 3% of the
world's population, according to a UN
estimate published this year), 62 million
left
a
country
in
the
south
for
a
destination in the north. Migration between
countries in the south involved 61 million
people, against 53 million in the north.
With
43
million
foreign
nationals
on
American territory in 2010, according to UN
forecasts, the US remains the world's prime
destination for immigration, well ahead of
Russia, with 12.3 million immigrants. In
all, some 13% of the population were born
outside the US. For the last five years its
"migratory
balance"
–
the
difference
between the number of people entering and
leaving the country – is estimated at 1
million a year.
In
most
other
industrialised
western
democracies the proportion of immigrants
ranges from 7% to 16%, according to Ined.
This
category
includes
Germany
(13%),
France (11%), the UK and the Netherlands
(10%), and Belgium (9%). Spain is a
relative newcomer, having only become a big
destination for immigration in the past 20
years, with a peak in 2002-07. Immigrants
now account for 14% of the population.
But in terms of the share of the total
population these countries have fallen far
behind the Gulf states, where immigrants
sometimes outnumber the natives, as in
Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait.
Europe has also been overtaken by Australia
and Canada, where 21% of the population are
immigrants.
Lastly, the proportion of immigrants is
particularly high in countries with an
attractive tax system, such as Monaco
(72%), Singapore (41%), or to a lesser
extent Luxembourg (35%) and Switzerland
(23%).
So where do the migrants come from? The
answers here are less precise, "arrivals
being
more
accurately
registered
than
departures". Mexico ranks as the top source
country (10 million migrants) with many of
its citizens resident in the US. India is
close behind (9 million), followed by
Bangladesh (6.5 million).
24 MIGRATION But as a percentage of total population the
smaller
countries
rank
highly
for
emigration. A third of the population of
the Cape Verde islands live abroad. The
same is true of Bosnia, with almost as many
(27%) having left Albania. The UK stands
out: in 2000, it had almost as many
emigrants (4.2 million) as immigrants (4.9
million). In contrast, France is one of the
.
a) countries with
expatriates.
the
smallest
number
of
Finally a word of caution: the national
perspective underpinning the Ined study
fails to reveal the full picture regarding
migration. For example, proportionally only
a very few Chinese move abroad (0.1%), but
huge numbers of people have migrated from
one province to another in recent years
Enrich your vocabulary: Go through the article again and circle any words you do not understand. In groups, pool any unknown words and use dictionaries to find their meanings. Then share your wordlists. b) Complete the following sentences in your own words. 1) The study published by Ined reveals .............................................................................................................. ...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................... 2) One cannot only observe migration from developing to industrialized countries............................................. ...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................... 3) The US still remains ................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................... 4) Countries with an attractive tax system ......................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................... 5) The UK is different in so far as ........................................................................................................................ ...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................... MIGRATION 25 4E Read through the following statement issued by Cecilia Malmström, EU Commissioner for Home Affairs, and put in the words from the box to complete the text. "LABOUR MIGRATION IS CRUCIAL FOR EU GROWTH"
CECILIA MALMSTRÖM
Text adapted from: http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010‐
2014/malmstrom/archive/malmstrom_article_intra_corporate_transferees.pdf requirements strengthen access vacancies strengthen importance policy key jobs proposal permit crises welfare While the European Union is busy trying to
time limit. I also suggest more flexible
find ways out of the economic and financial
rules for these employees to bring their
(1) _____________, other economic powers
families to Europe. And this is only the
are emerging on a global market. We need to
first step. I will continue to work for a
step up in order to maintain and (2)
more inclusive labour migration (9)
_____________ our competitiveness. Today, I
_____________ of the EU.
put forward a proposal on labour (3)
[...] A coherent labour migration policy
_____________, which would help the EU
for the EU is of utmost (10) _____________.
reach its goal of remaining an open and
We simply cannot afford not to embrace
competitive labour market.
these skilled non-EU workers and the
Multinational companies operating in Europe
knowledge they bring to Europe. The EU
need (4) _____________ to the right people,
economy needs them in order to enhance
with the right skills, at the right time,
competitiveness, attract investment,
but such people are not always available
increase tax revenues and create more (11)
locally. Businesses therefore need to be
__________ in the future.
able to transfer (5) ________ personnel
Taking into account that the EU is facing a
between companies and branches into and
demographic challenge, this is even more
within the EU. Until now, this has been
important. As the financial and economic
obstructed by complicated regulations;
crisis has pushed unemployment rates
companies have been facing an array of 27
the highest levels in many years, we cannot
different sets of rules and (6)
escape the fact that we will soon not be
_____________ and often lengthy procedures.
able to sustain our economic and social
This is not acceptable.
(12) _____________ if we allow our
Today, I put forward a (7) _____________
workforce to shrink. The EU's active
that will facilitate for companies to
population will start falling already in
transfer skilled non-EU nationals to
2013, and is forecasted to decrease by 40
branches and subsidiaries in Member States.
million people until 2050, while the number
More specifically, I am proposing a common
of persons aged 65 or above will increase.
set of rules, which introduces a combined
We will therefore be more dependent than
residence and work (8) _____________ for
ever on non-EU workers to fill the (13)
this category of workers, and a new fast-
_____________ in the labour market. In
track entry procedure according to which a
other words, we need immigrant workers for
permit should be issued within a 30 days
our economic survival. [...]
to
26 MIGRATION Answers 1B 1 human, 2 voluntary, 3 involuntary, 4 continents, 5 internal, 6 suburbanization 1D The examples discussed could cover historical (e.g., Africans brought to America for slavery) and current (e.g., the Kurds in Iraq) examples, as well as situations that illustrate both voluntary (e.g., moving to another city because of a job transfer) and forced (e.g., displacement by a natural disaster) migration. 1F 1 impact, 2 immigrants, 3 diverse, 4 foreign, 5 Turkey, 6 reaching, 7 official, 8 reunification, 9 integration, 10 seasonal 2B 1 is, 2 of, 3 ‐ , 4 up, 5 on, 6 ‐, 7 of, 8 in, 9 in, 10 ‐, 11 the 2C 1C, 2F, 3B, 4D, 5H, 6I, 7E 2E 1C, 2A, 3E, 4B, 5G, 6D, 7F 2G 1 has increased, 2 declines, 3 increase, 4 growth, 5 even, 6 high, 7 rise, 8 higher, 9 growing, 10 rise 3Aa evolution – effects – inhabitants – residence – arrivals‐ municipality – distances 3Ab B3 – C1 – A4 – D6 – E5 – F2 3Db 1b, 2a, 3b, 4c, 5a, 6c 4E 1 crises, 2 strengthen, 3 migration, 4 access, 5 key, 6 requirements, 7 proposal, 8 permit, 9 policy, 10 importance, 11 jobs, 12 welfare, 13 vacancies AWS
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