Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w:
ho£-W-§fpw shÃp-hn-fn-Ifpw
1
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w:
ho£-W-§fpw shÃp-hn-fn-Ifpw
]n¸Â {SobpsS 2013þ14 se Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\ t_m[hXv¡cW
]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn cNn-¡-s¸« {]_-Ô-§-fpsS kam-lm-cw
cN\
Fw.-F³. Ip¡ÀWn / ]qÀ®{]Ú t_eqÀ / aÃn-ImÀ-Öp\ slmk]mey / \mtKjv slKvsU / A\nX ss]eqÀ / kpa\ \mcm-b-W³ /
im´ Pn. / Indp-_m-I-c³ / \¡o-c³ / cRvPnXv Imhp-¦c / Pnj F.-Fk
- v.
\kod / kµo]v / \ujmZv
GtIm-]\w
HmwPn- tPm¬
apJNn{Xw
aÃn-ImÀ-Öp\ slmk-]mey
tabv 2014
]n¸Â {So
^bÀ ^vssfkv CâÀ IĨ-d skâÀ
Zns¶-]m-ey, I¤-fn-]pc t]mÌv, _wK-fq-cpþ560 082
t^m¬ : +91þ80þ28432725
Cþ-sa-bn : [email protected]
sh_vsskäv: www.pipaltree.org.in/www.climatesouthasia.org
2
]oTnI
XmfpIÄ
BapJw
4
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\w ImÀjnI
taJebpambn F§ns\ s]mcp¯s¸Spw?
9
Fw.-F³. Ip¡ÀWn
Pekw`-c-Wn-IÄ {Kma-§-fpsS Poh-\m-Un-IÄ
17
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\s¯ sNdp-¡m³
sNdp-[m-\y-§Ä
23
lcnX k¼ZvhyhØ: s]t{Sm-fnbw
sslthbv¡v _ZÂ ]mX-IÄ
34
lcn-X-`m-hn-¡mbn a«p-¸m-hvIrjn
42
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\hpw aÕy-_-Ô\ taJ-ebpw
49
PmXym-[n-jvTnX kaq-l-¯n ZfnXv
kv{XoIfpw Imem-hØm \oXnbpw
60
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä \ÂtI−n hcp-¶- hne
67
thentbä taJ-e-bnse I−¡m-Sp-I-fpw
Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-b-§fpw
74
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nÂ
AW-s¡-«p-IÄ¡v F´v Imcyw?
97
]qÀ®-{]-Ú t_fqÀ
aÃn-ImÀÖp\ slmk-]mey
\mtKjv slKvsU
A\nX ss]eqÀ
kpa\ \mcm-b-W³
im´ Pn
Indp-_m-I-c³
\¡o-c³
cRvPn¯v Imhp-¦c
]cn-ØnXn kwc-£-W-¯n tIcfw
DÄs¡m-tÅ− ]mT-§Ä
107
Imem-hØm amä-¯nsâ `oXn-bn A«-¸mSn
116
ambp¶ a-g-¸m«pIÄ
122
t^mdÌv Icow: ImSp- am-änb Pohn-X-§Ä
128
Pnj F.-F-kv.
\k-od
kµo]v
\ujmZv
3
{]Xo£m \nÀ`-cw, Cu Nme-I-iàn
BtKm-f-X-e-¯n kÀÆ-hym-]n-bmb BLm-X-§Ä¡pw Zpc-´-§Ä¡p-amWv
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w hgn-a-cp-¶n-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. h\w, ae-\n-c-IÄ, ]ÀÆX
{]tZ-i-§Ä, hc-−Xpw Pe-ZuÀe-`y-ap-Å-Xp-amb CS-§Ä, Xoc-{]-tZ-iw,
\Kc ssPh taJ-e-IÄ, {]tXy-In¨v Cu Zpc-´-¯n \n¶v kwc-£Ww
\ÂIp¶ kwhn-[m-\-§Ä CÃm-¯-Xpw Zcn-{Z-P-\-hn-`m-K-§Ä Xn§n-]mÀ¡p-¶Xp-amb {]tZ-i-§Ä F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-seÃmw Cu BLmXw {]h-N-\m-Xo-Xa
- m-bncn-¡p-sa¶v imkv{X-ÚÀ ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIp-¶p. Zpc´ _m[n-X-cmb P\§Ä CXv Hcp {]m]-©nI cq]-I-ev]-\-bpsS `mK-am-sW¶v Biz-kn-¡p-IbmWv ]Xn-hv. F¶m CXv {]IrXn kzb-tah D−m-¡p-¶-X-Ã; adn¨v a\pjy
\nÀ½n-X-am-Wv.
cmjv{So-b, kmaq-ln-I, km¼-¯nI taJ-e-I-fn FSp-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Xocp-am-\§
- fpsS ]nd-Inse \nÀ®m-bI iàn-bm-b, Ahsb \nb-{´n-¡p¶ k¼¶
hn`m-K-§Ä aqe-amWv Cu Zpc-´-§Ä krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F¶v DÄs¡mÅm³ hnj-a-ap-Å, ssIt¸-dnb ØnXn-hn-ti-j-amWv \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv.
hyh-km-bnI hn¹-h-¯nsâ Imew apX `qan-bn-epÅ hn`-h-§Ä sImbvsXSp-¡p-I, Aan-X-ambn NqjWw sN¿pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Gähpw {]ap-Ja
- mb
hnI-k\ amXr-I. temIw apgp-h-\p-apÅ AwKo-IrX imkv{X tI{µ-§Ä,
Xm]-\ne hÀ²-\-hn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw aªp-a-e-IÄ Dcp-In-sbm-en-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡pdn¨pw \½psS ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-§sf A]IS-¯n-em-¡p¶ ISp¯ ImemhØm hyXn-bm-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-saÃmw A]mb kqN\ \ÂIp-¶p-s−-¦n-epw,
Nne sNdp-InS, {]mtZ-inI DZy-a-§-sfm-gn-sI, A´ÀtZ-iob Xe-¯nÂ
kÀ¡m-cp-IÄ Ah-cpsS sXc-sª-Sp¸v ap³K-W-\-I-tfm, hnI-k\ ImgvN]
- mSp-Itfm C¯cw {]iv\-§sf t\cn-Sp-¶ -X-c-¯n {Iao-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ
hyà-amb e£-W-§Ä H¶pw ImWm-\n-Ã.
ss\Xn-I-X-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« ASn-Øm\ tNmZy-§-fpsS {]kàn Chn-sSbm-Wv. Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ KpW-tZm-j-§Ä bpà-amb coXnbn ]¦n-Sp-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ \b-\nÀ½m-W-§-fm-bn-cn-¡Ww tZio-bhpw
A´ÀtZ-io-b-hp-amb NÀ¨-I-fp-sSbpw {]hÀ¯-\-§-fp-sSbpw apJy Du¶Â.
C´y³ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n am[y-a-§Ä¡v, {]tXy-In-¨v, {]mtZ-inI `mj-bnepÅ am[y-a-§Ä¡v s]mXp-P-\-§Ä¡n-S-bn t_m[-h¡-cWw \S-¯p-¶Xnepw \nb-a-\nÀ½m-Xm-¡sf Imem-hØm \oXn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« hnj-b§-fn Xev]ccm¡p-¶-Xnepw kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp tdmÄ Ds−¶v "]n¸Â
{So' Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. CXnsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n 2012 apX "]n¸Â {So'
4
kzX{´ Fgp-¯p-Im-cp-sSbpw ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-cp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-K-th-jI
- c
- psSbpw kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-I-cp-sSbpw FÃmw Hcp Iq«m-bva¡v cq]w \ÂIp¶
{ia-¯n-em-Wv. Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ BLm-X-§Ä eLq-I-cn-¡p¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw kwc-£W amÀ¤-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-sa-Ãm-apÅ A\p-`h IYIÄ¡pw teJ-\-§Ä¡pw FÃm-ambn {]mtZ-inI am[y-a-§-fn e`y-am-bn«pÅ CSw ^e-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu Iq«m-bvab
- psS
e£yw.
ImemhØm \oXn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v 2013þ14 Imes¯ {]Nm-cW {]hÀ¯\-§Ä¡p-th−n IÀ®m-S-I, Xan-gv\m-Sv, tIcfw F¶o aq¶v sXs¡ C´y³
kwØm-\-§-fnse 14 kzX{´ Fgp-¯p-ImÀ FgpXn {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ teJ-\§-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv Cu {]kn-²o-I-c-Ww.
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ BLm-X-§-fn \n¶v ImÀjnI taJ-esb
kwc-£n-¡p-Ibpw A¯cw {]iv\-§-fpsS ]mÀiz-^-e-§Ä eLq-I-cn-¡pIbpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ, IÀ®m-S-I-bnse XpwIqÀ taJ-ebn \n¶pÅ kmaqly {]hÀ¯-I-\mb Fw.-F³.-Ip¡ÀWn, {]Xn-Iqe
ImemhØ-bn hcĨ _m[nX {]tZ-i-§-fnse IÀj-I-cpsS Poh-t\m]m[n kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ amÀ¤-ambn kwtbm-PnX Irjn coXn-bpsS (Cât{K-äUv ^manwKv knÌw) t\«-§Ä hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
sNdp[m-\y-§-fpsS Irjn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ "[m\y' F¶
k¶² kwL-S-\-bpsS Ub-d-IvS-dmb aÃn-ImÀPp\ slmk]m-ey, ag e`y-XbpsS {Ia-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v bmsXmcp hyà-X-bp-an-Ãm¯ hcpw Ime-§f
- nÂ,
hcĨ _m[nX {]tZ-i-§-fn ISp¯ Imem-hØm {]iv\-§-fp-−m-Ipt¼mÄ, `£-W-- `£y-kp-c-£m-ta-J-e-bn sNdp-[m-\y-§Ä F§s\ hensbmcp ]¦v hln-¡p-¶p-sh¶v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p.
kzX{´ Fgp-¯p-Im-cnbpw kmaqly {]hÀ¯-I-bp-amb A\nX ss]eqÀ
\Kc {]tZ-i-§-fnse a«p-¸mhv Irjn \K-c-hm-kn-IÄ Imcy-ambn FSp-¯mÂ
Imem-hØm {]iv\-§Ä eLq-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v AXv klm-b-I-ca
- mIpw F¶v
hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
DÂ]m-Z\
Øe-¯p-\n¶v
Du«p-ta-i-bn-te-¡pÅ
`t£ym¸-¶-§-fpsS bm{X-bn Ign-bp-¶{X ImÀ_¬ DÂ]m-Z\w Ipdbv¡p-I, cmk-h-f-§-sfbpw ssPhm-h-in-jvS-§-fn \n¶pÅ CÔ-\-ap-]t- bmKn¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ b{´-§-sfbpw B{i-bn-¡p¶ AhØ Hgn-hm-¡m³
Ign-bpI XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw a«p-¸mhv Irjn-bpsS t\«-§-fm-Wv.
kzX{´ hnI-k\ ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-\mb ]qÀ®{]Ú t_eqÀ, Ime§Ä ]nt¶m-«p-t]mbn Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fpsS ]c-¼-cm-KX Øm\-§-sf-¡pdn¨pw Hcp-Im-e¯v ]hn-{X-ambn IW-¡m-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶, {Kma-§-fn hf-sc-b5
[nIw I−n-cp¶, Irjn¡pw a\p-jyÀ¡pw I¶p-Im-en-IÄ¡p-saÃmw
btYjvSw Pew \ÂIn-bn-cp¶ Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-IÄ C¶v Nh-äp-Ip-¸bpw aeo-ak-am-¡-s¸« Ipf-hp-ambn amdn-b-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-saÃmw hyà-amb Hcp Nn{Xw
\ÂIp-I-bmWv Xsâ teJ-\-¯nÂ. Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ
`oXnZ^e-§Ä t\cn-Sp¶ Cu Ime-L-«-¯nÂ, {]tXy-In¨v C¯cw kw`-cW
- nIÄ ]p\-cp-Öo-hn-¸n-¡-s¸-S-W-sa¶pw aäv Pem-i-b-§Ä Ipd-ªp-h-cp-t¼mÄ
D−m-Ip¶ Pe ZuÀe`yw ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Cu kw`-c-Wn-IÄ Gsd klmb-I-am-Ip-sa¶pw At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.
]cn-ØnXn kulr-Z-]-c-a-Ãm¯, BÀ¯nbpw Icp-X-en-Ãm-bvabpw apJ-ap-{Zbmb ka-Im-enI hnI-k\ amXr-Ibv¡v Hcp _Z amXrI \ÂIp-I-bmWv
{]apJ Fgp-¯p-Im-c\pw Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\ \nco-£-I\pw "C³Ìn-äyq«v
Hm^v tPW-enkw Bâv \yq aoUnb' bnse A²ym-]-I\pw Bb \mtKjv
slKvsU, "lcnX k¼-Zvhy-hØ' F¶ teJ-\-¯nÂ. Cu amä-¯n-s\-Xnsc
H¶pw sNbvXn-sÃ-¦n \man¶v ImWp¶ kwkv¡mcw Xncn-¨p-h-ch
- n\v
bmsXmcp km[y-X-bp-an-Ãm¯ coXn-bn XIÀ¶-Sn-bp-sa¶v At±lw Du¶n-¸d-bp-¶p. bpàn-`-{Zhpw Ccp¯n Nn´n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-amWv At±-l-¯nsâ hmZ-KXn-IÄ.
hn\m-i-Im-cn-I-fmb Npgen sImSp-¦m-äp-Ifpw kp\m-an-bp-saÃmw Bª-Sn¡m³ Gsd km[y-X-bpÅ, \nc-´c Zpc´ taJ-e-bmb Xan-gv\m-S³ Xoc-{]-tZis¯ apJy tI{µ-am-¡p¶ Xsâ teJ-\-¯nÂ, Xan-gv\m-«n \n¶pÅ
{]apJ kzX{´ Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ \¡o-c³, ISp¯ Imem-hØm {]Xn-`m-k§Äs¡-Xnsc kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-tcm-[-I-hpw Xt±-iob aÕy-_-Ô\ kaq-l¯n-sâbpw DÄ\m-S³ IÀj-I-cp-sSbpw D]-Po-h-t\m-]m-Zn-IÄ ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n¡p¶ ssPhsshhn-[y-¯nsâ ]nÅ-s¯m-«n-epw FÃm-am-b I−¡m-Sp-IfpsS {]m[m\yw hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. \¡o-csâ teJ\w Imtem-Nn-X-sa¶p am{X-aÃ, hnÚm-\-{]-Z-hp-am-Wv. ImcWw hnI-k-\-Xz-c-bn Cu I−¡m-Sp-IfpsS {]m[m\yw B]Xv¡-camwhn[w Ah-K-Wn¨v Xan-gv\m-S³ Xoc-ta-J-es
- bm«msI Icn-\n-g hogv¯p-Ibpw Imem-h-Ø-bn Ønchpw Zqc-hym-]I
- h
- pamb amä-§-fp-−m-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Xm] sshZypXn \ne-b-§Ä Øm]n¡p-¶-Xn-sâ A]-I-S¯nte¡v Cu teJ\w {i² £Wn-¡p-¶p.
kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-Ibpw kzX{´ Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bp-amb Xan-gv\m-«n \n¶pÅ
kpa\ \mcm-b-W³ aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS, {]tXy-In-¨v, amdn-h-cp¶ Imem-hØ-bnepw ap³Iq«n ImWm³ Ign-bm¯ IS-ensâ amä-§-fpsS ]Ým-¯e
- ¯nepw ]c-¼-cm-KX aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Zpc-hØ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.
Indp-_m-I-c³ Fgp-Xp¶ teJ-\-¯n Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv bpK-¯nse alm-hn-]¯mb Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§-fmWv {]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bw. D]-tbm-K-iq-\y6
amb I¼yq-«À `mK-§fpw aäv A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fmb hkvXp-¡fpw, `qX-ehpw
`qKÀ`-P-e-hp-saÃmw aeo-a-k-am-¡n-s¡m−v hnim-e-amb `q{]-tZ-i¯v XÅ-s¸Sp-I-bm-sW¶v At±lw Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p. ]mcn-Øn-Xn-Ihpw s]mXp kpc£m
kw_-Ôn-bp-amb \S-]-Sn-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡p-hm³ _m[y-Ø-cmb A[n-Imc
Øm\-§-fn \n¶v kpc-£n-X-amb amen\y \nÀ½mÀÖ-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v DNn-Xamb bmsXmcp Nn´-bp-an-Ãm¯ Cu ka-b¯v XnI¨pw katbm-Nn-Xa
- mb
Hcp am[y-a-{]-hÀ¯\ DZy-a-am-Wn-Xv.
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ {]iv\-§Ä NqSp-]n-Sn-¡p-t¼mÄ ZfnXv
kv{XoIÄ A\p-`-hn-t¡-−n-h-cp¶ Iã-X-I-fpsS Hcp bYmÀ° Nn{Xw
apt¶m«v sh¡p-I-bmWv kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-Ibpw hncp-Zp-\-KÀ tI{µ-am-bpÅ
h\n-X-I-fpsS {]iv\-§-fn _Ô-s¸«v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ "DAWN' F¶ k¶-²kw-L-S\bpsS FIvkn-Iyp-«ohv Ub-d-IvS-dp-amb im´.Pn. PmXn hyh-ØnXn
aqew Xcw-Xm-W-Xmbn IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw Ah-Ú-tbmsS ho£n-¡s
- ¸-SpIbpw sNbvXp-h-cp¶ Hcp P\-k-aq-l-¯nÂXs¶, ]ns¶bpw Xcw-Xm-WXmbn IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cmWv Cu kv{XoIÄ. A[n-Imc kwhn-[m-\§
- fm ]pÑn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶, {Kma-¯nse InW-dp-I-fn \n¶v shÅ-sa-Sp-¡m³
t]mepw A\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-Sm-¯, shÅ-¯n-\mbn ImX-§Ä Xmt−-−n-hc
- p¶
Cu kv{XoIÄ X§-fpsS Xs¶ kaq-l-¯nse ]pcp-j³am-cpsS sImSpw-{Iq-cX-IÄ¡pw DbÀ¶ PmXn-bnÂs¸« ]pcp-j³am-cpsS Nqj-W-¯n\pw
k¦Â]n-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶-Xn Gähpw tami-amb aäv Gsd IjvSX
- -IÄ¡pw
Cc-bm-Ip-¶p. im´ ChnsS DbÀ¯p-¶Xv hfsc {]k-àhpw Nnt´m-±o- ]
- I
- hp-amb Hcp tNmZy-am-Wv: Cu kv{XoIÄ¡p-th-−n-bpÅ Imem-hØm \oXn
F´m-Wv?
FÃm {]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cy-§-tfmSpw FXn-cn«v Xsâ {Kma-¯nse ]cn-ØnXn
`q]Sw amäm³ Hcp hyàn \S-¯nb Gähpw henb {]hÀ¯-\-§f
- mWv
"km^n C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v tPW-enkw' A²ym-]-I-\mb apl-½Zv \ujmZv
hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A_vZpÄ Ico-ansâ IY hnIm-c-`-cn-X-ambn \ujmZv Ah-Xc
- n¸n-¡p-¶p. hc-−, ]md-IÄ \ndª Hcp {]tZiw Pem-i-b-§fpw kky-eX
- mZn-Ifpw hnhn-[-Xcw Pohn-hÀ¤-§fpw \ndª Hcp lcnX `qan-bm¡n amäm³
A_vZpÄ Icow \nÀÆ-ln-¡p¶ A£o-Whpw [oc-hp-amb ]cn-{i-a-§sf
teJ\w FSp-¯p-Im-«p-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ hm¡p-I-fnse emfnXyw A_vZpÄ
Ico-ansâ {]Ir-Xn-tbm-SpÅ AS-§m¯ A`n-\n-th-i-¯nsâ emfn-Xyhpw
ØnX-{]-Ú-Xbpw {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶p. \nXm´ ]cn-{i-a-¯nsâ Hcp A\nXckm[m-cW bm{X!
\½psS ]cn-ØnXn k´p-en-Xm-hØ \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn Xh-f-If
- psS
{]m[m\yw BcmWv IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡pI? ]Þn-tXm-Nn-X-ambn, Imhym-ßI
- ambn cNn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ Xsâ teJ-\-¯n tIc-f-¯nse ]cn-ØnXn
7
k´p-en-Xm-h-Ø-bn Xh-f-IÄ¡pÅ {]m[m\yw FSp-¯p-Im-«p-I-bmWv
hfÀ¶p hcp¶ Fgp-¯p-Im-c\pw A[ym-]-I-\p-amb kµo]v. tIc-f-¯nÂ
a¬kq¬ BK-a-\hpw H¸w Xh-f-I-fpsS CW-tN-c Ime-¯nsâ XpS¡hpw hnfn-t¨m-Xp¶ IÀ®m-\-µI-c-amb kwKoXw t]mepÅ Xh-f-If
- psS
Ic-¨n tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄ ag ho−pw kwKo-X-am-e-]n¡pw F¶v IÀj-I³
{]Xo-£-tbmsS A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ B\-µw, hnf-IÄ hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp¡mw
F¶pÅ Dd¸v CsXÃmw hmb-\-¡msc kv]Àin-¡p-¶p. F¦nepw D`-bP
- o-hnbmb a\p-jysâ Cu ASp¯ kplr¯v hnj-a-b-amb hf-§fpw IoS-\m-in\n-I-fp-saÃmw D]-tbm-Kn-¨pÅ Irjn coXn-Ifpw Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\¯n\v hgn sXfn-¡p¶ `qhn-\n-tbmK coXn-I-fp-saÃmw aqew `qan-bn \n¶v
henb tXmXn A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-I-bmWv F¶ Ah-t_m-[-¯n-te-¡mWv
teJ\w \s½ \bn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Pnj, \kod F¶o h\nX Fgp-¯p-ImÀ tIc-f-¯nse ]cn-ØnXn kw_-Ôamb {]iv\-§-fmWv X§-fpsS teJ-\-§Ä¡v hnj-b-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶X
- v.
hnI-k\ {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw Irjn-co-Xn-bn-epÅ amä-§fpw `qKÀ`-P-e-¯nsâ
Aan-X-amb Nqj-W-hp-saÃmw aqew tIc-f-¯nse A«-¸m-Sn-bn ]cnØnXn\miw- sIm-−p-−m-bn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶ Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w
\kod hnh-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ, tIc-f-¯nse hb-\m-Snsâ {]mNo\, kzm`m-hnI
{]Ir-Xnsb ISp¯ coXn-bn \in-¸n-¡p¶ dntkmÀ«p-I-fpsS \nÀ½m-Whpw
aäv \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw Pnj Xsâ teJ-\-¯n\v hnj-b-am-¡n-bn-cn¡p-¶p.
P\-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ \ne-\nÂ]n\v B[m-c-amb kzm`m-hnI ssPh Bhmk
hyh-Ø-I-sfbpw \Zo-X-S-§-sf-bp-saÃmw AW-s¡-«p-I-fpsS \nÀ½mWw
F§s\ B]-Xv¡-c-ambn _m[n-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw C¯cw \nÀ½m-W§
- Ä
Imem-h-Ø-bn bYmÀ°-¯n F´v A]-I-S-ap-−m-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw KthjI hnZymÀ°n-bmb cRvPnXv Imhp-¦c Xsâ teJ-\-¯n hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p.
Cu 14 kzX{´ ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-cp-sSbpw Fgp-¯p-Im-cp-sSbpw teJ-\§
- Ä
C´y³ `mjm am[y-a-§-fn hmbn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw BtKm-f-X-e-¯nÂ
sh_vssk-än-eqsS hn\n-abw sN¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-t¼mÄ CXv hmb-\¡
- mcp-sSbpw Ah-cpsS kaq-l-§-fp-sSbpw \nb-a-\nÀ½m-Xm-¡f
- p-sSbpw Aht_m[w hÀ²n-¸-n-¡p-sa¶pw AhÀ {]mtZ-in-I, tZio-b, A´ÀtZ-iob Xe¯n Cu Zpc-´m-h-Ø-sb-¡p-dn¨v \nÀ®m-b-I-amb \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ ssIs¡mÅp-sa¶pw {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶p. tZio-b-X-e-¯n Ch Ct¸mÄ \S-¶p-hcp¶ ]cn-ØnXn {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v iàn-]-I-cp-sa¶pw C´y-bn kw`-hn¡p¶ Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ A\-´c ^e-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Aht_m[w hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-sa¶pw hnhn[ I½-än-I-fp-sSbpw I½o-j-\p-I-fp-sSbpw
dnt¸mÀ«p-I-fpsS hnizm-kyX Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-sa¶pw {]Xo-£n-¡mw.
8
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\w ImÀjnI
taJebpambn F§ns\ s]mcp¯s¸Spw?
Fw.-F³. Ip¡ÀWn
“BtKmf kaqlw Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\¯nsâ ^e§sf sNdp¯v
\n¶nsæn 2100 \Iw Xm]\nebn 4 Un{Kn skÂjykv hÀ²\hp
D−mIpsa¶v sFIycmjv{S kwLS\bpsS {]hÀ¯I kwLw ap¶dnbn¸p
\ÂIp¶p.” 1 C³Uy³ C³ÌnÁyq«v Hm^v kb³kv _mw¥qÀ, AhcpsS
'ImemhØ hyXnbm\hpw, ImemhØm amÁhpw IÀWmSI taJebnÂ'
F¶ dnt¸mÀ«n Xm]\nebpsS hÀ²\hv 2030 BIpt¼mtg¡v 1.8 apXÂ
2.2 Un{Kn skÂjykv Bbncn¡pw F¶p ]dbp¶p.
Xm]\nebpsS hÀ²\hv t^mkn ^yqhepIÄ (s]t{SmÄ, UokÂ,
as®®), Icn, hndI,v amen\y§Ä XpS§nbh I¯n¡p¶Xn\mepw
Im«pXo
aqehpw
BWv
D−mIp¶Xv.
Ch
A´co£¯nse
ImÀ_¬UtbmIvsskUnsâbpw
aäp
hmXI§fpsSbpw
Afhp
hÀ²n¸n¡p¶p. ImÀ_¬ssUtbmIvsskUv, ss\{Skv HmIvsskUv,
antY³ XpS§nb hmXI§Ä¡v kqcy{]Imis¯ hens¨Sp¡m\pw
\nb{´n¡m\pw Ignbpw.
A´co£¯nse Cu hmXI§fpsS
A\nb{´nX
hÀ²\hmWv
BtKmf
Xm]\¯nsâ
ImcWw.
hyhkmbh¡cW¯n\v
ap¼pÅ
ImeL«¯nÂ
ImÀ_¬
ssUtbmIvsskUv A´co£¯n 280 ]n.]n.Fw Bbncps¶¦nÂ
Ct¸mÄ AXv 400 ]n.]n.Fw. BWv.2
]«nI: 1 ku¯v IÀWmSI PnÃIfnse Xm]hÀ²\hnsâ km[yXIÄ
PnÃ
XpwIqÀ
amÞnbm
Nn{XZpÀKm
Zmh³Kncn
s_Ãmcn
Nn¡_Ãm]pc
tImfmÀ
NmacmP \Kc
kwØm\ icmicn
2030 te¡pÅ Xm]\nebpsS
hÀ²\hv (oC)
2.06
2.03
2.07
2.05
2.16
2.06
2.06
2.03
1.8 to 2.2
(Source: Climate variability and climate change projections, Karnataka Region, IISC, Bangalore, 2001 report)
1
2
Prajavani News paper, dated 14-06-2013, Karnataka, India
“Growth and low carbon can co exist” by Kieran Cooke, Climate News Network, 19-9-2013, London
9
Imem-hØm
hyXn-bm-\w
Hmtcm
Øet¯bpw
hyXykvXambn
kzm[o\n¡p¶pþ agbpsS Afhv, NqSv, hcĨ, hnfhnse Ipdhv XpS§nbh.
IÀWmSI
kwØm\w
Ignª
c−paq¶p
hÀjambn
hcĨ
t\cnSpIbmWv.
agbn h¶ hyXymk§Ä
t\cs¯ Pq¬ Pqsse amk§fn \à ag In«nbncp¶p. F¶m Ct¸mÄ
Irjn¡mÀ¡v hn¯nSp¶Xn\v BKÌv, sk]vXw_À hsc Im¯ncnt¡−n
hcp¶p. icmicn ag Znhk§fpsS F®¯nepw Ipdhp−v. Xp¦qÀ
PnÃbnse hmÀjnI icmicn ag 650 Fw.Fw.Dw icmicn ag Znhk§Ä 45
Dw Bbncp¶p. Xp¦qÀ PnÃbnse {KmtamZb ]cnioe\ tI{µ¯nse
agbpsS Afhv 2þmw ]«nIbn sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p. 2004 apXÂ
XpSÀ¨bmbn ag Znhk§fn Ipdhp ImWp¶p−v. 2004  64
Znhkambncp¶Xv 2011  36 Znhkambn. F¶m BsI s]bvX ag
GXm−v
XpeyamWv.
CXnsâ
^eambn
IrjnbnS¯nse
CuÀ¸¯nsâ ]cn]me\w k¦oÀWambncn¡pIbmWv.
]«nI 2 : ag hnhc]«nI Xn]vXqÀ, Xp¦qÀ PnÃ
\w.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
hÀjw
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
ag-bpsS Afhv ag s]bvX
(an.-ao)
Znh-k-§Ä
473.00
44
775.00
64
787.00
61
512.00
53
796.50
45
957.50
50
873.50
37
886.50
37
710.50
36
542.50
26
10
]«nI -3 : ag hnhc]«nI Xp¦qÀ Xmeq¡v, Xp¦qÀ PnÃ
\w. hÀjw ag-bpsS Afhv ag s]bvX
(an.-ao)
Znh-k-§Ä
1
1990
331.50
31
2
1991
845.00
46
3
1993
725.00
45
4
1994
569.00
42
5
1995
660.00
44
6
1996
947.00
50
7
1997
986.00
56
8
1998
790.00
50
IÀWmSIbn 60 iXam\¯ntesd Irjn `qanbn agsb B{ibn¨pÅ
IrjnbmWv sN¿p¶Xv. CXn\m Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\hpw BtKmf
Xm]\hpw IÀWmSI¯n \nÀWmbIambncn¡pw. Xm]\nebnse Hcp
Un{Kn skÂjykv hÀ²\hv 5 apX 10 iXam\w hsc hnfhv Ipdbv¡pw. 2
Un{Kn hÀ²\hp h³ Irjn\mi¯nte¡pw \o§pw. BbXn\m amdp¶
kmlNcy¯n ]cnlmcamÀ¤§Ä A\nhmcyamWv. kwtbmPnX Irjn
k{¼Zmbw hc− `qanbn Irjn sN¿p¶ IÀjIcpsS D]Poh\s¯
klmbn¡pw.
kwtbmPnX Irjn k{¼Zmbw (sF.F^v.Fkv.)
sF.F^v.Fkn {]IrXn¡p A\ptbmPyamb ]e kkyhr£§Ä,
h\hr£§Ä, I¶pImen Xoä e`yam¡p¶ hr£§Ä, ]pÃv, It¼mÌv,
arK kwc£Ww, a®nsâbpw shůnsâbpw kwc£Ww F¶nh
DÄs¸Sp¶p. Cu coXnbn IÀjIÀ aqt¶m \mtem Xcw ac§fpw
(amhv, ]pfn, Iipamhv, t]c) Ft«m ]t¯m Xcw h\hr£§fpw
h¨p]nSn¸n¡p¶p. ^ehr£§Ä Irjn sN¿p¶ CS§fntem, NndIfntem
h¨p]nSn¸n¡mhp¶XmWv. `qanbpsS D]tbmKw A\pkcn¨v 40 ac§Ähsc
Htc¡dnÂ
\«p]nSn¸n¡mhp¶XmWv.
CXpt]mse
h\hr£§fpw
h¨p]nSn¸n¡mw. Ahbn hndIn\pÅ ac§fpw tX¡v XpS§nb
hr£§fpw kp_m_qÄ, apcn§ XpS§nbhbpw BImw.
\mep hÀj¯n\ptijw h\hr£§Ä hndIv, CeIÄ XpS§nbh
\evIp¶p.
Cu
CeIfpw
aäp
`mK§fpw
shÀan
It¼mÌv
D¸mZn¸n¡p¶Xn\v D]tbmKn¡mw. CXv cmkhf§fpsS D]tbmKw
Ipdbv¡p¶p. arKkwc£W¯n\v ac§Ä klmbn¡pw. 5þmw hÀjw
apXÂ Bhiyamb hndIp e`n¡pw. CXv h\kwc£W¯ns\
klmbn¡pw. A§s\ At©m Btdm hÀj¯n\pÅn hc− Irjn `qan
11
hÀ²n¨ `£ykpc£bpw, ImenXoäbpw Dd¸m¡pw; Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\¯nsâ ZpcnX ^e§sf Hcp ]cn[nhsc XSbm\pw Ignbpw.
sF.F^v.Fkv coXnbntem HmÀKm\nIv ^manwMv kwhn[m\¯ntem Hcp
slIvSÀ `qan 733þ3000 ¯ntesd ImÀ_¬ D¸mZn¸n¡pw. CXv Imem\µnlÅnbnse IÀjIÀ¡v sF.F^v.Fknsâ
klmb lkvXw
PePoh\n F¶ Pekwc£W ]²Xn ss_^v \µnlÅn {Kma¯nÂ
\S¸nem¡nhcp¶p. 2006 Cu {]hÀ¯\w XpS§n. XpS¡¯n 50 IÀjIsc
kwtbmPnX Irjn k{¼Zmbw \S¸nem¡m³ klmbn¨p. 2006 Â H«pamhp ssXIÄ
hnXcWw sNbvXp. Cu {Kma¯nse IÀjIÀ BßmÀ°XbpÅhcpw
{]bXv\ioecpamWv. \oÀhmgvNbv¡pÅ Ipf§fpw aÁp a¬]WnIfpw AhÀ kzbw
sNbvXp XoÀ¯p. ^ehr£ ssXIÄ \«v `wKnbmbn kwc£n¨phcp¶p.
sF.F^v.Fkv. ssXIÄ am{XamWv \ÂInbXv. _m¡n IpgnIpgn¡Â, XSw
icnbm¡Â, \SoÂ, XWÂ, shÅw Hgn¡Â XpS§nbhsbÃmw IÀjIcpsS
kw`mh\bmbncp¶p.
th\ Ime¯v shÅw Hgn¨pw, arK§fn \n¶pw kwc£n¨pw Cu
sNSnIsf hfÀ¯n. Nne IÀjIÀ Irjn `qanbn Imhen\mbn Hcp IpSn ]WnXp.
IÀjIcpsS ITn\m[zm\¯nsâ ^eambn hcpam\w e`n¨p XpS§n. Ignª
c−phÀjambn amhpIÄ Imbv¡p¶p. 19 Irjn¡mÀ¡v am¼gw hnäv hcpam\w e`n¨p
XpS§n. 2000 apXÂ 15000 cq]hsc hcpam\w In«n. \µnlÅnbnse KwK® ]dbp¶p:
“FÃmw IÀjIcpsS Xmev]cys¯bpw {]bXv\s¯bpw B{ibn¨ncn¡pw. ac§Ä
kwc£n¨hÀ¡v IqSpX hnfhpw IqSpX hcpam\hpw In«n¶p”. 2013 Â
IÀjIÀ¡v 95113/þ cq] e`n¨p. hcpw hÀj§fn hcpam\w IqSpw. hndIp hnäpw
hcpam\w e`n¨p XpS§n. KwK®bv¡v hndIphnäv 6000/þ cq] e`n¨p.
h\hr£§fn \n¶pw hcpam\hpw hfhpw e`n¨p XpS§n.
hØm hyXn-bm-\s¯ \nb{´n¡p¶Xn\v \nÀ®mbIamWv. ImÀ_Wnsâ
Afhv Iq«p¶Xn\m B[p\nI Irjn k{¼Zmbt¯¡mÄ sF.F^v.Fkv
ImehØsb Ipdt¨ _m[n¡pIbpÅp.
sF.F^v.Fkv taJebn k¶² kwLS\IfpsS
{]hÀ¯\§Ä
IÀWmSIbn [mcmfw kwLS\IÄ sF.F^v.Fkv taJebnÂ
{]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. XpwIqdnse Xn]vXqdn DÅ ss_^v F¶ Øm]\w Cu
cwK¯v {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. 19708 IÀjIcpsS 21852 G¡À Øe¯mWv Cu
12
{]hÀ¯\w. sFSnF^v F¶ Øm]\w kpPoh\ F¶ t]cn Ip\nKÄ,
Kpºn F¶o Xmep¡Ifn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. tImfmÀ PnÃbnse
Nn´maWnbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ F^v.C.Fkv. F¶ Øm]\hpw Cu
cwK¯v kPohamWv. _mw¥qÀ BØm\amb FFwC Ipdª NnehnepÅ
\ne\nev¡p¶Xmb ImÀjnI coXnIsf t{]mÕmln¸n¡p¶p.
aäp {ia§Ä
Imem-hØm
hyXn-bm-\¯nsâ
ZpcnX§Ä
eLqIcn¡p¶Xn\v
kÀ¡mÀ ]cn]mSnIfpw \S¸nem¡n hcp¶p. 38200 slIvSÀ Irjn`qan
kzm`mhnI Irjnbn sIm−phcphm³ IÀ®mSIm Kh¬saân\v
Ignªn«p−v. IÀ®mSI kÀ¡mÀ Cu ]cn]mSn hym]n¸n¡m³
BtemNn¡p¶Xv kzmKXmÀlamWv. cmkhf§Ä¡p ]Icw {]IrXnZ¯
hf§Ä
D]tbmKn¡p¶Xn\v
IÀjIsc
t{]cn¸n¡p¶p−v.
CXv
A´co£¯nte¡v ss\{Skv HmIvsskUv XpS§nb hmXI§fpsS
_lnÀKa\w \nb{´n¡p¶p. kØm\ kÀ¡mcnsâ _tbm^yphÂ
Uhe¸vsaâv
t_mÀUv,
_tbm^yqhÂ
sNSnIfpsS
hym]\s¯
t{]mÕln¸n¡p¶p. hnZymeb§Ä, t£{X§Ä XpS§nbbnS¯pw
h\`qan, Xcnip`qan F¶nhbnepw Cu ac§Ä h¨p]nSn¸n¡p¶p−v.
13
C³Uy³ Iu¬kn Hm^v A{KnIĨd dnkÀ¨v (ICAR) F¶
`mcXkÀ¡mÀ Øm]\hpw Cu cwK¯v {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p−v. Irjn,
arK]cn]me\w, aÕyw hfÀ¯Â, {]IrXnhn`h]cn]me\w F¶o
taJeIfn kmt¦XnI hnZy hym]n¸n¡p¶Xn\pw IÀjIcpsS Ignhv
hnIkn¸n¡p¶Xn\pw ]cn]mSnIÄ \S¸m¡p¶p. hnfhpIfnep−mImhp¶
IpdhpIÄ ICAR IW¡m¡nbn«p−v.
\¼À
1
2
3
4
5
hnfIÄ
PetkN\w DÅ
s\ÂIrjn
agsb B{ibn¨pÅ
s\ÂIrjn
tKmX¼v
PetkN\apÅ tNmfw
agsb B{ibn¨pÅ
tkmÀKw
hÀjhpw hnfhnepÅ amÁ§fpw
2020
2050
2080
4% Ipdhv
7% Ipdhv 10% Ipdhv
6% Ipdhv
18% Ipdhv
18% Ipdhv
2.5% Ipdhv
6% Ipdhv 2.5% Ipdhv
23% Ipdhv
23% Ipdhv
2.5% Ipdhv
25% Ipdhv
23% Ipdhv
8% Ipdhv
hnfIfnse Cu Ipdhv Xm]\nebpsS 1 apXÂ 2 Un{Kn skÂjyknsâ
hÀ²\hpsIm−mWv kw`hn¡p¶Xv. tKmX¼v, PetkN\apÅ s\Ãv,
PetkN\apÅ tNmfw F¶nhsb Bbncn¡pw CXv IqSpXÂ _m[n¡pI.
Ipdhv ImÀ_¬ Irjn coXnIÄ
1. Ahinã§Ä I¯n¡mXncn¡Â
Nne {]hÀ¯\§Ä sNdpsX¶p tXm¶nbmepw Hcp henb kaqlw
GsÁSp¯m AXnsâ ^ew \nÀ®mbIambncn¡pw. hnfIfpsS
Ahinã§fpw ]¨neIfpw aäpw Ignbp¶{X I¯n¡mXncn¡pI. Ahsb
It¼mÌv hfam¡n amäpI. ]mgm¡n IfbpIbpw I¯n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶
IfIsf \Ã hfam¡n amämw.
2. Dghv
XpSÀ¨bmbpÅ
Dghv
a®nse
ssat{Im_nbÂ
{]hÀ¯\§sf
hÀ²n¸n¡pIbpw
A´co£¯nse
hmXI§fpsS
{]hmls¯
hÀ²n¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. PetkN\apÅ `qanbn `qan Dgp¶Xv
\nÀ¯p¶Xpw ag {]tZi§fn Ipdbv¡p¶XpamWv A`nImayw.
Ipd¨pImewsIm−v Cu `qan, ]cnØnXn A\pIqe CS§fmbn amdpw.
14
Ct¡mfPn¡Â Irjn, hmXI§fpsS {]hmls¯ 64% Ipdbv¡p¶p F¶v
Is−¯nbn«p−v.
3. kkythen
Irjn`qanbpsS AXncpIfn kkythenIÄ h¨p]nSn¸n¡pI. CXn\v
A\ptbmPyamb IpÁns¨SnIfpw hÅns¨SnIfpw hfÀ¯pI. c−mw
hÀjw apXÂ Cu thenIÄ [mcmfw ]¨nehfw \ÂIpw.
4. dnUvPpIfpw s^tdmkpIfpw
dnUvPpIfpw s^tdmkpIfpw \nÀ½n¡p¶Xv Hcp ]c¼cmKXamb
kwhn[m\amWv.
CXnt¸mÄ
CÃmXmhpIbmWv.
CuÀ¸s¯
kwc£n¡p¶Xn\pw hcĨbn CuÀ¸¯nsâ \ãw Ipdbv¡p¶Xn\pw
CXv klmbn¡p¶p. ]mhKmU, Nn{XZpÀK F¶nhnS§fnse hfsc Ipd¨p
IÀjIÀ Ct¸mgpw Cu k{¼Zmbw XpScp¶p. Imem-hØm hyXnbm\t¯mSpÅ {]XnIcW¯n\v Cu coXnIÄ hfsc {][m\amWv.
5. ]pXbnSÂ
th\ÂIme¯v
sNdnb
kky§sf
kwc£nt¡−Xv
AhbpsS
\ne\n¸n\v
hfsc
\n˨mbIamWv.
th−h®w
]pXbnSp¶Xv
shůnsâ
Bh-iy-I-Xsb
Ipdbv¡pw.
]¨neIÄ,
sNSnbpsS
Ahinã§Ä XpS§nbh th\ÂIme¯n\p ap¼v \nt£]n¡Ww.
IfIfpsS hfÀ¨tbbpw CuÀ¸¯nsâ PmKocWt¯bpw ]pXbnSÂ
XSbnSp¶p. shÅw Hgn¡p¶Xv BgvNbn Hcn¡Â aXnbmIpw.
6. an{iIrjn
GIhnfIÄ `qanbpsS t]mjI§Ä Ipdbv¡pt¼mÄ an{ihnfIÄ
`qansb
]pãns¸Sp¯p¶p.
]c¼cmKXambn
Irjn¡mÀ
`£y[m\y§fpw ]bÀhÀK§fpw Irjn sNbvXncp¶p. `£y[m\y§Ä
taÂa®nÂ
\n¶v
t]mjI§Ä
FSp¡pt¼mÄ
]bÀhÀK§Ä
a®n\Snbn \n¶pw FSp¡p¶p. Ah taÂa®nse t]mjI§Ä
\ne\nÀ¯p¶p. CXv `qanbpsS ^e-`q-bn-jvSX \ne\nÀ¯n cmkhf§fpsS
{]tbmKw Ipdbv¡m³ klmbn¡p¶p.
apt¶m«pÅ hgn
kÀ¡mÀ, Irjn¡mÀ, k¶² kwLS\IÄ, imkv{X kaqlw
XpS§nbhbpsS Iq«mb {]hÀ¯\w ImemhØ hyXnbm\¯nsâ
Zqjy^e§Ä
Ipdbv¡m³
BhiyamWv.
Cu
e£y¯n\mbn
Irjn¡msc ]cnioen¸n¡pIbpw Ahsc {]m]vXcm¡pIbpw thWw.
15
B[p\nI IrjncoXnIfn \n¶v ]mc¼cy Irjn coXnIfnte¡v amdm³
IÀjIsc t{]cn¸n¡p¶Xn\v IqSpXÂ klmbw BhiyamWv. Ct¸mÄ
\evIn hcp¶ klmbw XoÀ¯pw A]cym]vXamWv. Hcp hntÃPv
]©mb¯nse Hcp {Kma¯nse¦nepw C¯cw amXrIIÄ hnIkn¸n¡Ww.
k¶²kwLS\Ifpw,
kÀ¡mÀ
Øm]\§fpw
IÀjIcpsS
IrjnbnS§sf kwc£n¡m³ apt¶m«p hcWw. ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xnt\¡mÄ
{]tbmP\Icw t\cn«v ImWp¶XmWv. C¯cw kµÀi\§Ä {]IrXn
Irjnbnte¡v thK¯n amdm³ klmbn¡pw.
hc− Irjn`qanbn h\hn`h§Ä IqSn IrjnsN¿m³ IÀjIsc
klmbn¡Ww. 200 ac§sf¦nepw Htc¡dn h¨p]nSn¸n¡p¶hÀt¡
hnhn[ kÀ¡mÀ klmb§Ä sImSp¡mhp. acw h¨p]nSn¸n¡Â Hcp
kwkvImc¯nsâ `mKamIWw. CXn\v kaqls¯ X¿mdm¡Ww.
k¶²kwLS\IÄ¡v Cu cwK¯v Hcp \nÀWmbI ]¦v hln¡m³
Ignbpw.
s]mXp`qan, kvIqÄ `qan, Bcm[\meb§Ä, NXp¸p \ne§Ä, hgnbcnIv
XpS§nb CS§fn ac§Ä hfÀ¯m³ t{]mÕmln¸n¡pI. {Kma§fnÂ
kzm{ibkwL§Ä, bphP\ kwL§Ä, kvIqÄ hnZymÀ°nIÄ
XpS§nbhcpsS ]¦mfn¯w Dd¸p hcp¯Ww. Øe e`yXb\pkcn¨v
FÃm ho«phf¸nepw Ht¶m ct−m hr£§Ä \SWw. BXy´nIambn
A´co£¯nse ImÀ_Wnsâ Afhv Cu ac§fmWv \nb{´n¡pI.
kqNnI
1. Climate variability and climate change protections, Karnataka Region, IISC,
Bangalore, 2011 report.
2. Impact of climate change on land degradation over India, National Climate
Centre, IMD, Pune, May 2011.
3. Project completion report, BAIF- Jalajeevani project, March 2013.
4. Written reply to Rajya Sabha questions by Sri. Tariq Anwar, Hon. Minister for
State, for Agriculture and Food processing, Gol, Aug. 23, 2013
5. Ground water information booklet, Tumkur district, Karnataka, page 8, July
2008
M.N. Kulkarni
Ganesh Krupa, 4th main, Siddaganga Extension, Tumkur- 572102
Mob: 9945442761 | E-mail: [email protected]
16
Pekw`-c-Wn-IÄ {Kma-§-fpsS Poh-\m-Un-IÄ
]qÀ®-{]-Ú, t_fqÀ
Ncn{X ]Ým-¯ew
ap³Im-e-§-fn Pe-tk-N-\-¯nsâ apJy-t{km-XÊv Pe-kw-`c
- -Wn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p. {]mtZ-in-I-ambn "sIsc' F¶-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp¶ Ah {KmaoW PohnX LS-\bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp-¶p. {Kma-¯nse FÃm ho«p-Imcpw Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-If
- psS
KpW-t`m-àm-¡-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. ImÀjn-Im-h-iy-§Ä¡v Pew \ÂIp-¶Xn\v ]pd-sa, hkv{X-§Ä Igp-Im-\pw I¶p-Im-en-IÄ¡v IpSn-¡m\pw aäp-ambpÅ KmÀlnI {]hÀ¯\Ä¡pw Pew e`y-am-bn-cp-¶Xv Ch-bn \n¶m-bncp-¶p. Ipi-h³amÀ kw`-c-Wn-I-fnse Pehpw F¡epw X§-fpsS Poh-kÔm-c-W-¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-¶p. {Kma-¯nse aÕy-sXm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_§fpw kw`-c-Wn-Isf B{i-bn-¨mWv Pohn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. Pe-t{km-X-Ên\v Npäpw
Pohn-¡p¶ IÀj-IÀ¡v kw`-c-Wn-IÄ Pew \ÂIp-t¼m-Ä, hrjvSn-{]-tZi¯v Xma-kn-¨ncp-¶-hÀ kw`-c-Wn-I-fn \n¶pÅ ^e-`q-bn-jvS-amb F¡Â
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ KpW-t`m-àm-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
kw`-c-Wn-Isf Npän-¸än "sIsc lº', "tlmsf KwK½' XpS§n Nne Iemkmw-kv¡m-cnI {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw \S-¶p-h-¶n-cp-¶p. Gähpw D¶-X-t{i-Wn-bnepff aX-]-c-amb Hcp {]hÀ¯n-bm-bmWv kw`-c-Wn-I-fpsS \nÀ½mWw KWn¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm-−mWv At\Iw kw`-c-Wn-IÄ Ah \nÀ½n-¨h
- cpsS t]cp-I-fn Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv. ap³Im-e-§-fnÂ, ]gb cmP-hw-i¯nse cmPm-¡³am-tcm, km¼-¯n-I-ambn sa¨-s¸« \ne-bn Pohn-¨ncp¶
hyàn-Itfm kap-Zm-b-§Ä Xs¶tbm Bbn-cp¶p kw`-c-Wn-IÄ \nÀ½n-¨n-cp¶-Xv. ]cn-]m-e\ coXn-I-fpw CXn Xs¶ DÄt¨À¶n-cp-¶p.
t]mjI I\m-ep-I-fn apgp-h³ s]m¦m-anb ac-§Ä \«p-]n-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p.
IÀj-IÀ Cu ac-§Ä ka-bm-k-a-b-§-fn sh«n-sbm-Xp-¡p-Ibpw ssPhm-hin-jvS-§Ä hf-¡p-gn-I-fn CSp-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-¶n-cp-¶p. t]mjI I\mense Pe-¯nsâ Hgp-¡n\v `wKw hcm-Xn-cn-¡m³ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc CXv klmb-I-am-bn-«p-−v. IqSm-sX, FÃm- hÀjhpw Irjn-¡mÀ ChnsS \n¶v hf-sc-b[nIw F¡Â sIm−p-t]mbn X§fpsS Irjn-bn-S-§-fnse hf-¡p-gn-If
- nÂ
CSpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. bmsXmcp Nne-hp-an-Ãm-sX, kw`-c-Wn-I-fn \nd-bp¶
F¡Â amän-¡-f-bm³ kÀ¡m-dn\v klm-b-I-am-bXv CXp-sIm-−m-Wv. CXv
t]mcmsX h¶mÂX-s¶, {ia-Zm³ (kz-ta-[bm DÅ -tPm-en) \S-¯p-hm³
{]mtZ-inI kaq-l-§Ä¡v IÀi\ \nÀt±-i-§-fp-ap-−m-bn-cp¶p. Hmtcm IpSpw_hpw Cu F¡Â amä {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-\m-h-iy-amb ]nIv-þ-B-Ivkv, Ccp-¼p]m-c, sIm¨p h−n-IÄ XpS-§nb D]-I-c-W-§Ä \ÂIp-Itbm AsÃ-¦nÂ
17
Hmtcm hyànbpw kw`-c-Wn-bn \n¶v 10 Ip« F¡-se-¦nepw sIm−p-t]mIp-Itbm sN¿Ww XpS-§nb \n_-Ô-\-IÄ CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. A¡mes¯ PohnX coXn-IÄ¡pw ImÀjnI {]hr¯n-IÄ¡pw A\p-kr-Xa
- m-bncp¶p kw`-cWn ]cn-]m-e\ coXnbpw.
AsXÃmw ]gb s]cp-a-IÄ. C¶m-Is«, Nn{X-amsI ]qÀ®-ambn amdn-bn-cn-¡p¶p. 18þmw \qäm-−nsâ a[y-¯nÂ, A¶v `cWw \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ {_n«o-jpImÀ kw`-c-Wn-I-fpsS ]cn-]m-e-\hpw Aä-Ipä ]Wn-Ifpw Gsä-Sp-¯p-sIm−v
Ah-bv¡p-ta Ah-Imiw Øm]n-¨p. kw`-c-Wn-I-fn \n¶v e`n-¡p¶ h³
hcp-am-\-¯n BIr-jvS-cmb {_n«o-jp-ImÀ \qäm-−p-I-tfmfw ]g-¡apÅ ]cn-]m-e\ coXn-bpsS hogvN¡pw \mi-¯n\pw CS-h-cp-¯n. kw`-cW
- nIÄ¡v hfsc Zqsc-bn-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ Ch-bpsS ]cn-]m-e\w \S-¯p¶ AhØ
h¶-t¸mÄ Xt±-iob kaq-l-§Ä¡v {ItaW CXn-epÅ Xmev]cyw CÃmXmbn. am{X-a-Ã, X§-fp-tS-X-Ãm-¯-sXt´m ImWp¶ coXn-bn AhÀ kw`-cWn-Isf ho£n-¡m\pw XpS-§n. ^e-tam, kw`-c-Wn-I-fpsS £b-hpw. Hcn¡Â {KmaoW Pohn-X-co-Xn-bpsS Poh-\m-Un-bm-bn-cp¶ Cu kw`-c-Wn-IÄ
C¶v F¡Â ASnª, It¿-d-s¸« I\m-ep-IÄ Hgp-Im-¯, Pe-kw-`c
- W
- tijn Ipdª _m²y-X-IÄ Bbn-¯oÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.
hkvXp-X-Ifpw IW-¡p-Ifpw
6,90,000 slIvSÀ kw`-cW {]tZ-i-apÅ 36000 Â IqSp-XÂ Pe-kw-`-cW
- n-Ifp−v F¶-Xn A`n-am-\w- sIm-Åp-I-bmWv IÀ®m-SI kwØm-\w. Xt±i
kaq-l-§-fmepw kÀ¡m-cn-\mepw Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸«,v th− Aä-Ip-ä¸
- W
- nIfpw ]cn-]m-e-\-hp-sam-¶p-an-Ãm-sX, Cu kw`-c-Wn-IÄ hgn Pe-tk-N\w \S¯-s¸-Sp¶ {]tZ-i-§-fpsS hym]vXn Ønc-ambn Ipd-ªp -h¶v, Ct¸mÄ
240000 slIvS-dn am{X-amWv Pe-tk-N\w \S-¯-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. 36000 kw`-cW
- nI-fn 22800 F®w Pe-tk-N\ hIp-¸nsâ Iognepw _m¡n Xmeq¡v `c-WIq-S-¯nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-ep-am-Wv.
Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-Ifpw ssPh-ssh-hn-[yhpw
Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-IÄ Pe-tk-N-\-¯n-\m-h-iy-amb shÅw \ÂIpI am{X-aÃ
sN¿p-¶Xv. {]mtZ-inI ]cn-Øn-Xn-sbbpw ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-s¯bpw ]pjvSns¸-Sp-¯m³ klm-bn-¡p¶ aäv ]e {]hÀ¯n-Ifpw Ch \nÀÆ-ln¡p-¶p-−v.
DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v ]¯n-tesd C\w ]pÃp-IÄ¡pw At\Iw ]£n-IÄ¡pw
Xh-f-IÄ¡pw aÕy-§Ä¡pw Pe-¯n Pohn-¡p¶ aäv Poh-Pm-e-§Ä¡pw
kw`-c-Wn-IÄ hmk-Ø-e-sam-cp-¡p¶p. hntZi cmPy-§-fn \n¶v \nc-h[n
tZim-S\]£n-IÄ IÀ®m-S-I-bnse 20000 kw`-c-Wn-IÄ kµÀin-¡p-¶p-s−¶mWv IW-¡m-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. kwØm-\¯pw aän-S-§-fn-ep-sa-Ãm-apÅ
`qcn-`mKw ]£n-k-t¦-X-§-fp-sSbpw ASn-¯d Cu kw`-c-Wn-I-fm-Wv. I\¯
18
ag-bpÅ Ime-§-fn shÅ-s¸m-¡s¯ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m\pw Pe-kw-`c
- W
- nIÄ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
kw`-c-Wn-I-fpsS LS\
Xmsg ]d-bp¶ ImX-emb `mK-§Ä DÄs¸-Sp-¶-XmWv Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-IÄ;
hrjvSn-{]-tZ-iw, kw`-cW {]tZ-iw, Iamâv Gcn-b, Xoc-ta-J-e, kw`-cWn
AW, amen\yw sI«n-\nÀ¯m-\pÅ kwhn-[m-\w 3 , t]mjI I\m-ep-IÄ,
NoÀ¸v XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv Cu LS-I-§Ä. e`y-amb hrjvSn {]tZ-i-¯nsâ
ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p kw`-c-Wn-bpsS hep¸w \nÀ®bn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. km[mc-W-bm-bn, kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Xmgv¶v InS-¡p-¶, Npäpw ae-IÄ \ndª {]tZ-iam-bn-cp¶p kw`-cWn \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. henb kw`-cW
- nIÄ¡v _rl-¯mb hrjvSn {]tZ-i-ap-−m-Ipw. kw`-c-Wn-I-fn-te¡v t\cn«pÅ Pe-{]-hmlw XS-bp-¶-Xn-\mbn hrjvSn {]tZ-i¯pw Xoc¯pw hr£§Ä sh¨p-]n-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. F¡Â {]Xn-tcm-[-I-ambn D]-bp-à-am-bn-cp¶
Cu ac-§Ä hrjvSn {]tZ-i¯v F¡Â ASn-bm-sX-bn-cn-¡m³ klm-bn-¨p.
hrjvSn {]tZiw \nc-h[n ac-§Ä \ndªp \n¡p¶ Hcp h\-ta-J-e-bpsS
{]XoXn P\n-¸n-¨p. Cu hr£ kwc-£Ww CÃm-¯n-S-§-fn sNdnb XS-bW
- IÄ, ap§n-¡n-S-¡p¶ Ipf-§Ä, tKmIms« F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ sNdp Pe-kw-`c-Wn-IÄ F¶nh \nÀ½n-¨n-cp-¶p. CXv F¡-e-Sn-b XS-bp-¶-Xn\pw `qKÀ`-Pe-¯nsâ ]p\-cp-Öo-h-\-¯n\pw klm-b-I-am-bn.
Imem-h-Øm-am-ä-¯nsâ B\p-Im-enI kml-N-cy-¯n Cu kw`-cW
- n-IfpsS ]cn-]m-e\w {]m[m\yw AÀln-¡p-¶p. kw`-c-Wn-bn-te¡v Pew e`y-am¡p¶ apgp-h³ {]tZ-i-s¯bpw H¶mbn hrjvSn {]tZ-i-sa¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p.
kw`-c-Wn-bnse F¡eSn-b XS-bp-¶-Xn-\mbn {]tZ-i-¯nsâ sNcn-hn-\\
- p-kcn-¨pÅ _−v \nÀ½m-Ww, tIm−qÀ AW \nÀ½m-Ww, AW-{]-tZ-i-§f
- nÂ
hnhn-[-bn\w ac-§Ä \SÂ, ssPh ]cn-tim-[-\, \oÀ¨m-ep-IÄ AS-¡Â, XSb-W-Ifpw sNdp-Ip-f-§fpw \nÀ½n-¡Â, t]mj-I-I-\m-ep-I-fpsS Xoc¯v apgph³ hr£-§Ä \S XpS§n hnhn[ Pe-kw-c-£W {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eqsS
hrjvSn {]tZiw Nn«-tbmsS ]cn-]m-en-t¡-−-Xp-−v. ag-shÅw Ipgn-I-fn-te¡v
Acn-¨n-d-§p-Ibpw A§s\ Cu Ipgn-I-fpsS Ccp-h-i-¯p-apÅ CuÀ¸¯nsâ Afhv IqSp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ac-§-fn \n¶v hogp¶ Ce-IÄ
a®n BKncWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw A§ns\ a®nsâ ^e-`q-bn-jvTX hÀ²n¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
Pe-kw-c-£W kwhn-[m-\-§-fpsS ]cn-]m-e\w
Hcp s]mXp-hmb tI{µ-¯n-te-s¡m-gp-Ip¶ Hcp `ua-Pe kwhn-[m-\-am-Wv.
Pe-kw-c-£n- Wn. Cu s]mXp-tI{µw Hcp Pe-kw-`-c-Wntbm Hmhp-Nm-tem
3
a slatted gate on each canal level or pond to remove excess water and to drain the canal for repairs
19
Hs¡-bm-Imw. `qcn-`m-Khpw Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-bm-bn-cn¡pw C§s\ Pe-kw-c£
- nWn-I-fn-eqsS shÅw Hgp-Insb¯p¶ tI{µw. IÀ®m-S-I-bn Pe-kw-c£nWn hnI-k\ ]²-Xn-IÄ 1983 apX-emWv Bcw-`n-¨-Xv. 8þmw ]©-hÕc ]²-Xn-¡m-e¯v 11 PnÃ-I-fn Pe-kw-c-£n-Wn-IÄ \S-¸n-em-¡n. ASp¯
Ime-¯mbn Pe-kw-c-£W ]²-Xn-IÄ kwØm\w apgp-h³ \S-¸n-em-¡s
- ¸-«ph-cp-¶p. Pe-kw-c-£nWn hnI-k\ hIp-¸v kpPe Pe-kw-c-£W ]²-Xn,
sF.-U-»yp.-Fw.-Sn. ]²Xn t]mepÅ Pe-kw-c-£W ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ F¶nh \S¸n-em-¡m³ kÀ¡m-tc-Xc kwL-S-\-Isf klm-bn-¡p-¶p-−v. BÀ.-sF.-Un.F^v ^−v hgn \_mÀUpw Pe-kw-c-£nWn ]²-Xn-IÄ \S-¸n-em-¡m³
kÀ¡m-dn-s\bpw kÀ¡m-tc-Xc kwL-S-\-I-sfbpw klm-bn-¨p-h-cp-¶p. \nesam-cp-¡epw ^mw _−nwKpw t]mse ac-§Ä sh¨p-]n-Sn-¸n-¡Â Pe-kw-c£W ]²-Xn-I-fpsS Ahn-`mPy LS-I-am-Wv. F¶n-cp-¶m-epw, `qcn-`mKw Pekw-c-£W ]²-Xn-I-fnepw acw sh¨p-]n-Sn-¸n-¡Â kuI-cy-]qÀÆw Ah-KW
- n¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wv. Cu acw \S {]hÀ¯-\-an-ÃmsX Pe-kw-c-£W {]hÀ¯\-§Ä AÀ°-h-¯m-Ip-I-bnà F¶-Xn-\m Cu Ah-K-W\ ASn-b´
- nc
{]m[m-\y-t¯msS ssIImcyw sN¿-s¸-tS-−-Xp-−v.
C¶v kÀ¡mÀ Nne \b-§-fn amäw hcp-¯p-Ibpw Pe-kw-c-£W kwhn[m-\-§-fpsS ]cn-]m-e-\-¯n Xt±-iob kaq-l-§-fpsS ]¦n\v {]m[m\yw
\ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-−v. {]mtZ-inI Bh-iy-§-fp-sSbpw kml-N-cy-§f
- psSbpw ASn-Øm-\-¯n hnhn[ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS cq]-tcJ X¿m-dm-¡pIbpw \S-¸n-em-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn Xt±-io-b-cpsS ]¦m-fn¯w Dd¸m¡phm³ CXv klm-bn-¨p. Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc kpP-e, sF.-U-»yp.-Fw.]n F¶o Pekw-c-£W ]²-Xn-IÄ¡v KpW-I-c-amb ^e-§Ä CXp-aqew D−m-bn-«p-−v.
Xt±-iob P\-k-aq-l-§-fpsS ]¦m-fn-¯-t¯msS \S-¸n-em-¡nb C¯cw ]²Xn-I-fn Ipd¨v ]¨¸v ImWm³ Ign-bpw. F¶m C¯cw DZy-a-§Ä IqSpX iàn-s¸-Sp-t¯-−-Xp-−v.
Pe-kw-c-£W XXz-a-\p-k-cn¨v hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-¯nsâ hnI-k\w
lmʳ PnÃ-bn Ac-kn-¡sc Xmeq-¡nÂs¸« ssae-\-l-Ån-bn hrjvSn
{]tZ-i-¯nsâ hnI-k-\-¯n-\mbn _n.-F.-sF.-F^v {Kma-hn-I-k\ C³Ìn-äyq«v
Hcp amXrI {]ZÀin-¸n-¨n-«p−v. Cu amXrIm ]²Xn H«t\-Iw kÀ¡m-tc-Xc
kwL-S-\-IÄ¡pw kÀ¡mÀ hIp-¸p-IÄ¡pw Hcp ]T-\-tI-{µ-ambn XoÀ¶n-cn¡p-¶p. ssae-\-l-Ån, BZn-l-Ån, lp\-sk-¡-s«, Fw.-sIm-¸ep, Ht−-IÃ
- l«n XpS-§n-b {Kma-§-fn-embn InS-¡p¶ 455 slIvSÀ Øe¯v Xt±-iob
kaq-l-¯nsâ ]¦m-fn-¯-t¯msS Nn«-tbm-sS-bpÅ a®v, Pe-kw-c-£W
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¸n-em-¡pI-bp-−mbn. Nne {Kma-§-fn IÀj-IÀ kz{]-bXv\w -sIm−v ^oÂUv _−nwKv ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n. F¶m Nne-bn-S-§f
- nse
a®nsâ ImTn\yw aqew AW \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v b{´-k-lmbw
th−n-h-¶p. ag-¡m-e-§-fn A[n-I-ambn Hgp-In-t¸m-Ip¶ ag-shÅw kw`-cn20
¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn 400 hbÂIp-f-§Ä Ipgn-¡p-Ibpw 22 XS-b-WI
- Ä \nÀ½n-¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu {]hÀ¯\w as®m-en-¸p- X-S-bp-¶-Xn\v henb Af-hnÂ
klm-bn-¨p. `qKÀ` Pe-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ ]p\-cq-Öo-hn-¸n-¡m\pw CXv klm-bI-am-bn.
455 slIvS-tdmfw {]tZ-i¯v hym]n¨p InS-¡p¶ ^oÂUv _−p-IÄ
\nÀ½n¨ CS-§-fnepw Xcn-ip-{]-tZ-i-§-fn-ep-saÃmw h\-h¡-cWw \S-¯n-hcn-I-bmWv. h\-hr-£-§Ä \«v \memw hÀjw apX ssPh-h-kvXp-¡fpw
hnd-Ip-saÃmw D¸m-Zn-¸n¨p XpS-§pw. ssPh hkvXp-¡Ä ssPhIq«p-hfw
D−m-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw CXv a®n A\m-bmkw Aenªp tNcpIbpw sN¿p-¶p. CXv cmk-hf {]tbm-K-¯nsâ Afhv Ipd-¡p-Ibpw
A§s\ A´-co-£-¯n-te¡v ss\t{Säv _lnÀK-a\w Ipd-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. IpSpw-_-¯n-\m-h-iy-amb hnd-IpÂ]m-Z-\-¯n 5þ6 hÀjw- sIm−v
kzbw ]cym-]vXX t\Sm-\m-Ipw. CXv hnd-Im-h-iy-¯n-\mbn h\-§Ä¡ptaepÅ k½À±s¯ Ipd-¡p-¶p. CXn-\p-]p-d-sa, hr£-§Ä ImÀ_¬ tiJ-cWn-I-fmbn {]hÀ¯n¨v Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ BLmXw Ipd-¡phm\pw klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
Hmtcm G¡À hoXw Øe¯v hr£w ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bpÅ Irjn coXnIÄ Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw 350 IpSpw-_-§sf Cu ]²Xn klm-bn-¨p.
Cu ]²-Xn-bn ]¦m-fn-I-fm-b-hÀ¡v am§, Iip-h-−n, ]pfn XpS§n 40 ^ehr-£-§-fpsS ssXIÄ \ÂIn. Ipgn Ip¯Â, sNSn \SÂ, XW-ep-−m-¡Â,
s]mX-bn-SÂ, \\-bv¡Â F¶o {]hr-¯n-IÄ X§-fpsS kw`m-h-\-bmbn
IÀj-IÀ sNbvXp. hcĨ-t]m-epÅ Ah-Ø-I-fnepw Aev]w hcp-am\w e`yam-¡n-s¡m−v ^e-hr-£-§Ä sNdp-In-S, ]mÀiz-h¡rX IÀj-Ic
- psS
PohnX amÀ¤w kwc-£n-¡p-¶p.
Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-Öo-h\w
t\cs¯ kqNn-¸n-¨-Xp-t]mse {_n«ojv `c-W-Im-e¯v Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-IÄ AhK-Wn-¡-s¸-«p-In-S-¶p. kzmX-{´y-e-_v[n-¡p-ti-j-hpw Cu ØnXn XpSÀ¶p-t]m¶p. hrjvSn {]tZ-is¯ XpSÀ¨-bm-bpÅ h\-\-io-I-c-Ww-aqew kw`-cW
- n-Ifn F¡-e-Sn-bp-Ibpw Ah-bpsS Pe-kw-`-c-W-tijn KWy-ambn Ipd-bpIbpw sNbvXp.
Xt±-i-ob k-aq-l-§fpw Ahsb Ah-K-Wn-¨p. Hcp
apX¡q-«m-tI-−-Xn-\p-]-Icw Ah F¡-e-Snª Hcp _m[y-X-bmbn XocpIbpw Ah-bn-te¡v N¸p-N-h-dp-IÄ hen-s¨-dn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-¶p. hf-scb-[nIw kw`-c-Wn-IÄ It¿-d-s¸«v aäm-h-iy-§Ä¡mbn amä-s¸-«p. Cu
{]hÀ¯-\w -aqew kw`-c-Wn-I-fpsS ]«n-I-bn \n¶v 5000 Hmfw F®w A{]Xy-£-am-bn. F¶m 1970 se ITn-\-amb hcĨ kÀ¡m-dnsâ I®p-Xp-d¸
- n¡p-Ibpw Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-Öo-h-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Nn´n-¡m³ XpS§p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
21
F¶n-cp-¶mepw 1979þ80 Ime-§-fn kw`-c-Wn-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-Öo-h-\¯
- n\pÅ [\-k-lm-b-hp-ambn temI_m¦v apt¶m«v hcp-¶-Xp-hsc Ah Ah-KWn-¡-s¸-«p-Xs¶ InS-¶p. GXm−v 165 kw`-c-Wn-I-tfmfw temI-_m¦v klmb-t¯msS ]p\-cp-Öo-hn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. kw`-cWn ]p\-cp-Öo-h-\-¯nsâ
{]m[m\yw Xncn-¨-dnª IÀ®m-SI kÀ¡mÀ IÀ®m-SI I½yq-Wnän
t_bvkvUv Sm¦v amt\-Pvsaâv t{]mPIvSv (sI.-kn.-_n.-än.-Fw.]n) F¶ ]²Xn
\S-¸n-em-¡m³ th−n temI-_m-¦nsâ km¼-¯nI klm-b-t¯msS Pe-kwhÀ²\ tbmP\ kwL (sP.-F-kv.-ssh.-F-kv) F¶ kwL-S-\¡v cq]w
\ÂIn. Cu ]²Xn 2002Â Bcw-`n-¨p. CXp-hsc sI.-kn.-_n.-än.-Fw.]n hgn
3710 Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-IÄ ]p\-cp-Öo-hn-¸n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-−v.
Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fpsS DNn-X-amb ]cn-]m-e\w hgn Irjn-¡mÀ¡v Imem-hØm
hyXn-bm-\-hp-ambn s]mcp-¯-s¸-«-p t]m-Im³ hgn-sbm-cp§pw. sP.-F-kv.s
- sh.F-knsâ ]n³hm-§-en-\p-tijw kw`-cWn ]cn-]m-e-\w, Aä-Ip-ä-]-Wn-IÄ
Ch Sn.-Fw.-sF-I-fpsS D¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-am-Wv. t]mjI I\m-ep-IÄ, kw`-cWn
Xoc-§Ä XpS-§nb kw`-cWn {]tZ-i-§Ä It¿-d-s¸-Sp-¶nà F¶v Sn.-Fw.-sFIÄ Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯-Ww. Aä-Ip-ä-¸-Wn-Ifpw amän-sh-¡-ep-saÃmw ka-bm-ka
- b
- §-fn Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw \S-¯-Ww. kw`-c-Wn-I-fn IqSp-X F¡-eS- nbm-Xn-cn-¡m\pw hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i¯v hÀjw-tXmdpw F¡Â \nd-bm-Xn-cn-¡m\pw
Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§-fnepw hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i¯pw ]Xn-hm-bpÅ acw \SÂ, AW
sI«Â, XpS-§nb {]hÀ¯n-IÄ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡-s¸-S-Ww. CXv kw`-cW
- nIsf ]Xn-hmbn F¡Â hnap-à-am-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ahn-S-§-fn shÅw Dudnh-cp-¶-Xn\pw klm-b-I-am-Wv. hntI-{µo-IrX Pe-kw-`-cW
- hpw FÃm kaq-l§Ä¡p-an-S-bn \oXn-]qÀÆ-I-amb Pe-hn-X-c-Whpw km[y-am-¡p-¶-h-bmWv
Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-IÄ. AXp-sIm−v h³InS AW-s¡-«p-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v Znhmkz]v\w ImWp-¶-Xn-\p- ]-Icw kw`-c-Wn-Isf ]p\-cp-Öo-hn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw
kwc-£n¨v ]cn-]m-en-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-apÅ kabw AXn-{I-an-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Dying Wisdom: CSE Publication
Half Way to Freedom: Margaret Burkewhite
Tank Irrigation in Karnataka: Mysore University
A Journey to South India: Paies and Nunichz
Enclyclopedia of Environment: CEE Publication
India and The Colonies: G. Thompson (1838)
JSYS progress report
Poornaprajna Belur
Belur- 577, 401, Sagar taluka, Shimoga district, Karnataka.
Phone: 08183-260138, Mobile: 9480294383 email:[email protected]
22
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\s¯ sNdp-¡m³
sNdp-[m-\y-§Ä
aÃn-ImÀÖp\ slmk-]mey
B[p-\nI Irjn-co-Xn-IÄ \ne-hn hcp-¶-Xn-\p-ap¼v ]c-¼-cm-KX Irjn-ta-Je-bn {][m\ Øm\ap−m-bn-cp¶ hnf-I-fm-bn-cp¶p sNdp [m\y-§Ä. \hW, lmc¡ (h-c-Kv), Nma, sImdse XpS-§nb hI-t`-Z-§Ä F{X
ITn\ Imem-h-Ø-sbbpw AXn-Po-hn-¡m-\pÅ £a-X¡v t]cp-tI-«-Xm-Wv.
ZoÀL-Im-e hcĨbpw ITn-\-am-b- NqSpw AXn-Po-hn¨pw [m\yhpw Imen-¯oäbpw DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ Ign-hp−v Ah-bv¡v. {]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`n-¡p¶
hf-§Ä kzoI-cn¨v ^e-`q-bn-jvTX Ipdª a®nepw hf-cm³ sNdp[m\y§Ä¡v khn-ti-j-amb Ign-hp-−v. tcmK-§-sf-bpw IoSmWp B{IaW§sfbpw {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m\pw Chbv¡v {]tXy-I-amb kn²n-bp-−v.
D¯c/Z£nW IÀ®m-S-I-¯nse IÀj-IÀ, Jmcn^v Ime¯v \ne-¡-S-e¡pw
aäp hnf-IÄ¡p-sam¸w Hcp CS-hn-f-bmbn Nma Irjn sNbvXp h¶n-cp-¶p.
lmth-cn, [mÀhm-Uv, _mKÂtIm«v XpS-§nb {]tZ-i-§-fn \ntXy\ D]-tbmKn-¡p¶ `£y-h-kvXp-hp-am-bn-cp¶p CXv.
sIm-dse
{]mtZ-in-I-ambn sImdse F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Cu sNdp-[m\yw Z£nW IÀ®mS-I-¯n {]tXy-I-ambn I−p-h-cp¶ H¶m-Wv. aäp hI-t`-Z§
- -sf-t¸mse
CXpw ITn\ Imem-h-Ø-I-fn ]nSn¨p \n¡p-¶Xpw hc− `qan-bn hfcm\pw hnf-bm\pw A\p-tbm-Py-hp-am-Wv. Ch-bpsS IqÀ¯v aqÀ¨-bpÅ CeIÄ Fen-i-eys¯ XS-bp-¶-Xp-sIm−v sX§v, IapIv tXm«-§-fn Fenieyw \nb-{´n-¡m\pw Ch Irjn sN¿p-¶p.
IÀ®m-S-I-¯n XpwIqÀ, Nn{X-ZpÀ¤ F¶o PnÃ-I-fn-emWv CXv Irjn sN¿p¶-Xv. B{Ô-{]-tZ-inse A\-´-]qÀ PnÃ-bnepw CXv Irjn sN¿p-¶p-−v.
c−c amkw -sIm−v ]qÀ® hfÀ¨-sb-¯p-¶-h-bm-Wn-Xv. ""hf-¡q-dn-Ãm¯
a®nepw Ch \¶mbn hfcpw; Ht¶m ct−m ag- am{Xw In«nbmepw hnf e`n¡p-sa-¶p-d-¸m-Wv.'' XpwIqÀ PnÃ-bnse knd Xmeq-¡nÂ, sl³tUmÀ \nhmkn-bmb Xn½¡ hniZoI-cn-¡p-¶p. 10 hÀjw ap¼v Cu {]tZiw Cu
hnfbv¡v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp ag-\n-g {]tZ-i-ambn amdn-b-t¸mÄ [mcmfw
Irjn-¡mÀ sImdse Irjn sN¿m³ XpS-§n. AtXmsS Cu [m\yw IÀj-IcpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ `£-W-¯nsâ Hcp {][m\ `mK-ambpw amdn. CXp-sIm−v
D¸p-am-hv, tZmi, tNmdv, sdm«n XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw D−m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p.
23
F¶n-cp-¶mepw ImÀjnI cwKs¯ Ah-Ø-IÄ amdn-a-dn-ª-tXmsS sImdse
DÂ]m-Z\w ]nt¶m-«-Sn-¨p. H«p-an¡ Irjn-¡mcpw C¶nXv Irjn sN¿p-¶X
- nÂ
hnap-J-cm-sW-¦nepw XpwIqÀ PnÃ-bnse knd Xmeq-¡n F³tUmÀ {Kma¯nse cLp, sIm¸Â PnÃ-bnse Nn¡-\-lÅn {Kma-¯nse Pb-´\
- mYv
F¶n-hÀ Cu hnfbv¡v {]Nmcw \ÂIm³ AXoh {]bXv\w \S-¯p¶
Npcp¡w t]cn Nne-cm-Wv. cLp Irjn-¡p-]p-dsa hnf-IÄ hnX-cWw sN¿p¶-Xnepw aqey-hÀ²nX DÂ]m-Z\ {]hr-¯n-I-fnepw hn]-W\w \S-¯p-¶Xnepw GÀs¸-Sp¶p-−v. cLp-hnsâ ]nXmhv ap³Im-e-§-fn aäv hI-t`-Z§
- fmb \h-W, hcKv XpS-§n-b-h-bvs¡m¸w sImd-sebpw Irjn sNbvXn-cp-¶X
- n\m Ch Irjn sN¿p-¶-Xn Ct¸mgpw XÂ]-c-\m-Wv. ap³Im-e-§f
- nÂ
B«n³Iq-«-¯n\v ]I-c-ambn sNd-p[m-\y-§Ä ssIam-dn-bn-cp-¶p.
15 hÀjw ap¼v sl³tUmÀ PnÃ-bn \ne-¡-S-e- Irjn Bcw-`n-¨Xv sImdse
A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-¶-Xn\v B¡w Iq«n. sImd-sesb At]-£n¨v \ne-¡S- e
kwkv¡-cWw Gsd Bbmkcln-X-am-Wv. Cu Irjn hgn IÀj-IÀ¡v IqSpXÂ hcp-am-\hpw In«n-bn-cp-¶p. A§s\ IÀj-I-cpsS Xmev]cyw \ne-¡S- e
Irjn-bn-te¡v Xncn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kmh-Imiw sNdp-[m-\y-§f
- psS
Øm\-¯v, {]tXy-In¨v sImd-sebv¡v ]Icw \ne-¡-Se Irjn \ne-hnÂ
h¶p. F¶n«pw Ipd-¨p-t]À Hcp GI-hn-f-b-ÃmsX henb Irjn-bn-S-§f
- nÂ
CS-hn-f-bmbn sImdse Irjn sNbvXn-cp-s¶-¦nepw `qcn-`m-Khpw CXv ]qÀ®ambpw Dt]-£n-¨p. cLp-hnsâ IpSpw-_hpw Cu ]mX- Xs¶ ]n´p-SÀ¶p.
F¶m 2009 Â, cLp {KmaoW ssPh ImÀjnI ]²-Xn-I-fpsS `mK-am-bn,
Irjn hIp¸v t{]mÕm-l\w \ÂIp¶ ssPh IÀj-I-cpsS kwL-S\
- b
- pambn _Ô-s¸-«p. XpSÀ¶v At±lw ssPh Irjn-bn XÂ]-c-\m-Ip-Ibpw
Cu coXn-bn Xph-c-¸-cn¸v Irjn sN¿p-Ibpw AXn\v \à hne e`n-¡p-Ibpw - sNbvXp. Ime-{I-taW cLp sNdp-[m-\y-§sf¡pdn¨pw `mhn-bn Chbv¡p-−m-Im-hp¶ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-¡p-dn¨pw \t¶ t_m[-hm-\mbn. ISp¯
hcĨ- aqew \ne-¡-Se Irjn-bn IÀj-IÀ \jvSw t\cn-Sm³ XpS-§nb
ka-b-hp-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. CsXÃmw, hnim-e-amb Irjn `qan-bn sNdp-[m-\y§Ä Irjn sN¿m³ cLp-hn\v {]tNm-Z-\-ta-In. 2011 Â, cLp ct−-¡À
hoXw Irjn Øe-§-fn sImd-se, \h-W, Nma, XpS-§n-bh Irjn
sNbvXp. C¶paXv XpS-cp-¶p. CtXm-sSm¸w Ch-bpsS hn]-W-\hpw aqeyhÀ²nX DÂ]m-Z-\hpw XpS-§n. Ignª aq¶p hÀj-§-fn 35 IznâÂ
sNdp-[m-\y-§Ä cLp hnev]\ \S-¯n-bn-«p-−v. `qcn-`m-Khpw sImdse Xs¶bm-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp Intem sImd-sebv¡v 50 cq] hne In«p-¶p-−v. aäp IÀj-Icn \n¶v sNdp-[m-\y-§Ä kw`-cn¨v _mw¥qÀ, lq»n, ssakqÀ, KUKv XpS§nb Øe-§-fnse ssPthm¸¶ hnev]\ ime-IÄ¡v hn¡p-¶p-ap-−v.
kwØm-\¯v kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ sNdp-[m\y taf-I-fn ]Xn-hmbn ]s¦-Sp-¡p24
Ibpw Ch-sb-¡p-dn¨pw hn¯v hnX-c-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-sa-Ãm-apÅ
h¡-cW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-cp-¶p.
t_m[-
{]mcw-`-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä
sNdp[m-\y-Irjn Bcw-`n-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¨-t¸mÄ AXn-\pÅ hn¯-t\z-jW
- am-bn-cp¶p cLp-hnsâ BZy ]cn-]m-Sn. sl³tUm-dn-epÅ IZn-b-¸, ap¯-¸,
_e-dmw, {]lvfmZv F¶n-hÀ Ch Irjn sN¿p-¶-h-cmWv F¶-dn-bm³ Ignªp. sImd-se, \hW hn¯p-IÄ Ah-cn \n¶v tiJ-cn-¨p. Nma kn.-F³
lÅn Xmeq-¡nse asämcp IÀj-I-\n \n¶pw.
Irjn-sN-¿Â
sIm-bv¯p-Im-es¯ ag Hgn-hm-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn BKÌv (B-tÇj ag-¡m-ew)
BZy-hm-c-¯n Xs¶ sImdse hn¯n-d¡pw. taÂa-®n\v Hcn©v Xmsg
hn¯v hnX-bv¡m³ ]c-¼-cm-KX Ipgn-Ip-¯Â b{´-amWv IÀj-IÀ D]-tbmKn-¡p-¶-Xv. sa¨-s¸« hnf e`n-¡m³ Cu coXn-bmWv AhÀ A\p-hÀ¯n-¨pt]m-cp-¶-Xv. CS-Xn§n hn¯v hnX-bv¡p-¶Xv sa¨-s¸« ^ew \ÂIp-Ib
- nÃ. ]c-¼-cm-KX coXn-b-\p-k-cn¨v 5 Intem{Kmw hn¯mWv Hcp G¡À
Øe¯v hnX-bv¡m³ Bh-iy-am-bn-«p-Å-Xv. Hmtcm 12 \nc sImd-ebv¡v
tijhpw Xph-c-¸-cn¸v CS-hn-f-bmbn hfÀ¯mw. hnX¨v A©mw Znhkw
apXÂ hn¯v apf-s]m-«nXp-S-§pw. ""ag e`n-¡p¶ kml-N-cy-§f
- nÂ
sImdse
sN½-®nÂ
Nc¡-Ãp-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ
\¶mbn
hfcpw''
sl³tUmÀ {Kma-¯nse ap¯¸ ]d-bp-¶p. hn¯v apf¨v 20 Znh-k-¯n-\ptijw a®v Inf-¨n-f-¡n-bn-SWw; ASp¯ Cf-¡n-bn-S 40 Znhkw Ign-ªpw.
2.5 apXÂ aq¶Sn hsc Dbcw shbv¡p¶ sNSn 75þ80 Znh-k-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ
sImbvsX-Sp-¡mw. hn¯p-IÄ ]c-¼-cm-KX coXn-bntem hnf-IÄ¡p-taÂ
{SmIvSÀ HmSnt¨m thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶p. Htc-¡-dn \n¶v 7þ8 IznânÂ
[m\yhpw Imen-IÄ hfsc CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶, KpW-ta-·-bpÅ \mev {SmIvSÀ
\ndsb Imen-¯o-äbpw cLp-hn\v e`n-¡p-¶p-−v. sXmen-bpsS ImTn-\yw- aqew
sImdse hn¯nsâ D]-tbm-K-Imew GI-tZiw 5þ6 hÀj-am-Wv. F¶mÂ
sImdse Acn-bp-tSXv 25þ30 Znhkw am{X-hpw.
sIm-d-sebpw ag-bpsS A`m-hhpw
XpwIqÀ Pnà Ignª aq¶v hÀj-ambn ag e`n¡msX ISp¯ hcĨ t\cnSp-I-bm-Wv. ]s£, sl³tUmÀ {Kma-¯nse ap¯-¸-bpsS ]Xv\n Xn½¡
\nÊt¦mNw, Bß-hn-izm-k-t¯msS ]d-bp-¶p. ""shdpw c−p ag am{Xw e`n¨mepw R§Ä¡v XoÀ¨-bmbpw Fs´-¦nepw hnf In«pw'' 2012  Xn½¡
\mev G¡À Øe¯v Nmabpw sImd-se, \h-W, \ne-¡-Se F¶nh ct−¡À hoXw Øe¯pw ap¯mdn Ac G¡À Øe¯pw hnX-¨p. B kokWn Imcy-amb ag-sbm¶pw In«n-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. F¶n-cp-¶mepw Cu sNdp-[m-\y25
§-fn \n¶v AhÀ¡v icm-icn hnf In«n-b-t¸mÄ \ne-¡-S-eb
- n \n¶pw
ap¯m-dn-bn \n¶pw e`n-¨Xv 10% am{Xw.
""Bh-iy-¯n\v ag-bnÃm¯
Ime¯pw sImdse 75% hnf \ÂIpw. \ne-¡-Se Irjn R§Ä¡v \jvSa
- p−m-¡p-¶p. F¶m sImd-se-bpsS Imcy-¯n-en-Xn-Ã.'' ap¯¸ Xsâ A\p`hw ]¦p-sh-¡p-¶p.
ag-¡p-d-hpÅ Øe-§-fn hf-cm³ Dt±-in-¨p-Å-Xm-b-Xn-\m XpwIqÀ PnÃbnse ]mh-KU Xmeq-¡n sImdse hnX-bv¡p-¶Xv hc− a®n sabv
amkw (tcm-lnWn ag) Ah-km\ hmc-¯n-em-Wv. ag-bv¡p- tijw hn¯p a
- p-fbv¡p-¶p. sNSn-bn 4þ5 Ce-IÄ apf¨p Ign-ªm ag Gsd \mf-t¯bv¡v
e`n-¡m-Xn-cp-¶mepw Ah \¶mbn hf-cp-¶p.
Pe-tk-N\ InW-dp-If
- nÂ
shÅw Bh-iy-¯n-\n-sÃ-¦n aäp hnf-IÄ¡p- ]-Icw IÀj-IÀ sImdse
hnXbv¡pw; CXn\v hf-sc-¡p-d¨v Pew aXn F¶-Xn-s\mcp sXfn-hm-Wn-Xv.
hnX-bv¡p¶ ka-b¯v Bh-iy-amb Aev]w \\hv In«n-¡-gn-ªm ]ns¶
Ht¶m ct−m ag aXn hf-cp-hm\pw sImbv¯n\v ]mI-am-Im-\pw.
sImdse kwkv¡-cWw
Irjn sN¿p-hm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-hm\pw Ffp-¸-am-sW-¦nepw CXv kwkv¡c
- n¡p-t¼m-gmWv Gsd _p²n-ap«v t\cn-Sp-¶-Xv. I«n-bpÅ [m\y Bh-c-W-am-bX
- n\m CXv Xmc-X-tay\ {]bm-k-I-c-amb tPmen-bm-Wv. CXp-sIm-−mWv Hcp
Iznâ sImd-se-bn \n¶v 40þ50 Intem{Kmw Acn am{Xw e`n-¡p-¶X
- v.
ap³Im-e-§-fn CSn-I-Ãp-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p (_o-kp-I-Ãv) hn¯n \n¶v [m\yw
thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. C¶v Cu CSn-I-Ãp-IÄ {KmaoW
Pohn-X-¯n \n¶v GXm−v A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]Icw ap¯mdn
kwkv¡-cn-¡p¶ s]mSn-an-Ãp-I-fn-emWv sImd-sebpw thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶X
- v.
sl³tUm-dn-epÅ Hcp s]mSn-an DS-a-Ø-\mb D{K¸ anÃn sImdse
kwkv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn sshZ-Kv[y-ap-Å-bm-fm-Wv. ""\ne-hn-epÅ s]mSn-an-Ãp-Ifn sImdse t]mepÅ sNdp[m\y-§Ä kwkv¡-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ kmam-\yt_m[w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. AÃm-¯-]-£w, sImdse s]mSn-bmbn amdp-t¼mÄ
\jvS-ap-−m-Ipw. '' cLp Iq«n-t¨À¯p. kwkv¡-cn¨p Ign-ªmepw Acn-bnÂ
Aev]w XhnSv _m¡n-bp-−m-Ipw. CXv ho−pw ]Xn-cv ho-in-bmWv If-bp-I.
sImdse Acn hfsc sNdp-Xm-b-Xn-\m AXn \n¶v IÃp-IÄ thÀXn-cn¡m³ Gsd _p²n-ap-«m-Wv. AXn-\m sImdse Acn-bpsS D]-tbm-Khpw
hn]-W-\hpw s]mXp k½-Xn-bp-Å-Xm-¡m³ A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp [m\y
kwkv¡-cW b{´w hnI-kn-¸n-s¨-Sp-t¡-−Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.
sIm-dse Acn hnev]\ \S-¯m³ IÀ®m-SIw apgp-h³ cLp k©-cn-¡m³
XpS-§n-bn-«p-−v. hn¯p-IÄ¡pÅ Bh-iy-I-Xbpw cLp-hnsâ {i²-bnÂ
s]«n-«p-−v. Ignª c−p hÀj-§Ä¡p-Ån Ccp-]-Xn-e-[nIw Irjn26
¡mÀ¡v cLp sImdse hn¯v \ÂIn-bn-«p-−v. sImd-se-bpsS Bhiyw Zn\w{]Xn hÀ²n¨p hcn-I-bm-sW¶v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.
sNdp[m-\y-§Ä {]ta-l-tcm-K-ap-Å-hÀ¡v \nÀt±-in-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ `£-WamWv F¶ Btcm-Ky-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Adnhv \K-c-hm-kn-IÄ¡n-S-bn hÀ²n¨-Xm-Wn-Xn\v Imc-Ww. Ch-bpsS Irjnbpw hÀjw-tXmdpw hym]-I-am-bn-s¡m−n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Nne IÀj-IÀ C¶v Imen-¯o-ä-¡mbpw sX§v, Iap-Iv
tXm«-§-fn Hcp kwc-£W hnf-bmbpw CXv Irjn sN¿p-¶p-−v.
aqey-hÀ²nX DÂ]m-Z\w
sImd-se-bpsS aqey-hÀ²nX DÂ]m-Z-\hpw cLp XpS-§p-I-bp-−m-bn.
sImdse s]mSn-bpw, dhbpw At±lw hnÂ]\ \S-¯p-Ibpw sl³tUmdnse kzbw klm-b-kw-L-§-fnse kv{XoIsf Cu {]tZ-is¯ Hc-dn-bs
- ¸Sp¶ `£W hkvXp-hmb sImdse sdm«n D−m¡n hnev]\ \S-¯p-hm³
t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ""sImdse sdm«n shbn-e-¯p-W-¡n-bmÂ
aq¶p-amkw hsc tISp-Iq-SmXncn-¡pw.
AXn-\m sImdse sdm«n-bpsS
hnev]\ Ffp-¸-am-Wv.'' sl³tUm-dnse A\-kp-b½ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
sImdm-«-Ksc Xmeq-¡nse sKmÃ-c-l«n {Kma-\n-hm-kn-bmb Cc-®-bpsS A`n{]m-b-¯n ssXcn-t\m-tSm, ]men-t\mtSm H¸w sImdse Ign-¡p-¶Xv icocw
XWp-¸p-Å-Xm¡n \ne-\nÀ¯m³ klm-b-I-amWv F¶-t{X.
sImd-se-bpsS hym]\w D¯c IÀ®m-S-I-¯n-te¡v
D¯c IÀ®m-S-I-¯nse Nne `mK-§-fnepw sImdse {]Nmcw t\Sn-h-cp-¶p−v. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, sIm¸Â PnÃ-bnse Pb-´-\mYv Xsâ Irjn-bn-S-¯nÂ
sImdse hfÀ¯p-hm³ Bcw-`n-¨p-I-gn-ªp. ""75þ80 Znh-k-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ
sImbvsX-Sp-¡m-hp¶ asämcp hnf Rm³ I-−n-«nÃ; Imen-¯o-ä-¡mWv
\n§Ä sImdse hfÀ¯p-¶-sX-¦n 50 Znh-kw -sIm−v hnf-sh-Sp-¡mw. ''
Pb-´-\mYv ]d-bp-¶p. \ngÂho-gp-¶n-S¯v hf-cp¶ kz`mhw aqew sImd-sebn BIr-jvS-\mb At±lw Ignª aq¶p hÀj-ambn Cu Irjn sN¿p¶p.
2009 Â, ]pfn ac-§Ä¡p Nph-«n Bdv G¡À Øe¯p \« sImdse
\¶mbn hf-cp-I-bp-−m-bn. Pb-´n\pw 70 Intem [m\yw e`n-¨p. At±lw
kzm`m-hnI IrjncoXn kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m \new Dtg− Bh-iy-an-Ã.
sImdse ]mI-ambn \ne-¯p-ho-gp-t¼mÄ Ch-bn NneXv ]£n-IÄ sIm¯n¯n-¶p-Ibpw A§ns\ kzm`m-hn-I-amb coXn-bn hn¯nsâ hym]\w \S¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ""R§Ä hnf-sb-Sp-¯v, kwkv¡-cn¨v IpSpw-_-¯nÂ
sdm«n-bm-tbm, tNmdmtbm CXv `£n-¡p-¶p. '' Pb´v Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p. At±l-¯nsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯n sImdse hn¯v hnX-bv¡pI am{Xw sNbvXmÂ
aXn; ]cn-]me\w \t¶ Ipd-hp- a-Xn. If ]dn-¡tem \\-bv¡tem cmk-hf
27
{]tbm-Ktam H¶pw Bh-iy-an-Ã. I¶p-Im-en-IÄ BZyw `£n-¡p-¶Xv sImdse-bm-Wv. ]n¶o-SmWv aäp-Å-h-bn-te¡v Xncn-bp-¶-Xv. cLp-hn-s\-t]mse
Pb´pw sImd-sebv¡v {]NmcWw \ÂIp-¶p-−v. A¼-Xn-e-[nIw IÀjIÀ¡v Pb´v CXn-\Iw sImdse hn¯v \ÂIn-bn-«p-−v. kwØm-\-¯nsâ
aäp `mK-§-fn-te¡pw sImdse Irjn hym]n-¸n-¡m³ Ignbpw. Imen-¯o-ä¡v
th−n-tbm, sX§v, IapIv tXm«-§-fn kwc-£W hnf-bmtbm CXv Irjn
sN¿mw. GI hnf-bmtbm amhv, sX§v, IapIv tXm«-§-fn CS-hn-f-bmtbm
Irjn sN¿p-hm\pw Ign-bpw.
\ng kln-jvWpX kz`mhw
sIm-d-se-bpsS Hcp {][m-\-s¸« khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wn-Xv. {]IrXn Cu
hnfsb ]mh-K-U, knd, a[p-Kncn t]mepÅ hcĨ _m[nX Xmeq-¡p-I-fnepw
{]kn-²-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. sImdse HgnsI aäp sNSn-I-sfm-¶pw- Xs¶ ]pfn
ac-§-fpsS Nph-«n \¶mbn hf-cp-I-bn-Ã. AXn-\m ]pfn Irjn sN¿p-¶hÀ ]pfn ac-§Ä¡p Nph-«n Imen-¯oä Bh-iy-¯n-\mbn sImdse hnXbv¡p-¶p. ]pfn Irjn¡p t]cp-tI« ]mh-K-U, a[p-Kn-cn, knd Xmeq-¡p-If
- nÂ
Cu ]Xnhv ImWp-hm³ Ign-bpw. C¯cw hnhn[ kz`mh khn-ti-j-XI
- f
- ps−-¦nepw aäp sNdp-[m\y hI-t`-Z-§-fp-ambn Xpe\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ Ah-KW
- \-bpsS h¡n-emWv sImd-se-bn-t¸mÄ. Ht¶m ct−m PnÃ-I-fn am{X-ambn
CXv HXp-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. C§s\ t]mbm Ch-bpsS hwi-\miw Bbncn¡pw A\-´c ^ew. AXp-sIm−v k¼³KpUv hmg, _kvaXn Acn
F¶nhsb t]mse sImd-sebv¡pw Hcp `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Xncn-¨-dn-bÂ
coXn Bh-iy-am-Wv. A\p-tbm-Pyhpw A\m-bm-k-hp-amb kwkv¡-cW b{´§-fpsS I−p-]n-Sp¯w sImdse Irjn hym]-I-am-¡m³ IÀj-Isc klmbn-t¨-¡mw. h\nXm kzbw klmb kwL-§Ä¡v sImdse kwkv¡c
- Whpw aqey-hÀ²nX DÂ]m-Z-\hpw Hcp A[nI hcp-am\amÀ¤-ambn GsäSp¡mw. Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w aqe-apÅ `£y-kp-c£ {]iv\-§Ä t\cnSm\pw Irjn-¡m-cpsS Poh-k-Ôm-c-W-amÀ¤w kwc-£n-¡m\pw sImd-se-bpsS
kwc-£-Whpw {]Nm-c-Whpw Ime-L-«-¯nsâ Bh-iy-am-Wv. cLphns\-bpw
Pb-´n-s\bpw t]mep-Å-hÀ XnI¨pw A`n-\-µ-\mÀlÀ Xs¶. C¯cw Irjn¡m-cpsS F®w hcpwhÀj-§-fn IqSn-h-cn-Ibpw thWw.
lmc¡ (h-c-Kv)
sN-dp-[m-\y-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Hcp NÀ¨-bv¡n-S-bnÂ, CubnsS IÀ®m-SI arKkw-c-£W hIp-¸p-a{´n {io.-Sn.-_n.-P-b-N{µ lmc¡ kwc-£W {]hÀ¯-\§-fn Imcy-ambn hym]r-X-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ Hcp {Kma-s¯-¡p-dn¨v kqNn-¸n-¡pI-bp-−m-bn. XpwIqÀ PnÃ-bnÂ, kn.-F³.-lÅn Xmeq-¡n-epÅ tKm]m-e\
- l
- Ån-bm-W-Xv. Sn]vXqÀ-þ-kn.-F³.-lÅn tdmUn Sn]vXq-dn\v 12 Intem-ao-äÀ amdnbmWv Cu sIm¨p {Kmaw.
28
lmc¡ (h-c-Kv) Irjn
hÀj-§Ä¡p-ap-¼v, 1980 Â, lmc¡ Irjn¡v t]cp-tI-«-Xm-bn-cp¶p B
{Kmaw. k¦-c-bn\w hn¯p-Ifpw B[p-\nI Irjn k{¼-Zm-b-§fpw
IS¶ph¶-tXmsS {]mtZ-inI Irjn coXn-bn \n¶v lmc¡ GXm−v A{]Xy-£-am-bn-cp-¶p. `mKy-h-imÂ, 2009 Â, Chn-Sps¯ aq¶v bph IÀj-IÀ
lmc¡ Irjn sN¿p-¶-Xn Xmev]cyw ImWn-¡p-Ibpw ho−pw Cu hnf
ChnsS sIm−p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kw`hw aäp IÀj-I-scbpw DÂkml-`-cn-X-cm-¡p-Ibpw 2010 Â 20 IÀj-IÀ lmc¡ Irjn XpS-§p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. 2013 Bb-t¸m-tgbv¡pw tKm]m-e-\-l-Ån-bnepw Npäp-h-«¯pw
lmc¡ {]kn-²-am-bn. Cu PnÃ-bn \S-¡p¶ H«p-an¡ ImÀjnI taf-Ifnepw lmc¡ hnev]\ \¶mbn \S-¡p-¶p.
2013 Â kwØm-\s¯ DSp-¸n, Ipµm-]p-c, lmk³, Ac-kn-sI-sc, Ip\n-KÂ,
Kp»n, ssakqÀ, XpwIqÀ AS-¡-apÅ hnhn[ Øe-§-fn 13 IznâÂ
lmc¡ hnÂ]\ \S-¯n. B{Ôm-{]-tZ-in \n¶pÅ IÀj-IÀ A©v
Iznâ lmc¡ hn¯v tKm]m-e\lÅn-bn \n¶v hm§p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
{]mcw`Zi-bn tKm]m-e-\-l-ÅnbpsS ]cn-k-c-¯pÅ IÀj-IÀ GXm−v
c−p amk-t¯¡v Cu hnfsb kwib ZrjvSn-tbm-sS-bmWv I−n-cp-¶X
- v.
29
F¶m {I-taW Chcpw CXn BIr-jvS-cm-bn. C¶v sIwtKÀ, aÃn-tKÀ,
\hnse, sj«n-s¡-sc, ht[-c-l-Ån, Nn¡-a-c-k-\-l-Ån, kkm-ep, hkp-tZ-hc
- l-Ån XpS-§nb {]tZ-i-§-fn-te¡v lmc¡ Irjn hym]n-¨n-«p-−v. Cu {Kma§-fn-se-Ãmw-Xs¶ Npcp-§n-bXv 25 IÀj-I-sc-¦nepw 15 G¡À Øe¯v
lmc¡ Irjn sNbvXp-h-cp-¶p. ""Pnà apgp-h-\p-apÅ IÀj-IÀ¡pw aäp
kwØm-\-§-fn \n¶pÅ IÀj-IÀ¡pw lmc¡ hn¯v \ÂIp-¶X
- nÂ
R§Ä¡v kt´m-j-am-Wv.'' tKm]m-e-\-l-Ån-bnse IÀj-IÀ ]d-bp-¶p.
ChnsS ChÀ lmc¡ IÀj-I-cpsS Hcp kwL-S\ D−m-¡n-bn-«p-−v. lmc¡
DÂ]-¶-§-fmb Acn, N¡p-f, sImSp-_se XpS-§n-bh X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS
aqey-hÀ²nX DÂ]m-Z-\hpw AhÀ XpS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ignª hÀjw Hcp
Iznâ lmc¡ Acn hnev]\ \S-¯n. lmc¡ Acn¡v Bh-iy-¡mÀ Gsdbp-s−-¦nepw `mhn-Ime Bh-iy-I-X-IqSn IW-¡n-se-Sp¯v lmc¡ hn¯p-IfpsS hnev]-\-bn-emWv IÀj-I-cpsS {i²bnt¸mÄ.
Ignª aq¶p -hÀjw apX kwØm\w hcĨ t\cn-Sp-I-bmWv. 2012 Â
DNn-X-amb ka-b¯v ag In«n-bn-Ã. s\Ãv, aÃn Irjn-I-fn \n¶p-saÃmw
IÀj-IÀ¡v \jvSw t\cn-«p. ]s£, Cu hcĨ-bnepw lmc¡ Irjn-bnÂ
\n¶v 40 % hnfhv e`n-¨p. Nmabpw ag Ipd-hpÅ ka-b¯v Irjn sN¿mw
F¶ hkvXp-X-bn-te¡v aäv IÀj-I-cp-sS -I®v Xpd-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp Imcy-am-bncp¶p CXv. 2013 Â Nma, \h-W, sImdse F¶nh Irjn sN¿m³ CXv IÀjIÀ¡v {]tNm-Z-\-am-bn. Nma-Ir-jn-bpsS kwc-£-W-¯nsâ hnP-b-KmY Irjn
Øm]-\-§-fnepw hIp-¸p-I-fnepw k¶² kwL-S-\-I-fn-ep-sa-¯n. Cu Øm]\-§-fnse DtZym-K-ØÀ tKm]m-e-\-l-Ån-bn h¶v IÀj-I-cp-ambn kwkm-cn¨p. [mÀhmUv BØm\ambpÅ "skâÀ t^mÀ A{Kn-IĨÀ aoUnb'
(CAM) tKm]m-e-\-l-Ån-bnse Cu sNdp-[m\y ]p\-cp-Öo-h-\-¯nsâ hnPb
IY-sb-¡p-dn¨v Hcp eLp-teJ {]kn²oIcn-¨n-«p-−v.
lmc¡
imkv{X-\maw
:
Cw¥ojv \maw
DÛ-h-Øew
Irjn- sN-¿p¶ {]tZ-i-§Ä
:
:
:
t]m-j-I-aqeyw
:
]kv]ew At{Im-_n-¡p-emäw
(paspalam acrobiculatum)
Kodo Millet
C´y
IÀ®m-S-I, B{Ôm-{]-tZ-iv, Xan-gv\m-Sv,
cmP-Øm³, ]Ýn-a-_w-KmÄ
sImgp¸v: 8.3%, \mcv: 9%,
Ccp¼vk¯v: 0.5%, ImÂkyw: 27%
30
sNdp[m-\y-§-fpsS kwkv¡-cWw hfsc {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶Xpw C¶nsâ
Bh-iy-hp-am-Wv. tKm]m-e\lÅn-bnse IÀj-IÀ Ahn-sS-sbmcp sNdp-[m\y
kwkv¡-cW tI{µw Øm]n-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¨n-«p-−v. CXn-\mbn AhÀ
Irjn hIp-¸ns\ kao-]n-¨p. {Kma-¯n-te¡v Hcp dmKn kwkv¡-cW anÃv e`n¨n-«p-−v. lmc¡ IÀj-I-cpsS F®w hÀ²n-¨p-h-cp-¶-Xp-sIm−v Ch-bpsS
kwkv¡-c-W-¯n\pw aqey-hÀ²nX DÂ]m-Z-\-¯n-\p-apÅ kuI-cy-§Ä
kÀ¡mÀ sNt¿-−n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
ap¼v [mcmfw IÀj-IÀ Nma Irjn sNbvXn-cp-s¶-¦nepw C¶v alm-en-¦®
am{X-amWv FÃm-hÀjhpw Htc-¡À Øe¯v CXv Irjn sN¿p¶ hyàn.
CS-hn-f-IÄ Irjn sN¿p-¶Xpw ChnsS ]Xn-hm-Wv. Ipän-¸-bÀ, Xph-c-¸c
- n-¸v,
sNdp-]-bÀ, Bh-W¡v Ch-bmWv C§s\ Irjn sN¿p-¶-Xv.
lmc¡ kwkv¡-cWw
lmc-¡¡p ]pdsa Nma, tNmfw, ap¯m-dn XpS-§nb aäp-hn-fI
- fpw ChnsS
Irjn sN¿p-¶p. F¶m kwØm-\-sam-«msI t\m¡n-bm Hcp hnf-sb¶
\ne-bn lmc¡ Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸« Ah-Ø-bn-em-Wv. Irjn coXn-If
- nÂ
\n¶v CXv A{]-Xy-£-am-Im\pw CS-bp−v. Cu kml-N-cy-¯n lmc¡ ]p\cp-Öo-hn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw sNdp[m\y-§-fpsS {]m[m-\y-s¯-¡p-dn¨v t_m[h¡-cWw \S-¯p-¶-Xn\pw tKm]m-e-\-l-Ån-bnse IÀj-IÀ \S-¯p¶
BßmÀ° ]cn-{i-a-§Ä {]iw-kn-¡-s¸-tS-−-Xm-Wv.
31
Nma: IÀ®m-S-I-bn \n¶v \mkn-¡n-te¡v
Nma F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ tkw (Saame) Nn{X-ZpÀ¤ PnÃ-bnse slmk-ZpÀ¤
Xmeq-¡n-epw, XpwIqÀ PnÃ-bnse kn.-F³.-lÅn Xmeq-¡nÂs¸« lpfn-bmdnepw hym]-I-ambn Irjn sNbvXp-h-cp-¶p. D¯c IÀ®m-S-I-¯nse lmth-cn,
KU-Kv, [mÀhm-Uv, dmbv¨qÀ PnÃ-I-fnepw CXv Irjn sN¿p-¶p.
Irjn-h-Ip-¸nsâ ØnXn hnh-c-¡-W-¡-\p-k-cn¨v Nn{X-ZpÀ¤ PnÃ-bnse
slmkZpÀ¤ Xmeq-¡nepw XpwIqÀ PnÃ-bnse lpfn-bmÀ {]tZ-i¯pw 2013 Â
\mem-bncw slIvSÀ Øe¯v ap¯m-dn, Nma F¶nh Irjn sNbvXn-cp-¶p.
c−p PnÃ-I-fnepw F.-]n.-Fw.-kn-IÄ (APMC) hgn hn]-W\w \S-¯nb taÂ
D¸-\-§-fn `qcn-`m-Khpw Nma-bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v, lpfn-bmÀ \K-c¯n F.-]n.-Fw.kn hgn hnev]\ \S-¯n-h-cp¶ aq¶m-as¯ {][m\ hnf
Nma BWv. hnf-sh-Sp¸v Ime¯v Hcp-Zn-hkw icm-icn Hcp sa{SnIv S¬ Nma
F¶ coXn-bn IÀj-IÀ hnev]\ \S-¯n.
Nma Irjn sN¿p¶ {]tZ-i-§Ä hÀjw-tXmdpw hÀ²n¨p hcp-¶-Xmbn
hnhn[ kqN-I-§Ä hyà-am-¡p-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v 2010þ11 Ime¯v
CXnsâ BsI DÂ]m-Z\w 135 sa{SnIv S¬ Bbn-cp-¶Xv 2012þ13 Â 216
sa{SnIv S¬ Bbn hÀ²n-¨p. Nn{X-ZpÀ¤-bnse slmk-ZpÀ¤ Xmeq¡v F.-]n.Fw.-kn. DtZym-K-ØÀ ]d-bp-¶-X-\p-k-cn¨v (slm-k-ZqÀ¤, F.-]n.-Fw.-kn.
sh_v sskäv) Unkw-_À apX G{]n hsc-bpÅ ka-b-¯mWv Nma-bpsS
h³tXm-Xn-epÅ hnf-sh-Sp¸pw hnÂ]-\bpw \S-¡p-¶-Xv. Gä-hp-a[
- nIw
hnÂ]\ s^{_-ph-cn-bn-epw.
sNdp[m-\y-§Ä ImÀjn-I-ta-J-e-bn \n¶v ]pd-s¯-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-epÅ
Bi¦ \ne-\n¡p¶ ka-b¯v Nma Irjn-bn-S-§Ä hÀ²n-¡p-¶p-sh-¶Xv
ip`-kq-N-I-am-Wv. F¶n-cp-¶mepw sshcp²y-sa¶v ]d-bs«, Cu {]tZ-i§
- fn Ch-bpsS D]-t`mKw hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. ]ns¶ Ft§m-«mWv Cu D¸¶-§Ä Ib-än-s¡m-−p-t]m-Ip-¶Xv. Hcp efn-X-amb At\z-jWw hyà-am-¡nbXv _nkv¡-äp-Ifpw aäpw D−m-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn \½psS Cu Aaqey hn`hw
alm-cm-jv{S-bnse \mkn-¡n-te¡v sIm−p-t]m-Ip¶p F¶m-Wv. \mkn-¡nÂ
CXnsâ D]-tbmKw Fs´-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v hyà-amb Nn{X-an-Ã. A\p-am-\§Ä am{Xta DÅq-sh-¦nepw \mkn-¡n \n¶pÅ hÀ²-am-\-amb Bh-iy-IX-bmWv Ch Irjn sN¿p¶bnS-§Ä hÀ²n-¡m³ Imc-W-am-b-sX¶v NneÀ
hmZn-¡p-¶p. D¸-¶-¯nsâ hnebv¡pw CXn-semcp ]¦p-−v. Nma¡v Iznâen\v 1900þ2200 Ddp-¸n-I-bmWv Irjn-¡mÀ¡v e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu {]tZ-i¯v
ap¯m-dn¡v Iznâ-en\v 1500 Ddp¸n-Ibpw In«p-¶p. IqSmsX th\-ens\ AXnPo-hn-¡m³ Ign-hpÅ Nma-bpsS hfÀ¨m-Imew shdpw aq¶p-amkw am{X-amWv
F¶pÅ hkvXp-X-bp-ap−v. Ffp-¸-¯n tcmK-_m-[tbm IoSm-Wp-_m-[tbm
32
G¡m¯ Cu hnf Htc-¡À Øe-¯p-\n¶v 5þ7 Iznâ D¸-¶hpw
\ÂIp-¶p. Cu khn-ti-j-X-IÄ ImcWw \nc-h[n IÀj-IÀ CXn-te¡v
BIÀjn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p; hn]-Wnbpw Dd-¸m-Wv.
kn.-F³.-lÅn Xmeq-¡nse Hcp IÀj-I-\mb sImsd-Ksd cmP® ]d-bp-¶X
- \p-k-cn¨v 15þ20 hÀjw ap¼v ChnsS Nma h³tXm-Xn Irjn sNbvXn-cp-¶p.
`£y-h-kvXp-hmbn hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. k¦c-bn\w hn¯p-Ifpw B[p-\nI Irjn k{¼-Zm-b-§fpw \ne-hn h¶-tijw
am{XamWv Irjn-¡mÀ CXv Ah-K-Wn¨p XpS-§n-b-Xv. hfsc Ipd-¨p-t]À
am{Xta Ch, AXpw ]mÀiz-hn-f-bm-bn, Irjn sNbvXn-cp-¶p-Åq. F¶mÂ
C¶v CXv Irjn sN¿p¶ {]tZ-i-§Ä hÀjw-tXmdpw IqSn-h-cn-I-bm-Wv.
hmkvX-h-¯nÂ, CsXmcp \Ã {]h-W-X-bm-Wv. ]s£ Cu [m\y-§-fn-hnsS
kwkv¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm sN¿p-¶nà F¶-XmWv
tJZ-I-cw.
Nma-bn 7.7% amwkyhpw 7.6% \mcp-Ifpw AS-§n-bn-«p-−v. {]tal tcmK-_m[n-XÀ¡pw AanX h®-ap-Å-hÀ¡pw CXv KpW-I-c-amb `£-W-am-Wv. Cu
Aaq-ey-am-b, t]mj-I-k-ar-²-amb Dev¸¶w Zqc-tZ-i-§-fn-te¡v Ibän hnSpt¼mÄ Acnbpw tKmX-¼p-saÃmw ]©m-_n \n¶v Cd-¡p-aXn sNbvXv
IÀ®m-S-I-bn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. hfsc t]mj-I-k-ar-²-amb Cu [m\y¯nsâ KpW-aq-ey-§Ä Cu \m«n¯-s¶-bp-Å-hÀ¡v e`y-am-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Xc¯n-epÅ amä-§Ä¡p-th−n \½psS cmjv{Sob t\Xm-¡fpw \b, \nba
\nÀ½m-Xm-¡fpw Nn´n-¡p-Ibpw \ne-hn-epÅ {]h-W-X¡v A´yw Ipdn-¡pIbpw thWw.
References
1. Siridhnaya, Ed:Anitha Pailoor, Publisher: Millet network of India and Centre
for Agricultural Media, 2011
2. Kanmareya haadiyalli Korale, Author: Mallikarjuna Hosapalya, Publisher,
Sahaja Samruddha, 2011
3. Barasahushnu Harakakke Marujeeva, Author, Mallikarjuna Hosapalya,
publisher, Centre for Agricultural Media, 2012
4. Kirudhanyagala kaipidi, Publisher: Department of Agriculture, Tumkur and
District Training centre, Chikkanahalli, Tumkur Dist.
5. http://krishimaratavahini.kar.nic.in/Kannada/Warehouses.aspx
6. http://www.brownandbrownfarms.com/our-products/brown-top-millet
Mallikarjuna Hosapalya
Sri Ranga, I-Floor, 3rd main, Sadashiva nagar, Tumkur-572101
Phone: 96861 94641
33
lcnX k¼ZvhyhØ: s]t{Sm-fnbw
sslthbv¡v _ZÂ ]mX-IÄ
\mtKjv slKvsU
s]-t{Sm-fnbw D¸-¶-§Ä D]tbm-Kn-¡msX \ap¡v Hcp Znh-k-sa-¦nepw
Pohn-¡m³ Ign-bptam? Hcp Znh-k-sa-¶Xv hnt«-¡p-I, Hcp {]`m-X-¯nÂ,
Ac aWn-¡qÀ t\c-sa-¦nepw I¡cn, s]t{SmÄ, UokÂ, {]IrXn hmXIw
Ch-bn-te-sX-¦n-ep-ap-]-tbm-Kn-¡msX hn«p-\n¡m³ Ign-bptam F¶v {ian¨p
t\m¡q.
cmhnse DWÀ¶v hmbv Igp-Im-\mbn Sm¸v Xpd-¡p-t¼mÄ ... {i²m-]qÀÆw
Nn´n-¡p-I... Cu shÅw \K-c-k` hnX-cWw sN¿p-¶-Xm-sW-¦nÂ
sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn-¨mImw AXv AhÀ sN¿p-¶-Xv. AX-sÃ-¦n \n§-fpsS
Xs¶ Ipg¡n-W-dn \n¶v apI-fn-epÅ Sm¦n-te¡v C¶se ASn¨p Ib-änb-Xm-Imw. CXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn¨ sshZypXn dmbv¨qÀ Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-b-¯nÂ
\nt¶m, s_Ãmcn \ne-b-¯n \nt¶m DÅ-Xm-Im³ km[y-X-bp-−v. A§s\-sb-¦n I¡cn D]-tbm-Kn¨v DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-b-Xn-\m \n§Ä¡Xv
D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã. C\n \n§-fpsS {i² shÅ-sa-Sp-¡p¶ ]m{X-¯nte¡v Xncn-¡q. AsXmcp ¹mÌn¡v aKv BsW-¦n \n§-fXv D]-tbm-Kn-¡c
- pXv. HmÀ½n-¡p-I, s]t{Sm-fnbw F¶ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-hn \n¶mWv
¹mÌnIv DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. ¹mÌnIv D]-tbmKw \n§Ä ths−¶p
sh¨m ]Ãp-tX-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {_jpw \n§Ä¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã.
¹mÌnIv Syq_n hcp-¶-Xn-\m Sq¯v t]Ìv t]mepw \n§Ä¡v D]-tbm-Kn¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã. AXn-ep-]cn s]t{SmÄ, Uok Ch-bn-te-sX-¦nepw D]-tbmKn¨v HmSp¶ hml-\-¯n-emIpw Cu hkvXp¡Ä \nÀ½mW ime-bn \n¶v
\n§-fpsS ho«n F¯n-bn-«p-−m-Ip-I. {]`mX `£-W-¯n-\p-ap¼v ]Ãp-tX¡-W-sa¶ \nÀ_Ô_p²n-¡m-c-\mWv \n§-sf-¦nÂ, Hcp-]s£ \n§Ä ]gb-Im-e-s¯-t¸mse Bcy-th-¸n-sâtbm amhn-sâtbm Xfn-cn-e-sIm−v ]ÃptX¡pw; sN¼p-sIm-−p-−m-¡nb Hcp ]m«-bn shÅ-sa-Sp¯v \n§Ä hmbv
Igp-Ip-Ibpw sN¿pw. {]`m-X-`-£-W-¯nsâ Imcy-¯n \n§-sf-´mWv
sN¿m³ t]mIp-¶-Xv?
ASp-¡-f-bn-epÅ FÃm hkvXp-¡fpw Ahn-sS-sb-¯n-bXv henb {S¡n-tem,
s{Sbn-\ntem, Nc¡p I¸-entem BWv. ap¯m-dntbm s\tÃm \n§Ä Imf-h−n-bn sIm−p-h¶v Dc-I-Ãn s]mSn-s¨Sp-¯-XmtWm? AsXÃmw \ap¡v
amän-sh-¡mw. ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-−n-te¡v XncnsI t]mbn A¶s¯
PohnXssien-bn C¶v \ap¡v Pohn-¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã. Pohn-X¯
- nsâ Hmtcm
\nan-jhpw \ap¡v sshZypXn Bh-iy-am-Wv. \½psS ho«nse Hmtcm Xcn
km[-\hpw s]t{Smtfm Uoktem D]-tbm-Kn¨v am{Xsa Chn-sS-sb-¯p-Ib
- pÅq. Im«n Pohn-¡p¶ BZn-hm-kn-I-sfm-gnsI \½n _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw
sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wnsâ ASn-a-I-fm-bn-¡-gn-ªp.
34
\½psS ASp¯ Xe-ap-dbv¡pw CtX coXn-bn Pohn-¡pI km[y-amtWm?
ImcWw, H¶p-In `qan-bpsS AKm-[X-bn-epÅ F® \nt£-]-§Ä Imenbm-bn-«p-−m-Ipw. AX-sÃ-¦n D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ km[n-¡m-¯-hn[w hne]nSn-¨Xm-bn-«p-−m-Ipw. AXp-a-sÃ-¦n hml-\-§-fn \n¶v _lnÀK-an-¡p¶
ImÀ_¬Utbm-IvsskUv `uam-´-co£w AXn-bmbn NqSm-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm−v
s]t{Sm-fnbw D¸-¶-§-fpsS D]-tbm-K-¯n\v IÀi\ \nb-{´-W§
- Ä
GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−m-Ipw.
C¯-c-samcp \msf kwPm-X-am-bm \½Ä Pohn-¡m³ F´p sN¿pw?
\½psS X{´w F´p-X-s¶-bm-bmepw C¶v -ap-X Xs¶ \ma-Xn-\pÅ X¿msd-Sp¸v \S-t¯-−-Xp-−v. kpJ-I-c-a-Ãm¯ \msf-IÄ s]s«¶p h¶p-s]-«mÂ
t\cn-Sm³ \ap¡v _p²n-ap«v hcpw.
F´mWv kpØnc hnI-k\w?
\ap-s¡-Ãm-bn-t¸mgpw ip²-hmbp e`y-am-I-Ww.
FÃm-Zn-h-khpw ip²-Pew e`n-¡Ww
FÃm-Zn-h-khpw \ap¡v ip²-am-b, amb-an-Ãm¯ `£Ww D−m-IW
- w.
Ft¸mgpw \Ã Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw \ap-¡p-−m-I-Ww.
F¶m P\-kwJym hÀ²-\hpw hnI-k-\-¯n-\m-bpÅ {`m´-amb aÕ-c§fpw aqew CXv IqSp-X hnj-a-I-c-ambn hcn-I-bm-Wv. "DÅ-h-cmbn' Xocphm-\pÅ aÕ-c-¯n FÃm-hcpw ]¦p-tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv; ImcWw taÂ]d-ª-h-sbÃmw AhÀ¡p-am{Xw Xm§m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
FÃm-bn-S¯pw AØnc hnI-k-\-¯nsâ e£-W-§Ä ImWp-¶p. AXpsIm−v `qcn-]-£-¯n\pw taÂ]-dª \mev t{ijvTamb kml-N-cy-§Ä
e`y-am-Im³ km[n-¡p-I-bn-Ã. At¸mÄ \mw F´p sN¿pw?
Cu `qan-bnse FÃm-hÀ¡pw C\n ]d-bp¶ \mev XXz-§Ä ]n´p-S-cmw.
1. s]t{SmÄ, I¡-cn, temlw Ch-bpsS taepÅ \½psS B{i-bXzw
Ipd-bv¡p-I.
2. ssPhambn Agp-Im¯ cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§-fpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv¡p-I.
3. apdn-¨p-am-ä-s¸-Sp-¶-h-tb-¡mÄ IqSp-X ac-§Ä \Sp-I.
4. P\-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\m-h-iy-§Ä Hcn-¡epw _en sImSp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡pI.
Cu \mev XXz-§Ä \½psS ho«nepw sXmgn Øe-¯p-saÃmw ]n³XpSÀ¶m kpØn-c-hn-I-k\w Hcp bmYmÀ°y-am-Ipw.
`qan-bpsS A´À`m-K-t¯¡v henb Ipgn-I-fp-−m¡n Xpf¨p Ib-dmsX `qanbn e`y-amb hn`-h-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v Hcp lcnX k¼ZvhyhØ \S-¸n-em¡p-I-bmWv asämcp Imcyw. CXv Akm-[y-sam-¶p-a-Ã. Imän \n¶pÅ
DuÀÖw, kutcmÀÖw, ssPh-h-kvXp-¡-fn \n¶pÅ DuÀÖw CsXÃmw
sshZypXn DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.
35
ssP-h-h-kvXp-¡-fn \n¶v \ap-¡m-h-iy-am-b{X ¹mÌnIv DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡m³
Ign-bpw. A¯-c-samcp kmt¦-XnI hnZy \ne-hn-ep-−v. F¶m [mcmfw
s]t{Sm-fnbw hn`-h-§Ä e`y-amWv F¶ hnizm-k-¯n \mw taÂ]-dª
Xcw kmt¦-XnI apt¶-ä-§-sf-sbÃmw amän-\nÀ¯n. Ch btYjvSw e`y-amWv
F¶ anYym-t_m[w \½psS `qan-¡p -Xs¶ {]iv\-ap-−m-¡p-Ib
- m-Wv.
C¶v a\p-jy³ henb b{´-§-fpsS klm-b-t¯msS Ip¶p-IÄ CSn¨v \new]-cn-im-¡p-Ibpw \Zn-I-fpsS Zni amäp-Ibpw kap-{Z-§sf _Ôn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw
sN¿p-¶p. BIm-i-¯n\v aosXbpw `qan¡p Iosg-bp-apÅ shÃp-hn-fn-IsfÃmw Ah³ A\m-bmkw ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶p.
Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw
Bbncw ssII-fpsS iàn-bmWv s]t{Sm-fnbw DuÀÖw \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶X
- v.
Ignª \qdp-hÀj-§-fn P\-kwJy 120 tImSn-bn \n¶v Bdp-a-S§v hÀ²n¨p. hnh-c-km-t¦-XnI hnZy Bbncw Xe-t¨m-dp-IÄ Hcp-an¨p {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶
coXn-bn Imcy-§Ä F¯n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Xo, shÅ-s¸m-¡w, Npg-en-s¡m-Sp-¦mäv, `qI-¼w, kp\m-an, XpS-§nb FÃm {]IrXn iàn-I-sfbpw Imcy-£-aa
- mb
coXn-bn \nb-{´-W-hn-t[-b-am-¡nb a\p-jy³ Ct¸mÄ kzbw asämcp almi-àn-bmbn amdn-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.
`qan-bmsI kw{`m-´n- ]q-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. Pohn-hÀ¤-§Ä Ct¸mÄ Xs¶ \mi¯nsâ h¡n-em-Wv. A´n-co£ k´p-en-Xm-hØ BsI Xmfw sXän-bn-cn-¡p¶p. Hmtcm an\n-«nepw 120 slIvSÀ h\-hr-£-§Ä sh«n \in-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ib
- mWv. h\y-ar-K-§Ä `qap-J-¯p-\n¶v XpS-¨p-\o-¡-s¸-«p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. AanX
ImÀjnI {]hÀ¯n-IÄ taÂa-s®m-en-¸n\v Imc-W-am-bn-«p−v; Ipf-§Ä A{]Xy-£-am-Ip-¶p, taÂa®v kap-{Z-¯n-te¡v IpXn-s¨m-gp-Ip-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
acp-{]-tZ-i-§Ä IqSn-h-cp-¶p. \Zn-IÄ AXy´w aeo-a-k-am-¡-s¸-«p-I-gn-ªp.
`qanbpw tase-bpÅ BIm-i-hp-saÃmw amen-\y-§Ä XÅm-\pÅ CS-hp-am-bn.
{ItaW BtKm-f-Xe-¯n Xm]-\ne hÀ²n-¨p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. BtKmf {]Xn-kÔn-bpsS e£-W-§Ä I−p-Xp-S-§n-bn-«p-−v. CXn-\n-S-bn \à hmÀ¯bpsS Hcp Nn´v tIÄ¡mw. Xsâ hnI-k-\-¯nsâ ]mX-IÄ ]qÀ®-ambpw
icn-bà F¶v a\p-jy³ Xncn-¨-dn-ªn-cn-¡p¶p.
Cu BtKmf {]iv\§Ä ]cn-l-cn-¡p-hm³ BtKm-f-Xe NÀ¨-IÄ DbÀ¶p-h-cp-¶p. \mev]Xv
hÀjw ap¼v temI t\Xm-¡-fpsS BZy ]cn-ØnXn tbmK-¯n\v s\bvtdm_n
BYn-Xy-a-cp-fn. `ua D¨-tImSn 20 hÀjw ap¼v dntbm- Un- P-\o-tdm-bn \S¶p. am\p-jnI CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ¡v \nb-{´-W-§-fp-−m-¡m³ Cu IqSn-t¨-ce
- pIÄ Nne N«-§-fp-−m-¡n.
F¶m C¶v FÃm cmPy-§fpw hnI-knX cmPy-§-fmbn amdm³
InWªp ]cn-{i-an-¡p-I-bm-Wv. BtKm-f-h-Xv¡-c-W-¯nsâ ^e-ambn H«pan¡ N«-§fpw \nÀt±-i-§-fp-saÃmw Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡-bm-Wv.
2012
"FÃm-hÀ¡pw kpØnc DuÀÖ-¯n-\pÅ A´m-cmjv{S hÀj' ambn {]Jym]n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. B hÀjs¯ ]cn-ØnXn Zn\-¯nÂ, (Pq¬ 5) DbÀ¯nb
ap{Zm-hmIyw "lcnX k¼-Zvhy-h-Øn-Xn-Ifpw AXnsâ Hcp `mK-amtWm' F¶Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
36
lcnX k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS t\«-§Ä
1. Imem-hØ kpJ-I-c-am-bn-cn-¡pw. AXy-[n-I-amb NqtSm, XWp-t¸m, ag-tbm,
hcĨtbm D−m-bn-cn-¡n-Ã.
- pw, Ipf-§fpw \nd2. D]-cn-Xe Pe-¸-c¸v \Ã \ne-bn-em-bn-cn-¡pw. XSm-I-§f
ªn-cn-¡pw. Acp-hn-IÄ hÀjw apgp-h³ Hgp-In-s¡m-−n-cn-¡pw. Pe-Po-hn-IÄ
s]cp-In -h-f-cpw. shÅw ]¼v sN¿m³ sshZyp-Xnsb Ipdª tXmXnÂ
B{i-bn-¨m aXn.
3. arK, ]£n Pme-§-fpsS kzm`m-hn-I-amb hÀ²-\-hv. `qX-e-¯nse 80% arK§fpw h\-§-fn Pohn-¡pw. hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp¶ Pohn-hÀ¤-§Ä kzm`mhn-I-ambn ]p\-cp-Öo-hn-¸n-¡-s¸Spw.
4. as®m-en¸v Ipd-bpw-. a®v AXn tNÀ¡p¶ t]mjW hkvXp-¡-fm ^e-`qbn-jvS-am-Ip-¶p. Ir{Xna hf-§-fpsS Bhiyw Ipd-bp-¶p.
5. Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§-fnse lcn-Xm-h-cWw (hr£, kky-Pm-e-§Ä) kp\m-an-bpsS
Xo{hX Ipd-¡p-¶p. Pe-Po-hn-IÄ¡v t]mj-I-h-kvXp-¡-fpsS Ipdhv t\cntS−n hcp-¶n-Ã. \Zo-Xm-gvh-c-I-fn Xn§n-\n-dª ImSp-I-fp-s−-¦n shÅs¸m-¡-§Ä Ipd-bpw, ImcWw Ah as®m-en¸v Ipd-¡p-¶p. hcĨ hfsc
Ipd-hm-bn-cn-¡pw.
6. h\-ta-J-e-IÄ hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS hntZ-i-\mWyw kwc-£n-¡mw. hyh-km-b§¡pÅ \nc-h[n Akw-kv¡rX hkvXp-¡Ä \½psS h\-§-fn \n¶v
hcpw. hymh-km-bnI Dev]m-Z\w hÀ²n-¡p-¶p. ate-jy-bn \nt¶m, Ct´mt\-jy-bn \nt¶m, {ioe-¦-bn \nt¶m, C\n \ap¡v Cd-¡p-aXn sNt¿-−nh-cn-Ã.
7. h\-§Ä IqSp-X CS-Xn-§p-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-¨v, {KmaoW taJ-e-I-fnse `£yZuÀe`yw Ipd-bp-¶p. temI-amsI t\m¡n-bmÂ, C´y-bn-em-Wv.-Zn-hkw Hcp
t\cw am{Xw `£Ww Ign-¡p¶ Bfp-IÄ Gähpw IpSp-X-ep-ÅXv F¶v
\n§Ä¡-dn-bmtam? BZn-hm-kn-I-fpw, Kncn-P-\-§fpw `£-Whpw sXmgn-ep-at\z-jn¨v \K-c-§-fn-te¡v tNt¡-td−n hcn-Ã.
8. IqSp-X h\-§-fp-s−-¦n {KmaoW P\-X-bpsS BtcmKyw sa¨-s¸-«X
- m-Ipw.
ht\m¸-¶-§Ä (]-g-§Ä, ]¨-¡-dn-IÄ) {KmaoW P\-X-bpsS t]mjI hn`h-§fm-Wv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw tcmK-§Ä Ipd-bp¶p. CXn\pw ]pd-sa,
Huj[ kky-§-fpw, sNSn-Ifpw [mcm-f-ap-−m-Ipw, AXp-hgn tUmIvSsd
kµÀin-¡Â, Bip-]-{Xn-bn t]mI Chbpw Ipd-bp¶p.
9. {KmaoW P\-X-bpsS CÔ-\-{]iv\w h\-§-fpsS hÀ²-\-hvsIm−v ]cn-lc
- n-¡s¸-Spw. CÔ-\-¯n-\pw, hnd-In-\p-saÃmw th−n-bpÅ Ah-cpsS IjvS-¸m-Sn\v
Adp-Xn-h-cpw. IqSm-sX, ssPh-þ-C-Ô\ Imbv-IÄ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ ac-§Ä
\«mÂ, C¯cw Imb-IÄ tiJ-cn-¨v, kwkv¡-cn-s¨-Sp-¡Â Bh-iy-am-bX
- n\m At\-IÀ¡v sXmgnepw e`y-am-Ipw. BgvNm-h-km-\-§-fn hnt\m-Z,
IuXpI ImgvN-IÄ ImWm-\pÅ CS-§-fpsS F®w hÀ²n-¡pw. CS-Xn-§nb
h\-§Ä IqSp-X Ipf-§-fpw, XSm-I-§-fpw, Acp-hn-I-fp-saÃmw DÅ-hbm-bncn-¡pw. ]£n-I-sf-bpw, Pe-Po-hn-I-sf-bpw, lcn-X-{]-tZ-i-§-sf-bpw, ImWm³
\ap¡v ImgvN _w¥mhv kµÀin-t¡−n hcn-Ã.
lcnX k¼-Zvhy-hØ C´y-bn Ime-§-tfmfw {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶p.
efn-X-ambn ]d-ªm aäp Poh-Pm-e-§Ä¡v e`y-amb AtX hn`-h§
- Ä
37
sIm−v \½fpw Pohn-¡p¶p F¶mWv AXv AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. s]t{Sm-fpw,
I¡-cnbpw, sN¼pw, Ccp-¼pw, Aeq-an-\n-b-hp-sam¶pw CÃm-Xn-cp¶ Ime¯p-t]mepw a\p-jyÀ Pohn-¨n-cp-¶p. Ch Aan-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ XpS§nbt¸mÄ temIw {ItaW amdn. C¶v \½Ä Pohn-¡p¶Xv s]t{Sm-fnbw
k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bn-tem, J\\ k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bntem BWv. FÃm-hÀ¡pw
th−n-bpÅ Hcp kpØnc k¼-Zvhy-hØ \nÀ½n-¡m³ km[n-¡ptam?
\-½psS C¶s¯ Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-§-sfm¶pw Dt]-£n-¡m-sX, \½psS hcpw
Xe-ap-d¡v kpc-£n-X-amb Hcp `mhn krjvSn-¡m-hp¶ kwhn-[m\w {]Nm-c¯n hcp-¯p-I-bmWv lcn-X-k-¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS Dt±iyw.
C¶v hfsc Npcp¡w hnI-kzc cmPy-§Ä¡pw, ]n¶m¡ {Kma-§Ä¡p-amWv
C¯-c-samcp lcnX k¼-Zvhy-hØ DÅ-Xv. F¶m \ap-¡n-¶m-hiyw B[p\nI lcnX k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bm-Wv. AXn-\m \n§fpw CXnsâ `mK-am-tWm
F¶ B[p-\nI lcnX k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-sb-¡p-dn¨pÅ tNmZyw, Cu temIw
apgp-h³, Rm\pw \n§-fp-saÃmw CXnsâ `mK-am-¡-s¸Sp¶ coXn-bn-em-h-Ww.
lcnX k¼-Zvhy-hØ aq¶v LSI-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xm-h-Ww. -BZ
- y-t¯Xv
CXv FÃm-hÀ¡pw sXmgn-e-h-kcw \ÂI-Ww. c−v, FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw km¼¯nI ØnXn sa¨-s¸-S-Ww. ]«nWn D−m-I-cp-Xv. aq¶v, CXv ]cn-ØnXn
kulr-Z-]-chpw Bbn-cn-¡-Ww. \ap-¡-§-s\-sbmcp k¼-Zvhy-hØ cq]-Iev]\ sN¿m³ Ign-bntÃ?
_p²n-bpÅ a\p-jy³ ]e Imcy-§fpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯n-«p-−v. \nc-h[n amc-Itcm-K-§sf Ah³ \nb-{´W hnt[-b-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. hcĨ t\cn-«n-«p-−v,
F¶m C¶v FÃm-hÀ¡pw Bh-iy-amb `£Ww hnf-bn-¡p-¶p-ap-−v.
kmt¦-XnI sshZKv[yw Ic-Ø-am-¡n-bn-«pÅ Ah³ A\y-{K-l-§-fn Cd§m³ Xm³ Ign-hpÅ-h-\m-sW¶v sXfn-bn-¨n-«p-−v. CsXÃmw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯n«pÅ a\p-jy³ Agp¡pw sNfnbpw N−n-bp-saÃmw \ndª ho«n Pohnt¡-−-Xpt−m? Ahsâ ]m{Xw hnj-en-]vX-amb `£-W-§Ä sIm−v \ndbvt¡-−-Xpt−m? Xsâ hcpw-Ime Xe-ap-dsb AÔ-Im-c-¯n-te¡v XÅn-hn«v
ss]im-Nn-I-amw -hn[w AØnc ssien-bn C¶v Pohn-¡Wtam? A¯-csamcp \msf \mw ImWm-Xn-cn-¡m³ Hcp _Z k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bp-sSbpw
PohnX ssien-bp-sSbpw shÃp-hnfn Gsä-Sp-¡m-\mWv sFIy-cmjv{S kwLS\ \t½mSv Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
s]-t{S-mfnbw D¸-¶-§-fpsS ]nSn-bn \n¶v ITn\ {ia-¯n-eqsS c£-s¸SpI F¶-XmWv lcnX k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS ASn-Øm\ XXzw. AkwkvIrX F®bpw ]s−t§m a®-Snª Pohn-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-§f
- nÂ
\n¶pÅ F®bpw BWv C¶v temIs¯ apt¶m«v \bn-¡p-¶X
- v.
ImÀ_¬U-tbm-IvsskUv ]pd-t¯¡v hnSp¶ Cu c−p hkvXp-¡f
- mWv
temIw C¶v t\cn-Sp¶ {]iv\-§-fpsS {][m\ Imc-W-¡mÀ. Ch-bv¡p-]Icw \mw kutcmÀÖw, ImänÂ\n-¶pÅ DuÀÖw, ssPh-]-ZmÀ°
DuÀÖw XpS-§nb Hcn-¡epw Ah-km-\n-¡m¯ hn`-h-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³
38
AØnc hnI-k-\-¯nsâ Im¸m-Sp-IÄ
hnd-In-\mbn ac-§Ä apdn-¨p-am-äp¶p; hnd-Insâ Øm\¯v I¡cn D]-tbmKw Bcw-`n¡p-¶p.
s]«¶v e`y-am-Ip¶ I¡cn kw`-c-Wn-IÄ Imen-bmbn; I¡cn J\\w A\n-hm-cyamb ØnXn-bn-ep-am-bn.
`qan-¡-Sn-bn-epÅ I¡cn J\n-I-fn shÅw \nd-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. \ocmhn iàn-bmÂ
I¡cn D]tbm-Kn¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ b{´-§Ä Cu shÅw ]¼v sNbvXv If-bm³ D]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
\ocmhn b{´-§Ä {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-¯n-em-bn. J\n-IÄ IqSp-X Bg-¯n Ipgn-¡s
- ¸-«p.
hymh-km-bnI hn¹hw Bcw-`n-¨p.
sdbn ]mX-IÄ \ne-hnÂh-¶p. IqSp-X b{´-km-a-{Kn-IÄ, IqSp-X I¡-cn, H¸w
IqSp-XÂ {`m´-amb aÕ-c-§-fpw.
ssa¡nÄ ^mcsU sshZypXn b{´w cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvXp. sshZypXn DÂ]m-Z\
- ¯
- n\mbn I¡-cn-bpsS Bh-iy-I-Xbpw hÀ²n-¨p.
s]³knÂhm\n-b-bn Akw-kv¡rX F® e`n-¨p-Xp-S-§n; tamt«mÀ b{´-§Ä
{]hÀ¯-\-am-cw-`n-¨p.
tImÄSm-dn \n¶pw s]t{Sm-fn-b-¯n \n¶pw cmk-h-kvXp-¡fpw ¹mÌn¡pw acp-¶psaÃmw h¶p. P\-kwJym hÀ²-\-hv.
hnam-\-§-fpsS I−p-]n-Sp-¯w. ]n¶oSv cmk-h-f-§fpw {SmIvS-dp-Ifpw h¶p. hmWn-Pym-hiy-§Ä¡mbn `t£ym-Xv]m-Z\w Bcw-`n-¨p. IqSp-X IqSp-X h\-\-io-I-c-Ww.
H¶mw temI bp²m\-´c km¼-¯nI amµy-t¯msS Bh-iy-I-X-sb-¡mÄ IqSp-XÂ
e`yX D−m-b-Xp-aqew Akw-kv¡rX F®-bpsS Bh-iy-IX hÀ²n-¨p.
D]-t`m-àr-kw-kv¡mcw hfÀ¯p-¶-Xn-\mbn ]c-ky-§Ä cq]-I-ev]\ sN¿-s¸-«p.
t_mw_p-I-fp-sSbpw tdm¡-äp-I-fp-sSbpw \nÀ½m-W-¯n hÀ²-\hv; c−mw temI-bp²w
Ch-bpsS D]-tbmKw Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-em-¡n. hmWn-Py-]-c-ky-§-fpsS sIWn-tbm-sS-bpÅ
sSen-hnjsâ IS-¶p-h-chv
]cn-ØnXn NqjWw XS-bp-¶-Xn-\pÅ \nb-a-§fpw N«-§fpw h¶p.
hn`-h-§-fpsS AanX D]-tbmKw aqe-apÅ BLmXw Ipd-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn BtKm-fh
- -Xv¡c
- Whpw kzX{´ km¼-¯nI \b-§fpw cq]w-sIm-−p.
hnI-kzc cmjv{S-§Ä k¼¶ cmPy-§-fpsS Ip¸-s¯m-«n-bmbn amdn.
]mh-s¸-«-h³ ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ b{´-§-fm-bn.
km¼-¯nI \nt£-]-¯nsâ h³ Hgp¡v; Ata-cn¡, bqtdm¸v kaq-l-¯nsâ ]W-s¡mgp-¸m-bn-cp¶p asäÃm cmjv{S-§-fp-sSbpw amXr-I. PohnX ssien amä-§-fpsS A\´c^e-ambn Imdp-Ifpw hyh-km-b-§fpw ^mIvS-dn-Ifpw shÅ-¡p-¸n-Ifpw kÀÆ-km-[mc-W-am-bn.
Pew ]mgm-¡Â, [mXp-e-h-W-§-fp-sS-bpw s]t{Sm-fn-sâbpw AanX D]-tbmKw
D]-tbmKw Ignªp hen-s¨-dn-b-s¸« ¹mÌnIv Iq\-I-fpsS hnd-§-en¨ ImgvN-IÄ. h\-\io-I-cWw, P\-km-{µ-X-bnepw A´-co£ Xm]-\n-e-bnepw hÀ²-\-hv.
aªp-a-e-IÄ DcpIn XpS-§p-¶p, kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c¸v Db-cp-¶p. 54 Zzo]p-IÄ shÅ-¯n-\S- nbn-em-bn-t]m-Ip-sa¶ `oj-Wn-bn-em-Wv.
EXp-¡-fpsS {Ia-amsI sXän-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. IjvS-X-Ifpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw shÅ-s¸m-¡hpw
Dug-an«v kwlm-c-Xm-Þ-h-am-Sp-¶p.
\½psS PohnXw Hcp Zpc-´-¯n \n¶v asäm-¶n-te¡v t]mtI-−-Xpt−m? Zpc-´§
- f
- psS
Hcp N§e XoÀ¯n-cn-¡p¶ Cu AØnc k¼-Zvhy-hØ \ap-¡m-h-iy-amtWm?
AtXm ]I-c-apÅ asämcp ]mX-bn-te¡v \½psS _p²n Xncn-¡-Wtam?
39
XpS-t§-−n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. CXv imkv{X-Ú³am-cpsS am{Xw Npa-X-eb
- Ã;
F©n-\o-bÀamÀ, hnh-c-km-t¦-XnI hnZ-Kv[À, km¼-¯nI imkv{X-ÚÀ,
cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ, sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ, A²ym-]-IÀ, Unssk-\ÀamÀ, sI«n-S-\nÀ½mXm-¡Ä, _nkn-\-Êp-ImÀ, Fgp-¯p-ImÀ, ho«-½-amÀ, hnZymÀ°n-IÄ, F¶p
XpS§n \msa-Ãm-hcpw D¯-c-hm-ZnXz-ta-sä-Sp-t¡− Imcy-am-Wn-Xv. At¸mÄ
am{Xta CsXmcp ^e-{]-Z-amb hn¹hw Bbn amdp-I-bp-Åq.
Ata-cn-¡-bnse Imen-t^mÀWn-b-bpw PÀ½-\n-bnse lmw_ÀKpw Ah-cpsS
{][m\ DuÀÖ-t{km-X-Êmbn kutcmÀÖ-¯n-te¡v Xncn-ª-t¸mÄ FÃmhcpw Ah-cn Xmev]cyw Im«n. FÃm hoSp-I-fp-sSbpw a«p-¸m-hn sshZyptXmÀÖw DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ kutcmÀÖ ]m\-ep-I-fp-−m-bn-cp-¶p. Bh-iy¯n-e-[nIw e`n¨ sshZypXn hnX-c-W-¡mÀ¡v XncnsI hn¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. C´y-bn KpP-dm-¯n-epÅ Nmc¦ {Kma-¯n-emWv Gjy-bn-se-Xs¶
Gähpw henb kutcmÀÖ ]m\-ep-Å-Xv. cmjv{So-b-¡m-cp-sSbpw F©n-\obÀam-cp-sSbpw AXn-bmb Xmev]-cyw-sIm-−mWv CXv km[n-¨-Xv. CXp-aqew
{]Xn-hÀjw H¼Xv e£w S¬ I¡cn DÂ]m-Z-\hpw ImÀ_¬UtbmIvsskUv _lnÀK-a-\hpw \n¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.
lcnX k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bn hml\w F§s\ HmSn¡mw?
kutcmÀÖw XpS-§n-b _ZÂ DuÀÖ t{kmX-kp-IÄ \mw D]-tbm-Kn-¡W
- w.
s]t{SmÄ, Uok Ch Hgn-hm-¡-Ww. hoSp-I-fnse ^m\p-IÄ, anIvkn-IÄ, sseäp-IÄ
Ch-sbÃmw
{]hÀ¯n-¸n-¡m³
kutcmÀÖw
D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.
hml-\§
- Ä
F§s\ HmSn¡mw? ]pXp k¼Zvhyh-Ø-bn CXn\v c−v eLp Bi-b-§-fp-−v.
1. ssPh CÔ\w D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I. Ct¸mįs¶ IÀ®m-S-I-bnse Irjn-¡mÀ
"tlmt¦' (s]m-¦m-an-b), Bcy-th-¸v, "lns¸' (a-[p¡ Cân-¡) F¶o hr£-§Ä
\Sp-Ibpw ImbvIÄ tiJ-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-−v. Ch D]-tbm-Kn¨v GI-tZiw
25000 S¬ ssPh CÔ\w DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Cu CÔ\w hml-\-§-fn t\cn«v
D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. IqSp-X {]m[m-\y-apÅ Imcyw, IÀjI kwL-§fpw h\w-hIp¸pw, Irjn sN¿m¯ Xcn-ip-`q-an-bn Ch hfÀ¯m³ apt¼m«p hcp-¶p−v F¶Xm-Wv.
2. ASp¯ Ime-¯mbn CÔ\ sk kmt¦-XnI hnZy hmÀ¯-IÄ krjvSn-¡p-¶p-−v.
NmW-I- hm-X-I, aotY³ hmX-I, ssPh hmX-I-Ip-g-ep-IÄ CÔ\ skÃp-I-fn-te¡v
LSn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sshZypXn DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿m³ Ignbpw. _mä-dn-t]m-epÅ
_lp kwhn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xv. Imdp-I-fp-sSbpw tamt«mÀ ssk¡n-fp-I-fp-sS-bp-saÃmw
_mä-dn-IÄ NmÀPp-sN-¿p¶ ssPh hmXI _¦p-IÄ `mhn-bn Hcp bmYmÀ°y-amIpw.
3. £otcm¸¶ hyh-km-b-¯n \n¶pw Icn-¼v, hmg-¸gw Ch-bn \n¶p-sa-Ãm-apÅ
amen-\y-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v h³tXm-Xn aotY³ hmXIw DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bpw.
CÔ\ skÃp-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v HmSp-¶-Xcw Imdp-IÄ hn]-Wn-bn Cd-§n-¡-gn-ªp.
KXm-K-X-¯n-\mbn Cu Xc-¯n-epÅ _Z CÔ-\-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-sIm−v Cu
lcnX k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bn \ap¡pw Bth-i-t¯msS ]¦p-tN-cmw.
lcn-X-k-¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS c−m-as¯ XXzw ]¨-ta-em¸v A`n-hr-²n-s¸-Sp¯p-Ibpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn hf-cp¶ h\-§-fn-t·-epÅ \½psS B{i-bXzw
Ipd-bv¡p-Ibpw -sN-¿pI F¶-Xm-Wv. \½psS cmPys¯ Zi-e-£-¡-W¡
- n\v
slIvSÀ h\-`qan Xcn-ip-`q-an-bmbn amdn-¡-gn-ªp. acp-{]-tZ-i-§Ä hÀ²n-¡pI-bm-Wv. ]¨-¸nsâ hÀ²-\hn\v ]e km¼-¯nI t\«-§-fp-ap-−v. IS-emÊv, ]ĸv \nÀ½mW ime-IÄ¡v 70 e£w S¬ XSn Bh-iy-am-Wv. Xcn-ip-`qan-bn A¯cw ac-§Ä hfÀ¯m-\pÅ shÃp-hnfn \½Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-Ib
- m40
sW-¦n Npcp-§n-bXv 10 e£w Bfp-IÄs¡-¦nepw t\cn«v sXmgn e`n¡pw. sNSn-I-fn \n¶v ¹mÌnIv hkvXp-¡fpw D−m-¡p-hm³ Ign-bpw. Ah
ssPho-Ihpw Agp-Ip-¶-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡pw. sNSn-Ifpw hr£-§fpw C{]-Imcw
sXmgn amÀ¤-§Ä \ÂIm³ {]m]vXn-bp-Å-h-bm-Wv.
\ap¡v Pe, hmbp, a®v aen-\o-I-c-W-§Ä XS-bm³ Ign-bpw. A´co£ k´p-en-Xm-hØ, Pe-¸-c-¸nsâ hÀ²-\-hv, sXmgn-e-h-k-c§
- Ä hÀ²n-¸n¡Â, `£y-kp-c-£, {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-´-§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿Â, A]-Nbw
kw`-hn-¡p¶ hn`-h-§-fpsS Gähpw ^e-{]-Z-amb hn\n-tbm-Kw, ka-{K-amb
kpØnc hnI-k\w XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ \ap¡v km[n¡pw.
A§s\ shÅ-s¸m-¡hpw ]«n-Wn-bp-saÃmw XSªpw \nb-{´W hnt[-ba
- m¡n-bp-amWv Hcp lcnX k¼-Zvhy-hØ cq]-sa-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp ]p¯³ kaql-¯nsâ A¯-c-samcp kz]v\w XoÀ¨-bmbpw Hcp lcnX kz]v\-am-Wv. Cu
kz]v\w km£m¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn `mcX kÀ¡mÀ h³ XpI-I-fmWv apS¡p-¶-Xv. "{Ko³ C´y- an-j³' F¶ ]²-Xn-bpsS Iogn Hcp tImSn
slIvSÀ hcp¶ {]tZ-i¯v h\-h-Xv¡-cWw \S-¯p-¶-Xn-\pÅ X¿m-sd-Sp-¸pIÄ \S-¶p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. AtX-k-abw "tkmfmÀ anj³' (ku-tcmÀÖ
ZuXy ]²-Xn) ]²Xn 20000 saKm-hm«v sshZypXn DÂ]m-Z\w e£y-an-Sp-¶p.
\ap¡v Cu c−v ZuXy-§-fp-sSbpw `mK-am-Imw. ]s£ Ah \½psS
hmXn¡ ap«p-¶-Xn-\mbn Im¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn Imcy-an-Ã.
Hmtcm
hyànbpw kPoh ]¦m-fn-¯-sa-Sp-s¯-¦n am{Xsa Cu ]²-Xn-Ifpw ZuXy§fpw hnP-b-I-c-am-Iq. Hcp "kPoh ]uc\v' am{Xta `mhn Xe-ap-d-IÄ¡v Hcp
t{ijvT-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ k½m\w \ÂIm³ Ign-bp-I-bp-Åq.
{]IrXn \nb-a-§Äs¡-Xn-cmbn \mw Pohn-¡m³ {ian-¨m \½psS PohnXw
ZpÊ-l-am-Ipw. \½Ä {]Ir-Xnsb _lp-am-\n¨v {]Ir-Xn-¡-\p-kr-Xa
- mbn
\½psS k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-IÄ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-bm PohnXw kpJ-I-c-am-Ipw.
\½psS `qan-bpsS {]iv\-§Ä {]Ir-Xn-Xs¶ ssIImcyw sNbvXp-sIm-Åpw.
`qan F¶ {Kls¯ Hcp BImi \uI-bmbn \ap¡p ImWmw. \½-fmcpw
bm{Xn-I-c-Ã, adn¨v FÃm-hcpw Aa-c-¡m-cm-Wv.
41
lcn-X-`m-hn-¡mbn a«p-¸m-hvIrjn
A\nX ss]eqÀ
""Ignª \mev amk-ambn Rm³ X¡mfn hne-sIm-Sp¯v hm§n-bn-«n-Ã.
aäv ]¨-¡-dn-Ifpw ]pd¯v \n¶v hm§p-¶-Xn Imcy-amb Ipd-hp-−m-bn-«p−v.'' CXv ]d-bp-t¼mÄ \mK-aWn dmhp-hnsâ I¬I-fn kwXr-]vXn-bpsS
an¶-em«w ImWm-am-bn-cp-¶p.
Ah-cpsS hnim-e-amb a«p-¸m-hn \qä¼tXmfw N«n-I-fn hnhn-[-§-fmb ]¨-¡-dn-Ifpw, Ce-I-fpw, ]q¡fpw, Huj-[s¨-Sn-Ifpw hfÀ¶v ]cn-e-kn-¨n-cp-¶p. X¡m-fn, Ce-¡-dn-IÄ Ch Znhtk\ e`n-¡p-t¼mÄ hgp-X-\-§, ]o¨n§, A¨n§, ]bÀ, Imc-äv, apÅ-¦n,
I¸Âap-fIv, ioa I¯ncn¡ F¶nh ]Xnhv CS-th-f-I-fnepw e`n-¨p-h-cp-¶p.
_mw¥q-cnse atÃ-izcw kztZ-in-\n-bmb \K-a-Wn-dmhp a«p-¸mhv Irjn-bnÂ
hnP-b-Xn-e-I-a-Wn-ªXv AXn-t\m-SpÅ ISp¯ {]W-bhpw kaÀ¸-Whpw
sIm−m-Wv. icn-sX-äp-I-fn-eq-sS-bpÅ \nc-h[n ]co-£-W-§Ä IS-¶mWv
AhÀ Cu Irjn-t¯m«w hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯-Xv. AhÀ Cu kwcw`w XpS-§n-bt¸mÄ c−v e£y-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v hyàX D−m-bn-cp-¶p. H¶v, cmk-ap-àa
- mb
`£-Ww; c−v, hnth-I-t¯m-sS-bpÅ Pe-hn-\n-tbm-Kw. Ipg¡n-WÀ \nÀ½mW-¯n \n¶v t_m[-]qÀÆw hn«p-\n¶ Cu IpSpw_w ag-sh-Ås¯
\sÃmcp ]cn-[n-hsc Imcy-£-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. km[y-am-hpw-t]mse
Pes¯ ]p\-cp-Öo-hn-¸n-¡m\pw ]p\-cp-]-tbm-Kn-¡m\pw \mK-aWn {]tXy-Iambn {i²n-¨n-cp-¶p.
Irjn-t¯m-«-¯n Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn \«n-cp¶ amcn-tKmÄUv sNSn IoS-\m-in\n-I-fmbn {]hÀ¯n-¨p. Xsâ sNSn-IÄ tX\o-¨-I-sfbpw ]£n-I-sfbpw
BIÀjn-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn AhÀ k´p-jvS-bm-bn-cp¶p; F¶m IoS-§Ä
Chn-tS¡v Xncn-ªp-t\m-¡n-b-tX-bnÃ. A]qÀÆ-ambn GsX-¦nepw hn\m-iI
- mcn-I-fmb IoS-§Ä Xsâ sNSn-I-fn IpSn-tb-dn-bn-«p-s−¶v kqN\ In«n-bmÂ
AhÀ shÅw Noän¨v Ahsb Hgp-¡n-¡-f-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. sNSn-¨-«n-I-fn Hcp
ASp¡v NIn-cn-s¸m-Sn, AXn\v aosX hfw, AXn\pw aosX a®v F¶ hn[amWv \nd-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. hn¯p-IÄ ]pd¯v \n¶v hm§m-dn-Ã. ]b-dn-\-§-sf-t¸mepÅ ]¨-¡-dn-I-fpsS hn¯v hÅn-bn¯s¶ \ne-\nÀ¯n, ]n¶oSv Ah
aq¯v
DW-§n-¡-gn-bp-t¼mÄ
tiJ-cn¨v
kq£n-¡p-I-bmWv
]Xn-hv.
X¡mfnt]mepÅhbpsS hn¯p-IÄ a\pjy klm-b-an-Ãm-sX-Xs¶ Npäp-]mSp-I-fn NnXdn hogm-dp-−v. amen-\y-§Ä Hcp _m[yX AÃ, apX¡q-«mWv
F¶v \mK-aWn hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.
kar-²-ambn kqcy-{]-Imcw In«p-¶-Xn-\m ]¨-¡-dn-t¯m-«-¯n\v Gähpw DNnX-amb CSw a«p-¸mhv BsW¶v \mK-aWn \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. DNn-X-amb Bkq42
{X-Whpw cq]-I-ev]-\bpw hoSn\v tamSn-Iq-«p-Ibpw IpSpw-_mw-K-§f
- psS
BtcmKyw Im¯v kq£n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. a«p-¸mhv ssPh-IÀjI kwL (Organic Terrace Gardening Group) hp-am-bpÅ _Ôw ]pXnb Bi-b§
- Ä
kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw kz´w A\p-`-h-§Ä ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-¶-Xn\pw thZn-sbmcp-¡p-¶p. Cu kwL-hp-am-bpÅ _Ô-amWv ]q¡r-jn-bn \n¶v `£W
tI{µo-Ir-X-amb Irjn-bn-te¡v NphSv amäm³ \mK-a-Wn¡v t{]c-W-bm-bX
- v.
DZym\ \K-c-¯nse IÀj-IÀ
1995þemWv "DZym\ \K-c-IÀj-IÀ' F¶ Bibw apf-s]m-«n-bXv. Irjn-imkv{X-¯n tUmIvt{Säpw _mw¥qÀ ImÀjnI kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnse s{]m^k-dp-am-bn-cp¶ tUm.-_n.-F³. hniz-\mYv BWv "\K-c-¯n Irjn-sN-¿pI'
F¶ kz]v\-hp-ambn apt¶m-«p-h-¶-Xv. aäv hnhn[ ImÀjnI Øm]-\-§fpw
kwL-S-\-I-fp-ambpw At±-l-¯n\v _Ô-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. X§-fpsS Npäp-apÅ
Hgn-hpÅ Øe-§-fn Hcp Ime¯v DZym-\-§fpw Irjn-t¯m-«-§fpw \«p-\\-¨-hÀ¡v, ]n¶o-sS-t¸mtgm AhnSw apgp-h³ h³ sI«nSkap-¨-b§
- Ä
s]m´n h¶-t¸mÄ \nÊ-lm-b-cmbn t\m¡n \n¡ms\ Ign-ªp-Åq-sh¶v
At±lw a\-Ên-em-¡n. Hcn-¡Â DZym-\-\-K-c-sa¶ t]cp-tI« _mw¥q-cn\v C¶v
izkn-¡m-\pÅ CSw \jvS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v At±lw ]cn-X-]n-¡p-¶p.
1995þ At±lw Xsâ a«p-¸m-hn Hcp Irjn-t¯m«w hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡pIbpw P\-§-fn Ah-t_m[w krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]cn-io-e\
- -¡-f-cn-IÄ
kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS-¡-¯n Cu \ho\ kwcw-`t- ¯m-SpÅ
P\-§-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw t{]mÕm-l-P-\-I-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Pb-]-cm-P-b§
- Ä
D−m-sb-¦n-epw, AXn-thKw hnI-kn-¨p-sIm-−n-cp¶ \K-c-¯n ]e-bn-S§
- fnepw a«p-¸mhv Irjn hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡p¶ DZy-a-hp-ambn tUm. hniz-\m-Y³
apt¶m«p t]mhp-I-Xs¶ sNbvXp.
"a«p¸mhv Irjn' bpsS KpW-K-W-§Ä tUm.-hn-iz-\mYv hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-§s\:
""Bh-iy-amb ]¨-¡-dn-IÄ kzbw DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-hgn \½psS
BtcmKyw sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯pI am{X-a-Ã, ]cn-Øn-Xn-sbbpw Btcm-Ky-Icam-¡n¯oÀ¡p-¶p. DNn-X-amb coXn-bn-epÅ amen-\y-]-cn-]m-e-\w, It¼mÌv XpS§nb coXn-bn-epÅ ssPh-þ-am-en-\y-§-fpsS ]p\-cp-]-tbm-Kw, Pe-¯nsâ ]p\cp-]-tbmKw Ch-sbÃmw ASp-¡-f-t¯m« ]cn-]m-e-\-¯nsâ {][m\ LS-I§
- fm-Wv. {]mtZ-inIambpÅ `t£ymÂ]m-Z\w ImÀ_¬ A-f-hv Ipd-¨p-sIm−v
`qam-Xm-hn-\p-ta BLm-Xhpw Ipd-bv¡p-¶p.''
2005 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw "a«p-¸mhv DZym\w' F¶ Bi-b-¯n\v {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw
e`n-¨p. Cu DZy-a-¯n bph-P-\-§Ä ]¦m-fn-I-fm-b-tXmsS {]hÀ¯-\§
- Ä
hym]-I-am-bn. \nc-´-c-apÅ am[ya hmÀ¯-IÄ s]mXp Xmev]cyw DWÀ¯pIbpw sNbvXp. XXv^-e-ambn ]cn-io-e-\-I-f-cn-I-fn ]¦m-fn-¯hpw hÀ²n-¨p.
43
Ct¸mÄ Hmtcm amkhpw 30-Hmfw t]À \K-c-¯nse _\-i-¦cn {]tZ-i¯v
ØnXn sN¿p¶ F.-Fw.-C. ^ut−-j-\n \n¶v a«p-¸mhv Irjn-bn {]mYanI ]cn-io-e\w t\Sp-¶p. CXn-\m-bn-Xs¶ tUm.-hn-iz-\mYv ^ut−-j³
Hm^o-knsâ a«p-¸m-hn Hcp amXr-Im-tXm«w krjvSn¨n«p−v.
km[m-c-W-bmb shdp-samcp hchv sNehv H¯p-t]m-IÂ ASn-Øm-\¯
- nepÅ kwcw`w F¶-Xn-ep-]cn IqSp-XÂ {i²bpw ]¦m-fn-¯hpw aäpw A\nhm-cy-amb Cu kwcw-`-¯n\v bph-\-P-]-¦m-fn¯w hfsc KpW-I-camb
DWÀtÆ-In. ""sNSn-IÄ kzbta hf-cp-sa-¦nepw DNn-X-amb {i²-bpw,
Aev]w ]cn-]m-e-\hpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. C§s\bmbm 30x40 sskän ]Wn
Ign-¸n-¨n-«pÅ Hcp hoSnsâ a«p-¸mhn IpSpw-_-¯n\v Bh-iy-amb H«pan¡ ]¨-¡-dn-Ifpw DÂ]m-Zn-¸n¡mw'' tUm. hniz-\mYv ]d-bp-¶p.
Cu irwJe hym]-I-am-b-tXmsS ssPh It¼m-Ìv, ssPh IoS-\m-in\nIÄ,
hn¯p-ssI-amäw Ch hgn-bpÅ ssPhIrjnsb¡pdn-¨pÅ NÀ¨-IÄ A\nhm-cy-amIpIbpw hn¯p-ssI-amäw AXy-´m-t]-£n-X-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.
C¯cw Bhiy-§Ä \nd-th-äp-¶-Xn-\mbn DZym-\-\-Kc IÀj-IÀ "Oota from
your Thota’ (`-£Ww \n§-fpsS `qan-bn \n¶v) Fs¶mcp \qX\ coXn
kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-hm-\m-cw-`n-¨p. km[m-c-W-bm-bn. aq¶v amk-¯n-sem-cn-¡Â \K-c¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK-§-fn hnfn¨p tNÀ¡p¶ C¯cw ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ _mw¥qcnepw ]cn-k-c-¯p-apÅ ]cn-ØnXn kulrZ kwcw-`-§Ä H¯p-tN-cm³ CSbm-¡p-¶p. Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-bneqsS a«p-¸mhv Irjn-bpsS (D-Zym-\-¯n-sâ)
hnhn[ hi-§sf ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bpw, Bh-iy-amb Adn-hpw, km[-\k
- ma-{Kn-Ifpw \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-cp-¶p.
""CXv R§-fpsS {]iv\-§fpw ]cn-lm-c-§fpw ]¦p-sh-¡m-\pÅ Hcp thZnbm-Wv. CXn \n¶pw Fsâ tXm«-¯n-\m-h-iy-amb FÃm klm-b-§fpw
e`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m Cu {]ZÀi-\-¯n ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v AXn-bmb
{]m[m\yw Rm³ \ÂIp-¶p. FÃm {]mb-¯n-epÅhscbpw BIÀjn-¡p¶
coXn-bn-emWv CXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä X¿m-dm-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.'' Cu Iq«mbva-bnse Hcp AwK-amb A¶-]qÀ®-bpsS hm¡p-IÄ: ""ASp-¡-f-t¯m«w
hnj-b-am-bn-«pÅ Nn{X-c-N-\, {]ivt\m-¯cn aÕ-c-§Ä sIm¨p-Ip-«n-If
- psS
kPoh ]¦m-fn¯w Dd-¸m-¡p-¶p. Cu Ipªp-§Ä¡pw hr£-ss¯-IÄ
k½m-\-ambn \ÂIp-¶p. C¯cw sNdp {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä Cu ]cn-]mSnsb
IqSp-XÂ ^e-{]-Z-am-¡p-¶p.''
"Oota from your Thota’ F¶ t]cn Cu Iq«mbva t^kv_p-¡nepw kPo-ham-Wv. 8000¯ne-[nIw t]À CXnsâ t^mtfm-th-gvkmWv. ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t]À
_mw¥q-cn hkn-¡p-¶-hÀ. ssX \SÂ, IoS-\n-b-{´Ww apX hnfshSp¸p
44
hsc-bpÅ ssZ\w-Zn\ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä ]¦p
kPohmwK-§-fp−v. an¡-t¸mgpw Hcw-K-¯nsâ
fpsS ]¡Â {]Xn-hn-[n-bp-ap-−m-Ipw.
shbv¡p¶
{]iv\-¯n\v
\nc-h[n
asäm-cm-
ta¡q-cbv¡v apI-fnse Irjnt¯m«w a«p-¸m-hns\ ZpÀº-e-am-¡p¶p F¶
anYym-[m-c-W-tbmSv Cu DZym\ IÀj-IÀ hntbm-Pn-¡p-¶p. Cu cwKs¯ hnZKv[Àt]mepw CXn-t\mSp tbmPn-¡p-¶p. Cu AXyp-Õmlw \K-c-h-mkn-If
- psS
Pohn-X-ssi-en-bn Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp amä-ap−m-¡n-bn-«p-−v. ""Rm³
FÃm-Zn-h-khpw Npcp-§-bXv Hcp aWn-¡qÀ t\c-sa-¦nepw DZym-\-¯n sNeh-gn-¡p-¶p. CXv ]p¯³ DWÀth-Ip¶ Hcp {]hÀ¯n-bm-Wv.'' F©n-\o-bdmb e£van \mcm-bW ]d-bp-¶p.
GXm−v FÃm-¯cw ]¨-¡-dn-Ifpw Xs¶ a«p-¸m-hn hfÀ¯mw. N«n-IÄ
_m¡-Wn-bn shbv¡mw. km[m-c-W-bmbn sNSn-IÄ¡v 6þ7 aWn-¡qÀ
kqcy-{]-Imiw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ffp-¸-¯n hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡m-hp¶ X¡m-fn,
_o³kv, apf-Iv, Noc-IÄ (C-e-¡-dn-IÄ) hgp-X-\§ apX-em-bh XpS-¡-¯nÂ
Irjn sN¿m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. ASp-¡f amen-\y-¯n \n¶pÅ It¼mÌv
Chbv¡v aXn-bmb hf-amWv. Pe-¯nsâ ]p\-cp-]-tbm-K-hpw, ]p\-Nw-{I-aWhpw km[n-¡pw. hmkvX-h-¯n am-en-\yw Ipd-bv¡Â, ]p\-cp-]t- bmKw, ]p\-Nw-{I-aWw Ch-bmWv ASp-¡-f-t¯m-«-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\ Imcy-§Ä.
ta¡q-c-¡p-ta sNSn-IÄ DÅXv hoSn-\p-Ånepw XWp¸v \ne-\nÀ¯m³
klm-bn-¡p-¶p. a«p-¸mhv DZym-\-§Ä FbÀ I−o-j-\p-I-fpsS Bh-iy-IX
Ipd-bv¡p-¶p-sh-¶mWv Nne IÀj-I-cpsS A\p-`-hw.
IpSpw-_mw-K-§-fpsS ]¦m-fn¯w Ds−-¦n am{Xta a«p-¸mhv DZym\w ^e-{]Z-hpw, AÀ°-h-¯p-am-Ip-I-bp-Åp-sh¶v tUm.-hn-iz-\mYv ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIp¶p. _mly klm-b§Ä Ipd-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\m-IWw ap³Xq¡w \ÂtI-−Xv.
Bcw-`-¯n Hcp tPmUn N«n-IÄs¡m−v XpS-§p-I, Ah hf-cp-¶-Xn-\\
- p-kcn¨v {ItaW F®w Iq«n-s¡m-−p- h-cnI F¶-XmWv At±lw XpS-¡¡mÀ¡v \ÂIp¶ D]-tZ-iw. BtKmf Xm]-\w, `£y-kpc£ CÃmbva,
lcnX CS-§-fpsS A]-Nbw, ]cn-ØnXn BLmXw XpS§n hnhn[ {]iv\§
- fm temIw he-bp¶ ka-b¯v a«p-¸mhv DZym-\-§Ä¡v [\m-ß-Ia
- mb
kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂIm³ Ign-bp-sa¶v Cu Iq«mbva hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.
""]pd-¯pÅ NqSns\ At]-£n¨v 3þ4 Un{Kn Ipd-hmWv R§-fpsS hoSn-\Is¯ NqSv'' _mw¥q-cnse a«p-¸mhv DZym\ IÀj-I-cn XpS-¡-¡m-cn-bmb
A\-kqb iÀa ]d-bp-¶p. kRvPbv \K-dn-epÅ Ah-cpsS hk-Xn-bnÂ
BWv _mw¥qÀ \K-c-¯nse Gähpw \Ã a«p-¸mhv DZy-\-§-fn-sem¶v. IpSpw_mw-K-§-fpsS kPoh ]¦m-fn-¯-an-ÃmsX a«p-¸mhv DZym-\¯
- nsâ e£yw
t\Sm³ km[n-¡n-söv tUm. hniz-\m-Yn-s\-t¸mse Ahcpw hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.
45
Bh-iy-amb Adn-hpw, {]mKÂ`y-hp-saÃmw sNSnIÄ hfÀ¯p-¶-Xn-eqsS
t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡mw. ssZ\wZn\ {]iv\§Ä¡v AhÀ Xt±-io-b-ambn ]cn-lmcw
ImWp-¶p. ""Hmtcm sNSn¡pw X\-Xmb {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-hp-ap−v.
\maXv \nco-£n-¡p-I-bpw, AXn-\-\p-k-cn¨v D]-bp-à-am-¡p-Ibpw thWw.''
A\-kqb iÀa \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p. c−c Zim_vZw ]n¶n« Ah-cpsS DZym-\¯n 400 N«n-I-fp-−v. ]p\-cp-]-tbm-Kw, ]p\-Nw-{I-aW XXz-§Ä F¶nh
F§s\ {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶-Xn\v \sÃmcp DZm-lc
- W
- amWv Ah-cpsS DZym-\w. Sb-dp-IÄ, Nm¡p-IÄ, sXÀtam-tImÄ s]«n-IÄ
Ch-sbÃmw N«n-I-fmbn AhnsS D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS tXm«w ASp-¡f
tI{µo-Ir-X-hp-am-Wv.
sNSnI-fpsS symbiosis \v A\-kqb {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶p. hnf-I-fpsS amdnam-dn-bpÅ D]-tbmKw DNn-X-amb sNSn ]cn-]m-e-\-¯n\v klm-bn-¡p-¶p. ]¨¡-dn-IÄ ]Xn-hmbn hnf-sh-Sp-¡m-hp¶ coXnbnemWv sNSn-IÄ hfÀ¯p-¶X
- v.
{]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ hkvXpX cmk-h-f-§Ä tNÀ¡msX ip²-am-bpw, ]pXpXmbpw ]¨-¡-dn-IÄ hoSp-I-fn-ep-−m-¡p-t¼mÄ BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-¯nse Hcp
{][m\ LSI-amb ImÀ_¬ A-f-hv hoSp-I-fn Ipd-bp¶p F¶-Xp- X-s¶.
ASp-¡f amen\y It¼mÌv CuÀ¸w \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn-\m Pe-¯n\vsd
Bh-iy-IXbpw Ipd-hm-Wv. amen\yw thÀXn-cn-¡Â AhÀ ho«n Xs¶
sN¿p-¶p. ag-shÅ kw`-c-W-hpw, Pe-¯nsâ ]p\x-Nw-{I-a-W-hp-amWv AhcpsS DZym\w ]cn-ØnXn kulmÀ±-]-c-ambn \ne-\nÀ¯p¶ aäp LS-I-§Ä.
hf-cp¶ \K-c-¯n hmk-Øew \jvS-s¸-Sp¶ ]d-h-IÄ¡v Hcp A`b
tI{µw IqSn-bmbn CXv amdn-bn-«p-−v. Hcp CS-Xn-§nb lcnX taJ-e-bmbn
hfÀ¶n-cn-¡p¶ Ah-cpsS DZym\w. sNSn-¨-«n-IÄ sh¡p-¶-Xn-\p- ap¼v a«p-¸mhn\v Pes¯ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xcw s]bnâv (water proof) ASn-¡-Ws
- a¶v
AhÀ \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p.
D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv¡p-I, ]p\cp-]-tbm-Kn¡pI, ]p\x-Nw-{I-aWw \S¯p-I
\mK-aWn¡v a«p-¸mhv DZym\w bmZr-Ýn-I-ambn D−m-b-X-Ã. Hcp hÀjw ap¼mcw-`n¨ amen\y ]cn-]m-e\ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS XpSÀ¨-bm-bn-cp¶p AhÀ¡-Xv.
amen-\y-¯n \n¶v amWnIyw F¶ Bibw AhÀ¡v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv
Ignª Bdv hÀj-t¯m-f-ambn Cu cwK¯v kPoh {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-teÀs¸«n-cn-¡p¶ tUm.-ao-\m£n `cXv Bbn-cp-¶p. ho«n Hcp iey-ambn IW-¡m¡p¶ N¸p-I-fpw,-N-h-dp-I-fpw, F¨n-ep-saÃmw ]n¶m-¼p-d¯v HcnSw e`n-¨mÂ
AÛp-X-§ÄXs¶ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-sa¶Xv \mK-a-Wn¡v Hcp shfn-]m-Sp X
- s¶bmbn-cp-¶p. GsXm-cmÄ¡pw 2 an\n«v kabw aXn amen-\ys¯ \\hmÀ¶-Xpw, DW-§n-b-Xp-ambn thÀXn-cn-¡m³ CXnse \\-hmÀ¶ amen\yw
46
It¼m-Ìm-¡p-t¼m-gmWv ^e-`q-bn-jvS-amb hf-ambn amdp-¶-Xv. DW-§nb
amen\yw ho−pw IS-em-kv, ¹mÌn-Iv, Ip¸n-¨n-Ãv, teml-]-ZmÀ°-§Ä XpS-§nb-hbmbn thÀXn-cn-¡mw. hnhn[ kwL-S-\-I-fpw, I¼-\n-If
- p-saÃmw ]Xnhv
CS-th-f-I-fn Cu amen-\y-§Ä sIm−p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
\mK-aWn sN¿p-¶-Xn-§-s\-bmWv; Gähpw ASn-bn Hcp \\ª
ImÀUvt_mÀUv joäv sh¨v AXn-t·Â Hcp ]mfn \\-hmÀ¶ amen\yw CSp¶p. CXn ]pfn-¸pÅ tamcv Xfn-¡p-t¼mÄ kq£vamWp {]hÀ¯\w hfsc
Ffp¸w \S-¡p-¶p. NmW-Ihpw CXn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. Cu amen\yw Bdv
BgvN kabw sIm−v hf-ambn amdp-¶p. CuÀ¸w hen-s¨-Sp-¡m-\mbn DW§nb Ce-Ifpw tNÀ¡p-¶p.
amen-\y-]-cn-]m-e\w
""Hcp hi¯v \mw {Ko³ lukv hmX-I-§Ä ]pdw-X-Åp¶ FbÀI-−o-jWÀ, d{^n-P-td-äÀ XpS-§nb B[p-\nI D]-I-c-W-§-sf B{ibn¡p-¶p. adp`m-K¯v HmIvkn-P³ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]pdsa kzm`m-hnI ImÀ_¬
kn¦v Bbn-IqSn hÀ¯n-¡p¶ hr£-§sf hnI-k-\-¯nsâ t]cn sh«n
\in-¸n-¡p-¶p. C¯cw Hcp kml-N-cy-¯n \½psS DZym-\-§Ä \K-c¯nse sNdp-InS ImÀ_¬ kn¦p-I-fmbn {]hÀ¯n¡pw''. _mw¥q-cnse Hcp
a«p-¸mhv Irjn¡mcn-bmb hmWn aqÀ¯n ]d-bp-¶p.
_mw¥q-cnse atÃ-izcw \nhm-kn-IÄ¡nS-bn CXnsâ t_m[-hX
- v¡-cW
- {- ]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯p-¶-Xn hmWnaqÀ¯n {it²-b-amb ]¦p-h-ln-¨n-«p-−v.
Chcpw Ip«n-Isf Cu {]N-mc-W-¯nsâ `mK-am-Im³ {]tNm-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
s]m-Xp-P-\-§Ä¡n-S-bn t_m[-h-Xv¡-cWw \S-¯p-¶-Xn-s\m¸w, Ce-Ivt{SmWn-Iv, Ce-Iv{SnIv amen-\y-§Ä/Ah-in-jvS-§Ä \ncp-¯-ch
- m-Z-]-c-ambn XÅp¶Xp X-S-bm³ hmWnaqÀ¯n Xsâ hoSnsâ D½-d-¯p-Xs¶ \S-¸m-X¡v A`nap-J-ambn t_m[-]qÀÆw Øm]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y§Ä¡pÅ s]«n Ah-cpsS C¯cw {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-epÅ AXn-bmb
Xmev]cyw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. Im¯n-cn¸v Øe-¯m-bmepw ho«n-\-I¯
- mbmepw hoSnsâ aXn-en-em-bmepw amen-\y-§Ä thÀXncn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨pw,
amen\y ]cn-]m-e-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨psaÃm-apÅ hnh-c-§Ä hni-Z-ambn \ÂIp¶
t_mÀUp-Ifpw Øm]n-¨n-«p-−v. hmWn-bpsS Cu AÀ¸-W-t_m-[-¯mÂ
kzm[o-\-¡-s¸« AhcpsS Ab¡mcpw hmWn \nÀt±-in-¨-Xcw Gähpw
anI¨ coXn-IÄ/\b-§Ä am\n\y]cn-]m-e-¯n-\mbn kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
BZy-saÃmw Ah-tcmSv FXnÀ¸p- Im-Wn-¨n-cp-¶-hcpw Ct¸mÄ H¸-ap-−v.
hmWn-bpsS ho«n _m¡-Wn- ap-X a«p-¸mhv hsc-bpÅ hnhn[ `mK-§fn Nh-äp-Ip-«-IÄ¡v ]Icw It¼mÌv ]m{X-§-fmWv C¶v ImWm³ Ign-bq47
I. C¯cw {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä AXoh XmÂ]-cy-t¯msS \S-¯p¶ AhÀ Cu
DÑn-jvS-§-fn Pohsâ XpSn-¸p-IÄ ImWp-¶p. It¼mÌv ]m{X-§Ä kqjvaX-tbmsS \nco-£n¨v Ah-bn \n¶pw \ndsb a®n-c-Isf {i²tbmsS ]Xnsb ]pd-s¯-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ AhÀ ]d-bp-¶p. ""Rm³ It¼mÌv
X¿m-dm-¡Â CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶p.''
Ignª 2 hÀj-¯n-\nsS Xsâ ho«nÂ
\n¶pw bmsXmcp amen-\y-§fpw ]pd-t¯¡v hen-s¨-dn-ªn-«n-à F¶-hÀ A`nam\w sImÅp-¶p. kplr-¯p-¡Ä AhÀ¡v Icn-bn-e-IÄ \ÂIp-t¼mÄ
AhÀ XncnsI k½m-\n-¡p-¶-Xm-Is« hfhpw a®n-c-I-fpw.
IoS-mWp-¡Ä hgn-bpÅ ssP-h It¼mÌnwKn\mbn thÀXn-cn¨n-«pÅ
Hcp ]m{Xw, sUbven Uw]v Iw], t_mImjn coXn F¶n-h-bmWv hmWn amen\y-§Ä Noª-gp-Ip-¶-Xn-\mbn kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ coXn-IÄ. BZyt¯Xv
c−pw HmIvknP³ Bh-iy-am-bXpw aq¶m-a-t¯Xv AÃm-¯pw.
amen-\y-]-cn-]m-e-\-¯n-\pÅ Gähpw anI¨ coXn-IÄ hyXyØ Xe-§f
- nÂ
kzoI-cn-¡p-hm-\pw, t_m[-h-Xv¡-cW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯p-hm-\p-apÅ Jcam-en\y ]cn-]m-e\ du−v tS_nÄ (solid waste management round table
(SWMRT) F¶ _mw¥qÀ apgp-h³ hym]n¨p InS-¡p¶ Hcp {]Øm-\¯nse AwK-§-fmWv hmWnbpw AbÂhm-kn-Ifpw. FÃm-hcpw AhcpsS ]d-¼p-I-fn amen\yw Acp-sX¶v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ amen-\y-]-cn-]m-e\
- ¯n AXoh Xev]-c-cmb hmWnbpw Iq«p-Imcpw Ah-cpsSbnS-§f
- nÂ
amen\yw kkt´mjw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. am\n-ey-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw,
thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ]pdw-X-Åp-¶-Xn-\p-sa-Ãm-apÅ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw GsäSp¯v AXn-\pÅ {Iao-I-c-W-§Ä AhÀ sNbvXn-«p-ap-−v. DZym-\-Ir-jn-bnÂ
Hcp ]¨-s]-cp-hn-c-en\v H¶pw sN¿m-\m-hnà F¶m Hcp lcn-X-ho-£-W¯
- n\mhpw F¶-hÀ ]d-bp-¶p.
Anitha Pailoor
113, 6th main, 7th cross, Pillappa Block, Ganga Nagar Post
R.T. Nagar, Bangalore-560032
[email protected]
48
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\hpw
aÕy-_-Ô\ taJ-ebpw
kpa\ \mcm-b-W³
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w F¶ kwÚ BZy-ambn {]Xy-£-s¸-«Xv
sImfw_n-b bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bnse Lamont-Doherty `ua-imkv{X \nco-£W
ime-bnse `ua ck-X-{´-Ú-\m-bn-cp¶ hmekv t{_m¡À 1975 Â Fgp-Xnb
- nIw
Hcp imkv{X teJ-\-¯n-em-Wv4. A¶p -ap-XÂ Xs¶ Cu hm¡v Gä-hp-a[
Zpcp-]-tbmKw sN¿-s¸-Sp¶ ]Z-§-fn-sem-¶mbn XoÀ¶n-«p-−v. F´n-s\bpw
GXn-s\bpw Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n Bfp-IÄ Nn{XoI-cn¡p¶Xv Rm³ tIÄ¡m-dp-−v. UmÀhn³ kn²m-´-¯nsâ ASnØm\ XXz-§Ä Imcy-am-sbm¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡msX "Gähpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb-Xnsâ AXn-Po-h\w' (survival of the fittest) F¶ {]tbmKw bmsXmcp XXzZo-£-bp-an-Ãm-sX, Ae-k-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v kam-\-am-Wn-Xv. CXp-t]mse -Xs¶ Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\ imkv{Xw th− coXn-bn Bcpw a\-Ên4
www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/climate_by_any_other_name.html.
49
em-¡n-bn-«n-Ã; _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw AXn\v {ian-¡p-¶p-an-Ã. GXm\pw hÀjw
ap¼v Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯n\v ]Icw BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-am-bn-cp¶p CXpt]mse Dt]m-b-Kn-¡-s¸« asämcp kwÚ. temI-¯nsâ Nne `mK-§f
- nÂ
A`q-X-]qÀÆ-ambn ssiXyw A\p-`-h-s¸-«-t¸mÄ AXv Nq−n-¡m«n BfpIÄ ]d-bp-am-bn-cp¶p: "lm, BtKm-f-Xm-]-\w.' CXn-s\-Ãm-an-S-bn Cu hm¡v
kXy-¯n AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-sX-´m-sW¶v {i²n-¡-s¸-Sm-sXbpw t]mIp-¶p.
BtKm-f-X-e-¯nÂ
Imem-h-Øm-amäw
kw`-hn-¡p-¶pt−m?
XoÀ¨-bmbpw! ]s£, Hcp lna-bpKw t]mse-bpÅ `ua-imkv{X Ime-L« amä-ambn
CXns\ sXän-²-cn-¡-cp-Xv. Hcp h³ Aán-]ÀÆX kvt^mS-\-tam, D¡m-]X\w aqetam h³tXm-Xn s]mSn-]-S-e-§-fpsS taL-]m-fn-IÄ A´-co-£¯
- nte¡v IS¶v kqcy-{]-Im-is¯ XSªv Xm]-\n-e-Ip-d-ªp-−m-Ip¶ lna-bpK
{]Xn-`m-k-¯n\v hn]-co-X-ambn Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv a\pjy-t{]-cn-Xhpw a\p-jysâ {]hÀ¯-\-^-e-am-bp-ÅXpw `oXnZamwhn[w thK¯n kw`-hn-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-amWv 5 . kap-{Z-\n-c-¸v, Xm]-\n-e, ag XpS§n-b-h-bpsS amä-¯nsâ tXmXv Adn-bp-¶-Xn-\pÅ A\p-I-cW amXr-II
- Ä
hgn Cu Imem-hØm amä-¯nsâ hn]-coX ^e-§Ä {]h-Nn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ap-−v.
C¯cw amäw Irjn, aÕ-y_-Ô\w, tcmK-§-fpsS hym]\w, Pe-e`
- y-X,
`qe`yX XpS-§n-bhsb F§s\ _m[n¡pw; CXnsâ BLmXw Bcp Xm§pw XpS-§nb Imcy-§Ä imkv{X-Ú³amÀ hym]-I-am-bn-Xs¶ Nn´n-¨psIm-−n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.
CXp-t]m-se-Xs¶ Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w shdpw I_-fn-¸n-¡e
- m-sW¶pw
Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) t]mepÅ kwL-S\
- Ifpw AXnse DtZym-K-Øcpw Ah-cpsS BUw_c Pohn-X-ssien amämsX
aäp-Å-hsc `b-s¸-Sp¯n Ah-sc Ac-£nX PohnXw \bn-¡m³ t{]cn-¸n-¡pI-bm-sW¶pw Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\s¯ Ahn-iz-kn-¡p-¶-hÀ ]d-bp¶p.
Cu hmZs¯ imkv{X-Úcpw cmjv{So-b-¡mcpw ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-cp-saÃmw
ià-ambn FXnÀ¡p-t¼mÄ CXp-ambn At`Zyambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ Hcp
P\-hn-`m-Ks¯ Bcpw ImWmsX t]mIp¶p. Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\s
- ¯¡p-dn-¨pÅ ho£-W-sa-s´-t¶m, AhÀ AtX-¸än F´p Nn´n-¡p-¶psht¶m Ah-tcmSv Bcpw tNmZn-¡p-¶n-Ã. aÕy-_-Ô-\-ta-J-e-bn-ep-Åh
- c
- mWv Cu hn`mKw; Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\¯nsâ BLmXw Gä-hp-amZyw
t\À¡pt\À t\cn-tS-−n-h-cp¶, F¶m AXn-\p-X¡ bmsXmcp kÖo-Ic
- Whpw I¿n-en-Ãm¯ ]mhw Xoc-tZ-i-\n-hm-kn-IÄ! AhÀ¡v C¯cw kml-Ncy-§Ä t\cn-Sm-\pÅ kwhn-[m-\-§-fn-sÃ-¦nepw ]cn-Øn-Xn-bnse amä-s¯-¡pdn¨v AhÀ XoÀ¨-bmbpw AÚ-c-Ã.
5
From Inpaper Magazine published Aug. 05, 2012, 08:09pm
50
P\-k-aq-l-§Ä¡n-S-bn Imem-hØm amä-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Ah-t_m[w
hym]-I-am-Ip-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v Bfp-IÄ ]d-bp-¶p. ]s£, Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-¯n\v
\n§Ä aÕy-ta-J-e-bn-ep-Å-h-tcmSp tNmZn-¨m AhÀ hyà-ambn ]dbpw
ISÂ, Imem-h-Ø, then-tb-ä-þ- then-C-d-¡-§Ä, aÕyw XpS-§n-bh
- ¡v
Fs´Ãmw amä-§Ä kw`-hn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶v; AhÀ CXns\ Imem-hØm amäsa¶v hnfn-¡n-Ãm-bn-cn-¡mw.
AXp-sIm−v Cu P\Xsb Imem-hØm amä-s¯-¡p-dn¨v t_m[-h-Xv¡-cn-t¡−-Xpt−m? Ipd¨p amk-§Ä¡p- ap¼v Rm³, X§-fpsS \m«n hcm³
t]mIp¶ Hcp Xm] sshZypXn \ne-b-s¯bpw, AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn-¨pÅ P«nsbbpw Ipdn¨v Bi-¦m-Ip-e-cm-bn-«pÅ P\-§Ä Xma-kn-¡p¶ Xan-gv\m-«nse
Nne IS-temc {Kma-§Ä kµÀin-¡p-I-bp−m-bn-. aS-¡-bm-{X-bn t]m−nt¨-cn¡v kao-]-apÅ Hcp {Kma-¯n R§Ä \n¶p. {ItaW IS-en-te¡v
NmbvhpÅ Hcp Xoc-{]-tZ-i-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. F¶m Cub-hk
- -c-¯nÂ
R§Ä Ah-km\w I− ho«n \n¶v IjvSn¨v 10 aoäÀ \o§n-b-t¸m-tg¡pw
R§Ä \n¡p-¶nSw Iptd ASn CSn-ªp-hoWp; Xnc-am-e-IÄ R§Ä
\n¡p-¶-Xnsâ ASn-bn t\cn-«p-h¶v ASn-¡p-¶p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. GXm\pw
hÀj-§Ä¡p-ap¼v kp\man ]p\-c-[n-hmk ]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn \nÀ½n¨
Ip«n-IÄ¡m-bpÅ Ifn-Øew `mKn-I-ambn CSn-ªp-ho-Wn-cp-s¶¶v {]tZ-ihm-kn-IÄ R§-tfmSp ]d-ªp. R§Ä AhnsS \n¶v IjvS-s¸«v Pe-]c
- ¸
- neqsS t\sc \S¶v ]ns¶bpw hS-¡p-`m-K-t¯-¡v, t\cs¯ ]dª Ifn-Øe-¯nsâ AtX- ZpÀ¤-Xn-bpÅ Hcp he\nÀ½mW imebpw IS¶v \S-¶p.
ap¼p ]dª lmfnsâ ]n³h-i-¯mbn Hcp a¬Xn-«-bpsS apI-fn-embn kpc£n-X-a-Ãm¯ Xc-¯nÂ, Db-c-¯n c−p hoSp-IÄ D−m-bn-cp-¶p. IS-en-te¡p-t]m-Im³ Hcp-§p¶ B {Kma-¯nse Hcp aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-sb-¡−v
R§Ä kwkm-cn-¨p. CSn-ªp-s]m-fnªp hoW B FSp-¸p-I-sf-¸än R§Ä
tNmZn-¨-t¸mÄ AXv Hcp km[m-cW kw`-h-ambn At±lw Nq−n-¡m-«n.
R§Ä CtX-¸-än-sbÃmw IqSp-X Adn-bm³ Xev]-c-cm-sW-¶-dn-ª-t¸mÄ
At±lw hni-Z-ambn kwkm-cn-¡m³ XpS-§n. At±-l-¯nsâ sNdp-¸I
- me¯v ISÂ IqSp-XÂ AI-se-bm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶n-cp-¶mepw Ignª Ipd¨p
hÀj-§Ä¡p-Ån hfsc A[nIw aoäÀ \of-¯n ISÂXocw \jvSa
- m-bn«p-s−¶pw AXp-sIm−v Ah-cpsS hÅ-§Ä sI«n-bp-d-¸n¨v \nÀ¯m³ Øean-Ãm-Xm-sb¶pw At±lw hni-Zo-I-cn-¨p. AhÀ X§-fpsS hÅ-§Ä hS-¡p`m-K-¯pÅ
sXm«-Sp¯
{Kma-¯n-emWv
sI«n-bp-d-¸n-¡p-¶sX-¶pw
At±lw ]d-ªp. CtX-¸än R§Ä IqSp-X At\z-jn-¨p. s]s«-¶p-−mb
Cu Xoc-sam-en-¸n\v Imc-W-sa-s´¶v R§Ä tNmZn-¨p. At¸mÄ At±lw
R§Ä t\c-s¯, ]I ka-b¯v I−n-cp¶ sX¡p-`m-K-¯pÅ hymh-kmbnI \nÀ½m-W-§Ä Nq−n-¡m«n, B \nÀ½n-Xn-IÄ h¶-Xn-\p- ti-ja
- mWv
Cu `mK¯v (h-S-¡v) Xocw Hen-¨p-t]m-b-sX¶v ]d-ªp. ap³Im-e-§f
- nÂ
Ipd-s¨ms¡ Xocw Hen-¨p-t]m-bmepw EXp-¡Ä amdp-¶-Xn-\-\p-kc
- n¨v
51
AXv ]p\x-kr-jvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-am-bn-cp-s¶¶pw Ct¸mÄ Hen-¨p-t]m-¡p- am-{X-ta-bpÅq-sh¶pw At±lw Iq«n-t¨À¯p.
bmsXmcp "imkv{Xob' ]Z-{]-tbm-K-hp-an-ÃmsX Cu aÕy-sXm-gn-emfn Xnc-am-eIÄ¡v EXp-t`-Z-a-\p-k-cn¨v Xocw Hen-¸n¨p If-bp-¶-Xn\pw ]p\x-kr-jvSn-¡p¶-Xn-\p-apÅ kzm`m-hnI {]h-W-X-bp-s−¶v a\-Ên-em-¡n-s¡m-−p-Xs¶
Ct¸m-gpÅ Xoc-sam-en-¸ns\ Xo{h-amb \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\-§-fp-ambn
_Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¨p. C´y-bpsS Ing-¡³ Xoc-§-fn \S-¡p¶
Xoc-{]-{In-b-I-fn Gsd Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp Imcy-hp-am-Wn-Xv. C¯cw Imcy§sf kqNn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ icn-bmb ]Z-§Ä Ct±-l-s¯-t]m-epÅ km[m-cW
aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn¡v AÚm-X-am-sW-¦nepw Imcy-§Ä ap¼p-−m-bn-cp-¶X
- pt]m-se-bà F¶-hÀ¡-dn-bmw. AXm-bXv Imem-hØ amdn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p-Ibm-Wv, AXv km[m-cW ]Xn-hpÅ EXp-¡Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨pÅ amä-hp-a-Ã.
2011 Â 364 _ney-t\mfw Ata-cn-¡³ tUmfÀ Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\s¯
{]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m³ Nne-h-gn-¨p. 6 C{X-t¯m-f-amWv temIw Imem-hØm amä¯nsâ t]cn ap¡n-¯m-gv¯n-b-Xv-þK-th-jWw, s]mcp-¯-s¸-SÂ, eLq-IcWw (Im-em-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯n-sâ) XpS-§nb Imcy-§Ä¡m-bn. k¶²
kwL-S-\-IÄ P\-§sf Imem-hØm amä-hp-ambn s]mcp-¯-s¸-«p-t]m-Iphm³ klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Cu {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS ap³\nc-bn-te¡v NmSn-hoWp. AXp-sIm−v hnI-kzc cmjv{S-§-fpsS Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§Ä¡p-th−n _rl¯mb ]²-Xn-IÄ¡v XpS¡w Ipdn-¡-s¸-«p. Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ
BLm-X-¯n\v Cc-bm-bn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶ sIm¨p Zzo]v cmjv{S-§-fp-−v. 2009
HIvtSm-_À 17 \v amen-Zzo-]nsâ ap³ {]kn-U−v apl-½Zv \mZvjoZv temI-¯nem-Zy-ambn IS-en-\-Sn-bn a{´n-k-`m-tbmKw IqSn Hcp henb {]kvXm-h\ ]pds¸Sphn-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. Kncn-^pjn Zzo]n\v kao-]-apÅ kvIq_ ssUhnwKv
taJ-e-bn-emWv CXv \S-¶-Xv. `oa-amb XpI-IÄ hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ASnØm-\-¯n Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w ]cn-ØnXn taJ-e-bnse F¨v.-sF.-hn.
/ FbnUvkv Bbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡mw. h³ XpI-IÄ sNe-h-gn-¨mepw ImemhØm amä-t¯mSv ^e-{]-Z-ambn s]mcp-Xm³ CXv A]-cym-]vX-hp-am-Wv.
CsXÃmw \S-¡p-t¼mgpw Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w Gä-hp-a-[nIw _m[n-¡s
- ¸Sp-¶-hÀ F¶v FÃm-hcpw ]d-bp¶ Xoc-\n-hm-kn-IÄ shdpw ImgvN¡
- mÀ
am{Xw. Cu P\-hn-`mKw Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v F{X-am{Xw a\Ên-em-¡n-bn-«p−v F¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw AhÀ¡pÅ {]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\§
- sf-¡p-dn¨pw \ma-am-{X-amb ]T-\-§Ä am{Xta \S-¶n-«p-Åq. 2011  aÕy-sXmgn-em-fn-Isf klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-−n-bpÅ A´ÀtZ-iob Iq«mbva (ICSFInternational Collective in Support of Fish Workers) F¶ kwL-S\ \S6
Climate Policy Initiative’s Global Landscape of Climate Finance, 2012
52
¯nb C¯-c-¯n-epÅ Hcp ]T\w aÕy-_-Ô\ taJ-e-bn-ep-Å-hÀ¡v AhcpsS Poh\pw Poh-t\m-]m-Zn-IÄ¡pw- ta Imem-h-Øm-am-ä-¯n-\pÅ kzm[o\-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Ah-t_m[w hne-bn-cp-¯p-I-bp-−m-bn7. Imem-hØm hyXnbm-\-¯n-\pÅ X¿m-sd-Sp¸v, aÕy-sXm-gn-emfn kaq-l-§Ä Imem-h-Øm-am-ä§-fp-ambn H¯p-t]m-Im\pw Cu amä-¯nsâ ^e-§Ä eLq-I-cn-¡m-\p-ambn
kzoI-cn-t¡−n ht¶-¡m-hp¶ amÀ¤-§Ä Xncn-¨-dn-bÂ, Ch-bp-ambn _Ôs¸« Adn-hv, Øm]-\-§Ä, aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS ioe-§Ä F¶n-hsbÃmw Cu ]T\w hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶p. Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-hp-ambn
_Ô-s¸«v ]c-¼-cm-KX aÕy-sXm-gn-emfn kaq-l-§-fpsS Poh\pw sXmgnepw
kwc-£n-¡m³ kÀ¡mÀ hnhn[ Xe-§-fn ssIs¡m-−n-«pÅ \b-§fpw
IÀ½ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw ]T\w hni-I-e-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶p.
C´y-bnse 4 kwØm-\-§-fn-emWv Cu ]T\w \S-¶Xv þ Hmtcm Xoc¯pw
c−p- hoXw. ]Sn-ªm-d³ Xoc¯v alm-cm-jv{S, tIc-fw, Ing-¡³ Xoc¯v
B{Ôm-{]-tZ-iv, ]Ýn-a-_w-KmÄ F¶o kwØm-\-§-fnse Xnc-sª-Sp-¡s
- ¸«
Øe-§-fn aÕy-_-Ô\ taJ-e-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« apJy ]¦m-fn-I-fp-ambn
Cu ]T-\-¯nsâ `mK-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-IÄ \S-¯n.
aÕy-_-Ô-\-¯n Imem-hØm amä-¯nsâ kzm[o-\w, ImÀjn-Ihpw CX-chp-amb taJ-e-I-fn-se-¶-t]m-se, thÀXn-cn-¨-dn-bm³ sshj-ay-ap-Å-Xm-Wv.
aÕy-_-Ô-\s¯ kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ aäv LS-I-§Ä, Xm]-\n-e, aÕy-¯nsâ
Afhv XpS-§n-b-hsb¡pdn-¨pÅ ØnXn-hn-h-c-¡-W-¡p-I-fpsS sshhn-[yw,
F¶n-h-sbÃmw IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ Imem-hØm amä-¯nsâ kzm[o-\s¯-¡p-dn¨v IrXy-amb Hcp IW¡v ]d-bm³ Ign-bn-Ã. C´y-bnse aÕy-_Ô-\-ta-Je (Nne h-kvXp-X-IÄ DÄ\m-S³ aÕy-_-Ô-\-¯n\pw _m[-Ia
- m-Ipsa-¦nepw Cu kµÀ`-¯n {][m-\-ambpw hnh-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv kap{Z
aÕy-_-Ô-\-am-Wv) A{X hnI-kn-X-amb H¶-Ã. aÕy-sXm-gn-emfn kaq-l§Ä Xoc-\n-hm-kn-I-fnse Gsd Zcn-{Zcpw ZpÀº-e-cp-amb hn`m-K-¡m-cmWv;
Cu kaq-l-¯n-\p-Ån Xs¶ Nne Gä-¡p-d-¨n-ep-IÄ ImWmw. \nc-h[n
kwØm-\-§-fn hnZym-`ym-kw, ]mÀ¸n-Sw, iuNm-eb kuI-cy-§Ä XpS-§nb-h-bpsS e`yX hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. 1950 IÄ apX sNdp-InS aÕy-_Ô
- \
- ¡msc hn]-Wn-bnepw imkv{X-þkm-t¦-Xn-I-X-bnepw IqSp-XÂ Ah-kcw
krjvSn-¡m³ klm-bn-¨p-sIm−v aÕy-_-Ô\ taJe B[p-\nI-h¡-cn¡m³ kÀ¡mÀ ]²Xn XpS-§n. CXp hgn-sh-¨Xv bm\-§-fp-sSbpw aäpw
AanX kwJym-_-ew, IqSp-XÂ aqe-[-\m-[n-jvTnX aÕy-_-Ô\
- w, ]nSn-¡p¶
aÕy k¼-¯nsâ Afhv Ipd-bÂ, aÕy C\-§-fpsS Ipd-hv, aÕy e`y-Xbn-epÅ Gdnb A\n-Ýn-XXzw, aÕyk¼-¯n-t·-epÅ XÀ¡-hn-XÀ¡-§Ä
7
www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/climate...PDF file
53
Ch-bn-te¡pw; CXm-Is« bYmÀ°-¯n aÕy-sXm-gn-emfn kaq-l-§sf
Zmcn-{Zy-¯nsâ sNfn-¡p-−n \n¶v ]pd-¯p-I-S-¡m³ klm-bn-¨n-«p-an-Ã.
adp-`m-K-¯m-I-s«, Cub-Sp¯ Ime-¯mbn Xoc-{]-tZ-i-¯v hymh-km-bn-I,
hnt\m-Z-k-©mc hnI-k-\-¯n-\mbn `qhn-\n-tbm-K-¯n\v A\´ km[y-XI
- f
- ps−¶v kÀ¡mcpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebpw Xncn-¨-dn-ªXv Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§-fn-te¡v
Øe-¯n-\p-th-−n-bpÅ IpXn-¸n\v hgn-a-cp-¶n-«p. GXm\pw hÀjw ap¼v
"Uu¬ Sp FÀ¯v' F¶ ]cn-ØnXn amkn-I-¡p-th−n Xoc-tZi{]iv\-§s
- f¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ C´y-bpsS Ing-¡³ Xoc¯v ]²-Xn-bn-Sp¶ Xm]-sshZypX \ne-b-§sf Ipdn¨v Hcp GI-tZi ØnXn hnh-c-¡-W¡v FSp-¡p-Ib
- p−m-bn. tI{µ ]cn-Øn-Xn-þ-h\w a{´m-e-b-¯n\v ap¼n ]mcn-Øn-XnI A\p-aXn-¡mbn e`n¨ At]-£-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p CXv. \ne-hn-epÅXpw IqSp-X hnI-k-\-¯n\v ]²-Xn-bn-Sp-¶Xpw I¡cn Hgn-sI-bpÅ
CÔ-\-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xp-amb \ne-b-§sf Hgn-hm¡n ]pXn-b-Xmbn
At]£ \ÂIn-bhsb am{X-amWv ØnXn hnh-c-¡-W-¡n s]Sp-¯n-bX
- v.
CXns\ Ing-¡³ Xoc-¯nsâ sam¯w ssZÀLyw-sIm−v hn`-Pn-¨-t¸mÄ
Hmtcm 30 Intem-ao-ä-dnepw Hcp Xm]-ssh-ZypX\nebw F¶ Ah-Ø-bn-se-¯n.
Ch-bvs¡Ãmw Xs¶ A\p-aXn e`n-¡nÃm F¶v XoÀ¨-bmbpw {]Xym-in-¡msa-¦nepw Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§Ä F´p-am{Xw I®p-sh-bv¡-s¸-Sp-¶p−v F¶ Hcp
Nn{Xw CXp \ÂIp-¶p. Cu F®-t¯m-sSm¸w AWp-iàn \ne-b-§Ä,
dntkmÀ«p-IÄ, F®-ip-²o-I-cW ime-IÄ, Xpd-ap-J-§Ä F¶n-h-IqSn Iq«nbm "hnI-k\w' sXmSm¯ Hcp Xoc-{]-tZ-i-hp-anà F¶v AÛp-X-s¸-«p-t]mIp-I-b-ÃmsX hgn-bn-Ã.
Xoc-hn-I-k-\-¯nÂ
kÀ¡mÀ
aps¼m-¶p-an-Ãm¯
Xmev]-cy-sa-Sp-¡pt¼mÄXs¶ aÕy-ta-J-e-tbmSv Hcp k½n{i kao-]-\-amWv Im«p-¶-Xv. DZm-lc-W-¯n\v \ma-am-{X-amb ]n´p-W-bmWv ]c-¼-cm-KX aÕy-_-Ô-\-¯n\v
kÀ¡mÀ \ÂIp-¶-Xv. {]Xy-£-¯n ssPh-hn-`-h-§-fpsS kwc-£-W¯
- n\mbn Xan-gv\m-«nse a¶mÀ IS-en-Sp¡v t]mepÅ \mj-W ]mÀ¡v XpS§nb kap-{Z-kw-c-£nX taJ-e-I-fp-−m¡n sNdp-InS aÕy-_-Ô\ {]hÀ¯\-§Ä¡p-ta AkwJyw \nb-{´-W-§Ä GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. CXv sNdp-InS
aÕy-_-Ô-\-¯n-teÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v Ah-cpsS ]c-¼-cm-KX aÕy-_Ô\ CS-§-fn-te-¡pÅ {]th-i\w \ntj-[n¨v Ah-cpsS \ne-\n¸p-Xs¶
A]-I-S-I-c-am-¡p-¶p.
Pohk-Ôm-c-W¯n\v Ahiyw th− hn`-h§
- Ä
ssIImcyw sN¿m-\pÅ aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-s¯, Ah-tcmSv
NÀ¨ sN¿m-sX-sb-Sp-¡p¶ Cu Xocp-am-\-§Ä, \ntj-[n-¡p-¶p.
F¶n«pw CtX kÀ¡mÀ Xs¶-bmWv aÕy-_-Ô\ bm\-§-fpsS b{´-hXv¡-cWw t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨p-sIm−v hn\m-i-I-c-amb aÕy-_Ô
- \ coXnIÄ¡v hfw sh¡p-¶-Xv. kÀ¡mÀ hmKvZm\w sN¿p¶ t{]mÕm-l\
- §
- 54
fn hiw-h-Z-cmbn aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ X§-fpsS AXn-Po-h-\s¯ IqSp-XÂ
kmc-ambn
_m[n-¡p¶
aÕy-_-Ô\
coXn-I-fn-te¡v
amdp¶p;
A§s\ aÕy k¼-¯ns\ CÃmbva sN¿p¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ Hcp aÕ-c¯n s]«p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Fcn-Xo-bn F®-sbm-gn-¡p-amdv,
kÀ¡m-dm-Is« bmsXmcp XXz-Zo-£-bp-an-ÃmsX hymh-km-bn-Ihpw KmÀln-Ihp-amb amen-\y-§Ä kwkv¡-c-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-¡msX IS-en XÅm-\\p-h-Zn-¨p-sIm−v Xoc-§-fn hymh-km-bnI, hnt\m-Z-k-©mc {]hÀ¯-\§Ä XIr-Xn-bmbn t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p. CXv amdntbm Fs¶-\n-¡-dn-bnÃ;
F¶m Hcp ka-b¯v Xan-gv\mSv kÀ¡m-dnsâ SIPCOT (hy-h-kmb
t{]mÕm-l\ GP³kn) t]m−n-t¨-cn¡v Aev]w sX¡p-amdn IS-eq-cn-epÅ
AXnsâ hyh-kmb FtÌ-änsâ Gähpw ]pXnb L«-¯nsâ hni-Z-hn-hc
- §Ä \ÂIn-bn-«p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. Cu hyh-kmb taJ-e-bpsS A\p-Iqe hi-§fn-sem-¶mbn Ah-cpsS sh_vssk-än ]d-bp-¶-Xv, kuI-cy-{]-Za
- mbn
8
amen\yw XÅm³ Ign-bp¶ coXn-bn-epÅ kap{Z kmao-]y-amWv .
aÕy-_-Ô\ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS KpW-]-c-Xsb Imem-h-Øm-amäw kzm[o-\n¨p-h-cp-¶Xv aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ Adn-bp-¶p-s−-¦nepw AXp-ambn CW-§nt¨À¶v t]mIm-\pÅ Ah-cpsS Ignhv AhÀs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ \nc-h[n iànIÄ hgn XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wv. Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bn Xs¶ th− ià-amb Hcp
kmaq-lnI `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-¯nsâ A`mhw Imcy-§Ä IqSp-X hj-fm-¡p¶p. C¯cw `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä Hcp ka-b¯v \ne-hn-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¦nepw kÀ¡m-dn\v Chsb Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ Ign-bmsX hcn-Ibpw Chbv¡v ]Ic-ambn kÀ¡mÀ AwKo-Ir-X- kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä s]m§n-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp.
CXpw hfsc ZpÀº-e-am-sW-¦n-epw, Gähpw {]mtZ-in-I-ambn {Kmao-W-ta-Je
- bn \ne-\n¡p¶ ]c-¼-cm-KX `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä ZpÀº-e-am-Ip-¶X
- n\v
Cu kÀ¡mÀ kwhn-[m-\-§-fpsS CS-s]-S Imc-W-am-bn.
sF.kn.-F-kv.-F^v ]T-\-th-f-bn aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fn \n¶v DbÀ¶p-h¶
Nne {][m\ kqN-\-IÄ:
ISÂ\n-c¸v Db-cÂ: CXv Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ Hcp {][m\
sW-¦nepw {]mtZ-in-I-ambn A\m-bmkw Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ Ign-bp¶
F¶m Cu ISÂ\n-c¸v Db-c Xnc-am-e-I-fp-sSbpw Hgp-¡n-sâbpw
ambn _Ô-s¸-«Xpw aÕy-_-Ô\ taJ-e-bn-ep-Å-hÀ¡v \nÝ-b-ambpw
h-thZy-am-bXpamWv.
^e-amH¶-Ã.
amä-hpA\p-`-
kap-t{Zm-]-cn-Xe Xm]-\ne: CXpw imkv{Xo-b-amb D]-I-c-W-§-fpsS klm-ban-ÃmsX A\m-bmkw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bm-¯-Xm-sW-¦nepw aÕ-y_
- 8
www.sipcotcuddalore.com
55
Ô\ cwK-¯p-Å-hÀ s]mXp-hmbn Xoc-t¯m-S-Sp¯ Ptem-]-cn-X-e-¯nÂ
Xm]hÀ²-\hv {i²n-¡p-¶p. Xm]-\n-e-bnse amä-§Ä aqew s]em-PnIv C\¯nÂs¸« aÕy-§Ä IS-ensâ Xmgv¶ X«p-I-fn-te¡v t]mbn-«p-s−-¦nepw
CXv Xm]-iàn \ne-b-§Ä NqSp-shÅw IS-en-te-s¡m-gp-¡p-¶Xpw AXp-t]mepÅ {]mtZ-inI {]hÀ¯-\-§-fp-sSbpw ^e-am-Im-sa¶v aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fnIÄ hmZn-¡p-¶p.
kap-t{Zm-]-cn-Xe eh-W-ckw: CXpw Ffp-¸-¯n IW-¡m-¡m³ Ign-bn-sænepw \Zn-I-fn \n¶p-apÅ ip²-P-e-¯nsâ Hgp¡v Ipd-ªn-«p-s−¶v
aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ ]d-bp-¶p. AXm-b-Xv, ap¼s¯ At]-£n¨v Ipdª
Afhv ip²-Pew am{X-amWv Xoc-t¯¡v F¯p-¶-Xv. AXnsâ ^e-ambn
IS Pew DbÀ¶v \Zn-I-fnepw Acp-hn-I-fnepw aäp Pem-i-b-§-fnepw IS¡p-¶p.
ZoÀL-Im-em-Sn-Øm-\-¯n Agn-ap-J-¯n-sâbpw Xpcp-¯n-sâ-bpsaÃmw ssPhhyh-Ø-sbbpw CXv _m[n-¡p-¶p.
Imänsâ kz`mhw: Imänsâ kz`mhw amdn-bn-«p-s−¶v aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ
\nco-£n-¡p-¶p. aÕy-_-Ô-\-¯n-\mbn IS-en-te-¡pÅ bm{X¡v Hcp
\nÀ®m-bI LS-I-am-b-Xn-\m aÕy-_-Ô-\-¯n-teÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v
Imänsâ KXn, kz`mhw F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn¨v hn]p-e-amb Adn-hp-−v; Ah¡v
{]tXyI t]cp-I-fp-ap-−v. F¶m EXp-t`-Z-a-\p-k-cn-¨pÅ Imänsâ kz`m-h¯n\v amäw h¶n-cn-¡p-¶Xv AhÀ {i²n-¡p¶p; Imäv IrXy-k-a-b-§f
- nÂ
{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã, am{X-a-Ã, Imän\v s]s«¶v amäw hcn-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
Ipd-¨p-t\-c-t¯¡v Imäv Hcp km[m-cW Zni-bn hoin-tb-¡m-sa-¦nepw
s]s«-¶mWv AXnsâ Zni amdp-I. CXv Hcp ]Xn-hn-Ãm¯ {]h-W-X-bm-sW¶v
aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ ]d-bp-¶p. C§s\ t\m¡n-bm Nne-Xcw Imäp-IÄ
iàn-a-¯m-hp-Ibpw NneXv ZpÀº-e-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-−v. s]mXpsh,
Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§-fn IS Imänsâ Ne-\-thKw Ipd-ªn-«p-Å-Xmbn aÕy-sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ ho£n-¡p-¶p.
{]IrXn Zpc-´-§-fpsS Imcy-¯nÂ, Npg-en-¡m-änsâ BhÀ¯-\-hpw, Zni-bpw,
Xo{h-Xbpw amä-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-bn-«p-Å-Xmbn aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ Nq−n¡m-«p-¶p. F®w Ipd-ªn-«p-s−-¦nepw km[m-cW ]Xn-hn-Ãm¯ Øe-§fn Ah hoip¶p; Xo{h-Xbpw IqSn-bn-«p-−v. aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ Npg-en¡m-äp-Isf aäp P\-hn-`m-K-§Ä ImWp-¶-Xn\v hncp-²-ambn KpW-I-c-amb ^eap-Å-Xmbn ImWp-¶p. IS Cf¡nadn¨v t]mjI hkvXp-¡sf taÂ]-c¸
- nte¡v sIm−p-h-cp-¶-Xn-\m Npg-en-¡m-äp-IÄ Ahsc kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw
KpW-]-c-am-Wv. AW-s¡«v \nÀ½mWw aqew XpSÀ¨-bm-bp-−m-Ip¶ shÅs¸m-¡-§fpw A\n-Ýn-X-ambn s]¿p¶ agbpw BWv aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ
FSp-¯p-]-dª aäp LS-I-§Ä.
56
Xnc-am-e-Ifpw Hgp¡pw: \Zo-ap-J-§-fn F¡Â ASn-bp-¶-Xn-sâbpw Xoc-{]tZ-i¯v Imäv ZpÀº-e-am-Ip-¶-Xn-sâbpw ^e-ambn Xoc-¡-S-en Xnc-bS- n-¡p¶-Xnsâ Db-chpw BhÀ¯-\hpw Xo{h-Xbpw Ipd-ª-Xmbn aÕy-sXm-gn-emfn-IÄ hmZn-¡p-¶p. Aan-X-amb Xoc-tim-jWw, I−¡m-Sp-I-fpsS \miw,
Xpd-apJ \nÀ½m-W-§Ä Ch-bpsS ^e-ambn aän-S-§-fn Xnc-am-eI
- fpsS ]X\w IqSp-XÂ ià-am-b-Xmbpw AhÀ {i²n-¨n-«p−v.
thentb-ä-þ-th-en-bn-d-¡-§Ä: \Zo-ap-J-§-fn F¡Â ASn-bp-¶-Xn-sâbpw
\Zn-bpsS taÂ`m-K¯p \S-¡p¶ I¸Âimem \nÀ½m-W-§-fp-sSbpw ^eambn DÄ¡-S-en aÕy-e-`y-X-sbbpw ehW Af-hn-s\bpw _m[n-¡p-¶X
- c
- ¯n then-tb-ä-þ-th-en-bn-d-¡-§Ä¡v amäw h¶n-«p-Å-Xmbn AhÀ \nco-£n¡p-¶p. am{X-a-Ã, F¡- ASn-bp-¶Xv tXmWn-IÄ¡v hf-ªp-]p-fªv,
Bbm-k-I-c-ambn k©n-cn-t¡−n hcp-¶-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p. aW J\\hpw \Zn¡v taÂ`m-K¯v Hgp-¡n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ I¸Âimem \nÀ½m-Whpw
a®pw t]mj-I-§fpw ASn-bn-te¡v Hgp-Ip-¶Xv Ipd-bp-hm\pw Imc-Wa
- m-Ip¶p. AtX-k-abw aÕy-¯nsâ NmIc Is−-¯Â Zpjv¡-c-am-¡n-s¡m−v
Xoc-¡-S-ense Pew IqSp-XÂ Ie-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Hgp-¡nsâ KXnbpw thentb-ä-þ-th-en-bn-d-¡-§fpw Xoc-{]-tZ-I-§-fnse shÅ-s¸m-¡hpw FÃm-ambn
_Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ Xoc-ti-m-jWw t\cs¯ kqNn-¸n-¨-Xp-t]mse Hcp henb
{]iv\-ambn Ah-ti-jn-¡p-¶p.
ChsbÃmw kp\man, Imäv, ag, F¶n-h-bn-ep-−m-Ip¶ amä§sft¸mse,
X§Ä¡v AÚm-Xamb -Im-c-W-§-fm-emWv kw`-hn-¡p-¶-sX¶v AhÀ Xncn¨-dn-bp-¶p. {]Ir-Xn-bn kzm`m-hn-I-am-bp-−m-Ip¶ {]Xn-`m-k-§-fmWv Cu
amä-§Ä¡v Imc-W-sa¶v aÕy-ta-J-e-bn-ep-Å-hÀ ]d-bp-¶p. Imem-hØm
amä-¯nsâ BtKmf kz`m-h-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Ah-cpsS Adnhv ]cn-an-X-am-Wv.
FÂ\nt\m Hmkn-te-j³ {]Xn-`m-k-s¯-¡p-dnt¨m ISÂ \nc-¸p-b-cp-¶-Xnepw
Xm]-\n-e-bnepw D−m-Ip¶ amä-§-sf-¡p-dnt¨m ChÀ t_m[-hm³am-cÃ
- .
aÕy-_-Ô-\-¯n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ henb bm\-§Ä, F©n-\p-IÄ, AanX
tXmXn-epÅ aÕy-_-Ô\w, A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb aÕy-_-Ô\ coXn-IÄ, XpS§n-bh Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ BLm-X-¯n\v Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p-sh¶v
AhÀ Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. aÕy-_-Ô\ taJ-e-bnse apJy-{]-iv\-§-fn-sem-¶mb
aen-\o-I-c-Ww, as®m-en-¸pw Ic-shbv]pw aqew Xoc-tc-J-bn-ep-−m-Ip¶ amäw
(C-h-sb-¸-änbpw CXn-\pÅ Imc-W-§-sf-¸-änbpw ISÂ `n¯n-I-sf-¸-änbpw
t\cs¯ kqNn-¸n-¨n-«p-−v), aÕy A[n-hm-k-tI-{µ-§-fpsS \miw, Cu taJe-bnse P\-hÀ²-\-hnsâ k½À±w (Iq-Sp-X t_m«p-IÄ, IqSp-X aÕy-_Ô-\w, X·qew IqSp-X Ie-l-§Ä!) XpS§n aÕy-_-Ô-\-hp-ambn t\cn«v
_Ô-an-Ãm¯ Imc-W-§fpw CXn-\p−v F¶pw AhÀ a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p.
57
AXp-sIm−v Cu Imem-hØm amä-¯n-sâ-sbÃmw BLm-X-ambn aÕy-sXm-gnem-fn-IÄ ImWp-¶-sX-´m-Wv? BsI ]nSn-¡p¶ aÕy-¯nsâ Afhv Ipd-bp¶p, ]nSn-¡p-¶-Xn Gsdbpw aÕy-Ip-ªp-§fpw ]qÀ® hfÀ¨-sb-¯m-¯h-bp-amWv XpS-§nb Imcy-§Ä AhÀ FÃm-hcpw Hcp-t]mse icn-sh-¡p-¶p.
Imcy-§Ä IqSp-X k¦oÀ®-am-¡m³ hf-sc-b-[nIw aÕy C\-§Ä AhbpsS ]c-¼-cm-KX A[nhmk taJ-e-bn \n¶v A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip¶p F¶
hkvXp-X-bp-ap-−v. X§-fpsS ]c-¼-cm-KX aÕy-_-Ô\ coXn-IÄ Dt]-£n¡m³ \nÀ_-²-cmbn F¶pw I«-acw t]mepÅ ]c-¼-cm-KX aÕy-_Ô\ bm\-§fpw ]mbv¡-¸-ep-Ifpw £bn-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw
AhÀ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. B[p-\nI aÕy_-Ô\ coXn-I-tfmSv InS-]n-Sn-¡m³
aÕy-ta-Je b{´-h-ev¡rX kwhn-[m-\-¯n-te¡v amtd-−Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-bncn-¡p-¶p. F¶m hnim-e-amb Hcp ho£WtImWn a\-Ên-em-IpI hnIk-\w -sIm−v aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡v Ah-cpsS Xocw \jvS-s¸-«p-sIm-−n-cn¡p¶p F¶-Xm-Wv. shdpw hnt\m-Z-Ø-e-¯nsâ \jvSw am{X-aÃ, X§-fpsS
hÅ-§Ä sI«n-bp-d-¸n¨p \nÀ¯m\pw b{´-§Ä tISp-]mSp XoÀ¡m\pw aäp
Bh-iy-§Ä¡p-apÅ hne-s¸« Øew- IqSn \jvS-am-Ip¶p F¶m-WnXv
AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. X§-fpsS PohnX coXn-Isf apdpsI ]nSn¨v apt¶m«p
\o§m³ {ian-¡p¶ Cu P\X Ct¸mÄ Xosc sNdnb CS-§-fnÂ, A\m-tcmKy-I-c-amb Ah-Ø-bn Pohn-¡p¶p F¶pw Cu amä-§Ä km£y-s¸-Sp¯p-¶p.
aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡v \jvS-an-ÃmsX aÕy-_-Ô\ {]hÀ¯n-bn GÀs¸Sm³ Ct¸mÄ IS-en Gsd Zqcw t]mtI-−-Xp−v; Ct¸mÄ AXv b{´hÂIrX t_m«p-IÄ DÅ-Xp-sIm−v km[y-hp-am-Wv. b{´-hÂIrX t_m«pIÄ kz´-am-¡pI F¶m IqSp-X km¼-¯nI apXÂap-S¡v Bh-iyamWv F¶-t{X. am{X-a-Ã, IqSp-X aÕyw In«p-Ibpw thWw. CsXÃmw ISense hÀ²n-¨p-h-cp¶ kpc£m {]iv\-§Ä¡v þ {]-IrXn Zpc-´-§Äs¡m−pÅ A]-I-S-§Ä am{X-aÃ, I¸-ep-IÄ X½n-epÅ Iq«n-bn-Sn, KpP-dm-¯nepw
Xan-gv\m-«nepw kw`-hn-¨-Xp-t]mse ISÂsIm-Å-¡m-cpsS X«n-s¡m-−p-t]mI þ CS-bm-¡p-¶p-−v. bmZ-r-Ýn-I-am-sb-§m\pw A´ÀtZ-iob AXnÀ¯n
IS-¶p-t]m-bm Ab cmPy-¯nsâ Xoc kwc-£W tk\bpsS I¿n-eI
- s¸-«-Xp- X-s¶.
Imem-hØm amähpw kmt¦-Xn-I-X-bn-epÅ amähpw tNÀ¶v Nne ]c-¼-cm-KX
Adn-hp-I-sfbpw sshZ-Kv[y-§-sfbpw D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am¡n amän-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
CXn-\p-]p-d-sa, aÕy-ta-J-e-bn \n¶pÅ hcp-am-\-¡p-dhpw A\n-ÝnX PohnX-co-Xn-Ifpw ]pXp-X-e-ap-dsb Ah-cpsS ]qÀÆ ]nXm-¡-·m-cpsS sXmgnÂ
Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-t\mSv hnap-J-cm-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. aÕy-ta-J-e-bn Hcp \Ã
`mhn ImWm¯ Cu taJ-e-bn-epÅ \nc-h-[n-t]À X§-fpsS a¡Ä t\Snb
58
hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX D]-tbm-Kn¨v kpc-£n-X-amb tPmen-IÄ t\Sn Cu taJe-bn \n¶v ]pd-¯p-hcpw F¶ {]Xo£ {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv.
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w AXnÂXs¶ BtKm-f, {]mtZ-inI aÕy-_Ô\ taJ-e-bpsS hn\m-i-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶n-sÃ-¦ne-pw aÕy-ta-J-e-bnse
{]iv\-§Ä¡v Hcp ]pXnb am\w- IqSn \ÂIp-¶p-−v. Imem-hØm hyXnbm\w XpSÀ¨-bmbn D−m-Ip¶p; AXv IqSp-X hj-fm-Ip-¶p. am{X-aÃ
- ,
aÕy-ta-J-esb _m[n-¡p¶ CXc {]{In-b-I-fm IqSp-X Kuc-h-X-ch
- p-amIp-¶p. CXv {]mtZ-inI {]{In-b-I-fm hÀ²-am-\-am-Ip¶ Hcp BtKmf {]{Inb -Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.
Sumana Narayan can be contacted at [email protected]
59
PmXym-[n-jvTnX kaq-l-¯nÂ
ZfnXv kv{XoIfpw Imem-hØm \oXnbpw
im´ Pn
hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e¯v Gä-hp-a-[nIw NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-Sp¶ {]iv\-§-fn-sem-¶mWv
BtKm-f-Xm-]\w AYhm `qan-bpsS Xm]-\ne {Iam-Xo-X-ambn Db-cp¶ AhØ. Hcp hn`mKw CXns\ hen-sbmcp B]Xv kÔn-bmbn ImWp-t¼mÄ adp`mKw CsXmcp kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-`mkw am{X-am-sW¶pw CXnsâ A\-´-c^
- e
- §Ä AXn-i-tbm-àn-]-c-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv {]iv\-sa¶pw hmZn-¡p¶p. Cu hmZw tIÄ¡p-¶-hÀ CXv `qan-bpsS shdp-samcp NqSp-Iq-S am{X-amWv, temIm-h-km-\-sam-¶p-aà F¶v Nn´n-¨m AÛp-X-s¸-Sm-\n-Ã.
hn{ip-X-\mb Xangv Ihnbpw XXz-Nn-´-I-\p-am-bn-cp¶ Xncp-h-Åp-hÀ ]d-ªp.
""c−v hyXykvX temI-§Ä \ne-\n¡pI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.'' F¶mÂ
BtKm-f-Xm-]\w Bk-¶-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ Hcp alm-hn-]-¯mbn ImWp-¶h
- sc
kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Cu c−p temI-§Ä¡v Htc-k-abw ZoÀL-Ime \ne\n¸v CÃ-X-s¶. BtKm-f-Xm-]\w IW-¡m-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ XzcnX-K-Xn-bn hÀ²n-¡p¶p Ft¶m, CXv B]-Xv¡-c-amWv Ft¶m Aà Rm\nhnsS hmZn-¡p-¶-Xv. adn¨v ZfnXv IpSpw-_-§sf, {]tXy-In¨v ZfnXv kv{XoIsf
BtKm-f-Xm-]\w aqe-apÅ {]iv\-§Ä F§s\ _m[n¡pw AsÃ-¦nÂ
F§s\ _m[n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p F¶v hni-I-e\w sN¿p-I-bmWv Cu teJ-\¯nsâ Dt±iyw.
ZfnXv kv{XoI-fpsS AhØ
GXm\pw hÀj-§Ä¡p- ap¼v "a[pssc sFUnb' Fs¶mcp k¶-²-kw-LS\ C´y-bnse Nne kwØm-\-§-fnse ZfnXv kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Ø-sb-¡pdn¨v Hcp kÀsÆ \S-¯p-I-bp-−m-bn. ZfnXv kv{XoIÄ A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ Aán]-co-£-IÄ A¡-an-«p-\n-c-¯p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p {]kvXpX ]T-\-¯nsâ dnt¸mÀ«v.
PmXym-Sn-Øm\¯nepÅ sXm«p-Iq-Sm-bva-bpw, XXv^-e-amb a\p-jym-hI
- mi
\ntj-[hpw ZfnXv kv{XoIsf bYmÀ°-¯n Ah-cpsS sXmgn-ep-S-a-If
- psS
ASn-a-¸-Wn-¡m-cmbn amän-b-Xmbn ]T\w shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n. ZfnXv hn`m-K-¡msc
ka·mcmbpw Ah-Im-i-apÅ a\pjy hyàn-I-fmbpw ImWm-\pÅ XmXv]c
- yan-Ãm-bva-bmWv Cu Ah-Ø¡v ASn-Øm\ Imc-Ww. Zfn-XÀ km¼-¯nI
hfÀ¨-bpw, kzbw ]cym-]vX-Xbpw ssIh-cn-¡p-¶-Xn ISp¯ Ak-lnjvWpX Im«p¶ PmXn-{`m´v asäm¶pw.
60
CXnhnsS ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xn-s\mcp Imc-W-ap-−v. ZfnXv kwL-S-\-IÄ¡pw
t]mcm-«-§Ä¡pw ]n´p-Wbpw iànbpw ]I-cp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i§Ä¡p-th−n hmZn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ ]ptcm-K-a\ cmjv{Sob {]Øm-\§Ä t]mepw ZfnXv kv{XoIÄ A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ KmÀln-I-hpw, kmwkv¡m-cn-Ihp-amb ]oV-\-§Äs¡-Xnsc ]c-ky-ambn apt¶m-«p- h-cp-¶n-Ã. Cu {]iv\w
ssIImcyw sNt¿− kabw AXn-{I-an-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. PmXn ]cn-KW
- \
- IÄ¡-Xo-X-amb _Ô-§Ä km[y-am-sW¶v tXm¶n-tb-¡m-sa-¦nepw C¯cw
_Ô-§Ä¡v \ne-\n¡p-hm-\pw, hf-cp-hm\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp _ZÂ
kwkv¡m-c-hpw, amXr-I-Ifpw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. AXnÃmsX {]mtbm-Kn-IX
- e
- ¯n-epÅ Hcp _Z Iq«mbva hfÀ¶p- h-cn-I-tbm, ZfnXv kv{XoIÄ AhcpsS ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb Ah-Ø-bn \n¶v tamNn-X-cm-Ip-Itbm km[y-aÃ
- X
- m\pw. ]ptcm-K-a\ {]kvYm-\-§Ä kv{XoI-fpsS ho£-W-tIm-Wn km¼¯nI kmaq-lnI {]iv\-§sf t\m¡n-¡m-Wp-t¼mÄ am{Xt-a KpW-]-ca
- mb,
[\m-ß-I-amb amä-§Ä kaq-l-¯n D−m-hp-I-bp-Åq.
hn. KoX-bpsS "PmXn, ZfnXÀ, kv{XoIÄ: amdp¶ PmXn _Ô-§fpw amdm¯
hntZz-jhpw' F¶ Kth-jW dnt¸mÀ«nsâ Nne {]kà `mK-§Ä ChnsS
Ipdn-¡-s«. "sIm¦p {]tZ-i-§Ä t\m¡p-I-bm-sW-¦n apJy-ambpw Hcp
ImÀjnI kaqlw (Pm-Xn) Bbn-cp¶ sIm¦p shÅm-fÀ hn`mKw hyh-kmb
cwK-t¯¡v {]th-in-¡p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS taÂt¡mbva Dd-¸n-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-«p−v. C§s\ amdmsX ImÀjnI {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn am{Xw HXp-§n¡qSnbhÀ A{X [\n-I-cm-bn-«nà F¶Xpw bmYmÀ°y-am-Wv. sIm¦p shÅmfÀ kap-Zm-b-¯nse Hcp hn`mKw km¼-¯n-Im-`n-hr²n Ic-Øa
- m-¡n-bn-«p-s−¦nepw km¼-¯n-I, hnZym-`ym-k, kmwkv¡m-cnI ØnXn-I-fn D¶-Xcmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ {_mÒ-WÀ XpS-§nb taÂPm-Xn-I-tf-¡mÄ Xmsgbp-Å-h-cm-bmWv ChÀ Ct¸mgpw ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Cub-hØ
taÂt¡mbva \ne-\nÀ¯m³ Ahsc klm-bn-¡p-¶p. Imem-\p-kr-X-am-ä§
- f
- neqsS CXv XpSÀ¶p-t]m-cp-hm\pw AhÀ¡v km[n-¨n-«p-−v. a²y-hÀ¯n
PmXn¡v cmjv{Sob A[n-Imcw t\Sp-hm³ km[n-¨n-«p-s−-¦nepw C¡m-cW
- w sIm-−p-Xs¶ C¯-c-¡mcpw D¶-X-Ip-e-Pm-XÀ F¶-h-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶h
- cpw
X½n-epÅ hnShv Imcy-am-sbm¶pw \nI-¯m³ km[n-¨n-«n-Ã. C¯-c-samcp
PmXym-[n-jvTnX cmjv{Sob Npäp-]m-SnÂ, ZfnXv kv{XoIÄ, `c-W-b{´w Xncn¡p¶ ]nt¶m¡ PmXn-I-fm t]mepw Ah-KWn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw Zpcp-]-tbmKw
sN¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw X·qew C¯cw PmXn-]-c-amb ap³hn-[n-I-fn-eq-¶nb Pohn-Xssi-en¡v AhÀ kzbw Iogvs¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Ah-Ø-bmWv kwPm-Xa
- mbn-«p-Å-Xv.''
F¶n-cp-¶mepw ZfnXv P\-hn-`m-K-¯nse Npcp¡w Nne-sc-¦nepw D¶-X-hn-Zym`ymkw t\Sp-Ibpw D¶X cmjv{Sob ]Z-hn-I-fn F¯p-Ibpw sNbvXX
- paqew Ah-cpsS kmaqly Pohn-X-¯n ASp-¯-Im-e-¯mbn Nne amä-§Ä
61
h¶n-«p-−v. Ipd-¨p-t]À sa¨-s¸« Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-bn F¯n-bn-«p-s−-¦nepw
ZfnXv hn`m-K-¯nse `qcn-`m-Khpw `qc-ln-X-cmb IÀj-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-If
- mbn
tPmen sN¿p-¶-h-cpw, iu-Nm-eb ipNo-I-cWw XpS§n A]m-b-I-c-am-bX
- pw,
aämcpw XmXv]-cy-s¸-Sm-¯Xpw AXn-ep-]cn Ah-cpsS Btcm-Ky-s¯bpw Pohs\-¯-s¶bpw kmc-ambn _m[n-¡p-¶-Xp-amb sXmgn-ep-I-fn GÀs¸«v
C¶pw PohnXw XÅn-\o-¡p-¶-h-cp-am-Wv. ZfnXv kv{XoI-fm-Is« ]pdw kaq-l¯n-ep-Å-h-cpsS ssewKo-Im-Xn-{I-a-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-cm-Ip-Ibpw kzIp-Spw-_¯n c−mw-Xcw hyàn-I-fmbn KWn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. F¶m ]c¼-cm-K-X-amb Cu \nµym-h-Ø-bn \n¶v kzbw tamNn-X-cm-Im³ {ian-¡p¶
ZfnXv kv{XoI-fp-ap-−v. ChÀ X§-fpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡p-th−n t]mcm-SpIbpw kÀ¡mÀ ]n´pW tXSp-Ibpw Hs¡ sN¿p-¶p-s−-¦nepw kÀ¡mÀ
Chsc ImWp-¶Xv Ah-Im-i-t¸m-cm-fn-I-fm-bà adn¨v kwc-£n-¡-s¸-tS−
P\-hn-`m-K-am-bn-«m-Wv. sshcp-²y-sa¶v ]d-bs« kÀ¡mÀ Øm]-\-§f
- nÂ
\n¶pw DtZym-K-Ø-cn \n¶pw Gähpw Ipdª tXmXn-se-¦nepw AwKo-Imctam ]cn-K-W-\tbm ChÀ¡v e`n-¡p-¶p-an-Ã. {Kma-]-©m-b¯v `c-W-IÀ¯m¡-fmbn sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ZfnXv kv{XoIÄ t\cn-Sp¶ shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ
CXn\v aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
kmaq-ln-Ihpw km¼-¯n-Ihpw cmjv{So-b]chpw kmwkv¡m-cn-I-hp-amb ASn¨-aÀ¯- {]Xybimkv{X-¯nsâ auen-I-amb _lnÀkv^p-c-W-§f
- mbn
ZfnXv hn`m-K-§-tfm-SpÅ {Iqc-X-Isf hnh-£n-¡mw. a\p-jy-cmbn P·-sa-Sp¯-hÀs¡Ãmw _p²n-i-ànbpw Nn´m-i-àn-bp-ap-s−-¦nepw D¶-X-hn-Zym`ymkw t\Sn-b-hÀ¡pw, _p²n-Po-hn-IÄ¡pw am{X-amWv C¯cw Ign-hp-IÄ
DÅXv F¶mWv s]mXp-hm-bpÅ [mc-W. F´p-X-s¶-bm-bmepw ta¸dªXp-t]mse t£a-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v Xpc¦w shbv¡p¶ kÀ¡mÀ \b-§f
- pw,
C¯cw ASn-¨-aÀ¯-ensâ kmaq-ln-Ihpw km¼-¯n-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-]chpw
kmwkv¡m-cn-I-hp-amb {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§-fp-saÃmw ZfnXv hn`m-K-¡msc ImemIm-e-§-tfmfw ASn-¨-aÀ¯-s¸-«-h-cmbn \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v e£yw sh¨p-Åh-bm-Wv. C¯cw kmaq-lnI, km¼-¯n-I, cmjv{Sob, kmwkv¡m-cnI ASn-¨aÀ¯-ep-IÄ tUm.-_n. BÀ Awt_-ZvIÀ, C.-]n. cma-kzman s]c-ntbmÀ XpS§nb kap-¶-X- t\-Xm-¡-fpsS ]cn-{i-a-^-e-ambn Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc XS-bs
- ¸-«psh-¦nepw BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-¯n-sâ-bpw, Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯n-sâbpw
apJy-Im-c-W-§-fmbn Nq−n-¡m-«m-hp¶ kmt¦-XnI hfÀ¨-bp-sSbpw BtKm-fh¡-c-W-¯n-sâbpw ^e-ambn ho−pw Ah-bpsS hr¯n-sI« Xe
s]m¡m³ XpS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
ZfnXv kv{XoIÄ: aq¶p-Xcw shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ
ZfnXv kv{XoIsf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw aq¶v Xcw shÃp-hn-fn-I-fmWv t\cn-Sm\p-Å-Xv. CXn BZy-t¯Xv ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn-¯ -k-aq-l-¯n kv{XoIÄ
s]mXpsh t\cn-Sp¶, kv{XoIÄ IpSpw-_-¯nsâ D¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-§Ä Gsä-Sp62
¡Ww
F¶
Ah-Ø-bp-ambn
_Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.
{][m-\-ambpw
`£Ww ]mNIw sN¿Â, Pew tiJ-cn-¡Â, {]mb-ambhcp-sSbpw Ip«n-If
- psSbpw ]cn-N-cWw XpS-§nb IpSpw-_-¯nsâ B`y´c -Im-cy-§Ä AhÀ
t\m¡-Ww. CXns\ "IpSpw-_-¯nse enwK-]-c-amb sXmgn hn`-P\w' F¶p hn-fn-¡mw.
ChÀ t\cn-Sp¶ c−m-as¯ shÃp-hnfn AhÀ Zfn-X-cm-sW-¶Xv Xs¶.
DbÀ¶ PmXn, Xmgv¶ PmXn XpS-§nb thÀXn-cn-hp-I-tfmsSbpÅ PmXn
t{iWn-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n ZfnXv hn`m-K-¡mÀ IW-¡m-¡-s¸-SpI Gähpw
Xmsg X«n-epÅ kmaqly {Ia¯nsâ hnfp¼nepÅ sXm«p-Iq-Sm-¯h
- cpw, ]mÀizh¡-cn-¡-s¸-«-h-cp-am-bm-Wv.
aq¶m-a-t¯-Xm-Is« BtKm-f-Xm-]\w aqe-apÅ ]mcn-Øn-XnI amä-§-fp-ambn
_Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. C¯cw amä-§-fpsS A\-´-c-^-e-§Ä FÃm Poh-Pm-e§
- sfbpw _m[n-¡p-¶-Xm-sW-¦nepw ZfnXv kv{XoI-sfbpw s]¬Ip-«n-I-sfbpw
CXv IqSp-X tami-ambn _m[n-¡p-¶nà F¶ \ntj-[m-ß-I-hmZw Hcn-¡epw
AwKo-I-cn-¡-¯-¡-X-Ã. Imc-Ww, C¯cw \ntj-[-§Ä, Ch-cpsS PmXnt{iWn Øm\w IqSn IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ Imem-hØm \oXn-¡p-th-−nbpÅ Ch-cpsS {ia-§sf Xptemw ZpÀº-e-am-¡p-¶p.
ap³Im-e-§-fnÂ, GXm−v 15 hÀj-§Ä¡v ap¼p-hsc kpe-`-ambn e`n-¨ncp¶ hn`-h-am-bn-cp¶p Pew. Xan-gn "shÅw-t]m-se-bp-Å-h³' F¶v
BÀ¡pw BRvPm-\p-hÀ¯n-I-fmbn, BÀ¡pw hiw-h-Z-cm-Ip-¶-hsc ]c-nlkn-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Hcp {]tbmKw Xs¶-bp-−m-bn-cp-¶p. ]s£ C¶v
Pew A¯-c-samcp D]-a-cq-t]-W-tbm, Xpe\mÂa-I-amb coXn-bntem D]-tbmKn-¡-¯-¡-X-Ã. adn¨v hne-sIm-Sp-¡p-hm³ Ign-hpÅhÀ¡pam-{Xw, e`y-amIp¶ Hcp Akp-e` hkvXp-hmWv. kap-{Z-P-em-XnÀ¯n-I-sfbpw kwØm-\§
- fpsS Pew ]¦n-S-ep-I-sf-bp-saÃmw _Ô-s¸-«pÅ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-§-fpw, adphm-Z-§fpw \ndª, A´Àkw-Øm\ _Ô-§sf kmc-ambn _m[n-¡p¶
Hcp cmjv{So-b-h¡rX {]iv\-ambn Pew C¶v amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
tI-c-f-hpw, Xan-gv\mSpw X½n-epÅ apÃ-s¸-cn-bmÀ \Zo-XÀ¡w, B{Ôbpw Xangv\mSpw X½n-epÅ IrjvW-\Zn XÀ¡w, IÀ®m-S-Ibpw Xan-gv\mSpw X½nepÅ Imthcn \Zn XÀ¡w Ch DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wn-Xn-\v.
{Kma-X-e-§-fnÂ, IpSpw-_-§Ä¡p-Ån t]mepw shÅ-¯nsâ cmjv{Sobw
A[nIw ]pd-¯p-h-cm¯ Hcp XÀ¡-hn-j-b-am-Wv. {Kma-§-fnse IpSn-shÅ
InW-dp-IÄ s]mXpsh FÃm-hÀ¡pw Hcp-t]mse D]-tbm-K-¯n\v e`y-aÃ
- .
PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bm thÀXn-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ C¯cw InW-dp-I-fn \n¶v
Pew tiJ-cn-¡m³ ZfnXv kv{XoIÄ¡v km[n-¡n-Ã. sXm«p-Iq-Sm-bva-bpsS am\63
t¡Sv Npa-¡p¶ ChÀ X§Ä Xma-kn-¡p¶ CS-§-fn \n¶v _lp-Zqcw
\S¶v IpSn-shÅw tiJ-cn-¡m³ \nÀ_-²-cm-Ip-¶p. apJy-ambpw s]¬Ip-«nIÄ¡mWv IpSpw-_-¯n\v apgp-h³ Bh-iy-amb IpSn-shÅw tiJ-cn-¡p-¶Xnsâ D¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-sa-¶n-cns¡ Ch-cpsS hnZym-`ym-khpw X·qew \ntj-[n¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. ISp¯ Pe-£maw t\cn-Sp¶ hncp-Zp-\-KÀ t]mep-Å PnÃ-If
- nÂ
DbÀ¶ ¢mkp-I-fn \n¶p-apÅ ZfnXv s]¬Ip-«n-I-fpsS sImgn-ªp-t]m¡n\v
{][m-\-Im-c-W-§-fn-sem-¶mbn
Np−n-¡m-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-Xm-Wv.
ap³Im-e-§-fn D]-bp-à-am-bn-cp¶ Sm¦p-IÄ, Ipf-§Ä, \oÀ¨m-ep-IÄ, NndIÄ XpS-§nb Pe-t{km-X-Êp-I-sfÃmw C¶v {]hÀ¯-\-c-ln-X-am-Wv. IpsdsbÃmw A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.
hnI-k\ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v
XpS¡w Ipdn-¡-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄXs¶ \in-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ {][m\ kwK-Xn-If
- nsem¶v C¯cw ]c-¼-cm-KX Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fm-Wv. C¯cw \io-I-cWw am{Xaà cq£-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ Pe-£m-a-¯n\v ImcWw. hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn \n¶papÅ aen-\-P-e-hpw, aäv amen-\y-§-fp-saÃmw Cu ip²-Pe
- m-i-b-§-fn-te-¡pw,
sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb \Zn-I-fn-te¡pw XÅp-¶Xpw Ch D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-amIm³ Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p-−v.
{]]-©-L-S-\-¯nse ]©-aq-e-I-§-fmb `qan, Pew, hmbp, BIm-iw, Aán
XpS-§n-bh
a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS
\ne-\n¸n\v
AXy-´m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
F¶m Cu \ne-\n¸n\v ISp¯ shÃp-hnfn DbÀ¯p¶ coXn-bn Ch
aeo-a-k-am-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
sN-dp-]-«-W-§-fn-epw, h³\-K-c-§-fnepsaÃmw hml-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bpÅ ip²Pehnev]\ C¶v \nXy-Im-gvN-bm-Wv. t£a-{]-hÀ¯-\-sa¶ te_-enÂ
kÀ¡mÀ kuP-\y-\n-c-¡n ip²-P-e-hn-ev]\ \S-¯p¶p F¶Xv Hcp hntcm[m-`m-k-atÃ? FÃm P\-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡pw C§s\ ]Ww \ÂIn shÅw
hm§m³ Ign-bptam? A¯m-g-]-«n-Wn-¡m-c³ ]Ww sImSp¯v IpSn-shÅw
hm§m³ \nÀ_-²-\m-Ip¶ AhØ F§s\ \ymbo-I-cn-¡m³ km[n¡pw?
Hcp-h-i¯v Pem-i-b-§sf \nÀ_m[w aen-\o-I-cn-¡m³ ^mIvS-dn-IÄ¡pw,
hyh-kmb bqWn-äp-IÄ¡p-saÃmw A\p-aXn \ÂIp-¶-Xcw hn\m-i-I-ca
- mb
\b-§fpw ]²-Xn-I-fp-amWv \ap-¡p-Å-Xv. adp-`m-K-¯m-Is« kao-]-Øa
- mb
Pem-i-b-§-fn \n¶pw ZfnXv kv{XoIsf B«n-bIäp¶ kmaq-ly-L-S-\bpw.
ZfnXv kv{XoIÄ CXn-s\-Xnsc i_vZp-ap-bÀ¯m³ apXnÀ¶m kaq-l-¯nse
D¶-X-cn \n¶v {Iqc-amb ]oV-\-§fpw D]-{Z-h-§fpw kln-t¡-−n- bpw hcp-¶p.
A\oXn \ndª Hcp kmaqly Npäp-]m-Snse Imem-hØm \oXn
""km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨-bmWv Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Gähpw henb hn\m-iI
- mcn. hf-cp¶ k¼Zv hyh-Ø-bpw, Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-Øn-Xnbpw Hcp-an¨v
64
\ap¡v km[y-amWv F¶p Icp-Xp-¶-hÀ¡v sXän-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. \½Ä \½psS
F®w Ipd-¨n-sÃ-¦n {]IrXn \ap-¡mbn AXv sN¿pw.'' It\-Un-b³ h\yPohn imkv{X-Ú-\mb s\-bv tU-hnsâ (Neil Davie) hm¡p-IÄ.
Ignª c−v \qäm-−p-I-fn A´-co-£-¯nse aosYbv³ Afhv aney\v (Zi-e-£-¯n-\v) 0.7 `mKw F¶-Xn \n¶v Zi-e-£-¯n\v 1.7 `mKw F¶mbn
hÀ²n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. C{X henb Af-hn aosYbv³ A´-co-£-¯nte¡v IS¯n-hn-«m CXv BtKm-f-Xm-]\w \nÝ-b-ambpw 4 apX 6 Un{Kn
skÂjykv hsc hÀ²n-¡m³ CS-bm-¡psa¶v Nne Imem-hØm imkv{XÚÀ `b-¡p-¶p9.- Iq-Sp-X hnh-c-§Ä e`y-am-bn-h-cp-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn¨v Nn{Xw
IqSp-X IqSp-X Ccp-fp-I-bm-Wv.-Im-em-hØm hyXn-bm-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«
Imc-W-§-fm Hmtcm hÀjhpw 5 aney³ (50 e£w) Bfp-I-sf-¦nepw ac-Ws¸-Sp-¶p-sh-¶mWv Ct¸mÄ Xs¶-bpÅ IW-¡v.10 an¡ Imem-hØ amXr-IIfpw {]h-Nn-¨-Xn-t\-¡mÄ thK-¯n Cu {]{Inb XpS-cp-sa-¶mWv {]Xo-£n¡p-¶-Xv.
BtKm-f-Xm-]\w Nne-bn-S-§-fn Bh-iy-amb ag-bpsS A`m-h-¯n\v am{X-aÃ
thsd Nne `mK-§-fn shÅ-s¸m-¡-¯n\pw {][m-\-ambpw aªp-]m-fn-IÄ
Dcp-Ip-¶-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-bn-«p-−v F¶v \ap-¡-dnbmw. lnam-e-b³ {]tZ-i§
- fn ASp-¯-Im-e-¯p-−mb shÅ-s¸m¡w C¯-c-samcp {]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. B
Zpc-´-¯nse Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v kv{Xo ]pcp-j-·m-cpsS acWw D−m-¡nb
\mi-\-jvS-§fpw ISp¯ thZ-\-Ifpw \ap¡v ad-¡m³ Ign-bptam?
h³ \K-c-§-fn-tem, sNdp-]-«-W-§-fntem {Kma-§-fntem FhnsS Bbmepw
ZfnXv hn`m-K-¡mÀ an¡-hmdpw Xmgv¶ {]tZ-i-§-fn-emWv A[n-h-kn-¡p-I.
shÅ-s¸m¡w aqew Ch-cpsS IpSn-ep-IÄ ap§n-t¸m-Ip-hm-t\m, Hen-¨p-t]mImt\m CS-bm-Ip-¶p. Cu hn\m-i-¯nsâ t]cn AhÀ¡p e`n-¡p¶ \maam-{X-amb \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \jvS-s¸« IpSn-ep-IÄ ]p\À\nÀ½n-¡m³ aXn-bm-bX-Ã. CXn-\p-]p-d-sa, `£-W-s¸m-Xn-IÄ hnX-cWw sN¿p-t¼mÄ AXn-\mbn
bmNn-t¡-−n-h-cp-¶Xpw ChÀ¡v ISp¯ am\-knI k½À±-¯n\v CS-bm-¡p¶p. Cu Zpc-´-¯n\v ap¼v, PohnXw XÅn-\o-¡m³ kv{XoIÄ sNbvXn-cp¶
ho«p-tPm-en-Ifpw
]pcp-j³amÀ¡p-−m-bn-cp¶
dn£m-h-en-¡Ât]m-epff
tPmen-IÄ t]mepw 30-þ40 Intem-ao-äÀ Zqsc ]p\-c-[n-hk
- n-¡-s¸-«-Xp-aqew
AhÀ¡v \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶p. C¯cw lrZ-b-iq-\y-amb ]dn-¨p-\S-  aqew
Cu ]mhw P\-X-bpsS ]mÀ¸n-Shpw hkvXp-h-I-Ifpw sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W§
- f
- psaÃmw Zb-\o-b-amb coXn-bn \jvS-am-Ip-I-bm-Wp-−m-Ip-¶Xv. X·qew
AhÀ sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva-bn-te-¡pw, Zmcn-{Zy-¯n-te¡pw kaq-l-¯nsâ hnfp-¼n9
‘The coming of an instant planetary emergency’, an article by U.S. journalist Dahr Jamail published by
the Nation institute, a non-profit media centre in the USA.
10
Human health and climate change- The Climate Institute
65
te¡pw XÅ-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. an¡-t¸mgpw InS-¡m-\nSw t]mepw e`n¡msX A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb Npäp-]m-Sn \S-¸m-X-I-fn A´n-bp-d-t§-−n-hcp¶ Ah-Ø-bn-te¡v t]mep-sa-¯p-¶p.
`qc-ln-X-cmb ZfnXv hn`m-K-§Ä¡v BsI-bpÅ kz¯v I¶p-Im-en-IÄ, BSv,
amSv, tImgn XpS-§nb hfÀ¯p-ar-K-§-fmWv. Ah-cpsS I¶p-Im-en-IÄ ]pÃpta-bp-¶-bn-S-§Ä hyh-km-b-im-e-IÄ¡pw aäp-ambn IhÀs¶-Sp-¡s
- ¸-Spt¼mÄ Chsb- hnsäm-gn-hm-¡p-I-b-ÃmsX aäv amÀ¤-an-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p. IqSmsX
s]mXp-Ø-e-¯-p C-hÀ¡v {]th-i\w \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Ah-Ø-Iq-Sn-bm-Ipt¼mÄ `£Ww ]mNIw sN¿m³ hndIp Is−-¯m\pw aäpw kv{XoIfpw
Ip«n-Ifpw Gsd IjvS-s¸-tS− ØnXn-bpw D−m-Ip-¶p.
ZfnXv, ]«n-I-hn-`m-K-¡m-cpsS `qan Gsä-Sp-¡Â hyà-ambn XS-bp¶ kÀ¡mÀ
D¯-c-hp-I-fp-−v. CXn-sem¶v dh\yp hIp-¸nsâ 27.12.1984 epÅ 2078 \¼À
D¯-chpw asäm¶v 28.4.1995 epÅ 353 þmw \¼À kÀ¡mÀ D¯-c-hp-am-Wv.
F¶n-cp-¶mepw Ch-cpsS IpSn-sbm-gn-¸n-¡- \nÀ_m[w XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. \nÀ_ÔnX IpSn-sbm-gn-¸n-¡-en \n¶pw Øm\-am-ä-§-fn \n¶pw P\-§sf kwc£n-t¡− D¯-c-hm-Zn¯w `c-W-Iq-S-¯n-\m-Wv. Cu ]pd-¯m-¡-en\pw IpSnsbm-gn-¸n-¡-en-\p-saÃmw XS-bn-Sm³ _Z ]²-Xn-IÄ Dcp-¯n-cn-tb-−n-bn-cn¡p-¶p.
sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS "]mÀ¸n-S-¯n-\pÅ {]tXyI \nco-£-Isâ'
dnt¸mÀ«v kpc-£nX hmk-Øew, ]¦m-fn-¯w, hnh-c-§-fpsS e`y-X, `qan,
Pew, {]IrXn hn`-h-§Ä Ch-bpsS e`yX, \io-I-c-W-¯n \n¶pw tISp]m-Sp-I-fn \n¶p-apÅ kpc£, ]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw \jvS-]-cn-lm-chpw, \oXn¡pÅ Ah-kchpw, hnZym-`ym-khpw kv{XoIÄs¡Xn-sc-bpÅ AXn-{I-a§
- fn \n¶p-apÅ tamN-\hpw XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-XmWv. ]t£ hnI-k\ ]²-Xn-I-fpsS t]cn-tem, hÀ²-am-\-ambns¡m−n-cn-¡p¶
{]IrXn Zpc-´-§Ä aqe-tam, X§-fpsS hmk-Ø-e-¯p-\n¶v ]dn-¨p-am-äs
- ¸Sp¶ ]mh-s¸-«-hÀ¡v Bh-iy-amb `£-Ww, ip²-P-ew, sshZy-k-lm-bw,
hnZym-`ym-kw, sXmgnÂ, hyàn-kp-c-£n-X-Xzw, ASn-¨-aÀ¯-en \n¶pw AXn{I-a-¯n \n¶pw tamN-\w, `qan, ]mÀ¡m-\pÅ CSw F¶nh \ntÈjw CÃmXm-¡p-¶p.
{]IrXn hn`-h-§-fpsS \mi-¯-te¡v \bn-¡p¶ hmWnPyh¡-cWs¯ ]n´m-§p¶ kÀ¡mÀ \b-§Ä BtKm-f-Xm-]\w Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-em¡p-sa-¶Xv Ahn-XÀ¡n-X-amb hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. CXv kw`-hn-¡p-t¼mÄ
Ct¸mtg ZpÀº-e-amb ZfnXv kv{XoI-fpsS AhØ H¶p-IqSn tami-am-Ip-I
am{X-amWv sN¿p-I. ChnsS Db-cp¶ tNmZy-an-Xm-Wv.
Imem-hØm \oXn F¶Xp-sIm−v Cu P\-hn-`m-Ks¯ kw_-Ôn¨v F´mWv
AÀ°-am-¡p-¶Xv?
66
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä
\ÂtI−n hcp-¶-hne
Indp-_m-I-c³
""HcmÄ¡v amen-\y-am-bp-ÅXv asäm-cmÄ¡v Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-hm-Wv.'' CeIvt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä Imem-hØ amä-¯n\v Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-hmIptam?
Z£n-tW-´y-bn _wKvfp-cphn-\pw, sNss¶¡pw tijw hnhc kmt¦-XnI
hnZy-bn-eq-¶n-bpÅ hyh-km-b-§Ä IqSp-X-embn ImWp-¶Xv tImb-¼-¯q-cnem-Wv. Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bn Cu taJe 1,500 tImSn (15,000 aney¬ C´y³
Ddp-¸n-I)-bpsS kw`m-h\ \ÂIp-¶p, AXn 750 tImSn (7,500 aney¬
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä
67
C´y³ Ddp-¸n-I) bpw tkm^vävthÀ Ib-äp-a-Xn-bn \n¶p am{Xw F¶mWv
dnt¸mÀ«p-IÄ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. AtX kabw, Cu I¼yq-«À A[n-jvTnX
Øm]-\-§Ä Znh-kw- tXmdpw 4 apX 6 hsc S¬ AsÃ-¦nÂ, hmÀjn-Iambn 2000 S¬ hsc Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä DÂ]mZn-¸n¡p¶p
F¶mWv Btcm-]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. F¶n-cp-¶mepw, tImb-¼-¯qÀ \Kck-`bpsS ]¡Â CsX-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hyà-amb IW¡pIsfm¶p-an-Ã.
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä ]cn-Øn-Xn¡v KWy-am-b- tXm-Xn-epÅ
\miap−m-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. Chsb atä-sX-¦nepw Xcw KmÀlnI amen-\y-§tfm, N−n-I-tfm -t]mse ssIImcyw sN¿m-\p-am-In-Ã. C¯cw sIm¨p-b{- ´`m-K-§Ä/D]-I-c-W-§Ä ]cn-ØnXn \mi-ap-−m-¡p-¶-Xpw, Poh-\p -Xs¶
`oj-Wn-bp-bÀ¯p-¶-Xp-am-b-Xp sIm−v Chsb thÀXn-cn¨v amän-sh-¡W
- w.
C¯cw hnj-h-kvXp-¡Ä Ipgn-¨p-aq-Sp-Itbm I¯n-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶Xv ]cnØn-Xn¡v hn\m-i-I-c-am-Wv. C´y-bn-em-Zy-ambn, Xan-gv\mSv kwØm-\a
- mWv
2010þÂ Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen\y]cn-]m-e\w ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\mbn
\nbaw \nÀan-¡p-I-bpw AXn-\\pkrX-ambn Hcp \bw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXXv. 11 2011þÂ Cu \nb-a-¯n\v Nne t`Z-K-Xn-IÄ hcp-¯n, ]pXnb
\nÀt±-i-§Ä DÄs¸-Sp¯n \nbaw \S-¸n hcp-¯p-¶-Xnsâ taÂt\m«w aen\o-I-cW \nb-{´W t_mÀUns\ Gev]n-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. F¶m \mfn-Xphsc Cu \nbaw \S-¸n hcp-¯n-bn-«n-Ã.
C§s\ S¬I-W-¡n\v Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä D−m-¡p¶ AhØ
XpS-cm-\-\p-h-Zn-¨mÂ, Xma-kn-bmsX Xs¶ tImb-¼-¯qÀ t]mepÅ Hcp
\Kcw hmk-tbm-Ky-a-Ãm-Xm-bn-¯ocpw F¶v ]cn-ØnXn {]hÀ¯-IÀ ap¶-dnbn¸v \ÂIp-¶p. I¼yq-«-dp-IÄ, em]vtSm-¸p-IÄ, samss_ t^mWp-IÄ,
Iyma-d-IÄ, s]³ss{U-hp-IÄ, ^vtfm¸n UnkvIp-IÄ, knUn-IÄ, sSen-hnj³ skäp-IÄ, Im¡p-te-ä-dp-IÄ, sSen-t^m¬ D]-I-c-W-§Ä, ^mIvkv
sajo-\p-IÄ, Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv {]nâpÅ kÀIyq«v -t_mÀUp-IÄ, {]nâ-dp-IÄ,
CÔ\ _mä-dn-IÄ XpS-§n-b-h-bnÂ\n-¶v D−m-Ip-Itbm, ]pdw XÅp-Itbm
sN¿p¶ (sam-¯-am-tbm, Nne-`m-K-§-tfm, IjvW-§-fm-tbm) hsbÃmw
DÄs¸-Sp-¶-h-bmWv Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§fmbn IW-¡m-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
tIm-b-¼-¯qÀ \Kck`¡v Jc-am-en\y ]p\xNw{I-a-W-¯n-\p- th−n hmd¦Â ]²-Xn- t]m-epÅ hn]p-e-amb ]²-Xn-Ifpw AXo-h- Xm-Xv]-cy-t¯m-sSbpÅ ¹m\p-Ifpw, amen\yw Xcw-Xn-cn-¡m-\pÅ ]²-Xn-bpw, amen-\y-¯nÂ
\n¶pw sshZypXn DÂ]mZn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ¹mâv t]mep-ap-−v. F¶mÂ
hnI-knX cmPy-§Ä Ah-cpsS \m«n \n¶v Hgn-hm-¡p-Ibpw, Ibän Ab11
india.gov.in/tamil-nadu-e-waste-policy-2010
68
bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ temI-¯n\p apgp-h³ `oj-Wn-bm-bn-«pÅ Ce-Ivt{SmWnIv amen-\y-§sf thÀXn-cn-¡m-t\m, hr¯n-bm-¡m-t\m, ]p\x-Nw-{I-aWw
\S-¯mt\m DÅ bmsXmcp ]²-Xn-Itfm, ¹m\p-Itfm AhÀ¡n-Ã.
shÅ-eqÀ amen\yw XÅ {]tZiw BWv tImb-¼-¯q-cn amen-\y-§Ä
XÅp-¶-Xn-\pÅ {][m-\-bn-Sw.
tImb-¼-¯qÀ \K-c-¯n apgp-h-\p-ap-ÅFÃm amen-\y-§-fpw, N−n-Ifpw XÅp-¶-Xn-hnsS am{X-am-Wv. ChnsS 650
G¡-tdmfw Øe¯v 10 e£w S®n IqSp-X amen\y§fpw N−n-Ifpw
\ndªp InS-¡p-¶p. tImb-¼-¯qÀ \K-c-k` DtZym-K-Ø-cpsS IW¡-\p-kcn¨v Cu 10 e£w S¬ amen-\y-¯n Ipd-ªXv 21/2 e£w S¬ F¦nepw
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen\y§-fm-Wv.
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§fpsS hne?
]pXn-sbm-sc®w hm§n D]-tbm-Kn¡mw F¶ Nn´-bn \mw Hcp ]gb
Im¡p-te-ä-tdm, skÂt^mtWm Ae-£y-ambn Nh-äp-Ip-«-bn-se-dn-bp-¶p.
Nne-bn-S-§-fn C¯cw km[-\-§-fn \n¶v Nne `mK-§Ä Ducn-sb-Sp¯mWv Bfp-IÄ Ch hen-s¨-dn-bp-I. C¯cw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv hkvXp-¡Ä,
aäp-am-en-\y-§-fn \n¶v hn`n-¶-am-bn, a-®pw A´-co-£-hp-ambn cmk{]Xn-{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯p-Ibpw KuchXc-amb A]-I-S-§Ä¡v CS-bm¡p-Ibpw
sN¿p-¶p. \½Ä km[m-cW Câ-t{K-äUv kÀIyq«v AsÃ-¦n {]nâUv
kÀIyq«v t_mÀUp-IÄ Bbn ImWp¶ D]-I-c-W-§-fn ¹mÌn-Iv,- seUv,
Aeq-an-\n-bw, ÌoÂ, tIm¸À (sN-¼v), Sn³ (\m-Iw), \n¡Â, kn¦v, kzÀWw,
am³K-\o-kv, shÅn, \ntbm-_n-bw, saÀ¡p-dn, ¹män-\w, t_dnbw, t{Xmanbw
XpS§n \nc-h[n aqe-I-§fpw cmk-h-kvXp-¡fpw AS-§n-bn-«p−v.
HcmÄ 5 ss]k tamjvSn-¡p-¶Xv Hcp henb {]iv\-am-bn-cn-¡nÃ. F¶mÂ
5000 t]À 5 ss]k hoXw tamjWw \S¯nbm AsXmcp Ne-\-ap-−m¡ntÃ? CtX-t]mse Xs¶, Rmt\m \n§tfm Hcp D]tbmK iq\y-amb
Im¡p-te-ä-tdm, sk t^mtWm Nh-äp-Ip-«-bn-te-¡n-«m AsXmcp A{]k-à-amb Imcy-am-Imw; F¶m tImb-¼-¯qÀ \K-c-¯n hkn-¡p¶ 15
e£w Bfp-Ifpw C¯cw Hcp sNdnb hkvXp hen-s¨-dn-ªm AXv Ip¶pIqSn Hcp ae-bm-Ipw. C§s\-bmWv tImb-¼-¯qÀ \K-c-¯nse shÅ-eqÀ
amen\yw XÅ {]tZ-i¯v Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä Ipanªp IqSn-bX
- v.
C¯cw amen-\y-§Ä tiJ-cn-¨v, Ah I¯n¨v Nmc-am-¡p-¶Xv tImb-¼-¯qÀ
\K-c-k` ipNo-I-cW Poh-\-¡m-cpsS tPmen-bm-Wv.
Nne-t¸mÄ AhÀ
C¯cw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§fn \n¶v kzÀ®w, sN¼v t]mepÅ
hkvXp-¡Ä I¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p- ap¼v thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡m-dp-−v. F¶m taÂ
kqNn-¸n¨ aäv hkvXp-¡fpsS-sbÃmw Ah-Ø-sb-´mWv? Cu cmk-]-ZmÀ°§Ä¡v F´mWv kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv?
69
Ign-ª-hÀjw HIvtSm-_-dn Cu am-en\yw XÅ {]tZ-i¯v h³ Aán_m-[-bp-−m-bn. XoÀ¨-bmbpw e£-¡-W-¡n\v S¬ Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv/¹mÌnIv
amen-\y-§fpw Aán-¡n-c-bm-bn-«p-−m-Ipw. Cu Aán-_m[ krjvSn¨ ]pI
Intem-ao-ä-dp-I-tfmfw k©-cn¨v tImb-¼-¯qÀ hnam-\-¯m-hfw hsc-sb-¯n.
CXp-aqew hnam\ kÀÆo-kp-IÄ Xmdp-am-dm-bXv \n§Ä HmÀ½n-¡p-¶p-−m-Imw.
C¯cw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä I¯n-¡p-t¼mÄ am{Xta {]iv\-ap-−mIp-¶pÅp F¶ Xc-¯n-eà Imcy-§Ä. a®n XÅn-bmepw CXv `qansb
aeo-a-k-am-¡p¶p; `utam-]-cn-X-e-¯n\v Iosg-bpÅ Pehpw aen-\-am-¡s
- ¸-Sp¶p. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, sSen-hn-j³ kv{Io\p-IÄ a®n XÅn-bm AXnepÅ seUv, t_dnbw XpS-§nb L\-tem-l-§Ä `qKÀ`-P-ew, `utam-]-cn-Xe
Pew F¶n-hsb aen-\-am-¡pw. Ch tSmIvknIv t^mkv^-dkv (hn-j-en]vX
KÔ-Iw) Fs¶mcp hnj cmk-hkvXp ]pd-¯p-hn-Sp-¶p-−v.
aen-\-amb `qKÀ`-Pew
CXp-t]m-se, kwtbm-PnX kÀIyq-«p-I-tfm, {]nâv sNbvX kÀIyq«v t_mÀUpItfm I¯n-¡p-I-tbm, shdpsX a®n-e-gp-Im³ CS-bm-¡p-I-tbm sNbvXmÂ
CXv Af-hn-Ãm¯ hmbp aen\oIc-W-¯n\v Imc-W-am-Ipw. C¯cw t_mÀUpI-fn-epÅ Sn³, seUv, t{_mssa-Up-ambn tNÀ¶pÅ UtbmIvkn\p-IÄ,
s_dn-en-bw, ImUvan-bw, saÀ¡pdn XpS-§nb aqe-I-§fpw teml-§fpw `qan70
sb-bpw Pe-s¯bpw aen-\-am-¡p-¶p. kIe Pe-Pohn hÀ¤-§s
- fbpw D·qe\w sN¿m³ am{Xw iàna¯m-Wn-h.
C¶s¯ Ah-Ø-bn C¯cw {]iv\-§Ä t\cn-Sp¶ temI \K-c§
- fpsS ]«n-I-bn Hcp apJy-Øm-\-¯mWv tImb-¼-¯qÀ \Kcw DÅ-Xv.
amen\yw XÅÂ {]tZiw ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ shÅ-eqÀ `mKs¯ `qKÀ`-Pew
Ct¸mÄ Xs¶ aª-\n-d-ambn amdn-I-gn-ªp. tImb-¼-¯qÀ ]n.-F-kv.P
- n.
BÀSvkv & kb³kv tImtfPv Pntbm-fPn hn`mKw s{]m^-kÀ tUm. aWnbpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ, shÅw \nc-h[n cmk-h-kvXp-¡-fm aeo-a-ka
- m-¡s¸-«-Xm-bmWv ImWp-¶-Xv. Cu {]tZ-i¯v hf-cp¶ ac-§-fpsSbpw, sNSn-If
- psS-bp-saÃmw hn[n F´mIpw? Cu Pew IpSn-¡p¶ P\-§Ä¡v F´p kw`hn¡pw? CsXÃmw Btcm-Ky-¯n-\pw, ]cn-Øn-Xn¡pw \miw krjvSn-¡pw.
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§fn AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä h³
tXmXn lcnX Krl-hm-X-I-§Ä ]pd-¯p-hn-Sm³ Ign-hp-Å-h-bm-Wv.
C¯cw amen-\y-§Ä t\cn«v I¯n-¡p-I-tbm, a®n Iq¼m-c-ambn InS-¡m³
A\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-tbm
sNbvXmÂ
Ch
a®n-epÅ
[mXp-¡-fp-ambn
{]Xn{]hÀ¯\w \S-¯p-Ibpw XZv^-e-ambn D-−m-Ip¶ ]pXnb ]ZmÀ°§Ä hgn-tbm, AX-sÃ-¦n Cu {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯\ {]{Inb Xs¶ hgntbm
lcn-X-Krl hmXI _lnÀK-a\w D−m-Ip-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
\ap-¡n-sX-§s\ XSbmw?
ssN\ am{X-a-Ã, C´y, {_koÂ, saIvknt¡m XpS§n \nc-h[n cmjv{S§fpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y- `ojWn t\cn-Sp-¶p-sh-¶mWv "thÄUv I½oj³ Hm¬ F³h-tbm¬saâv Bâv Uh-e-¸vsaâv' F¶ A´m-cmjv{S kanXn-bpsS shfn-s¸-Sp-¯Â. 12
C¯cw amen-\y-§Ä AwKo-IrX kwkvIcW/]p\x-Nw-{I-aW Øm]-\-§Ä hgn ]p\x-N-{I-aWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-Itbm, ]p\-kw-kvI-cW {]{In-b¡v hnt[-b-am-¡-s¸-Sp-I-tbm, thWw. C¯cw
bXv\-§-fn-eqsS lcnXKrl hmXI \nÀ¤-a\w Ipd-¡m³ am{X-a-Ã, kzÀ®w,
shÅn, ]Ãm-Un-bw, sN¼v XpS-§nb Nne hne-]n-Sn-¸pÅ aqe-I-§Ä, teml§Ä F¶nh thÀXn-cn¨v hos−-Sp-¡m\pw Ign-bpw. AXp-sIm−v Ce-Ivt{SmWnIv cmjv{S-§Ä Ce-IvtSm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä aqe-ap-−m-Ip¶ Cu shÃphnfn t\cn-Sm-\pÅ bYmÀ° ]²-Xn-IÄ Bhn-jv¡-cn-t¡-−-Xnsâ Bh-iyIXbpw Cu kanXn Du¶n-¸-d-bp-¶p.
C´y-bn 2005þ DÂ]mZn-¸n-¡-s¸« Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä GXm−v
1.47 e£w S®m-bn-cp-s¶-¶pw, CXv 2012  8 e£w S®mbn hÀ²n-¨p-sh¶pw
12
Developing Countries Facing Future Surge In E-WastesnFebruary 22, 2010
http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/1825960/developing_countries_facing_future_surge_in_ewastes/#wQdDAD
5EcsDKcXsy.99
71
dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿p¶ ]cn-ØnXn a{´m-e-bw, hcpw hÀj-§-fn CXv At\-Ia
- S§v hÀ²n-¡p-sa¶v ASn-h-c-bn«p ]d-bp-¶p. CXn 70% hpw alm-cm-jv{S,
Xan-gv\m-Sv, B{Ô-{]-tZiv, bp.-]n. ]Ýn-a-_w-KmÄ, UÂln, IÀ®m-SI AS-¡apÅ 10 kwØm-\-§-fn \n¶v am{X-am-bn-cn-¡pw.13
"AXy]-I-S-I-c-amb amen-\y-§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ {]{Inb' Bbn-«mWv
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\yw- ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä ASp-¯I
- m-e¯mbn \nÀh-Nn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. C¯cw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä
ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v DNn-X-amb coXn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-hm³ kp{]ow
tImSXn D¯-c-hn-d-¡n-bn«v 10 hÀjw Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.14
tk-h\ \nIpXn F¶ t]cn Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y ]cn-]m-e-\-¯n-\m-bn
\nÀ½m-X-¡Ä Hcp {]tXyI \nIpXn D]-t`m-àm-¡-fn \n¶v kam-l-cn-¡p¶p-−v. I¼yq-«À D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h-cn \n¶v 3.94 % -þ 5.95 %, sSen-hn-j³
D]-t`m-àm-¡-fn \n¶v 3.4 % þ -5%, samss_ t^m¬ D]t`màm-¡f
- nÂ
\n¶v 3.4% þ 5% F¶o IW¡n Cu \nIpXn ]ncn-¡p-¶p-s−-¦nepw \mfnXp-hsc Hcp \nÀ½m-Xmhpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen\y ]cn-]m-e-\-¯n GÀs¸«n-«n-à F¶-XmWv hkvXp-X.
hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-§Ä, {KÙ-im-e-IÄ, {SÌp-IÄ, kmaq-ly-t£a kwL-S\-IÄ, Bip-]-{Xn-IÄ F¶n-hn-S-§-fn D]-tbm-Kn¨p Ignª Ce-Ivt{SmWnIv hkvXp-¡Ä Cd-¡p-aXn sN¿p-¶-Xn-s\-Xnsc tI{µ-kÀ¡mÀ ]pd-s¸-Sphn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ \ntcm-[\w ià-ambn \S-¸n-em-¡-m-\pÅ kabw Bk¶-am-bncn-¡p-¶p.
shÅ-eqÀ amen\yw XÅÂ {]tZiw
13
14
rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/E-Waste_in_india.pdf chapter 1, page 4
www.dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in/HWM_SCO.HTM 14-10,2003
72
]p\x-Nw-{I-aW/kwkvI-cW tI{µ-§-fpsS taÂt\m-«-¯n-\mbn bmsXmcp
kwhn-[m-\hpw \ne-hn-en-Ã. AwKo-IrX kwkvI-cW/]p\x-Nw-{I-aW bqWn-äpIÄ t\cn-Sp¶ bYmÀ° shÃp-hnfn Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä tiJ-cn¨v
C¯cw tI{µ§fn-te-s¡-¯n-¡p¶ Imcy-¯n-em-Wv. amen-\y-§Ä tiJ-cn¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ah skâ-dp-I-fn-se-¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw A]m-b-I-c-amb hkvXp¡Ä thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p-sa-Ãm-apÅ sNe-hp-IÄ Cu tI{µ-§Ä Xs¶
hln-¡-Ww.
CXn\mbn kÀ¡m-cn \nt¶m, \nÀ½m-Xm-¡-fn \nt¶m
hyà-amb bmsXmcp ]n´p-W-tbm, t{]mÕm-l-\tam Cu tI{µ-§Ä¡v e`n¡p-¶n-Ã.
aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{´W t_mÀUp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-t¸mÄ DtZym-K-Ø-·m-cpsS
adp-]-Sn-bn-§-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ""R§-fn-t¸mÄ ]co-£-Wm-Sn-Øm-\-¯n CeIvt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§sfÃmw hntZ-i-t¯¡v Ib-än-b-b¨v ]p\-cp-]-tbmKw
\S-¯m³ ]d-dp-¶-hsb kwkv¡-c-W-¯n-\mbn / ]p\x-Nw-{I-a-W-¯n-\mbn
thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp¯v aäp-Å-hsb \in-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-teÀs¸-«n-cn¡p-I-bm-Wv.''
aen\oI-cW \nb-{´W t_mÀUnsâ ]T-\-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n Xangv\m-«nse 2785 hyh-km-b-im-e-IÄ AXoh A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fmbn XcwXncn-¨n-«p−v.
]cn-ØnXn {]hÀ¯-t\m-Õm-lnbpw {Ko³]okv {]hÀ¯-I-\p-amb Pb-N{µ³ ]d-bp-¶p. ""sNdp Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv D]-I-c-W-§-fpsS D]-tbmKw Hgn-hm¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã.
]t£ Ah-bpsS amen-\y-§Ä IrXy-amb coXn-bnÂ
\in¸n¡-s¸-tS-−-Xp-−v. C¯cw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§Ä bYmÀ°¯n F{X-t¯mfw A]-ISw D−m-¡p-¶p-sh¶v Bcpw CXp-hsc ]Tn¨v
tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«n-Ã. AXp-X-s¶-bmWv P\-§Ä¡n-S-bn Ah-t_m-[a
- n-Ãm¯-Xnsâ Imc-W-hpw. B{^n-¡-bn-te-¡pw, Gjy-bn-te-¡p-saÃmw Cd-¡paXn sN¿-s¸-Sp¶ C¯cw amen-\y-§Ä \nÝn-X-co-Xn-bn \in-¸n-¡s
- ¸-Sp¶nà F¶Xv tJZ-I-c-amb Hcp Imcy-am-Wv.
\mw Xs¶ \ap-¡p-Np-äpapÅ ]cn-Øn-Xn-bn amä-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-I-bmWv.''
\½Ä Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-§ÄsIm−pÅ A]-I-S-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v s]mXp
P\-§Ä¡n-S-bn t_m[-h-Xv¡-cWw \S-¯m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bpw, bp²-Im-em-SnØm-\-¯n Chsb ssIImcyw sN¿m-\pÅ amÀ¤-§tfm ]²-Xn-Itfm
Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXmÂ, aen-\-am-b, Poh-\p-`o-j-Wn-bpbÀ¯p¶ ]cn-Øn-Xn-bn Pohn-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ-bpw, Imem-hØ amä-¯nsâ
\io-I-cW ^e-§-fp-sSbpw A\-´c ^e-§Ä XoÀ¨-bmbpw A`n-ap-Jo-Ic
- nt¡-−n-h-cpw.
Kirubakaran can be contacted at [email protected]
73
thentbä taJ-e-bnse I−¡m-Sp-I-fpw
Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-b-§fpw
\¡o-c³
Cu cm{Xn-bn R§Ä Hcp I−¡m-«n-em-Wv. kqcym-kvX-a-b¯
- n-\p-tijw
Cu `mK-t¯-¡pÅ Fsâ BZy t_m«p-bm-{X-bm-Wn-Xv. ]¦mbw Xpg-bp¶
ssIIÄ GXm\pw ka-b-t¯¡v \nÝ-e-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Npäp-apÅ ImgvNI
- Ä
ImWp-hm-\mbn t_m«v \nÀ¯n-b-Xm-Wv. cm{Xn-bn BIm-i¯v an-¶n-s¯-fnbp-I-bpw, {]Im-in-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ \£-{X-§-sf-¡−v Fsâ I®p-IÄ
AÛp-Xw-sIm−v hnSÀ¶p. NndIp hncn¨ Fsâ `mh-\-bn Cu Xmc-I§
- Ä
BIm-i-¯p-\n¶v `qan-bn-te-¡n-d-§n-h¶v I−¡m-«nse hr£-§Ä¡pta ]q¯p-eªp \n¡p¶ at\m-lc ]pjv]-§-fmbn. Pem-i-b-¯n-\n-cp-hi¯pw Xn§n-\n-d-ªp-\n¡p¶ I−Âhr-£-§-fn Cu \£-{X-§Ä
shÅn-\n-d-amÀ¶v an¶n-s¯-fn-bp-I-bpw, {]Im-in-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xmbn
tXm¶n. t_m«v \o§n-¯p-S-§n-b-t¸mÄ Cu \£-{X-]p-jv]-§f
- psS amkvac
- nI-X-bn hiw-h-Z-\mbn Hcp ab-¡-¯n-se-¶-h®w im´-amb Pe-bm{X \S¯p¶ {]Xo-Xn. CXv Fsâ Pohn-X-¯n aps¼m-cn-¡epw A\p-`-hn-¡m¯
\nan-j-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
h\-§Ä F¶p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ kmam-t\y\ \mw a\-kn-em-¡p¶Xv `utam-]c
- nX-e-¯n \n§n \ndªp \n¡p¶ kky-e-Xm-Zn-I-fpsS hfÀ¨-bm-Wv.
F¶m Gsd-t]cpw Hcp Pe-bm{X \S¯n I− h\-§Ä I−n-«n-Ã.
Pe¸-c-¸n Ch-bpsS hfÀ¨ I−n-«p-Å-h-cmcpw Ch-bpsS DÖz-e-Xb
- nÂ
a\-an-f-Im-Xn-cp-¶n-«p-an-Ã. an¡ k©m-cn-IÄ¡pw Pem-i-b-§-fn-eqsSbpÅ
t_m«v bm{X ImgvN-I-−pÅ shdp-samcp DÃm-k-bm{X am{X-am-Wv. hfsc
Npcp¡w t]À am{Xta I−¡mSp-I-fpsS at\m-l-cn-X-bpw, {]m[m-\yhpw
a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p-Åq.
I−¡m-Sp-IÄ
]e
t]cp-I-fn-emWv
Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
thentbä/thenbnd¡ ImSp-IÄ, Xoc-tZ-i-¡m-Sp-IÄ, IS-en \S-¡p¶ h\-§Ä,
IS-ensâ thcp-IÄ, kmaqlnI ag-¡m-Sp-IÄ F¶n-§-s\. Cu ImSpIsf ]cm-aÀin-¡p-t¼mÄ CXnse ac-§-sf-bpw, arK-§-sf-bpw, aÕy-§s
- fbp-sam¶pw thdn«v ImW-cp-Xv. Ch-sbÃmw IqSn-t¨À¶v H¶mb Hcp
ssPh ]cn-Øn-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.
bqtdm-]y³amÀ Cu ho£-W-tIm-Wn-eà I−¡m-Sp-Isf I−-Xv. Agp-¡p\n-d-ª, F¯n-t¨-cm³ Ign-bm-¯, sImXp-Ip-I-fpsS hnlm-c-tI-{µ-amb Hcp
{]mtZ-i-ambn I−v AhÀ Chsb XÅn-¡-f-ªp. D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-amb Xcn74
Èp-`q-an-bm-bmWv AhÀ Chsb I−-Xv. C¯-c-samcp anYym-[m-c-W¡v ]n¶nepÅ {][m\ ImcWw D¯-cmÀ²-tKm-f-¯n-sem-cn-S¯pw C¯cw I−¡mSp-IÄ Cà F¶-Xp-X-s¶. DjvW-ta-J-e-bn am{Xw, AXpw `qa-²y-tc-J-tbm-SSp¯ {]tZ-i-§-fn-emWv I−¡m-Sp-IÄ ImW-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. 1960 \pti-ja
- mWv
Ch
]Sn-ªm-d³
imkv{X-Ú-cpsS
{i²
]nSn-¨p-]-än-b-sX-¦nepw,
{]mNo\ Imew- ap-XÂ Xs¶ Xangv P\-X-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-¯nsâ
`mK-am-bn-cp¶p I−¡m-Sp-IÄ F¶v Xangv kwLIme IrXn-IÄ hyà-am¡p-¶p. C¶v D¸p-ckw \ndª NXp-¸p-\n-e-§-fmbn Adn-bn-s¸-Sp¶ Cu
{]tZ-i-§Ä "I−Â' F¶ t]cn Xangv kwLIme IrXn-I-fn ]cm-aÀin¡-s¸-«n-«p-−v. "am³t{Kmhvkv' F¶Xv I−-en\v A{X tNÀ¶ ]cn-`m-jb
- Ã
- Xm-\pw.
I−¡m-Snsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ
DÄ{]-tZ-i¯v Bª-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p- ap-¼p-X-s¶, Npg-en-s¡m-Sp-¦m-äp-IÄ
kwlm-c-Xm-Þ-h-am-Sp-I Xoc-{]-tZ-i-¯m-Wv. Ic-{]-tZ-i-§-fn ià-ambn
thcp-]n-Sn-¨n-«pÅ h³a-c-§Ä C¯cw sImSp-¦m-än ]nSn¨p \n¡m-\mImsX IS-]p-gIn hogp-t¼mÄ Pe-¯nÂ, AXpw eh-Wmw-i-apÅ Pe-¯nÂ,
thcp-]n-Sn-¨n-«pÅ I− ac-§Ä Chsb AXn-Po-hn-¡p-¶p. Cu {]Xn-`mkw
a\-Ên-em-¡-W-sa-¦n Cu ac-§-fpsS thcnsâ LS\ ]Tn-¡-Ww. CXv Icbn thcp-]n-Sn-¨n-«pÅ aäp sNSn-Ifn ImWm¯ Hcp {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.
Ch-bmWv BIm-i-th-cp-IÄ AYhm hmbp-hn-epÅ thcp-IÄ F¶-dn-bs
- ¸-Sp¶-Xv.
km[m-cW ac-§-fp-sSbpw sNSn-I-fp-sSbpw Imcy-¯nÂ, Ah-bp-sS thcp-IÄ
Npäp-apÅ a®n apdpsI ]nSn¨v `qan-bn-te-¡n-d-§p-Ibpw a®n-\n-S-bn-epÅ
hmbp tImi-§Ä Ah-bpsS izk\ {]{Inb km[y-am-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
F¶m Pe-¯m Npä-s¸-«v, Pe-¯n \n¡p¶ I− a-c-§Ä¡v
izk\ {]{Inb km[y-am-¡p-¶Xv C¯cw hmbp thcp-I-fm-Wv.
Xangv \m«nse I−¡m-Sp-I-fn-epÅ kky-e-XmZnIÄ¡v \mev Xc-¯n-epÅ
C¯cw thcp-I-fmWv ImWp-¶-Xv. I−¡m-Sp-IÄ aq¶v hyXykvX taJeIfmbmWv ImW-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. BZy-t¯Xv IS-ensâ hnfp-¼nÂ\n¶v Bcw-`n¡p¶ ap³-þ-I-− kky-Pm-ew. c−m-a-t¯Xv ]n³-þ-I-− kky-Pm-e¯nse sNSn-Ifpw ac-§fpw. aq¶m-as¯ hn`m-K-¯n hcp-¶Xv D¸p-ck
- apÅ `q{]-tZ-i¯v ImWp¶ kky-Pm-e-§Ä.
CXn BZy-ta-Je dntkm-t^md hn`mKw F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. kky-§Ä 20
apX 40 skâo-ao-äÀ hsc Pe-¯n-\-Sn-bn \n¡p¶ Cu `mK-¯mWv
Gähpw sshhn-[y-amÀ¶h ImWp-¶-Xv. 5 apX 7 aoäÀ hsc Db-ca
- pÅ
Cu sIm¨p hr£-§Ä¡v Xmgv¶n-d-§nb thcp-I-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. inJ-c-§f
- nÂ
75
\n¶v ]SÀ¶p hf-cp¶ imJm thcp-I-tfm-Sp- Iq-Sn, Nph-«n \n¶v 2þ3 aoätdmfw hf-cp¶ ià-amb AkwJyw ASn-th-cp-IÄ krjvSn-¨p-sIm−v Ch
ià-ambn ]nSn-¨p-\n¡p-¶p. dntkm-t^md ac-§-fpsS Cu thcv {Iao-IcWw "s]mbv¡m thcp-IÄ' F¶m-W-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. C¯cw thcp-If
- n-eqsS-bmWv Ch-bn izk\ {]{Inb \S-¡p-¶-Xv.
dntkm-t^md hn`m-K-¯nse c−mw Xcw, {_qssKd Pnwt\m-dnk emwIv, skdntbm]vkv UnI{´ XpS-§nb H¶p apX aq¶v aoäÀ hsc hf-cp¶ s]m´¡m-Sp-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp-¶-h-bm-Wv. F¶m C¯cw sNSn-IÄ¡v klm-b-I(-AS- nbn Xm§n-\nÀ¯p-¶) thcp-I-fn-Ã. Bgw Ipdª ASp¯ X«n FPn-skdkv tImWn-h-eäw, {_ptK-dnb Pnwt\m-dnk emwIv, skdn-tbm]vkv UnI{´
XpS-§n-bhbpw aäp sNSn-Ifpw A{X Xn§n hf-cmsX ImWp-¶p. dntkmt^md ac-§-fpsS Xm§n \nÀ¯p¶ thcp-IÄ¡pw Ch-bv¡n-S-bn ]SÀ¶p
\n¡p¶ tlmKv {Io¸À sNSn-IÄ¡pw CS-bn-epÅ hnShv \nI-¯p-¶Xv Cu
sNSn-I-fm-Wv. A§s\ Cu {Iao-I-cWw Hä-s¡-«m-bn, \nXy-l-cn-Xa
- mbn
hÀjw- ap-gp-h³ \ne-\n¡p-¶p.
Xoc¯v \n¶v ]ns¶bpw Zqsc-bmbn \n¡p-¶Xv ZrjvSn-tKm-N-ca
- mb
shfp¯ ]pdw-sXm-en-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb hr£-§-fmWv. Ch-bmWv Cu hn`m-K¯nÂs¸-Sp¶ ImSp-I-fn Ah-km-\-t¯-Xmb I− ac-§Ä. Im«n aät\Iw ac-§-fp-s−-¦nepw C¯cw hr£-§sf Hcp hyXn-cnà hÀ¤-ambn
thÀXn-cn-¨n-«p-−v. Cu ac-§Ä¡v t]cn-«-Xn-\p -]n-¶n Hcp bpàn-bp-−v.
Chbv¡v Xan-gn \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ t]cv "Xnc-am-e-Isf im´-am-¡p-¶Xv'
F¶À°w hcp¶ "Asse B¯n' F¶-m-Wv. Xt±-i-hm-kn-IÄ Chsb ]et]-cp-I-fn-emWv hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv. dntkm-t^md ImSp-IÄ, I−¡m-Sp-IÄ, I®Im-Sp-IÄ, FIvkvtIm- F-¡m-dnb AK-tem¨v (X-an-gn "XnssÃ'). FÃm- t]-cpIfpw Cu ImSp-I-fn ImWp¶ ac-§-fn \n¶v \njv]-¶-am-Wv.
apXp-t¸«v {]tZ-i-¯n\v kao]w ImWp¶ ImSp-IÄ¡v I−¡m-Sp-IÄ
F¶p-X-s¶-bmWv t]cv. Cu ImSp-IÄ¡v aWn-¡q-dn 100-þ120 Intem-ao-äÀ
thK-¯n hoin-b-Sn-¡p¶ sImSp-¦m-äp-Isf {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m\pw Ah-bpsS
thKX Ipd-bv¡m\pw Ch- aq-e-ap-−m-Ip¶ Xnc-am-e-I-fpsS Xo{hX Ipdbv¡m\pw DÅ Ign-hp-−v. C¯cw ac-§-fm \n_n-U-am-bn-cn-¡p¶
I−¡m-Sp-IÄ IS¯o-cs¯ tIm¬{Ioäv `n¯n-I-sf-¡mÄ t]mepw
ià-am-Wv.
Cu ImSp-I-fnse Pew D¸p-ckw \nd-ª-Xm-Wv. ISÂsh-Å-¯n D¸p-ck
- ¯nsâ KmVX 1000 ¯n\v 35 `mKw F¶-Xm-sW-¦n I−Â{]-tZ-is¯ Pek-©-b-§-fn CXv 1000 \v 20 F¶-m-Wv. I−¡m-Sp-I-fnse Pew \Zo-Pe
- hp-ambn IqSn-t¨-cp-¶-Xp-sIm-−mWv eh-Wmwiw Ipd-bp-¶X
- v. F¶n-cp-¶mepw
76
Cu eh-WXzw KWy-amb Af-hm-Wv. km[m-cW KXn-bnÂ, GXp-Xcw
sNSnbpw Cu D¸p-c-k-apÅ shÅ-¯n \in-¨p-t]m-Ipw. I−¡m-Sp-Ifnse sNSn-Ifpw ac-§fpw Ah-bpsS thcp-IÄ hgn D¸p-c-ka
- pÅ Pew hens¨-Sp¯v Pemwiw \ne-\nÀ¯n D¸v ]pdw-X-Åp-¶p. shfp¯ I− ac¯n \n¶v Ce s]m«n-s¨-Sp¯v t\m¡n-bm AXnsâ Ccp-h-i-¯p-\n¶pw
D¸v In\n-ªp-h-cp-¶Xv ImWm³ Ign-bpw. dntkm-t^md ac-§Ä Ah-bpsS
s]mbv¡m th-cp-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv eh-Wmwiw ]pdw-X-Åp-¶-Xv. FIvkvtIm
Ft¡m-dnb AK-tem¨v (Xn-ssÃ) ac-§Ä t\sc-a-dn¨v eh-Wmwiw ]pdw-XÅ
- p¶n-Ã; \ne-\nÀ¯p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. I® ac-§Ä¡v dntkm-t^m-dnb ac§-fp-tS-Xp-t]m-epÅ sI«p-I-W-¡mb s]mbv¡m thcp-I-fn-Ã. Ahbv¡v
\yqa-t«m-t^mÀkv F¶ Hcp-Xcw izk\ thcp-I-fmWv izk\ klm-bn-bm-bn«p-Å-Xv. ChbpsS thcp-IÄ Cu ac-§-fn \n¶v aoä-dp-I-tfmfw Pe-¯nÂ
Xnc-Ýo-\-ambn ]SÀ¶p InS-¡p-¶p. km[m-cW \ne-bn thcp-IÄ Kpcp-XzmIÀj-W-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v Xmtg-¡mWv hf-cpI; BÂa-c-§-fpsS klm-bI
- t- hcp-IÄ t]mepw A§-s\-bm-Wv. F¶m I−Âa-c-§-fpsS s]mbv¡mÂ
thcnsâ \m¼p-IÄ Kpcp-Xzm-IÀj-Ws¯ shÃp-hn-fn¨v Xnc-Ýo-\-amb thcpI-fn \n¶v ew_-ambn shÅ-¯n\p ]pd-t¯¡v hf-cp-¶p. 6 C©v CS-hn«v
GXm−v Hc-Sn-tbmfw \of-¯nÂ, Xn§n-\n-d-ªv, hSn-t]mse Du¶n-\n¡p-¶Xmbn ImWp¶ Chsb I− ac-§-fpsS \ypa-tSm-t^mÀkv (iz-k\
- k
- lmb thcp-IÄ) F¶mWv hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv. tkmsW-tdjy AÂ_ ac-¯nsâ
thcp-IÄ¡pw kam-\-amb s]mbv¡m thcp-I-fp-−v.
I− ImSp-I-fnse dntkm-t^md {]tZ-is¯ {_qssKd XpS-§nb hr£-§fpsS thcp-IÄ knen-−-dm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-Å-h-bm-Wv. »qw hr£-§Ä¡pw
I−Â ac-§-fp-tS-Xp-t]m-epÅ thcv {Iao-I-c-W-§-fp-−v. Chbv¡pw
\o−v ]pd-t¯¡v XÅn-\n¡p¶ `mK-§-fp-s−-¦nepw Ah-bpsS A{K`mKw aS§n, aqÀ¨-bn-Ãm-sX, ap«p-Ip¯n \n¡p¶ BIrXn-bn-em-Wp-ÅX
- v.
AXp-sIm−v Ahsb ap«v thcp-IÄ F¶mWv ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xv.
dntkm-t^mdm ac-§-fpsS ImbvIÄ apcn-§-¡m-bvIÄ t]m-se-bm-Wv s]mgnªp-ho-gp-I. \ne¯p hoWmepw Ah NXp-¸n Xmgv¶ ew_-ambn DbÀ¶p
\n¡p-¶p. Ch shdpw ImbvI-f-Ã, adn¨v apf-s]m-«nb hn¯p-I-fm-Wv. km[mcW KXn-bn hn¯p-IÄ apf-s]m-«m³ aq¶v {][m\ LS-I-§Ä thWw;
arZp-Pew, HmIvkn-P³, A\p-tbm-Py-amb A´-co£ Xm]-\ne F¶n-h.
F¶m \nc-´c then-tbä then-bn-d-¡-§Ä \ndª Cu I−¡m-Sp-Ifn A¯-c-samcp A\p-tbmPy kml-Ncyw kpkm-[y-a-Ã. Chn-sS-¡m-Wp¶
hr£-§-fn \n¶p-Xs¶ hn¯p- ap-f-¨p-−m-Ip¶ ØnXnhntijw Cu ZpchØ adnIS-¡m-\pÅ {]Ir-XnbpsS Xs¶ Hcp {Iao-I-c-W-am-Wv. Cu apfs]m-«Â {]{In-b-bn amXr-k-ky-¯n Xs¶ {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z-\hpw \S-¡p-¶p.
AXm-b-Xv, thcp-IÄ cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-hsc amXr-kkyw hn¯p-Isf kq£n-¡p77
¶p; AXn-\p-tijw kpc-£n-X-ambn Ahsb shÅ-¯n-te-¡n-d-¡p-¶p. Cu
ac-§-fn \n¶pÅ hn¯p-IÄ Hc-Sn-tbmfw \of-¯n hSn-t]m-se-bm-Wp-−mIp-I. Ah-bpsS Iogäw IqÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. Ah \ne¯p ]Xn-¡p-t¼mÄ
IqÀ¯n-cn-¡p¶
thcnsâ
ASn-`mKw
sNfn-bnÂ
Bgv¶n-d§n,
kzbw ]mIn, ]ns¶ Ce-IÄ apf-bv¡m³ XpS-§p¶p. Ivssktem ImÀ]kv
Ht_m-th-ä-kv, Ivssktem ImÀ]kv {K\mäw F¶n-h-bpsS thcp-IÄ Xmbv¯Snsb Npänbpw \new-]sä \o−v \ypam-täm-t^mÀknsâ thcp-I-fp-ambn Cg-]ncnªv ]pd-t¯¡v XÅnbpw ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ch Xm§p-th-cp-IÄ F¶mWv
Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
I−¡m-Sp-I-fpsS NXp-¸p-\new {ItaW aW \ndªv ImW-s¸-Sp¶ \ne§-fm-Ip-¶p. Ahn-S-amWv Ah-km\ taJe; Cu {]tZ-i¯v dntkm-t^md hfcp-¶-Xp-t]mse Xn§n-bà hr£-§Ä hf-cp-¶-Xv. ChnsS ImWp¶ sNSnIfpw ac-§fpw ]m Npc-¯p¶ I− AYhm FIvknt¡m F¡m-dnb
AK-tem¨v (Xn-ssÃ), tkzUm, A¡m-´kv Cen-kn-t^m-fn-b-kv, GPn-kd
- kv
tImÀWn-¡p-em-äw, epwav\n-ävtkd sdbvkvtamk hnÂUv F¶n-h-bpÄs¸-Sp-¶p.
FIvknt¡m F¡m-dnb AK-tem¨v 12 aoäÀ hsc Db-c-¯n hf-cp¶ sNSnbm-Wv. Cu ac-§-fpsS FÃm `mK-¯p-\n¶pw ]m (I-d) HgpIn hcp-¶p. Ch
AÔ-X-bp-−m-¡p¶ ac-§-fm-bmWv Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. arK-§Ä Ch-bpsS
Ce-Ifpw aäpw `£n-¡m-dn-Ã. Cu ac-¯nsâ thcp-aqew t£{X-\-K-ca
- mb
NnZw-_cw "XnssÃ' F¶- t]-cnepw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
a®v {ItaW £mc kz`m-h-ap-Å-Xm-bn- am-dp-Ibpw B taJ-e-bn \oe ]q¡tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb A¡m-´kv Cenknt^mfn-bkv hr£-§Ä kar-²-ambn hf-cpIbpw sN¿p-¶Xv ImWmw. B¯p-apssà AYhm Ign-apssà F¶o t]cnepw
Ch Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu a®n-em-Wv iIp-a-c-§fpw t¢mtdm-sUâw C\Àsa
sNSn-Ifpw hf-cp-¶-Xv. Cu {]tZ-i¯v hf-cp¶ skkp-hnbw t]mÀ«p-em¡mkv{Sw, tkzU XpS-§nb sNSn-IÄ¡v Pe-¯nse eh-Wmwiw ]nSn¨p
\nÀ¯m³ Ign-hp-−v.
ssPh ]cn-ØnXn
`qtKm-f-¯nsâ \ne-\nÂ]n\v Xs¶ `oj-Wn-bp-bÀ¯p¶ AXy-]I
- -S-I-ca
- mb
Ah-Ø-bmWv Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\w. BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-amWv Imem-hØm
hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ aqe-Im-c-Ww. Hmtcm 10 hÀj-¯nepw 0.3 Un{Kn F¶
tXmXn `qan-bpsS NqSv IqSn hcp-¶-Xmbn IW-¡m-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
BtKmf Xm]\w CÃm¯ km[m-cW Ah-Ø-bnepw kap-t{Zm-]-cn-Xe Xm]\ne 26 Un{Kn skÂjykv BIp-t¼m-tg¡pw ISÂ CfIn adn-bp-¶p.
F¶m BtKmf Xm]-\-t¯msS DjvW-¡m-äp-IÄ IqSp-X {]Ñ-Þa
- m-Ip¶p. CXv I−¡m-Sp-IÄ¡v Kpcp-X-c-amb BLmXw krjvSn-¡pw.
78
I−¡m-Sp-IÄ \in-¨mÂ, 80 iX-am-\-t¯mfw hnhn[bn\w aÂky-§Ä
AS-§nb IS `£y hn`-h-§Ä \mam-h-ti-j-am-Ip-sa-¶-Xn XÀ¡-an-Ã.
I−¡m-Sp-I-fpsS NXp¸p \ne-§fpw Imb-ep-saÃmw bYmÀ°-¯nÂ
Ht«sd PohnhÀ¤-§-fpsS ]nff-s¯m-«n-em-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v sN½o³
Ipªp-§Ä hncn-bp-¶Xv IS-en-em-sW-¦nepw Ah I−¡m-Sp-If
- nse
PoÀ® ssPhmwiw Xn¶p hf-cp-hm-\mbn Ahn-tS¡v tNt¡-dp-¶p. {]XypXv]m-Z\ {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\v X¡ hfÀ¨ {]m]n-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah IS-en-te¡v aS§p-¶p.
kar-²-amb Hcp slIvSÀ I− h\-¯n 8þ10 S¬ Ce-Ifpw ]q¡-fpsaÃmw hoW-gpIn {ZpX-K-Xn-bn PoÀ® hkvXp-¡Ä D−m-Ip¶p F¶mWv
IW-¡m-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A§s\ t\m¡p-t¼mÄ sN½o-\p-IÄ¡pw aäp
Poh-Pm-e-§Ä¡pw CjvSw-t]mse `£y-h-kvXp-¡Ä ChnsS e`y-am-Wv.
I−¡m-Sp-I-fpsS Af-hntem A\p-]m-X-¯ntem D−m-Ip¶ Ipdhv Cu
Poh-Pm-e-§-fpsS `£y t{kmX-Ên\v A]-I-S-ap-−m-¡p-¶p. Cu PoÀ®
hkvXp-¡Ä Pem-i-b-¯n HgpIn \S¡p¶ Poh-Pm-e-§-fmb ¹h-I§Ä¡pw t]mj-I-§Ä \ÂIn Ah hf-cp-¶-Xn\pw hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw CSbm-Ip-¶p. c−v Xc-¯n-epÅ ¹h-I-§-fp−v: ss^täm ¹mwKvSW
- p-Ifpw, kq
¹mwKvSWp-Ifpw. Chbv¡v [mcmfw D]-hn-`m-K-§-fp-ap-−v. I−¡m-Sp-Ifnse PoÀ® hkvXp-¡Ä Ch-bvs¡Ãmw DNn-X-amb `£y-h-kvXp-¡-fm-Wv.
CtXm-sSm¸w Pe-¯n ebn-¡p¶ Aant\m A¾-§fpw HmÀKm-\nIv eh-W§-fp-saÃmw
I−¡m-Sp-I-fnÂ
hkn-¡p¶
FÃm
Pohn-hÀ¤§Ä¡pw ]Yym-lm-c-am-Wv. Pe-PohnhÀ¤-§Ä Pe-¯n ebn-¡p¶ ehWmw-i-¯nsâ Hcp sNdnb Afhp am{Xsa D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-Åq-sh-¦nepw
Cu F¡Â, ]q¸-ep-IÄ, _mIvSo-cn-b-IÄ F¶n-hbpw GI-tImi Pohn-Ifpw
`£-W-ambn t\cn-«p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. C¯-c-¯n Ah {]mY-anI `£y
irwJ-e-bnse BZy-I-®n-bmbn amdp-¶p. \½psS I−¡m-Sp-I-fn 500
Hmfw Xcw kap{Z ¹h-I-§-fp−v; IqSmsX 195 ]q¸-ep-Ifpw _mIvSo-cn-b-Ifpw.
I−¡m-Sp-I-fnse `£y-irw-J-esb aq¶p X«p-I-fmbn Xn-cn¡mw: BZy-Xe
- ¯n sN½o³, R−v, \¯-¡, IĨÀ thwkv XpS-§nb Pohn-hÀ¤-§f
- mWv. Ch c−mw-L« D]-t`m-àm-¡-fmb `£-W-sIm-Xn-b³ aÕy-§Ä t]mepÅ-h-bpsS `£-W-ambn Xocp-¶p. Cc-]n-Sn-b³ aÕy-§-fmWv aq¶mw-L« D]t`m-àm-¡Ä. BsI 55 Xcw sN½o-\n-\-§fpw 138 Xcw R−p-Ifpw 546
aÕy-bn-\-§fpw ]qÀ®-ambpw I−¡m-Sp-Isf B{i-bn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶Xv
IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-t¼m-gmWv Cu ssPh Bhmk hyh-Ø-bpsS at\m-lm-cnX
{]iw-k-\o-b-sa¶v a\-Ên-em-Ip-I.
79
CXp-Iq-SmsX Cu Pem-i-b-§Ä 308 Hmfw Xcw H¨p-I-fp-sSbpw 7 Xcw ]cm¶-t`mPn aÕy-§-fp-sSbpw aq¶v D`-b-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw (I-c-bnepw shÅ-¯nepw Pohn-¡p¶) 11 Xcw IS sNSn-I-fp-sSbpw hmk-Øe
- a
- mWv. ]s£ I−¡m-Sp-I-fnse Cu Poh-Pm-e-§Ä \nco-£-IÀ¡v Ffp-¸¯n ZrjvSn-tKm-N-c-a-Ã. shÅ-¯nsâ \nd hyXym-k-amWv CXn\v Imc-Ww.
I−¡m-Sp-I-fnse ac-§-fpsS Ipe-bm-bpÅ thcp-IÄ Pe-hp-ambn IeÀ¶v
sNfn \nd-ambn amdn, A§s\ Cu Poh-Pm-e-§-sf-sbÃmw ià-cmb i{Xp¡-fn \n¶pw Cc-]n-Sn-b³ hÀK-§-fn \n¶pw kzbw ad-bv¡p¶ Hcp ]cnØnXn D−m-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.
CXp-Iq-SmsX 711 {Inan IoS-§Ä¡pw 745 AI-ticp (\-s«-Ãn-Ãm-¯) PohnIÄ¡pw 85 Xcw Dc-K§Ä¡pw 70 Hmfw kkvX-\n-IÄ¡pw 433 Xcw ]£nIÄ¡pw hmk-Ø-e-sam-cp-¡p¶ I−¡m-Sp-Isf Hcp _rl-¯mb Poh-aÞ-e-sam-cp-¡p¶ ]cn-Øn-Xn-bmbn hnti-jn-¸n-¡mw. Cu ssPh]cn-Øn-XnbpsS Gähpw aosX-bp-ÅXv kpµÀ_³kv ImSpIfnse _wKmÄ ISp-hI
- fmWv; Ch C´y-bpsS am{X-aà _w¥m-tZ-in-sâbpw tZiob arK-am-sW-¶Xv
bmZr-Ýn-I-am-Imw.
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ A\-´c ^e-§-fn-sem¶v kap{Z \nc¸v Dbcp¶p F¶-Xm-Wv. dntkm-t^md ac-§Ä¡v D¸p-c-ks¯ IqSp-X {]Xn-tcm[n-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶-Xn-\m {_ptKzc ssKtam-dnk emwIv, skdn-Hm-¸-kv Un¡{´, Ivssktem-ImÀ]kv {Kmâw XpS-§nb ac-§sf At]-£n¨v Ah
{ItaW hf-cp-Ibpw {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z\w \S-¯p-I-bpw sN¿pw. Xoc-{]-tZiw ISse-Sp-¯p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ C¯cw ac-§-fpsS kzm`m-hnI {]h-WX Ic-bn-te¡v
\pgªp Ib-dpI F¶-Xm-Wv. F¶m Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§-fnse \nÀ½mW
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä aqew Ch-bpsS Ic-bn-te-¡pÅ \pg-ªp-I-bäw XS-bs
- ¸-Sp¶p. A§s\ I−Â{]-tZ-is¯ ac-§fpw sNSn-I-fp-saÃmw hfsc \nb-{´nX-amb sNdnb {]tZ-i¯v hf-cp-hm\pw \ne-\n¡p-hm\pw \nÀ_-²-am-bn-¯ocp-¶p.
CXv I−¡m-Sp-I-fnse kky-Pm-e-§-fpsS sshhn-[y-s¯bpw _m[n-¡p¶p. Cusbmcp A]-I-Sm-h-Ø-bpsS Gähpw Imen-I-amb DZm-l-cWw Issc¡Â `mKs¯ Ac-k-emÀ Xpcp-¯n FIvtkm-F-¡m-dnb AK-tem¨v (XnssÃ) ac-§Ä am{Xta ImWp-¶pÅq F¶-Xm-Wv.
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ asämcp kp{]-[m\ ^ew ag s]¿p-¶-Xnse
Gän-d-¡-§-fmWv. CXv D¸p-c-k-apÅ Pe-¯n hf-cp¶ kky-§fpw sXm«pIn-S-¡p¶ NXp-¸p-\n-e-§-fn hf-cp¶ kky-§fpw X½n s]mcp-¯-t¡-SpI-fp-−m-¡-¯¡ hn[-¯n D¸p-c-k-apÅ Pe-¯nsâ kz`m-h-¯n amäw
hcp-¯p-¶p.
80
hÀ²n-¨p-h-cp¶ D]-cn-Xe Xm]-\ne I−¡m-Sp-I-fnse kky ssPhm-hØsb c−p-X-c-¯n _m[n-¡p-¶p. H¶m-a-Xmbn, CXv D]-hÀ¤-§f
- psS
khn-ti-j-X-IÄ ]msS amän-a-dn-¡p-¶p. ]pjv]n-¡p-Ibpw ]qÀ® hfÀ¨
{]m]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Ime-§-fnepw amäw hcp-¯p-¶-XmWv c−m-as¯
^ew.
kky-§Ä¡v A\n-hm-cy-amb {]Im-i-kw-tÇ-jW {]{In-bsb _m[n-¡p¶
AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp ^ew IqSn-bp−v Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯n-\v.
km[m-cW KXn-bn EXp-am-ä-§Ä¡\p-k-cn¨v kwPm-X-am-Ip¶ Xm]-\n-ebnse hyXymkw 5 Un{Kn-bn IqSm³ ]mSn-Ã. I− {]tZ-i¯v {]Imi
kwtÇ-j-W-¯n\v DNn-X-amb ]c-am-h[n Xm]-\ne 28 apXÂ 32 Un{Kn skânt{KUv htc-sb-¶mWv IW-¡m-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Xm]-\ne 38þ40 Un{Kn
skân-t{KUv hsc DbÀ¶m {]Imi kwtÇ-jWw \nebv¡pw; I−Â
{]tZ-i-§Ä ]qÀ®-ambpw \in-¨p-t]mIpw F¶-Xm-Wv CXnsâ A\-´-c-^e
- w.
Pe-Po-hn-IÄ¡v -ta-epÅ BLmXw
aäv ssPh k¼-¯p-IÄ¡pw Imem-h-Øm-amäw `ojWn DbÀ¯p-¶p-−v.
Xm]-\n-e-bn-epÅ hÀ²-\hv \¯-¡-IÄ¡v Xm§m³ Ign-bp-¶-XÃ
- . At\-IXcw R−p-IÄ¡pw H¨p-IÄ¡pw IqSnb NqSnepw hf-cm³ km[n-¡p-sa¦nepw Xm]-\n-e-bn-epÅ hÀ²-\hpw X·q-e-apÅ hc− Ah-Øbpw ChbpsS Pohs\ _m[n-¡p¶ kml-N-cy-ap-−m-¡pw. hÀ²n-¡p¶ NqSv ISp¯
D¸p-c-k-apÅ {]tZ-i-hp-ambn Ie-cp-t¼m-gmWv Cub-h-Ø-bp-−m-Ip-I.
ISÂhn-fp-¼n Pohn-¡p¶ Pohn hÀ¤-§Ä¡v IS Xm]-\ne hyXn-bm\hpw IS \nc¸v Db-cepw `ojWn DbÀ¯p-¶p. ]cn-Nn-X-amb then-tbä
then-bn-d¡ taJ-e-I-fn \n¶v amdn aäv Pohn-hÀ¤ taJ-e-I-fn-te¡v
t]mIm³ \nÀ_-²-am-Ip-¶-Xp-aqew Nne Pohn-IÄ¡v hwi-\m-iw- t]mepw
t\cn-tS-−n- h-cp-¶p.
DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v hfsc hmWn-Py-{]m-[m-\y-apÅ Sea Bass [mcm-f-ambn ImWs¸-Sp-¶Xv dntkm-t^md hr£-§-fpsS NXp¸p thcp-IÄ¡-Sp-¯m-Wv. AXpt]mse Silver Silago F¶ hmWn-Py-{]m-[m-\y-apÅ asämcp Xcw aÕyw
ImWp-¶Xv aW \ndª Pe-¯n am{X-amWv. IS Pe-\n-c¸v DbÀ¶v
D¸p-shÅw Cu `mK¯v {]th-in-¡p-t¼mÄ DÄh-i¯v Pohn-¡p¶ Cu
aÕyhpw IS apJ¯v A[n-h-kn-¡p¶ Sea Bass Dw A[n-hm-k-tI-{µ-¯nepÅ amä-§Ä aqew hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp-¶p. A¡m-´kv Cen-kn-t^m-fn-bkv
hr£-§-fpsS thcp-IÄ¡v Npäpw [mcm-f-ambn ImW-s¸-«n-cp¶ tKm_n-bkv
aÕy-§Ä ]qÀ®-ambpw A{]-Xy-£-am-bXv CXn\v kam-\-amb DZm-l-cW
- a
- mWv.
81
Xan-gv\m-«nse I−¡m-Sp-IÄ \nc-h[n C\w aÕy-§Ä¡pw (Mullet Sp),
tI−mbv, Imäv ^njv, do^v tImUv, s{SUv^n³ _ow, sXmK-s¸m-Sn, tkXÄ,
IX-em-bv, tImbv, s]cp-¦-sse- Im-e, Gem-¯n, hÅw-s]mSn, Idp-aq-dÂ,
lwKÂ, Ipfq-cn) sN½o-\p-IÄ¡pw (Peneaus indicus, Metapeneaus
monoceras, ISph sN½o-\p-IÄ, (peneaus monodon), Metapeneaus Sp and
Peneaus semisulcatus and the Macrobrachium Sp variety of prawns) R−pIÄ¡pw (tÌm¬ {Im_v, Ign R−v, sNfn- R-−v, koh-fn- R-−v, dq«v {Im_v, XnssÃ- R-−v, ISp¡ R−v, s\Sp-¦m R−v) ap¯p-¨n-¸n-IÄ¡psaÃmw (Shell Fish, Oysters) \sÃmcp hmk-Ø-e-am-Wv. hmWnPy t\«-§f
- p−m-¡m³ ià-amb km¼-¯nI aqey-ap-Å-h-bmWv Ch.
Imew amdn hcn-I-bm-Wv. ap³Im-e-§-fn shÅ-¯n I¿n-«m Bbn-c¡
- W-¡n\v sN½o³ Ipªp-§-fpÅ sNfn ssI\n-dsb hmcn-sb-Sp-¡m-am-bn-cp¶p. 80 Ifn 245 St®mfw aÕy-k-¼-¯mWv \ap¡v e`n-¨n-cp¶-Xv. CXnÂ
205 S®pw sN½o-\m-bn-cp-¶p. Hmtcm t_m«pw 200 Intem hsc sN½o³ ]nSn¨n-cp¶ Øm\¯v C¶Xv c−p-ap-XÂ 10 Intem hsc am{X-amWv In«p-¶X
- v.
AXp-t]mse ko_m-knsâ e`yX Ignª ]Xn-\©v hÀj-¯n-\p-Ån 80
iX-am-\-¯n-tesd Ipd-ªp. ap³Im-e-§-fn [mcm-f-ambn e`n-¨n-cp¶
knÂhÀ knemtKm aÕy-§Ä Ct¸mÄ Ht¶m ct−m Intem am{X-ambn
Ipd-ªn-«p-−v. hf-sc-b-[nIw e`n-¨n-cp¶ do^v tImUv aÕy-§-fpsS e`yXbpw KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-I-bp-−m-bn. sk¶-¡p®n F¶-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp¶
Hcn\w sNdnb DW¡ sN½o-\p-IÄ ]qÀ®-ambpw A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. CXn\v {][m-\-ambpw aq¶v Imc-W-§fp-−v. H¶v, Agn-ap-J§Ä AS-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. c−v, Ah-bpsS Bgw Ipd-bp-¶-Xnsâ tXmXv
IqSp-¶p. aq¶v, Ptem-jvamhv IqSp-¶p. Ch kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-`m-k-§-fà adn¨v
a\p-jy-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS am{Xw ^e-am-Wv.
Xan-gv\m-«nse ]n¨m-hmcw, apXp-t¸«v XpS-§nb {]tZ-i-§-fnse I− taJ-eIÄ hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. shÃmÀ Agn-ap-J-¯n\pw sImÃnUw Agn-ap-J-¯n-\p-anS-bn-emWv ]n¨m-hmcw I− {]tZiw ØnXn sN¿p-¶-Xv. apXp-t¸-«nÂ
A©p \Zn-IÄ H¶n-¨p-tN-cp¶ Hcp NXp-¸p\n-e-ap−v. Cu NXp-¸p-\n-e-¯n\v
IS-en-t\mSv tNcp¶p Hc-p Agn-ap-J-hp-ap-−v. Cu I−Â {]tZ-is¯ {]mYanI tI{µw Cu Agn-ap-J-§-fm-Wv. Ch-bn-eq-sS-bmWv sN½o-\p-Ifpw
aÕy¡p-ªp-§fpw I− taJ-e-bnse Pem-i-b-¯n-te¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶Xv. Cu NXp-¸n-eqsS {]th-in-¡p¶ IS shÅw Bg-ap-Å-Xm-b-Xn-\m Cu
aÕyþsN½o³ Ipªp-§Ä¡v hf-cm³ DNn-X-am-Wv. ]s£ Cu Agn-ap-J§Ä¡v ASp¯ Ime-¯mbn Gsd amä-§Ä h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. DZm-lc
- W
- ¯n\v ]n¨m-hmcw {]tZ-is¯ NXp-¸p-\n-e-§Ä 25þ30 sImÃw ap¼p-hsc
hÀjw apgp-h³ Xpd¶p InS-¶n-cp-¶p. F¶m-en-t¸mÄ Ch ag-¡m-e-¯p-am-{X82
amWv Xpd¶p InS-¡p-I; AXpw ag ià-am-sW-¦n am{Xw. AÃm-¯-]£w
`mKn-I-ambn am{Xw Xpd-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ahn-Sps¯ a¬Xn-«-IÄ hep-Xm-bn-s¡m−n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wn-t¸mÄ; sabvam-k-¯n Cu NXp-¸p-\new ]qÀ®-ambpw ASbp-¶p. HIvtSm-_À hsc AXv ASªp InS-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. At¸mtg¡pw hS-¡p-In-g-¡³ a¬kq¬ krjvSn-¡p¶ shÅ-s¸m¡w aWens\ IS-en-te¡v XÅp-¶p. X³aqew Ipd¨p Ime-t¯¡v Cu NXp¸p \new
Xpd¶p In«p-¶p. apXp-t¸«v {]tZ-is¯ NXp¸p \ne-¯n\pw CXp -Xs
- ¶bmWv Ah-Ø. 25hÀj-§Ä¡p-ap¼v 2þ5 Intem-ao-äÀ \ofhpw 2 apX 2.5
Intem-aoäÀ hsc Bg-hp-ap-−m-bn-cp¶ Cu NXp-¸p-\n-e-¯n\v C¶v IjvSn¨v
Hcp Intem-ao-äÀ \ofhpw Hcp Intem-ao-äÀ Bg-hp-am-Wp-Å-Xv. Cu {]tZ-it¯¡v {]XypÂ]m-Z-\-¯n-s\-¯p¶ Pohn-hÀ¤-§-fpsS F®w Ipd-bm³ CXv
Imc-W-am-bn-«p-−v.
th\¡m-e-¯m-bn-cp¶p hne-]n-Sn-¸pÅ aÕy-§Ä IS-en \n¶v I−Â
{]tZ-i-§-fn-se-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Agn-apJ IhmSw hnim-ea
- m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ
[mcmfw aÕy-§Ä F¯p-am-bn-cp-¶p. Nne aÕy-bn-\-§Ä I− {]tZ-i¯p -\n¶v IS-en-te¡v XncnsI t]mIp-Ibpw sN¿pw. Cu aÕy-§Ä ISen-te¡v t]mIp-¶Xpw lnÂk aÕy-§Ä {]XypÂ]m-Z-\-¯n-\mbn \Zn-bnte¡v F¯p-¶Xpw C§-s\-bm-Wv. hÀj-Im-e¯v aÃäv aÕy-§fpw
tI−mbv aÕy-§fpw am{X-amWv IS-en \n¶v IpSn-tb-dpI. Ct¸mÄ AhbpsS F®w KWy-ambn Ipd-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. do^v tImUv XpS-§nb C\w
aÕy-§Ä A]qÀÆ ImgvN-bmbncn¡p-¶p. shÅ-¯nsâ Bg-¡p-dhpw CXns\mcp Imc-W-am-Wv. sIm−¡mäv ASn-¡p¶ thf-I-fn `£Ww tXSn
Chn-sS-sb-¯n-bn-cp¶ knÂhÀ knetKm XpS-§nb aÕy-§-sfbpw, {][m-\ambpw, Chn-Sps¯ shÅ-¯nsâ NqSp-Iq-Sn-h-cp-¶-Xn-\m Ct¸mÄ ImWp-¶nÃ.
aW¯n-«-bpsS Øm\-N-e\w
temI¯nse c−m-as¯ \ofw IqSnb IS-¸p-d-ambn IW-¡m-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶
ado\ _o¨v kzm`m-hn-I-ambn cq]-s¸-«-X-Ã, adn¨v a\pjy CS-s]-S-en-\mÂ
\nÀ½n-X-am-Wv. GXm−v 130 hÀj-§Ä¡pap¼v ado\ _o¨v aÕy-§Ä
\ndª sNfnbpw Agp¡pw sI«n-¡n-S-¡p¶ HcnSw am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p.
sNss¶ Xpd-apJw (ap³Im-e¯v a{Zm-kv) 1881 emWv \nÀ½n¡-s¸-«Xv. A¡me¯v Xpd-ap-J-¯n-\p-th−n Ir{Xna Xnc {]Xn-tcm-[-I-§Ä Øm]n-¨n-cp-¶p.
ap¼v sNfnbpw a®pw \nd-ªn-cp¶ Xpd-ap-J-¯nsâ sX¡p-`m-K¯v aWÂ
Ip¶p-Iq-Sm³ XpS§n. 1884  A¶s¯ KhÀW-dm-bn-cp¶ FÂ^n³Ì¬
kz´w Bh-iy-¯n-\mbn aW¡q\ cq]-s¸« Øe¯v Hcp khmcn Øew
\nÀ½n¨v AXn\p ado\ F¶ t]cpw \ÂIn. CXmWv C¶s¯
ado\ _o¨nsâ DÛ-h-I-Y.
83
ado\ _o¨v bmYmÀ°y-amb Imew- ap-XÂ aWÂ IqSn h¶p-sIm-−n-cp-¶p.
F¶m Xpd-ap-J-¯nsâ hS--¡p-`m-K-¯m-Is« D]-cn-X-e-¯nse aW Ipdªp-sIm-−p-ancp-¶p. \mfn-Xp-hsc {]Xn-hÀjw 40 iX-am\w F¶ tXmXnÂ
ado\ _o¨nsâ D]-cn-Xe hnkvXrXn hÀ²n-¨p-sIm−v aW Iq¼m-c-am-IÂ
XpS-cp-t¼mÄ Xpd-ap-J-¯nsâ hS-¡p-`m-K¯v 700 aoäÀ \of-ap-−m-bn-cp¶
Ft¶mÀ _o¨v ad-ªp-t]m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. tKm−vhm\ Ime-t¯mfw ]g-¡apÅ aWepw ]pg-a-Wepw \ndª Hcp ]pcm-X\ _o¨m-WnXv. ChnsS ]pcm-X\-Im-es¯ ]md-a-Wepw Ifn-a¬ tiJ-c-hp-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. Xpd-apJw \nÀ½n¡-s¸-«-tXmsS hS-¡p-`mKw Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«p; Ime-{I-taW _o¨v CÃm-Xm-bn.
Xan-gv\m-«n c−v hÀj-Im-e-ap−v; H¶v, sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ a¬kq-Wpw,
c−m-a-t¯Xv hS¡v Ing-¡³ a¬kqWpw BWv. Cu Imew Imän-sâbpw
ag-bp-sSbpw am{Xw Ime-aÃ, aWÂ Øm\-{`wiw \S-¡p¶ kabw IqSn-bmWv.
Xan-gv\m-Snsâ Ing-¡³ Xoc-§-fn am{Xw {]Xn-hÀjw A©v e£w L\-bSn
aWÂ sX¡v \n¶v hS-t¡m«pw Xncn¨pw amä-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXn-§-s\-bmWv:
sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ Imän ISÂshÅw sX¡p-\n¶v hS-t¡m«v \o§p¶p;
CXv aWn-ens\ hS-¡p-`m-K-t¯¡v \o¡p-¶p. AXp-t]mse hS-¡p-In-g¡
- ³
Imä-Sn-¡p-t¼mÄ IS Pe-¯nsâ Zni sX¡p-`m-K-t¯¡v amdp-¶p. XZv^e
- ambn aW XncnsI sX¡p-`m-K¯pw F¯p-¶p. hÀjw apgp-h³ kw`-hn¡p¶ Cu {]Xn-`mkw Hcp kzm`m-hn-I -k-´p-en-Xm-hØ \ne-\nÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p.
ChnsS, sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ Imänsâ ka-b¯v then-tbä then-bn-d¡
{]{Inb {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-ep-ÅXpw AXn-\m hS-¡p-`m-K-t¯¡v XÅ-s¸-Sp¶
aW-ensâ Afhv IqSp-Xepw BWv. CXv GXm−v 9 amk-¡mew \o−p\n¡p-¶p. t\sc-a-dn¨v hS-¡p-In-g-¡³ Imäv hÀj-¯n BsI aq¶p-am-k
tabpÅq F¶v am{X-aà Xo{h-Xbpw Ipd-hmWv. AXp-sIm−v sX¡p-`m-Kt¯¡v XÅ-s¸-Sp¶ aW-ensâ Afhv B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn Ipd-hm-Wv.
sNss¶ Xpd-apJ \nÀ½m-W-t¯msS Ir{Xna Xnc-{]-Xn-tcm-[I
- -§f
- mbn
Øm]n-¡-s¸« h³ ]md-¡-j-W-§Ä hS-¡p-`m-K-t¯¡pÅ aW XÅÂ
XS-bp¶ hn[-¯n IS shÅ-¯nsâ Hgp¡v \nb-{´n-¡p-Ibpw aWÂ
Cu h³ ]md-¡-j-W-§-fpsS sX¡v`m-K¯v Iq\-Iq-Sm³ CS-bm-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. CXmWv ado\m _o¨v cq]-s¸-«-Xnsâ ]n¶nse imkv{X-kX
- yw.
CXnsâ FXnÀ^-e-am-Is« hS-¡p-`m-Ks¯ Xoc-sam-en-¸pw.
CXns\ km[q-I-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv Cub-Sp¯ Imes¯ t]m−n-t¨-cn-bpsS DZml-c-Ww. 25 hÀjw ap¼v Chn-sS-bp-−m-bn-cp¶ _o¨v I−n-«p-Å-hÀ C¶Xv
\jvS-s¸-Sp-¶Xv
ImWp-t¼mÄ
BÝ-cy-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wv.
t]m−n-t¨-cn84
bnse ]pXnb Xpd-ap-J-amWv CXn\v Imc-Ww. ChnsS a\-Ên-em-t¡−
hkvXpX, Xoc timjWw Hcp kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-`m-k-aà F¶p-Å-Xm-Wv.
A§n-s\-bm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ, \ap¡v temI-¯n _o¨p-I-sfm¶pw _m¡n-bp−m-Ip-I-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p.
ta NÀ¨ sNbvX {]Xn-`m-khpw I−¡m-Sp-Ifpw X½n Hcp _Ô-ap−v. ]n¨m-hm-c-¯pÅ shÅmÀ Agn-ap-J-¯n\v GXm−v aq¶v Intem-ao-äÀ hS¡p-amdn Hcp Xm]-iàn \ne-bw -Øm-]n-¡m³ sI.-F-^v.-Fkv {Kq¸n\v ]²-Xnbp-−v. Cu Xm]-\n-e-b-¯n-\mbn ]pXp-¡p-¸¯v IS-en-te¡v 1650 aoäÀ \of¯n ISÂ]m-etam Xnc {]Xn-tcm-[-Itam \nÀ½n-¡m³ Cu Øm]\w ]cn]m-Sn-bn-Sp-¶p. CXp kw`-hn-¨m h-S¡p`mK-t¯-¡pÅ aW-ensâ XÅÂ
XS-Ê-s¸«v Ct¸mÄ hÀj-¯n Ipd-¨p-amkw am{Xw AS-ªp-In-S-¡p¶
shÅmÀ Agn-apJw Fs¶-t¶-¡p-ambn AS-ªp-t]mIpw F¶ bYmÀ°
`ojWn \ne-\n¡p-¶p. I−¡m-Sp-IÄ¡v Ct¸mÄ kw`-hn-¨p-sIm-−n-cn¡p¶ hn\m-i-¯n\v B¡w Iq«n-s¡m−v Cu {]hÀ¯\w aqew F´v kw`hn-¡m-sa¶v Duln-¡m³ am{Xsa Ign-bq.
amen-\y-§Ä
I−¡m-Sp-IÄ kzm`m-hnI Acn-¸-bm-sW¶pw Ah-bpsS {]tXyI Ign-hpIÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v hnhn[ Xcw ssPhþAssPh amen-\y-§sf Acn-¡p-Ibpw
aW-en Ipgn-¨p-aq-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-sh-¶p-amWv Icp-Xs
- ¸-Sp-¶-Xv. C¡m-cW
- ¯m FÃm amen-\y-§fpw I− {]tZ-i-t¯-¡mWv XÅ-s¸-Sp-¶X
- v.
C¯-c-samcp sXämb hnizmkw IÀ®m-S-I-¯nse awK-em-]p-c-¯pÅ
I−¡m-Sp-Isf Hcp amen-\yw-X-Å {]tZ-i-am¡n amän-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXpsIm-−p-Xs¶ Ah hn\m-i-¯nsâ h¡n-ep-am-Wv.
Poh-im-kv{X-Im-c-\mb A_vZpÄ dlvam³, I−¡m-Sp-IÄ¡v aen\ {Zmh-I§-fn \n¶v Jcteml-§sf thÀXn-cn¨p amäm-\pÅ Ign-hp−v F¶ Bibs¯ AÔhn-izm-k-sa¶v {]Jym-]n¨v iàn-bpàw FXnÀ¡p-¶p. 1983 Â
t¢m \S-¯nb Hcp Kth-j-W-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv At±-l-¯nsâ
A`n-{]mbw. Cu ac-§Ä Jc-tem-l-h-kvXp-¡fpw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpw-sIm−v
_m[n-¡-s¸-Sm³ CS-bn-sÃ-¦nepw CXnsâ Dud aäv kky-Pm-e-§sf \nÝb-ambpw _m[n-¡pw. I−¡m-Sp-IÄ amen\yw XÅ Øe-aà F¶v hmZn¡p¶ A_vZpÄ dlvam³, Nph¶ ]mtam-bn amen-\yw-sIm−v ate-jy-bnÂ
¹h-I-§Ä F§s\ \in-¨p-sh¶v Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p.
tI-c-f-¯nse I−¡mSp-IÄ¡pw kam-\-amb \mi-\-jvS-§Ä kw`-hn-¨psIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hp-−v. tIc-f-¯nse Xe-tÈ-cn-bn I−¡m-SpIÄ¡v kao-]-¯pÅ Hcp Bip-]{Xn ^nt\mÄ amen\yw ]pd-´-Åp-¶p-−v.
Cu amen-\yw-aqew I−Â {]tZ-is¯ ]q¸-ep-I-fpsS F®w 135 Â \n¶pw
85
35 Bbn Npcp-§n-bn-«p-−v. ac-§-fn \n¶pw sNSnIfn \n¶psaÃmw sImgnbp¶ Ce-Ifpw aäpw PoÀ®n¨v aÕy-§Ä¡pw sN½o-\p-IÄ¡p-saÃmw `£W-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶-Xn\v {][m\ ]¦p hln-¡p-¶Xv Cu ]q¸-ep-I-fmWv F¶-Xn\m C§s\ hn\m-i-I-c-amb amen-\y-§Ä XÅp¶ {]h-WX \ap-s¡m-cp-Xc-¯nepw AwKo-I-cn-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-Xm-Wv.
asämcp hn\m-i-I-c-amb ^ew I−Â {]tZ-i¯v Ipan-ªp-Iq-Sp¶ ¹mÌnIv
amen-\y-§-fm-Wv. kap{Z sshÚm-\n-I\pw AÂK-en¯ assd³ dnkÀ¨v
^ut−-j³ Øm]-I-\p-amb Iym]vä³ NmÄkv.sP.-aqÀ IS-ense ¹mÌnIv
IWn-I-IÄ ¹h-I-§-fp-ambn IqSn-t¨-cp-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v D¯c s]k-^n-¡nÂ
Hcp ]T\w \S-¯p-I-bp-−m-bn. At±-l-¯nsâ Is−-¯-e-\p-k-cn¨v 1990 Â
¹h-I-§fpw ¹mÌnIv IWn-I-Ifpw X½n-epÅ A\p-]mXw 1:6 F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
AXm-bXv Hmtcm ¹h-I-¯n\pw 6 ¹mÌnIv IWn-I-IÄ. F¶m 2008 Bbt¸m-tg¡pw Cu A\p-]mXw BIm-i-hm-Ww -t]mse IpXn-¨p-bÀ¶v 1:40 F¶Xm-bn. Cu ¹mÌnIv IWn-I-IÄ Xn¶v Ah-km-\n-¡p¶ ¹h-I-§Ä¡v kw`hn-¡p¶ A]-ISw a\-kn-em-Ip-I ¹mÌnIv _mKp-Isf sPÃn aÕy-§f
- mbn
sXän-²-cn¨v Ah `£n¨v sImÃ-s¸-Sp¶ IS-em-a-Isf ImWp-t¼m-gm-Wv. \Zo-Pe-¯n-eqsS IW-¡n-Ãm-¯{X Af-hn I− {]tZ-i-§-fn-se-¯p¶
C¯cw ¹mÌnIv amen-\y-§Ä I− {]tZ-i-¯n\pw a\p-jy-\-S¡w I−Â
{]tZ-is¯ B{i-bn-¡p¶ FÃm PohnhÀ¤§Ä¡pw ISp¯ A]-IS
kqN\ DbÀ¯p-¶p.
ImÀjnI amen-\y-§Ä
I− {]tZ-i-§sf _m[n-¡p¶ asäm-cp-Xcw amen\yw ImÀjnI taJ-ebn \n¶p-Å-Xm-Wv. \Zn-I-fn-eqsS I− {]tZ-i-s¯-¯p¶ Pew, cmk-hf
- §-fp-sS-bpw, IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sS-bp-saÃmw cmk Ah-in-jvS-§Ä hln¨v aeoa-k-am-Ip-¶p. cmk-h-f-§-fn \n¶pÅ Aan-X-amb ImÀ_Wpw ss\{Skv
HmIvsskUpw D−m-¡p¶ \mi-¯n-\p- ]p-d-sa, IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fn \n¶pw
hcp¶ henb Afhv UnUn-änbpw ]n¨m-hm-cs¯ I−¡m-Sp-If
- psS
NXp¸p {]tZ-i¯v Is−-¯n-bn-«p-−v. Linden Dw Aa-X-amb Af-hn ImWp¶p−v. F¡Â {]tZ-i-¯mWv F³tUm-kÄ^m³ Aan-X-ambn ImWp-¶X
- v.
UnUnän AanX Af-hn ssPh-ta-J-e-I-fnepw. Ch Kuc-h-X-c-ambn ISense kq£va Pohn-I-fn-te¡pw hym]n-¨n-«p-−v. ¹h-I§-fn-emWv Cu aen-\oI-cW hkvXp-¡Ä IqSp-X-embn ImWp-¶-Xv. ¹h-I-§-fn 8.11 ssat{Im {Kmw
UnUn-än, 1.72 ssat{Im{Kmw Linden 0.20 ssat{Im-{Kmw F³tUm-kÄ^m³
F¶nh Is−-¯n-bn-«p-−v. Ch aÕy-§-fnepw ImWm³ Ign-ªn-«p-−v.
{]tXy-In¨v Icp-hm-hÂ, SyqW, shÃ, Ab-e F¶o aÕy-§-fnÂ.
86
Agn-ap-J-¯nsâ hmbv`m-K¯v a¬Xn-«-IÄ cq]s¸«v Ah AS-bp-t¼mÄ ITn\-tem-l-§fpw IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw IS-en-te¡v {]th-in-¡msX hcp-¶p. agbpsS Af-hn-epÅ hyXn-bm\w aqew \Zn-IÄ Bh-iy-¯n\v ip²-Pe
- tam
`£-Wtam F¡tem F¯n-¡m¯ AhØ ØnXn IqSp-XÂ Zb-\o-ba
- m¡p¶p. [mcmfw ip²-Pew DÅn-S¯v [mcmfw NXp-¸p-\ne kky-§-fp-−m-Ipsa-¶Xv Hcp kmam\y XXzw am{X-am-Wv. ip²-Pe Hgp¡v Gähpw IqSp-X-epÅ
\hw-_À amk-¯n A¡m-´kv Cen-kn-t^m-fn-bkv ac-§Ä¡v kao]w
amt{Im-{_m-©nbw sN½o-\p-IÄ e`y-am-Ip-¶Xv CXn\v D¯tamZm-l-c-Wa
- m-Wv.
sN-½o³ hfÀ¯p tI{µ-§-fnse amen-\y-§Ä
sN½o³ hfÀ¯p ]mS-§-fpsS hnI-k-\hpw I−¡m-Sp-Isf _m[n-¡p-¶p.
Akyetitra caiklain, ulmit, micopor XpS-§nb Bân_tbm-«n-¡p-Ifpw IoS-\m-in\n-I-fp-saÃmw Cu ]mS-§-fn hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-−v. Ch-sbÃmw
amen-\y-§-fm-bn XÅ-s¸«v NXp-¸n Ie-cp-t¼mÄ Hcp kzm`m-hnI sN½o³
^mw Xs¶-bmb I−¡m-Sp-I-fnse sN½o³ e`yX Ipd-ªp-h-cp-¶p. CXpIq-SmsX Cu sN½o³ hfÀ¯p tI{µ-§Ä Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯n\v
B¡w-Iq«n ]cn-ØnXn \miw Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-em-¡p-¶p. Bbn-c-¡-W¡
- n\v
hÀj-§-tfmfw F¡-e-Snª NXp-¸p-\n-e-§Ä sN½o³ ^map-I-fmbn cq]m´-c-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ slIvS-dn\v 75 S¬ F¶ tXmXn ImÀ_¬ A´-co-£¯
- nte¡v XÅ-s¸-Sp-¶p
Xm]-iàn \ne-b-§Ä
Nne ]cn-ØnXn hmZn-IÄ¡v "an\-am« tcmKw' F¶ ]Zw Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-am-Wv.
P¸m-\nse Hcp sIm¨p ]«-W-amWv an\-am-«. Hcp Znhkw s]s«¶v Cu ]«-W¯nse ]q¨-I-sfÃmw {`m´p-]n-Sn-¨-Xp-t]mse Aedn hnfn-¡m\pw A]-kvamcw
h¶-Xp-t]mse tZlw tIm¨n-h-en-¡m\pw XpS-§n. Nne ]q¨-IÄ sI«n-S§
- fpsS apI-fn \n¶v kzbw NmSn NmIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ch-bpsS kz`m-h¯
- nepÅ amäw DS-a-ØÀ¡v a\-kn-em-bn-Ã. IrXyw aq¶v hÀj-§Ä¡p-tijw
B \m«nse P\-§fnepw icocw ac-hn¸v, ImgvN iàn \jvS-s¸-SÂ, AÔ-X,
Xe-t¨mÀ XI-cmÀ, Aedn hnfn-¡Â, t_m[w-sI«v Ipgªp hogÂ, tIma
XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw I−p-Xp-S-§n; Ah-km\w ac-W-hpw. BÀ¡pw Cu {]Xn`m-k-¯n\p ]n¶nse ImcWw a\-kn-em-¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã. CXn\p ]n¶mse
AwK-ssh-I-ey-t¯msS Ip«n-IÄ ]nd-¡m³ XpS-§n. CXv ]q¨-If
- nÂ
\n¶v ]IÀ¶ tcmK-am-sW-¶m-bn-cp-¶p [mc-W. tI{µ \mUo-hy-h-Øsb
_m[n-¨v, Xe-t¨m-dns\ {]hÀ¯-\-c-ln-X-am-¡p¶ Cu AÚmX tcmKs¯
"ao\-am« tcmKw' F¶v hnfn-¨p. HSp-hn Cu \nKq-VX ]cn-l-cn-¡m³ Hcp
tUmIvSÀ klm-b-I-\m-bn. ASp-¯pÅ Hcp hyh-kmb ime-bn \n¶v ]pd´-Å-s¸-Sp¶ ck-[m-Xp-hmWv Cu AÚmX tcmK-¯n\v Imc-W-sa¶v Is−¯n-sb-¦nepw ckw F§n-s\-bmWv a\pjy ico-c-¯n Xpf¨p Ib-dn-b87
sX¶v a\-kn-em-¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã. ck-[mXp amen-\y-¯nsâ IWn-I-IÄ Agnap-Js¯ F¡-ep-ambn Ie-cp-t¼mÄ Ah kq£vam-Wp-¡-fp-ambn {]Xn-{]hÀ¯\w \S¯n "aossX saÀ¡pdn' Bbn amdp-¶p. Chsb shÅ-¯nÂ
Is−-¯m³ Ign-bn-Ã. Ch ¹h-I-§-fp-ambn tNcp-t¼mÄ Poh-h-kvXp-¡Ä
Ch `£n-¡p-¶p. henb aÕy-§Ä Cu PohhkvXp-¡sf Blm-c-am-¡p-¶p.
C§s\ Cu hnjw Hcp Øe-¯p-\n¶v asäm-cn-S¯v F¯p-¶p. Cu aÕy§sf ]q¨-IÄ Xn¶-t¸m-gmWv Ahbv¡v tcmK-_m-[-bp-−m-b-Xv. a\p-jyÀ
C¯cw aÕyw `£n-¨-t¸mÄ Cu hnjw a\p-jy-i-co-c-¯n-se-¯p-Ibpw
tcmK-Im-c-W-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. ck-[mXp amen\yw an\-am« DÄ¡-Se
- n-tes¡m-gp¡n hn«n-cp¶ P¸m-\nse NntÊm tImÀ¸-td-jsâ DS-a-Ø-X-bn-epÅ
Hcp cmk-hy-h-kmb ime-bm-bn-cp¶p an\-am« tcmK-¯nsâ ]n¶nÂ.
an\-am« kw`-h-¯n\v kam-\-amb Zpc-´-]qÀ®-amb ^ew Xan-gv\m-S³ Xoc¯pÅ Xm]-iàn \ne-b-¯n \n¶v ]pd-´-Å-s¸-Sp¶ amen-\y-§f
- nÂ
\n¶pw D−m-Imw. ]n¨m-hm-c-¯n\pw apXp-t¸-«n\pw CS-bn-epÅ Xoc-{]-tZi¯v 14700 saKm-hm«v sshZypXn DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ 12 Xm]
sshZypXn \ne-b-§-fmWv \nÀ½n-¡p-hm³ Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu Xm] iàn
\ne-b-§Ä¡v I−¡m-Sn\pw ]cn-Øn-Xn¡pw AXn-bmb \miw hcp-¯m³
Ign-bpw.
{Sm³Iz-_m-dn\v kao]w s]cp-amÄt]-«n Ct¸mÄ Xs¶ \m^vX-en\pw
{]IrXn hmX-Ihpw (P.P.N.1). D]-tbm-Kn¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Hcp sshZypXn
DÂ]m-Z\ tI{µw D−v. sshZypXn \ne-b-¯nse skÃp-IÄ XWp-¸n-¡m³
ISÂsh-Å-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-b-§fpw CtX
{]{Inb kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m XWp-¸n-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ shÅw
ho−pw IS-en-te-s¡m-gp-¡n-hn-Spw. IS-en-te¡v Xncn-s¨m-gp-¡n-hn-Sp¶ Cu
NqSp-shÅw kwh-ln-¡p-¶Xv Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-b-¯n \n¶pÅ amen-\ya-ÃmsX asäm-¶p-a-Ã. IS k¼¯v Cu NqSv shÅ-¯m \in-¡m-\n-Sb
- mIp-¶p. DjvW-ta-J-e-bn-epÅ aÕy-§Ä Pohn-¡p-¶Xv Ahbv¡v Xm§mhp¶ ]c-am-h[n Xm]-\n-e-bn-epÅ Pe-¯n-em-Wv.
Cu Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-b-§-fpsS t{]mPIvSv dnt¸mÀ«p-If
- n XWp-¸n¡Â
{]{In-b-¡p-tijw ]pd-´-Åp¶ Pew shdpw A©v Un{Kn- am{Xw NqSv A[nI-ap-Å-XmWv F¶v Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶p-s−-¦nepw (b-YmÀ°-¯n-epÅ NqSv
AXn-t\-¡mÄ ]Xn³a-S§v IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¦n-epw) Cu A[n-Ic
- n¨
A©v Un{Kn NqSp-t]mepw aÕy-k-¼-¯nsâ hwi-\m-i-¯n\v aXn-bm-b-Xm-Wv.
{Sm³Iz-_mÀ {]tZ-is¯ aÕy-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶Xv P.P.N.1
Ah-cpsS ¹mân \n¶v NqSp-shÅw Hgp-¡n-hn-Sp¶ {]tZ-i-¯nsâ A©v
Intem-ao-äÀ ]cn-[n-¡p-Ån bmsXmcp aÕyhpw ImWm-\nà F¶-Xm-Wv. aäp
88
Øe-§-fn sN½o³, ISve, Abe XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS Afhpw Ipd-sª¶v
AhÀ ]d-bp-¶p.
hkvXpX CXv am{X-aÃ; c−v enäÀ IS shÅw arZp-hm-¡p-t¼mÄ 0.8 enäÀ
arZp-Pew am{X-amWv e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. _m¡n-bm-Ip¶ 1.2 enäÀ Cc«n eh-WX
- z-apÅ- shÅw IS-en-te-¡p-Xs¶ Hgp¡n hnSp-¶p. Cu AXn-e-hW
- -Xz-apÅ
Pew aÕy-k-¼-¯ns\ _m[n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-]p-dsa I− {]tZ-it- ¯¡pw
hym]n¨v Ahn-Sps¯ kky-Pm-e-§-sfbpw -Po-hnhÀ¤-§-sfbpw \in-¸n-¡p¶p.
400 aoäÀ Zqc-¯p-\n¶v IS shÅw sIm−p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ aWn-¡q-dn 25
enäÀ t¢mdn³ tNÀ¡p-¶p. sshZypXn \ne-b-¯nse Nqf XWp-¸n-¡m³
shÅw sIm-−p-t]m-Ip¶ ss]¸p-I-fn IS-en \n¶pÅ kq£va Pohn-IÄ
ASn-ªp-Iq-Sm-Xn-cn-¡m-\mWv C§s\ sN¿p-¶-Xv. (Cu coXn I¸m-¡¯v
\ne-hn-ep-−v) C{]-Imcw A[n-I-ambn tNÀ¡p¶ t¢mdn-\mWv ss^täm-¹mwIvS-Wp-I-fpsS tImi-§sf \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. X·qew {]Imi kwtÇ-jWw
Ipd-bm³ CS-bm-Ip-¶p. IqSmsX CXv `£y-irw-J-e-bnse {]Y-a-L« D]-t`màm-¡-sfbpw _m[n-¡p-¶p. Agn-ap-J-¯n-sâbpw NXp-¸p-\n-e-¯n-sâbpw
h¡n Pohn-¡p¶ ss^täm¹mwIvS-Wp-I-fpsS F®w Ipd-ªn-«p−v F¶
hkvXpX 1990  Xq¯p-¡pSn Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-b-¯n \n¶pÅ amen-\y§-fpsS A\-´-c-^-e-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]T\w \S-¯nb tUm.-BÀ.-k-´m\w
Ønco-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. 60 iXam-\-t¯mfw kq¹mw-IvS-Wp-IÄ \in-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xmbn asämcp ]T\w \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. CXp-Iq-SmsX t¢mdn³ IS shůn CXc cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡pw Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p-−v. AÀ_p-ZI
- m-cnbmb Trihalomethane (TCH) an{in-X-ambn AXv amdp-¶p. A[n-I-amb t¢mdn³
Atam-Wn-b-bp-ambn tNÀ¶v D−m-Ip¶ t¢mtdm-an³kv, t{_mtam-an³kv
F¶o hnj hkvXp-¡Ä aÕy-§-fnepw R−p-I-fnepw sN½o-\p-If
- nepw
I−p-h-cp-¶p.
\½psS Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-b-§Ä I¡-cn-bmWv {][m\ Akw-kvIrX
hkvXp-hmtbm CÔ-\-amtbm D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. sshZypXn DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶-Xn-\mbn I¡cn I¯p-t¼mÄ ckw hmbp-hn-te¡pw aen-\-P-e¯
- nte¡pw IS¯n hnSp-¶p. km[m-c-W-bm-bn, hfsc \ma-am-{X-amb Af-hnte
I¡cnbn ck-[mXp DÅq-sh-¶mWv Ah-Im-i-hm-Zw. AXm-bXv \mev
aney¬ Intem I¡-cn-bn Hcp Intem ck-[mXp ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p. Bbncw
saKm-hm«v sshZypXn DÂ]m-Z\ tijnbpÅ Hcp \ne-b-¯n\v {]Xn-hÀjw
5.50 aney¬ S¬ I¡cn Bh-iy-am-Wv. 14700 saKm-hm«v DÂ]m-Z-\-ti-jnbpÅ \ne-b-§Ä Øm]n-¡m-\pÅ ]²-Xn-bp-Å-t¸mÄ Ahbv¡v {]hÀ¯n¡m³ `oa-amb Af-hn I¡cn Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cpw. 25 G¡À ]cn-[n-bnepÅ aÕy-§sf apgp-h³ hnj-en-]vX-am-¡m³ Hcp {Kmw ck-[mXp aXn-bm89
Ip-¶-XmWv F¶Xv imkv{Xo-b-ambn sXfn-bn-¡-s¸-«n-«pÅ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.
Hmtcm \qdv saKm-hm«v tijn-bpÅ Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-bhpw Hmtcm
hÀjhpw 11 {Kmw ck-[mXp ]pd¯p hnSp-¶p. C§s\ 14700 saKm-hm«v
sshZypXn DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ \ne-b-§Ä Hcp-an¨v GXm\pw hÀj-t¯¡v
am{Xw {]hÀ¯n¡m³ XpS-§n-bm Xs¶ Ch S¬ IW-¡n\v ck-[mXp
IS-en-te¡v IeÀ¯p¶ alm-hn-]-Xv¡-c-amb Ah-Ø-bp-−m-¡pw. Ch Agnap-J¯pw I−Â{]-tZ-i¯pw F¯p-Itbm F¡-e-Snªv kq£vam-Wp-¡f
- pambn {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯n¨v "aossX saÀ¡pdn' Bbn-¯o-cp-Itbm Cà F¶p-ÅXn\v bmsXmcp Dd-¸p-anÃ!
t\cn-«pÅ A]-I-S-§Ä am{X-aà Xm]-ssh-Zyp-Xn-\n-e-b-§-fn \n¶pÅ aen\o-I-cWw D−m-¡p-¶-Xv. Ch-bpsS ZoÀL-Ime \ne-\n¸v Imem-hØ
sbbpw _m[n-¡p-¶p. C¯cw ¹mâp-IÄ ]pd-¯p-hn-Sp¶ hmX-I-§Ä
Hmtkm¬ ]mfn-I-fn kpjn-c-§Ä D−m-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-Ip¶p; AXphgn BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-¯n\pw.
500 saKm-hm«v Dev]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bpÅ Hmtcm Xm]-\n-e-bhpw 105 St®mfw
kÄ^À Utbm-IvsskUv ]pd-¯p-hn-Sp¶p F¶-Xn\v aXn-bmb sXfn-hp-If
- p−v. CXv A¾-a-g¡v CS-bm¡pw; hnf-IÄ¡v \miw hcp-¯p-Ibpw I−¡mSp-I-fnse kky-Pm-e-§sf D³aq-e\w sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿pw.
C¯cw ¹mâp-IÄ Hmtcm-Zn-h-khpw 24 St®mfw ss\{S-P³ UtbmIvsskUpw DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Pem-i-b-§Ä A¾-Xz-ap-Å-Xmbn amdm³ CXv
Imc-W-am-Ipw. then-tbä--- then-bn-d¡ {]tZ-i-§-fnse I−¡m-Sp-I-sfbpw
CXv _m[n-¡p-¶p. Hcp Ime¯v Xangv kwL-Ime IrXn-IÄ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xp-t]mse "s\bvXÂ' ]pjv]-§Ä hncn-bp-¶{X ipNn-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu {]tZiw.
I¡cn Cd-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw \nÀ½mW ]²-Xn-bnÂs¸«
Xm]-\n-e-b-§-fn-te¡v sIm−p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn-\v kw`-cn¨p sh¡p-¶Xn\p-ambn
Hcp {]tXyI Xpd-apJw \nÀ½n-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¨n-«p-−v. ChnsS {]hÀ¯-\a
- mcw-`n-¡m³
Dt±-in-¨pÅ I¼-\n-IÄ 1850
saKm-hm«v tijn-bpÅ
"ss{SUw'I¼-\nbpw 300 saKm-hm«v DÂ]m-Z-\-¯n XpS§n 1200 saKm-hm«v
tijn-bn-te¡v hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-hm³ ]²-Xn-bpÅ "\mssK ]hÀ (ss{]) enanäUv' Dw BWv. I¡-cn-bn \n¶pÅ Nmcw Xmsg ]d-bp¶ hnj-hk
- vXp¡Ä AS-§n-b-Xm-Wv: 11 ppm BÀsk\n¡v, 9.0 ppm ImUvanbw, 120 ppm
t{Imanbw, 100 ppm sN¼v, 35 ppm seUv, 150 ppm \n¡Â. Cu Af-hp-Isf-Ãmw- Xs¶ temIm-tcm-Ky-kw-L-S\ \njv¡Àjn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ]cn-[n¡v apI-fnem-Wv.
90
Xsse-Kv\m-bp-cp-hn\v kao]w Bew F¶ Øe-¯v, AtX-k-abw, h\w-hIp¸v Hcp ]pXnb I−¡mSv \nÀ½n-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. C§-s\-bmbn«pw ]n¨m-hmcw I−¡m-Sp-IÄ¡v kao-]-¯pÅ "AKc s]cp-t´m«w'
F¶ Øe¯v cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§Ä¡pw A\p-_Ô hkvXp-¡Ä¡p-ambn Hcp
{]tXyI km¼-¯nI taJe Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨mWv kÀ¡m-dnsâ
Btem-N-\. Cu {]tZ-i-¯mWv IS-em-a-IÄ Iq«mbn hkn-¡p-Ibpw
{]XypÂ]m-Z\ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn GÀs¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-sX¶v h\w-hI
- p¸nsâ tcJ-IÄ ià-ambn Nq−n-¡m-«n-bn-«p-ap-−v.
GXphnt[-\bpw hnI-k-\-¯n\v {]mapJyw \ÂIp¶ C¶s¯ Npäp-]m-SnÂ
IS-em-a-I-sfbpw I−¡m-Sp-I-sfbpw ao\-am« tcmKs¯-bpw- Ip-dn¨v
F´n\v NÀ¨-IÄ F¶ tNmZy-ap-¶-bn¨v BÝ-cy-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cp-ap-−v. AXp-t]mse-Xs¶ lcnX hn¹hw kam-cw-`n-¡p¶ Ime-¯mWv hnI-k\ {]Jym-]\
- §Ä CS-X-S-hn-ÃmsX D−m-b-Xv. C¶v \½psS `£-Whpw AXv DÂ]m-Zn-¸n¡p¶ `qanbpw hnj-en-]vX-am-bn-¡-gn-ª-t¸mÄ C¯-c-¡mÀ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶Xv
ZoÀL-Ime hnI-k\amWv.
Cu ZoÀL-Ime hnI-k-\hpw aen-\o-I-c-W-ap-−m-¡m¯ kmt¦-XnI hnZybpw
Hcp-an¨v \ne-\n¡-W-sa-¶XmWv \½psS Bh-iyw. BtKmf ssPh-ssh-hn[y-s¯-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ am\-h-Ip-ehpw CXn DÄs¸-Sp-sa¶v
hfsc \¶mbn a\-kn-em-¡n-bn-«p-−v. Pohsâ ASn-Øm-\m-hiyw Pe-am-Wv.
Pe-an-ÃmsX Poh-\n-Ã. Pe-t{km-XÊv \in-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp hyh-km-bhpw \Ã
DZy-a-am-sW¶v ]d-bm³ Ign-bn-Ã. km¼-¯nI imkv{X-t¯-¡mÄ Gsd {][m\-s¸-«-Xp-X-s¶-bmWv Pew. 500 saKm-hm«v tijn-bpÅ Hcp Xm]-\n-ebw
Hmtcm aWn-¡q-dnepw 85000 enäÀ Pew D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. CXn `qKÀ`-Pehpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. 8 ASn XmgvN-bn e`y-am-bn-cp¶ `qÀK`Pew Ct¸mÄ 20
ASn Xmgv¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu Pe t{kmX-kp-I-fn D¸p-Pew In\n-ªn-d-§n-bn«p-ap-−v.
Xm]-\n-e-b-§-fpsS Imcy-¯n-em-bmepw hnI-k\w XS-b-s¸-S-cpXv F¶ ap³hn[n-bp-Å-hÀ Xmsg Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶ hkvXp-X-IÄ a\-Ên Icp-XW
- w.
a\pjy ico-c-¯nsâ FÃm `mK-¯n-sâbpw hfÀ¨-bmWv ka-{K-amb
bYmÀ° hfÀ¨; ico-c-¯nsâ Hcp `mKw am{X-amWv hf-cp-¶-sX-¦nÂ
AXn\v hfÀ¨-sb¶v hnfn-¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã. Ct¸mÄ ap¶n ImWp¶ hfÀ¨
[\m-Vy-cmb Ip¯I apX-em-fn-am-cpsS hfÀ¨-bm-Wv, P\-§f
- p-tS-X-Ã.
Xan-gv\mSv kwØm-\-¯n\v BsI Bh-iy-amb sshZypXn 13000 saKm-hmt«mfw am{X-am-Wv. 20000 saKm-hm«v sshZypXn DÂ]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bpÅ ]pXpXmbn \nÀ½n-¡m³ Dt±-in-¨pÅ Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-b-§Ä kzImcy
91
sshZypXn DÂ]m-Z-I-cpsS Xmev]cy {]Im-c-amWv hcp-¶-Xv. P\-§Ä BsI
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ sshZyp-Xn-bn IqSp-X A´m-cmjv{S I¼-\n-IÄ D]-tbmKn-¡p-¶p. sshZypXn DÂ]m-Z-\-¯n Ipdhp h¶m kln-t¡−n hcp-¶Xv
P\-§-fm-Wv.
A´m-cmjv{S I¼-\n-I-fpsS apdn-I-fnse FbÀ I−o-j-W-dp-IÄ Hcp-\n-an-jt\-c-t¯-¡p-t]mepw \ne-bv¡p-¶n-Ã. \½psS Pehpw `qanbpw hmbp-hpsaÃmw aen-\o-I-cn-¨p-sIm-−mWv CsXÃmw \S-¡p-¶-Xv; AXv hfÀ¨-bp-sSbpw
hnI-k-\-¯n-sâbpw t]cn-em-sW¶v am{Xw.
hfÀ¨-sb-¶p-t±-in-¡p-¶Xv, \½psS hÀ¯-am-\-Ime PohnXw am{X-aÃ;
\½psS a¡fpw hcpw Xe-ap-d-I-fp-saÃmw AXn DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. CXv FÃm
Poh-Pm-e-§-sfbpw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-XmWv F¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶-hÀ XoÀ¨bmbpw CtX-¡p-dn¨v i_vZ-ap-bÀ¯-Ww. \½Ä Cu `qan-bn IpSn-bm³am-cmWv;
\½psS
]qÀhn-IÀ
A§n-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
hcpw
Xe-ap-dI
- Ä
A§ns\ Bbn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. Cu `qansb \in-¸n-¡m³ \ap-¡-hI
- m-ian-Ã. CsXÃmw hyà-ambn a\-kn-em-¡p-¶-hÀ kZm hnI-k-\-a-{´-hp-ambn \S¡nÃ!
kp\m-an-¡v tijw am{X-amWv I−¡m-Sp-I-fpsS hne \ap¡v a\-kn-em-bX
- v.
F¶m I−¡m-Sp-IÄ Xnc-{]-Xn-tcm-[-I-§Ä am{X-a-Ã, lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-XI
\nÀ¤-a\w Ipd-bv¡m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\s¯
sNdp-¡p-hm\pw klm-b-I-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v "XnssÃ' ac-§Ä aäp-Xc
- ¯n-epÅ ac-§-sfbpw sNSn-I-sf-bpw-ImÄ aq¶v aS§v IqSp-XÂ
ImÀ_¬U-tbm-IvsskUv
BKn-cWw
sN¿p-¶p.
AXp-t]m-e-Xs¶
I−ÂsN-Sn-IÄ hf-sc-b-[nIw cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§Ä DÂ]m-Zn-¸n¨v A´co£ hmbp-hn-te¡v IS¯n hnSp-¶p. Cu cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§Ä AÄ{Sm-hb
- e
- äv
civan-I-fpsS hnIn-cWw hgn-Xn-cn¨p hnSp-¶-Xmbn skâÀ t^mÀ
AUzm³kvUv ÌUokv C³ assd³ _tbm-fPn F¶ Øm]\w \S-¯nb
Kth-j-W-§Ä kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
henb hcp-am\w t\Sn-¯-cp¶ Hcp k¼-ZvtI-{µ-ambpw I−¡m-Sp-Isf
ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. cmPys¯ 80 iX-am\w aÕy DÂ]m-Z-\hpw I−¡m-SpIsf B{i-bn-¨mWv \S-¡p-¶-Xv. ImÀjnI taJ-e-bn \n¶pÅ hcp-am-\t¯-¡mÄ 25 iX-am\w A[n-I-amWv I−¡m-Sp-I-fn \n¶pÅ hcp-am-\w.
AXp-t]mse kpµÀ_³kv ImSp-I-fn \n¶v hÀjw-tXmdpw 111 St®mfw
tX³ tiJ-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. CXv cmPys¯ BsI tX\pÂ]m-Z-\-¯nsâ 90 iXam-\-am-Wv. Xoc-kp-c-£, aÕy-kw-c-£-Ww, ac-¯-Sn-bpsS e`y-X, hnt\m-Zk
- ©m-cw, Pe-Kp-W-\n-e-hmcw sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯Â, Pe-¯nsâ ]p\-cpÂ]m-Z\w XpS§nb hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn I−¡m-Sp-I-fpsS kw`m-h\ {]Xn-hÀjw 1.6
92
_ney¬ Ata-cn-¡³ tUmf-dn-t\m, NXp-c{i Intem-ao-ä-dn\v 0.90 aney¬
Ata-cn-¡³ tUmf-dnt\m Xpey-amWv F¶mWv IW-¡m-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
C{X al-¯-c-amb I−¡m-Sp-IÄ {]Xn-hÀjw Hcp iX-am-\-sa¶ \nebn \in-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv Ct¸mÄ. C´ybn-em-sI-bpÅ 4445 NXpc{i Intem-ao-äÀ I−¡m-Sp-I-fn Xan-gv\m-«n-ep-Å-Xv 35 NXpc{i Intem-aoäÀ am{X-am-Wv. Ignª \qäm-−n ]n¨m-hm-c-¯p-−m-bn-cp¶ 4000 slIvSÀ
I−¡m-Sp-IÄ 1100 slIvS-dmbn C¶v Ipd-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. ap¼v 12000
slIvSÀ D−m-bn-cp¶ apXp-t¸«v I−Â{]-tZ-i-§Ä C¶v 6803.1 slIvSÀ
BWp-Å-Xv. CXnÂt]mepw 4 iX-am\w am{X-amWv ]qÀ® hfÀs¨-sb-¯nb
I−¡m-Sp-IÄ.
Xan-gv\m-«nse k¼-¶-amb ISense, 50 aoäÀ hsc Bg-¯n-epÅ Hcp NXp-c{i-In-tem-ao-äÀ {]tZ-i-¯p-\n¶v 12 S¬ aÕyw e`n-¨n-cp-¶p. 50 apX 200
aoäÀ hsc Bg-¯n NXp-c{i Intem-ao-ä-dn\v 6 S¬ aÕyhpw. Agn-ap-J§
- fpsS CSn-bepw I−¡m-Sp-I-fpsS \io-I-c-Whpw Cu aÕy-e-`y-Xb
- psS
Af-hns\ _m[n-¨n-«p-−v. F¶n-cp-¶m-epw, aÕy-_-Ô\ hyh-km-b-¯nÂ
C´y-bn C¶v aq¶mw Øm\-¯pÅ Xan-gv\mSv H¶mw Øm\-s¯¯m³ ]cn-{i-an-¡p-I-bm-Wv. I− {]tZ-i-§sf c£n-¡p-I-hgn P\-ka
- q-l§-fpsS Poh-k-Ôm-c-W-s¯bpw kwc-£n-¡m³ Ign-bpw. temI-¯m-Ia
- m\w
Hcp aney¬ P\-§Ä¡v I−¡m-Sp-IÄ sXmgn \ÂIp-¶p-−v. Ing¡³
Xoc¯pam{Xw I−¡m-Sp-Isf ]qÀ®-ambn B{i-bn¨p Ign-bp¶ Bbncw
{Kma-§-fp-−v. Cu P\-§Ä¡v amwk t{]m«o³ e`y-am-Im-\pÅ GI t{kmXÊmb aÕyhpw sN½o\pw Ah-cpsS apJy Blm-c-am-Wv. F¶m t]mj-Imlm-c-¡p-d-hp-aq-e-apÅ tcmK-§Ä C¶v aÕy-sXm-gn-e-mfn-I-fpsS a¡-fnÂ
hym]-I-am-Wv. Cu tcmK-§-fpsS {][m\ Imc-W-ambn Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡s
- ¸-Sp¶-Xv PohIw Fbp-sSbpw _nbp-sSbpw A`m-h-am-Wv.
hÀjw-tXmdpw 15 Intem{Kmw IS D¸-¶-§Ä Hmtcm hyàn-bp-sSbpw
`£-W-¯nÂ
DÄs¸-Sp-¯-W-sa-¶mWv
temIm-tcm-Ky-kw-L-S-\-bpsS
ip]mÀi. ]s£ C´y Hcp \o− IS¯o-c-apÅ cmPy-am-sW-¦nepw icmicn 7.5 Intem{Kmw aÕyw-t]mepw Hcp C´ym-¡m-c\v e`n-¡p-¶n-Ã. AbUn³ k¼-¶-amb sN½o-\p-IÄ hntZ-in-I-fpsS D]-t`m-K-¯n-\mbn Ib-äp-aXn
sN¿m³ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p¶ kÀ¡mÀ, \½psS P\X Ab-Un³ IeÀ¶
D¸p `£n-¡m³ ip]mÀi sN¿p-¶Xv hntcm-[m-`m-kw- X-s¶. I−¡m-SpIsf kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th−n A`yÀ°-\-Ifpw At]-£-Ifpw DbÀ¯p¶p-s−-¦nepw Ah-sbÃmw \nc-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wv. t\sc-a-dn¨v A¯cw
{]tZ-i-§-fn Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-b-§Ä Øm]n-¡p¶ Imcy-¯n _²-{i²-cm-W-hÀ! Cu Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-b-§Ä \ne-hn hcn-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ
Ah I−¡m-Sp-IÄ ]qÀ®-ambn CÃm-Xm-Ip-¶-Xp-hsc Ahsb {ItaW
\in-¸n-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡pw. Ct¸mÄ D]-tbm-K-tbm-Ky-amb aÕy-§Ä `mhn-bnÂ
93
Xosc-bp-−m-hn-Ã. adn¨v hnj-_m-[n-X-amb aÕy-§Ä am{Xw hfÀ¶p s]cpIn-bn-«p-ap-−m-Ipw.
tZim-S-\-]-£n-IÄ apXp-t¸-«n\v tNÀ¶pÅ NXp-¸p-\new kµÀin-¡p-¶Xv
HIvtSm-_-dn\pw \hw-_-dn-\p-an-S-bn-em-Wv. C¯cw ]£n-I-fn Gähpw {][m\-s¸-«h ^vfhÀ tÌm¡v F¶ sIm¡v hn`m-K-¯nÂs]Sp-¶-h-bm-Wv. C¯cw
2,50,000 ]£n-IÄ ChnsS ]d-¶n-d-§n-bn-cp¶ Ime-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. C¶m-Is«
50000 Infn-IÄ t]mepw hcp-¶n-Ã. CXnsâ ImcWw hymh-km-bnI eh-W§Ä DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ sNw¹m-Ìnsâ D¸p-I-¼-\n-bm-Wv.
Cu I¼-\n-bn \n¶v ]pd¯p hcp¶ amen\y§Ä `qan-bnepw shůnepw Bgv¶n-d§n Cu sIm¡p-IfpsS `£-W-amb kq£va Pohn-Isf
sIms¶m-Sp-¡p-¶p. »q {Ko³ BÂsK F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Cu NXp¸p \ne¯pÅ Hcp-Xcw ¹h-I-§fpw Ahsb `£n-¡p¶ sN½o-\p-I-fp-amWv Cu
tZim-S\ sIm¡p-I-fpsS {]nb-s¸« `£-Ww. Ch-bn-emWv _oäImÀ«nt\mbvUv ]nKvsaâv (PohIw FbpsS Hcp ]qÀÆ cq]w) AS-§n-bn-cn¡p-¶-Xv. Dunaliella F¶ Hcp kq£va kkyw BWv Cu sIm¡p-If
- psS
asämcp `£y hkvXp. PohIw FbpsS DÂ]m-Z-\-¯n-\pÅ Hcp LS-Ia
- mb
CXnepw _oä-ImÀ«nt\mbvUv ]nKvsaâv \ndsb D−v. Cu ]nKvsaâp-IÄ
BWv C¯cw sIm¡p-IÄ¡v Nph¸p \ndw \ÂIp-¶-Xv. (sN-½o-\pIsf ]mIw sN¿p-t¼mÄ Cu Nph¸v \ndw ImWp-hm³ km[n-¡pw) sIm¡pIÄ Cu ]nKvsaâp-IÄ AI-¯m-¡p-t¼mÄ Ic-fn \n¶v hcp¶ Hcp Zo]-\ckw IÀ«n-t\m-bn-Uns\ hnL-Sn¨v AXns\ Nph¸p \ndtam Nph¸p IeÀ¶
aª-\n-dtam B¡n amäp-Ibpw sIm¡nsâ \ndw-am-ä-¯n\v Imc-W-am-Ip-Ibpw
sN¿p-¶p. Cu ]nKvsaâp-IÄ `£n-¡m¯ Ah-Ø-bn Cu sIm¡p-IÄ
shÅ \nd-¯ntem Nmc-\n-d-¯ntem am{X-amIpw ImW-s¸-Sp-I.
t]mÀW-bnse I−¡m-Sp-I-fn an¶m-an-¶n-I-fpsS {it²-b-amb, IuXp-Iap-WÀ¯p¶ ImgvN- ImWmw. "I−¡m«nse B¸nÄ' F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶
Hcp-Xcw amhnsâ Ce tXSn-bmWv Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v an¶m-an-\p-§p-IÄ ChnsS-sb-¯p-¶-Xv. Xan-gv\m-«n C¯cw hr£-§Ä GXm−v hwi-\m-i-t¯m-SSp-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Ch A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-¶-tXmsS an¶m-an-¶n-Isf ChnsS Xosc
ImWm-sX-bm-Ipw.
I−¡m-Sp-I-fpsS ih-¸-d-¼n \n¶pw DbÀ¶p-h¶ Hcp sat{Sm \K-camWv apwss_. KpP-dm-¯nse IUve Xpd-ap-Jhpw HUo-j-bnse ]d-Zo]v Xpdap-Jhpw CtX ØnXn-bn Xs¶-bp-Å-h-bm-Wv. C¯cw \nc-h[n sXfn-hpIÄ thsd-bp-ap-−v. CsXÃmw Ime-L-«-¯nsâ A\n-hm-cy-X-bmbn Nn{Xo-Ic
- n¡p-¶-hÀ Hcp-]s£ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Xncn-¨-Sn-tbtbm Ien-tbtbm Ipdn¨v tI«n«p-−m-hn-Ã. s]s«-¶p-−m-Ip¶ ap³Iq«n ImWm³ Ign-bm¯ Hcp kp\m-an94
bpsS cq]-¯n {]Ir-Xn¡v Xncn-¨-Sn-¡m³ Ignbpw; H«p-an¡ kml-Nc
- y¯nepw {]h-N-\m-Xo-X-am-bn.
C¶v Xan-gv\mSv kwØm-\-¯nsâ a[y-`m-K-¯pÅ Hcp \K-c-amb Acn-bÃ
- qÀ
Hcp Ime¯v IS-ensâ `mK-am-bn-cp-¶p. 2000 hÀjw ap¼v Hcp {][m\ Xpd-apJ-am-bn-cp¶ ]p¡mÀ ]«Ww C¶v IS-ensâ ASn-¯-«n Dd-§p-¶p. C´ybnse Xoc-tZi \K-c-§Ä¡v `ojWn DbÀ¯p¶ Hcp ap¶-dn-bn-¸mImw CXv.
Gähpw tami-amb Ah-Ø-IÄ
an¶m-an-\p-§p-I-fpsS \pdp-§p-sh-«-an-Ãm¯ I−¡m-Sp-I-fnse cm{Xn-IÄ...
Ing-¡³Xocw apgp-h³ Cubw \ndª aÕy-§-fm-Wv...
_wKmÄ ISp-h-IÄ¡v hwi-\miw kw`-hn-¨m C´y-bpsS ASp¯ tZiob
arKw GXm-bn-cn¡pw?
B{Ôm-{]-tZ-inepw sI\n-b-bn-ep-saÃmw sN¿p-¶-Xp-t]mse I−Â {]tZ-i§sf ssZh-§-sf-t¸mse Bcm-[n-t¡− Bh-iy-sam-¶p-an-Ã. Cu Aaqey
ss]XrIw Hcp amen\y t{kmX-Êmbn amdp-¶nà F¶v Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-¶X
- n\v
tbmPn-¨pÅ {]b-Xv\-amWv th−-Xv. ss\Po-cn-b³ ]cn-ØnXn {]hÀ¯-I\mb sI³ kmtdm hnh Xsâ cmPys¯ I−¡m-Sp-IÄ kwc-£n-¡p-¶Xn-\mbn kzPo-h³ _en sImSp-¯p. \½psS \m«nse I−¡m-Sp-Isf
s\t©mSp tNÀ¡m\pw kwc-£n-¡m-\p-apÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v ChnsS
XpS¡w Ipdn-¡mw.
Ipdn-¸p-IÄ
1. sN½o\p-IÄ c−p-X-c-ap-−v; IS-en Pohn-¡p-¶-h-bpw ip²-Pe sN½o-\pI-fpw. Cw¥o-jn Prawns F¶ ]Z-{]-tbmKw ip²-Pe sN½o-\p-Isf
am{Xw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. Agn-ap-J¯pw IS-enepw Pohn-¡p-¶h
- sb
Shrimps F¶p am{Xw hnfn-¡p-¶p.
2. `qan cq]-s¸« ka-b¯v CXv Htc-t]m-epÅ Hcp h³I-c-bm-bn-cp-¶p. CXv
s_©nb F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. C¶v, 51 tImSnbpw 18 tImSnbpw hÀj-§Ä¡n-Sbnse Hcp hnS-hn-\p-tijw Cu `qJÞw c−mbn hn`-Pn-¡-s¸« Ah-Øbn-em-Wv. hS-¡p-`m-K¯v CXv semtdjy F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
sXs¡
`qJÞw tKm−p-hm\ F¶ t]cn-epw.
3. BÀ¡n-b³ Ime-L«w F¶ {]mNo-\-Im-e¯mWvv temIw C¶s¯ coXnbn cq]w -sIm-−-X.v A¡m-e-L-«-¯n {]]©w NqSp-]n-Sn¨ Hcp tKmfam-bn-cp-¶p. B ka-b¯v `utam-]-cn-Xew C¶-t¯-¡mÄ aq¶v aS§v NqSv
IqSn-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
95
THANKS:
Mr. E. Shanmuganandam, Wildlife Photographer, Writer.
Mr. Nityanad Jayaraman, Environmental Activist and Journalist.
Mr. Babu Ezhildasan, Ezil Archives, Thiruvilaiyatam.
Mr. C. Sunil, Environmental Activist, Photographer, Matruboomi, Kerala.
REFERENCE:
BOOKS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Prof. Dr. R. Abdul Rahaman, (1990), Sadhuppu vala vanangal, First Edition, Erode, Orchid
Publishers, p. 50 – 66, 78, 80, 81, 94.
Dr. Pa. Ram Manohar and Dr. Si. Sivasubramanian, (Oct. 2004), Alaiyaathi kaadugal. First Edition,
Chennai, Tamilnadu Science Forum, P. 14 – 16.
Status of Tamilnadu Coast - 2011, (2011), First Edition, Dindigul, Tamilnadu Environmental
Council, P. 78, 88 – 90, 110 – 112, 126, 136, 153, 175.
N. Rajendiran, (2004), Sadhuppunila kaadugal, First Edition, Parangipet, ENVIS.
P Aingaranesan, (2009), Ezhavathu oozhi, First Edition, Chennai, Saalaram. P. 188, 190, 192.
P.L. Samy, (1992), Sanga noolkalil marangal, First Edition, Chennai, Thirukkural Publishers, P. 85.
REPORTS:
1. Pichavaram Mangrove wetland: situation analysis. Produced by the Mangrove For the future
(MFF) First published by MSSRF for MFF 2010
2. Mangrove Plants of Tamil Nadu - by M.S.Swaninathan Research Foundation
3. Global change impacts on mangrove eco systems, U.S. Geological Survey, National wetlands
research centre LA
4. Coastal Action Network - statement issued dated on 28.10. 20009.
5. Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation options - Eric L. Gilman, Joanna
Ellison, Norman C. Duke, Collin Field.
6. An Environmental Assessment Of The Bay Of Bengal Region -BOBP\REP\67 Tamilnadu and
Pondicherry, Indian East Coast, by I. Joseph A. Jerald, Consultant Environment/BOBP
WEBSITES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The impact of climate change on mangrove ecosystems - Bjorn Kjerfve and Donald J. Macintosh
Accessed on 28, May 2013, 9.18am http://geotest.tamu.edu/userfiles/167/149.pdf
14. Aquatic Botany xxx (2008) xxx - xxx – Accessed on 25, May 2013 1.15pm
www.sciencedirect.com
15. Ecological important place of Tamilnadu Accessed on 12, April 2013, 10.15am.
http://www.annauniv.edu/iom/iomour/pichavaram.htm
16. First Record of a mangrove Frog Accessed on 30, May 2013, 12.03pm
http://idosi.org/wjz/wjz6(3)11/20.pdf
Nakkeeran is a freelance writer and an environmental activist based in Chennai. He
regularly writes for the little magazines of Tamil Nadu. He can be contacted at
[email protected]
96
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nÂ
AW-s¡-«p-IÄ¡v F´vImcyw?
tIf¯nse \nÀ±njvS BXn-c-¸nÅn
Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Hcp ]T-\w
cRvPn¯v Imhp-¦c
kw£n]vXw
[Gsd-¡m-e-ambn hnkvar-Xn-bn-em−p InS-¶n-cp¶ BXn-c-¸nÅn Pe-ssh-
ZypX ]²Xn (AHEP) ho−pw hmÀ¯-I-fn Øm\w ]nSn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
KmUvKnÂ, IkvXq-cn-cw-K³ I½än dnt¸mÀ«p-I-fn-t·-epÅ NqSp-]n-Sn-¨, Nnet¸m-sg-¦nepw A{I-am-k-à-am-b, kwhm-Z-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmWv
C¡pdn {]kvXpX Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²Xn {i² ]nSn¨p]äp-¶-Xv. `mcX kÀ¡mdnsâ ]cn-ØnXn þ h\w a{´m-e-b-t¯mSv c−p dnt¸mÀ«p-Ifpw XÅn-¡f
- b
- W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-hÀ Du¶n-¸-d-bp-¶Xv Cu dnt¸mÀ«p-IÄ, {]tXy-In¨v
KmUvKn I½än dnt¸mÀ«v, BXn-c-¸nÅn Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²Xn \S-¸n-em-¡m\pÅ km²y-X-IÄ Ipd-bv¡p-sa-¶m-Wv. km¼-¯n-I, kmaq-ln-I, ]mcn-ØnXnI Imc-W-§-fm BXn-c-¸nÅn Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²Xn \S-¸n-em-¡pI
{]mtbm-KnIaà F¶v ]cn-ØnXn {]hÀ¯-Icpw imkv{X-Ú³am-cp-saÃmw
Dd¨, ià-amb sXfn-hp-I-tfmsS Øm]n-¨n-«p-s−-¶p-Å-XmWv hkvXp-X. Cu
sXfn-hp-Isf ]p\-]-cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w Xm]-ssh-ZypX \ne-b-§f
- nÂ
\n¶pÅ _lnÀK-a-\-§Ä¡v kam-\-amb tXmXn-ep-Å-Xmbn Is−-¯n-bn«pÅ Pe-kw-`-cWn \nÀ¤-a-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \S-¡p¶ BtKm-f-Xe kwhm-Z§fpsS Is−-¯-ep-Isf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I- Iq-Sn-bmWv Cu ]T\w e£y-an-Sp¶-Xv. BXn-c-¸nÅn Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²Xn {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m³ Imem-hØm hyXnbm\w F¶ Imc-Ww -IqSn Du¶n-¸-d-bp¶ Cu teJ-I³ Imem-hØm \oXnbp-ambn _Ô-s¸« hnj-b-§fpw ChnsS NÀ¨bv¡v hnt[b-am¡p-I-bm-Wv.]
BapJw
1982 Â tIcf kwØm\ sshZypXn t_mÀUv (KSEB) tIc-f-¯nse XriqÀ
PnÃ-bn BXn-c-¸nÅn Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²-Xn, s]cn-§Â ssdäv _m¦v Pessh-ZypX ]²Xn F¶ Cc« ]²Xn apt¶m«p shbv¡p-¶tXmsSbmWv BXnc-¸nÅn Pe sshZypX ]²-Xn-bpsS Ncn{Xw XpS-§p-¶-Xv. h\w-h-Ip¸v DtZymK-Ø-cpsS ISp¯ FXnÀ¸p-aqew s]cn-§Â ]²Xn Dt]-£n-t¡−n h¶p.
hnhn[ ]mcn-Øn-XnI Imc-W-§Ä ImWn¨v tI{µ ]cn-ØnXn þ h\w a{´mebw BXn-c¸nÅn ]²-Xn¡v ]mcn-ØnXnI A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-¨p. A¶p- ap97
X Nme-¡pSn ]pg-bv¡p-taÂ, BXn-c-¸Ånbn Hcp AW-s¡«v \nÀ½n-¡p¶-Xn-\pÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v Poh³ \ÂIm³ InWªp ]cn-{i-an-¡p-IbmWv tIcf kwØm\ sshZypXn 15 t_mÀUv. sshZypXn t_mÀUv h\w
þ ]cn-ØnXn a{´m-e-b-¯n\v kaÀ¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ dnt¸mÀ«v A\p-k-cn¨v BsI
163 saKm-hm«v \nÀ±njvS tijn-bpÅ BXn-c-¸nÅn ]²-Xn, \ne-hn Nme¡pSn ]pgbv¡v IpdpsI \nÀ½n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ s]cn-§ÂIp¯v ]²-Xn-bpsS
hme-ä-¯p-\n¶v HgpIn hcp¶ Pew D]-tbm-Kn¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ Dt±-in-¨p-ÅXm-Wv. \ne-hn-epÅ s]cn-§ÂIp¯v se^väv _m¦v sshZypXn tI{µ-¯nsâ
aq¶v Intem-ao-äÀ Xmsg-bmbn hcp¶ 23 aoäÀ Db-c-apÅ AW-s¡-«v, s]cn§ÂIp¯v ]²-Xn-bn \n¶pw AXnsâ 26 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-äd
- pÅ hrjvSn
{]tZ-i-¯p-\n-¶p-apÅ Pew 4689.50 aoäÀ \ofhpw 6.4 aoäÀ hymk-hp-apÅ
Hcp henb SW-en-eqsS hgn Xncn-¨p-hn-Sp-sa-¶mWv IW-¡p-Iq-«Â.
P\-Iob Iq«m-bvaIfpsS FXnÀ¸v
1980 IfnÂ, kwØm\ sshZypXn t_mÀUv CXnsâ {]mcw` {]hÀ¯-\§
- Ä
Bcw-`n-¨-t¸mÄ apX Xs¶ ]cn-ØnXn kwL-S-\-I-fpw, P\-Iob Iq«m-bvaIfpw hnhn[ Imc-W-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n Cu ]²-Xnsb FXnÀ¯p-h¶p. AXn {][m-\-s¸-«Xv kmaq-lnI {]hÀ¯-Icpw ]cn-ØnXn imkv{XÚcpw AwK-§-fm-bpÅ Nme-¡pSn ]pg kwc-£W kan-Xn- (CPSS) B-bncp-¶p. Ah-cpsS {][m\ FXnÀ¸p-Ifpw hmZ-§fpw \Zo-Xo-c¯
- pÅ h\-§Ä,
B\-I-fpsS IpSn-tb-äw, aÕyw, ]£n-Pm-e-§Ä, DcKhÀK-§Ä XpS-§n-bh
- 15
Chalakudy Puzha Samrakshana Samiti, 2007
98
bv¡p- ta-epÅ BLm-X-apÄs¸sS, Cu ]²Xn hgn D−m-Im³ km[y-XbpÅ ssPh BLm-X-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-\p-]p-dsa
hÀjw-tXmdpw 8þ10 e£-t¯mfw Xt±-io-bcpw hntZ-io-b-cp-amb hnt\mZ
k©m-cn-Isf BIÀjn-¡p¶ BXn-c-¸nÅn shÅ-¨m-«-¯nsâ at\m-lc
ImgvN Cu ]²-Xn-aqew \jvS-s¸Spw F¶p XpS-§nb Imcy-§fpw Nme¡pSn ]pg kwc-£W kanXn FSp-¯p-]-d-bp¶p.
BXn-c-¸n-Ån-bnse
GXm−v 350 Hmfw IpSpw-_-§fpw hmg-¨m h\-kw-c-£W kan-Xnbpw D]Po-h-\-¯n-\mbn hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« {]hÀ¯-\-§sf t\cn«v
B{i-bn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm−v Cu ]²Xn \S-¸n-em-¡n-bm AXv C{]Imcw hnt\m-Z-k-©mc taJ-esb B{i-bn¨v D]-Po-h\w \S-¯p¶ h\ kwc£W kanXn kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡v Xncn-¨-Sn-bm-Ipw.
Nme-¡pSn \Zo-X-S-§-fn am{Xw Pohn-¡p¶ Hs«ms¡ Ae-ªp-Xn-cnªv \S¶v, th«-bmSn Pohn-¡p¶ ImSÀ F¶ {]mà\ tKm{X-hÀ¤ kaq-l-¯nsâ
Ah-Ø-sb-¡p-dn¨pw Nme-¡pSn ]pg kwc-£W kanXn Bi-¦m-Ip-e-cm-Wv.
BsI 2000 Â Xmsg am{Xw P\-kwJy hcp¶ Cu \mtim³ap-J-amb P\X
\qäm-−p-I-fmbn Cu \Zo-X-S-¯n Pohn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv. tXm«-§-fp-−m-¡p-¶Xn-\pÅ h\-\-io-I-c-W-hpw AW-s¡«v \nÀ½m-W-¯n-\mbn hmk-Øew
\jvS-s¸-S-ep-saÃmw ImcWw GXm−v H¶c \qäm-t−m-f-apÅ ]dn¨p \S-en-\ptijw ChnsS Xma-k-ap-d-¸n-¨-h-cmWv ChÀ.
\nÀ±njvS BXn-c-¸nÅn ]²-Xn-aqew ChÀ c−v A[n-hmk Øm\-§f
- nÂ
\n¶pÅ ]pd-¯m-¡Â `ojWn t\cn-Sp¶p; \ne-hn-epÅ atä-sXmcp ImSÀ
tKm{X A[n-hmk tI{µ-t¯-¡mfpw Cu P\-Xbv¡v {Ita-W-bpÅ kzm{ib
\ne-\nÂ]n-te¡v apt¶-dp-hm³ ]cym-]vX-amb c−v A[n-hmk Øm\-§fmWv Ch. h\-¯nsâ kwc-£W Ih-Nhpw Aev]w hcp-am\w t\Sp-¶X
- n\v
\Zo-XS hn`h k¼¯pw Cu kaq-l-¯n\v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
]pg-bpsS Xmgv`mKw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h-cpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä \njvTq-ca
- mbn
Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«p-sh¶v kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-Icpw ssPh-]-cn-ØnXn imkv{XÚcpw hmZn-¡p-¶p. 2002 se Hcp ]»nIv lnb-dnwKv ]m\ ip]mÀi
sNbvXXv ]pg-bpsS Xmgv`m-K-¯pÅ ]©m-b-¯p-IÄ, \K-c-k-`I
- Ä,
hnhn[ kÀ¡mÀ hIp-¸p-IÄ F¶nh DÄs¸-Sp¯n Cu `mKs¯ BLm-Xs¯-¡p-dn¨v Hcp ka-{K-]-T-\hpw Pe-e-`y-Xþ hn\n-tbmK hne-bn-cp-¯epw
Bbn-cp-s¶-¦nepw WAPCOS ]T\w CXv BLm-X-ap-−m-¡p¶ Xmgv`mK
taJe, AXm-bXv ]²Xn {]tZ-i-¯p-\n¶v 7 Intem-ao-äÀ, am{X-ambn Npcp¡n.
c−v en^väv Cdn-tK-j³ ]²-Xn-IÄ¡v Bh-iy-amb Pew am{Xta ]pg \ÂIp¶p-Åq-sh¶v Cu ]T\w hmZn-¡p-¶p. (sk-£³ 4.4.2) Ch-cpsS hmZ-¯n\v
IS-I-hn-cp-²-ambn ]pgbv¡v Xp¼qÀaqgn taPÀ Pe-tk-N\ ]²-Xn-bpÄs¸sS
700 Hmfw en^väv Pe-tk-N\ ]²-Xn-Ifpw 30Â]cw IpSn-shÅ ]²-Xn-If
- p-ap99
s−¶v ]pg kwc-£W kanXn adp-hmZw D¶-bn-¡p-¶p. taÂ]-T\w Cu ]²Xn-I-fpsS Pe D]-t`m-àm-¡-fp-sS-sbÃmw Pe-kw-_-Ôn-bmb Bh-iy§Ä ]msS Ah-K-Wn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw ]pg kwc-£W kanXn Btcm-]n-¡p¶p. Nme-¡pSn dnhÀ ssUthÀj³ ]²-Xn-bpsS amkw-tXm-dp-apÅ BsI
RBC, LBC \nÀ¤-a\ IW-¡p-am{Xw Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¨p-sIm-−v, Pe-sam-gp-¡nse
A\n-Ýn-X-Xz-ap-−m-¡p¶ Kpcp-Xc amä-§Äaqew ]pg-bpsS Xmgv`m-K¯v Zn\wtXm-dp-ap-−m-Im\n-S-bpÅ BLm-X-§Ä ]mcn-Øn-XnI BLmX hne-bn-cp¯Â GP³kn (EIA) X{´-]qÀÆw ad¨p-sh¨p.
Nme-¡pSn ]pg
132 Intem-ao-äÀ \of-apÅ Nme-¡pSn ]pg-bn Ct¸mÄXs¶ Bdv AW-s¡«p-I-fp-−v. Ch-bn ]d-¼n-¡p-fw, XpW-¡-S-hv, s]cp-hc
- n-¸-Åw, Xan-gv\mSv
tjmf-bmÀ, tIcf tjmf-bmÀ F¶nh ]d-¼n-¡pfwþBfn-bmÀ ]²Xn F¶-dnb-s¸-Sp¶ Ncn{X {]kn-²-amb ]d-¼n-¡p-fw-þ-B-fn-bmÀ A´À kwØm\,
A´À \Zo-XS Pe ssIamä DS-¼-Sn-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. 1970 apXÂ CXv
{]hÀ¯n-¨p-h-cp-¶p. tIcf tjmf-bmÀ AW-s¡-s«m-gnsI aäp-Å-h-sbÃmw
Xan-gv\m-Snsâ DS-a-Ø-X-bn-em-Wv. s]cn-§ÂIp¯v Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]-²Xn 1957
epw Nme-¡pSn dnhÀ ssUthÀj³ kvIow (CRDS) 1950 Ifnepw
{]hÀ¯\ kÖ-ambn. C¶v Gähpw Npcp-§n-bXv 22 {Kma-]-©m-b¯
- pIÄs¡-¦nepw IpSn-sh-Å-¯n\pw Pe-tk-N-\-¯n\pw {][m\ t{kmXÊv Cu
CRDS BWv.
28 ]©m-b-¯p-I-fn-epÅ GI-tZiw 10 e£w P\-§Ä
t\cn«v ]pgsb B{i-bn-¡p-¶p. 19þmw \qäm-−n {_n«o-jp-ImÀ XpS-§nb,
XSn Bh-iy-¯n-\p-Å, ]d-¼n-¡pfw {]tZ-is¯ 32000 slIvSÀ hrjvSn {]tZis¯ h\-\-io-I-c-Ww, s\Ãn-bm-¼-Xn, ae-¡-]md {]tZ-i-§-fn tXbn-e,
Im¸n, Ge-¡rjn tXm«-§Ä¡p-th-−n-bpÅ acw apdn-¡Â, ]d-¼n-¡p-fw-,
hm-g-¨m h\-ta-J-e-I-fn tX¡p-t]m-epÅ hymh-km-bn-Im-Sn-Øm-\¯
- nepÅ tXm«-§Ä¡-th−n acw apdn-¡Â XpS-§n-bh 16500 slIvSÀ h\-{]tZiw On¶-`n-¶-am-Im\pw hrjvSn-{]-tZiw £bn-¡m\pw Imc-Wa
- m-bn.
Ignª Ipd¨p hÀj-§-fmbn Pe-hn-Xm\w Xmgv¶v, D¸p-ckw apIfn-te¡v
DbÀ¶p hcp¶-Xn-\m DÄ\m-Sp-I-fnepw \Zo-XS {]tZ-i-§-fnepw ISp¯
IpSn-shÅ ZuÀe`yw A\p-`-h-s¸«p XpS-§n-bn-«p-−v. \oscm-gp¡v KWy-amb
coXn-bn Ipd-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶-XmWv CXv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. A´À \Zo-XS
Pe-ssI-am-äw, AW-s¡-«p-I-fpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-¯nsâ £bw, hÀ²-am-\amb aW J\-\w XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw ]pgbv¡v h³ `ojWn krjvSn-¡p¶p. CXn\p ]pd-sa, \K-c-§-fn \n¶pw ap\n-kn-¸m-en-än-I-fn \n¶psaÃmw ]pg-tbm-c-t¯-¡pÅ aen-\-P-e-¯nsâ Hgp-¡v, ta `mK-§f
- nse
tXbn-e, Gew XpS-§nb tXm«-§-fnepw DÄ\m-Sp-I-fnse s\Â]m-S-§-fnepw
aäp Irjn-bn-S-§-fn-ep-saÃmw \S-¡p¶ IoS-\m-in-\n, cmk-hf {]tbmKw
F¶n-h-sbÃmw ssPh-]-cn-Øn-Xn-¡pw ]pg-bpsS Btcm-Ky-¯n\pw Ønc-ambn
100
`ojWn DbÀ¯p¶ {]iv\-§-fm-Wv. taÂ]-dª LS-I-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw
BsI ^e-ambn \qäm-−p-I-fmbn aÕy-_-Ô-\-¯n am{Xw GÀs¸-«ncp¶ ]c-¼-cm-KX DÄ\m-S³ ao³]n-Sp-¯-¡mÀ¡v Ah-cpsS Poh-t\m-]m[n
\jvS-s¸-«p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv.
]cn-Øn-Xn-þ-h\w a{´m-ebw 2010  A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-¨-tXmsS BXn-c¸nÅn ]²-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ NÀ¨-IÄ GXm−v Ah-km-\n-¨-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
F¶m KmUvKn I½än F¶v ]cs¡ Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ ]Ýn-aL
- «
16
ssPh ]cn-ØnXn hnZKv[ ]m\-ensâ dnt¸mÀ«n  Cu ]²-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v
kqNn-¸n-¨-tXmsS CXv hmÀ¯m-am-[y-a-§-fnepw CSw t\Sn. ]²-Xn-bpsS
ssPh ]mcn-Øn-XnI A\-´c ^e-§Ä Du¶n-¸-d-bp-¶-h-bmWv KmUvKnÂ
I½än dnt¸mÀ«pw IkvXq-cn-cw-K³ I½än dnt¸mÀ«pw. KmUvKn I½-än-bm-Is«, ]cn-ØnXn kwL-S-\-I-fp-bÀ¯p¶ GXm−v FÃm hmZ-§fpw icn-shbv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
AW-s¡-«p-Isf kw_-Ôn¨ BtKm-f-Xe I½oj³
ChnsS {]kvXm-h-tbm-Ky-amb Hcp apJy-Imcyw h³InS AW-s¡-«p-IÄ
F¶Xv Cs¶mcp "sFIy-I-WvtT\ AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸« ' ]²-Xn-bà F¶p-ÅXm-Wv. temIw- ap-gp-h³, {]tXy-In¨v Z£n-WmÀ²-tKmf cmjv{S-§Ä, henb
AW-s¡-«p-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« h³ A]-IS km[y-X-IÄ Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p.
h³ AW-s¡-«p-I-fpsS ASn-Øm\ XXz-amb sslt{Um-fnIv XXzw cmjv{S§fpw h³ I¼-\n-Ifpw F¶-Xn-ep-]cn Pe-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¶ aäp ]¦mfn-IÄ IqSn tNmZyw sN¿p-I-bm-Wv. BtKmf hym]-I-ambn h³ AW-s¡-«pI-fpsS \nÀ½m-W-ap-−m-¡p¶ ]mcn-Øn-XnI, kmaq-ly, km¼-¯nI BLmX-§Ä ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bmWv BtKm-f-X-e-¯n Hcp Umw I½o-j³ (WCD)
cq]o-I-cn-¨-Xv. km[m-cW P\-§-fp-sSbpw hnZym-`ymk hnN-£-W³am-cpsSbpw kzImcy taJ-e-bp-sSbpw s{]m^-j-W kwL-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw {]mXn\n-[y-apÅ Cu I½o-j-\n Hcp kÀ¡mÀ {]Xn-\n-[nbpw AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p.
AW-s¡-«p-I-fpsS IY s]mXpkaq-l-¯n-\p- ap-¼n Xpd¶p Im«p-hm-\mbn
{]kvXpX I½o-j³ hfsc hym]-I-amb coXn-bn FÃm taJ-e-If
- nÂ
\n¶pw hnh-c-§fpw A\p-`-h-§fpw ho£-W-§fpw tiJ-cn-¨p. A¶p-hsc
\ne-\n-¶n-cp¶, AW-s¡-«p-IÄ s]mXpsh Dt±-in-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ KpW-^e
- §Ä \ÂIp-¶p-−v F¶ [mcW sXäm-sW¶v imkv{Xo-bhpw hyh-Øm-\p16
Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel has been constituted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India has been a matter of controversy in the mainstream media. The panel has been
constituted by an order dated 4 March 2010 in view of the environmental sensitivity and ecological
significance of the Western Ghats region and the complex interstate nature of its geography, as well as
possible impacts of climate change on this region. Though the recommendations of the committee has been
widely accepted by the ecologists and environmentalists, it received severe criticism from the settlers’ belt
of Western Ghats
101
kr-X-hp-ambpw sXfn-bn¨p F¶ Hä-¡m-c-Ww-sIm−v Xs¶ Cu I½o-jsâ
Is−-¯-ep-IÄ {it²-b-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu I½o-jsâ H«-\-h[n Is−-¯e
- pIÄ BXn-c-¸nÅn ]²-Xn-bpsS Imcy-¯nepw icn-bm-Wv. Nne amä-§Ä D−mtb-¡m-sa-¦nepw AW-s¡-«p-IÄ s]mXp-sh-bpw, {]tXy-In¨v Pe-tk-N-\hpw
shÅ-s¸m¡ \nb-{´-Whpw D¶w-sh-¨p-Å-h-bpw BbXn\m-Â -Ah-bpsS
{]Jym-]nX e£y-§Ä ssIh-cn-¡p-¶-Xn hnP-bn-¡p-¶n-Ã. AW-s¡«p
\nÀ½mW ]qÀ¯o-I-c-W-¯n-s\-Sp-¡p¶ h³ Ime-hn-fw-_hpw AXp-hg
- n-bp−m-Ip¶ A[nI sNehpw ]cn-]m-e\ Bh-iy-§Ä¡p-h-cp¶ sNe-hv, A`qX-]qÀÆ-amb Xc-¯n shÅw sI«n-\n¡p-¶-Xv, D¸p-sh-Å-¯nsâ IS-¶pI-bäw XpS-§nb ssPh, ]mcn-Øn-XnI {]iv\-§-fp-saÃmw I½o-jsâ aäp
Nne Is−-¯-ep-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
I½o-jsâ dnt¸mÀ«-\p-k-cn¨v AW-s¡-«p-IÄ krjvSn-¡p¶ ]mcn-Øn-XnI
{]iv\-§Ä \nc-h-[n-bmWv; hnim-e-amb ssPh-ssh-hn[y {]tZ-i-§Ä shůn-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip-I, Poh-hÀ¤-§-fpsS IpSn-tb-äw, ]cn-t]m-jW N{Iw F¶nh
XS-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-aqew Pe-ssP-h-ssh-hn-[y-¯n-\p-−m-Ip¶ BLm-Xw, amäw
hcp¶ shÅ-s¸m¡ taJ-e-IÄ, lcnX Krl-hm-X-I-§-fpsS _lnÀK-a\w
XpS-§nb \nc-h[n ssPh-]m-cn-Øn-XnI {]iv\-§Ä¡v AW-s¡-«p-IÄ ImcW-am-Ip-¶p. {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS h³tXm-Xn-epÅ InS-¸mSw/ Poh-\-amÀ¤§Ä \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶Xv, AhÀ¡p-−m-Ip¶ Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-§Ä CsXÃmw
AW-s¡-«p-I-fp-−m-¡p¶ kmaqly BLm-X-§-fnÂs]-Sp-¶p. Ch-sb-¡pdn¨v ]Tn-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡Â {]{In-b-bn C¯cw Zpc-´^
- e-§Ä¡v \ÂIp¶ ]cn-K-W-\-bpsS tXmXpw a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ I½o-j³
{ian-¨p. Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡Â {]{In-b¡v klm-b-I-am-Ip¶ Nne ip]mÀiIfpw N«-¡q-Sp-Ifpw I½oj³ apt¶m-«p-sh-bv¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. Xmsg ]dbp¶ Ggv ap³K-W-\-I-fmWv Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡Â {]{In-b¡v klm-b-Ia
- mb
Imcy-§-fmbn I½oj³ ip]mÀi sNbvX-Xv:
1. hnI-k\ Xocp-am-\-§Ä¡v s]mXp-P-\-§-fpsS AwKo-Imcw t\Sp-I.
2. kp{Km-ly-amb km[y-X-IÄ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.
3. \ne-hn-epÅ AW-s¡-«p-Isf IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-I.
4. \Zn-I-sfbpw D]-Po-h-\-amÀ¤-§-sfbpw \ne-\nÀ¯pI
5. Ah-Im-i-§Ä AwKo-I-cn-¡pI t\«-§Ä ]¦p-sh-bvIp-I.
6. ]c-kv]-c-[m-cW Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-I.
7. kam-[m-\-¯n\pw kpc-£n-X-Xz-¯n-\p-ambn \Zn-IÄ ]¦p-sh-bv¡pI.
(Anon..2000)
AW-s¡-«p-Ifpw Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\hpw
AW-s¡-«p-IÄ¡p-th-−n-bpÅ BtKmf I½o-j³ Imem-hØm amä-¯nsâ
ho£-W-¯n-eq-sSbpw henb AW-s¡-«p-Isf¡pdn-¨pÅ hnhm-Z§
- Ä
t\m¡n-¡m-Wp-hm³ {ian-¨n-«p-−v. AW-s¡-«p-I-fpsS Pe-\nÀ¤-a\ amÀ¤-§fpsS ASn-Øm-\-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ sslt{Um-tfm-Pn-¡Â kwhn-[m-\102
¯n\v Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w D−m-¡n-tb-¡mhp¶ amä-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v I½oj³ dnt¸mÀ«v ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIp-¶p. AW-s¡-«p-I-fpsS kpc-£-sb-¡p-dn¨v
sshj-ay-ta-dnb tNmZy-§Ä CXv DbÀ¯p-¶p-−v. tIc-f-¯nse apÃ-s¸-cnbmÀ AW-s¡-«nsâ kpc-£-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ apd-hn-fn-IfpsS ]Ým¯e¯nÂthWw CXv ImWp-hm-³. BXn-c-¸n-Ån-bn asämcp AW-s¡-«n\v
tIm¸p-Iq-«p¶ tIcf kÀ¡mÀ apÃ-s¸-cn-bm-dn \n¶v, {]tXy-In¨v BtKmf
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ shfn-¨-¯nÂ, ]mTw ]Tn-t¡-−-Xp-−v. EXpt`-Z-§-fpsS kz`m-h-¯n-epÅ amä-amIpw Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ
ISp¯ A\-´c ^e-§-fn-sem¶v F¶mWv \nc-h[n Imem-hØm imkv{XÚ-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw. tIc-f-¯n-en-t¸mÄ Xs¶ D¨-Øm-bn-bn-epÅ ImemhØm {]Xn-`m-k-§fpw aps¼m-cn-¡epw CÃm-¯{X F®-¯nepw Xo{h-Xb
- nep-apÅ `oI-c-amb shÅ-s¸m-¡-§fpw hcĨbpw A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-Wv. Cu
{]Xn-`m-k-§Ä A´-co£ Xm]-\ne Db-cp-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn¨v hÀ²n-¡p-Ibpw
hj-fm-Ip-Ibpw sN¿m-\mWv km[y-X. BXn-c-¸nÅn ]²-Xn-bpsS AW-s¡«v
hn`mh\w sNbvX-hÀ¡v Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w F¶Xv Bi-¦m-P-\-Ia
- mb
Hcp {]iv\-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Cu hkvXp-X-IÄ IW-¡n-se-Sp-¯n-cp-s¶-¦nÂ
Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS hc-hv-þ-sN-ehv hni-I-e\w asämcp IY-bm-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶p.
h³ Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²-Xn-IÄ \ocmhn km{µ-X-bnepw \oscm-gp-¡nepw A\nÝn-X-amb amä-§Ä krjvSn-¡m³ Imc-W-am-Imw. "CâÀ\m-j-W dnhÀ'
dnt¸mÀ«n C§s\ ImWp-¶p. ""Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²-Xn-Isf A[n-Ia
- mbn
B{i-bn-¡p-¶Xv Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w IqSp-XÂ A]-I-S-I-c-am-¡pw; CXv
\nc-h[n Xmgv¶, CS-¯cw hcp-am-\-apÅ cmPy-§-fpsS Hcp s]mXp khn-tij-X-bm-Wv.'' Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²-Xn-I-fpsS BLmXw {]kvXpX dnt¸mÀ«v
kw{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xn-§-s\-bmWv: ""Ipdª kpØnc DuÀÖw, hÀ²n¨
AØn-c-X, hÀ²n¨ A\n-Ýn-XXzw''. A\n-Ýn-X-am-b- Im-em-hØm kml-Nc
- y§sf ssIImcyw sN¿m\pw kwhn-[m-\-§-fn IqSp-X Abhv krjvSn¡m\pw e£y-an«v dnt¸mÀ«v ip]mÀi sN¿p¶ {]Xn-I-cWw, "Pe-ssh-ZypX
DuÀÖs¯ Hgn-hm-¡n-s¡m-−pÅ Hcp \b-]-c-amb Xocp-am\w Bh-iyamWv' F¶-X-s{X. (Beifuss, 2012) \½psS C¶s¯ Imem-h-Ø-bnepw Pessh-ZypX ]²-Xn-Isf B{i-bn-¡p¶ \nc-h[n cmjv{S-§Ä hcĨ-bp-−mIp¶ ka-b¯v DuÀÖ-¡½n t\cn-Sp-I-bmWv; ]e-t¸mgpw ISp¯ km¼¯nI {]iv\-§-fpw. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, 66 iX-am\w Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²-Xn-Isf
B{i-bn-¡p¶ sI\nb hcĨ-aq-e-ap-−m-Ip¶ DuÀÖ-I-½n¡v henb hne
sImSp-t¡-−n-h-cnI ]Xn-hm-Wv. 2011  hcĨ- aqew sI\n-b-bn 90 saKmhm«v sshZypXn I½n D−m-Ip-Ibpw sNe-th-dnb ASn-b-´nc sshZypX
Dev]m-Z\ b{´-§Ä, {]hÀ¯-\-£-a-a-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ Pe-ssh-ZypX DÂ]m-Z\
- k
- whn-[m-\-§Ä¡v ]Icw sht¡−n hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. aäv Ing-¡-\m-{^n-¡³
cmPy-§fpw C{]-Imcw ]Xn-hm-bp-Å, sNe-th-dn-b, hcĨ-bp-ambn _Ôs¸« DuÀÖ-¡½n t\cn-Sp-¶p-−v. (Thurston, 2011).
103
DjvW-ta-Je kap-{Z-§sf ImÀ_¬ BKn-cWw sN¿p-hm³ klm-bn-¡p-¶Xn \Zn-IÄ hln-¡p¶ henb ]¦n-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]e ]T-\-§-fp-ap-−v. \ZnIÄ Hgp-Ip-t¼mÄ KÔ-I-hpw Ccp¼pw aäp t]mjI hkvXp-¡fpw IS-enÂ
XÅp-Ibpw Ah ss^täm-¹mw-KvS¬ t]mepÅ IS PohnhÀ¤-§Ä `£n¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Cu kq£va Pohn-IÄ A´-co-£-¯nse ImÀ_¬
hen-s¨-Sp-¡p-Ibpw HSp-hn Ch IS-ensâ ASn-¯-«n-te¡v Xmgp-Ibpw
sN¿p-¶p. Cu {]{In-bsb apt¶m-«p-sIm-−p-t]m-Ip¶, t]mjI k¼-¶a
- mb,
\Zn-IÄ hgn k©-cn-¡p¶ Dud hkvXp-¡sf XSªv AW-s¡-«p-IÄ¡v
Cu ssPh-hn-\n-ab {]{Inb amän-a-dn-¡m³ Ign-bpw. (Dume, 2008). DjvWt- aJe kap{Z {]tZ-i-¯pÅ Ba-tkm¬, tImt¦m, satImwKv XpS-§n-bh
t]mepÅ I\¯ Hgp-¡pÅ \Zn-I-fn AW-s¡-«p-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶X
- psIm−v Imem-hØm amäw eLq-I-cn-¡m³ Ch-bv¡pÅ Ignhp Ipd-bp-sa¶v
imkv{X-ÚÀ ap³Iq«n ImWp-¶p. aäv \Zn-I-fpsS ImÀ_¬ BKn-c-W-ti-jnsb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ KthjWw \S-¶p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv.
h³ AW-s¡-«pIÄ -sIm-−p-−m-Ip¶ Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« Imem-hØ
{]iv\w kw`-c-Wn-I-fn \n¶pÅ _lnÀK-a-\-am-Wv. CXv AW-s¡-«p-Is
- f¡p-dn-¨pÅ BtKmf I½o-j³ icn-sh-¡p-¶p. km[m-c-W-bmbn h³tXm-XnÂ
aen-\o-I-cn-¡p-¶Xpw hmXI \nÀ¤-a\w \S-¯p-¶-Xp-am-b- Xcw Xm]-ssh-ZypX
\ne-b-§fn \S-¡p¶ sshZypX DÂ]m-Z\ coXn-bpambn XmcXayw sN¿pt¼mÄ Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²-Xn-IÄ lcn-Xhpw hmXI _lnÀK-a\anÃm-¯h
- b
- pamWv F¶mWv a\-Ên-em-¡-s¸-Sp-I. AW-s¡-«p-IÄ Imem-hØm aen-\o-Ic
- W-¯nsâ Hcp apJy-t{km-X-Êm-sW-¶-Xn\v ià-amb sXfn-hp-I-fp-−m-bn-cp¶n«pw kw`-c-Wn-I-fn \n¶pÅ _lnÀK-a\w tZiob ImÀ_¬ cPn-kv{SnItfm Fan-j³ SmÀP-äp-Itfm Npcp-¡-amtb IW-¡n-se-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p-Åq. kw`c-Wn-IÄ, {]tXy-In¨v DjvW-ta-Jem {]tZ-i-¯p-Å-h, BtKmf lcn-XK
- r-lhm-XI aen-\o-I-c-W-¯n\v Hcp {][m\ Imc-W-am-sW¶v \nc-h[n
imkv{Xob ]T-\-§Ä kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AW-s¡-«p-I-fn \n¶pÅ aossY³
\nÀ¤-a-\-amWv a\p-jy-\nÀ½n-X-amb Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ \mev iXam\w Imc-W-sa¶pw a\p-jy³ aqe-apÅ aossY³ \nÀ¤-a-\-¯nsâ GXm−v
25 iX-am\w C¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-Xm-sW¶pw (A-W-s¡-«p-IÄ) 2007 Â {_koense
Kth-j-IÀ
IW-¡m-¡n.
DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v,
{_ko-ense
_mÂ_n\ AW-s¡«v, AtX Af-hn sshZypXn DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp
I¡cn sshZypX \ne-b-t¯-¡mÄ ]¯p-a-S§v aeo-a-k-am-Wv. (McCully,
2007).
kw`-c-Wn-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ ASn-ªp-Iq-Sp¶ kky-§Ä Agp-Inb
ssPh- h-kvXp-¡fpw a®pw aäpw AhnsS \n¶pÅ lcnXKrlhmXI \nÀ¤a-\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p; Ch-bvs¡m¸w kw`-c-Wn-I-fn hf-cp¶ kky104
§fpw Ahn-tS-s¡m-gpIn F¯p¶ amen-\y-§fpw FÃmw CXn\v B¡w Iq«p¶p. sshZypXn DÂ]m-Z\ b{´-§Ä hgntbm Pe-\nÀ¤-a\ amÀ¤-§f
- nÂ
IqSntbm shÅw ]pd-t¯¡v hnSp-t¼mgpw hmX-I-§-fpsS _lnÀ¤-a\w \S¡p-¶p-−v. Nne kw`-c-Wn-IÄ DjvW-ta-Jem h\-§Ä t]mepÅ "ImÀ_¬
kw`-cWn' Isf shÅ-¯n-\-Sn-bn-em-¡p-¶Xv Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ
BLm-Xs¯ hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
BXn-c-¸nÅn ]²-Xn-bpsS \nÀ±njvS Øm\w \nXy-l-cnX h\-§Ä Xn§n
\ndªv hf-cp-¶-Xm-Wv.
hmXI \nÀ¤-a\w Hcp \à Imcy-am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã.
BtKmf AW-s¡«v I½o-j³ dnt¸mÀ«n D¸p-sh-Å-¯nsâ IS-¶p-Ib
- äw
AW-s¡-«p-I-fpsS Hcp A\m-hiy ]cn-WnX ^e-am-bmWv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶X
- v.
Imem-hØm imkv{X-Úcpw CtX-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶p-−v. BtKm-f-X-e-¯nÂ
kap-{Z-\n-c¸v Db-cp-t¼mÄ \Zn-I-fn-te-¡pÅ D¸p-sh-Å-¯nsâ IS-¶p-Ib
- ähpw Gdp-¶p. Ignª Ipd¨p hÀj-§-fmbn Nme-¡pSn ]pg Cu {]iv\¯n\v km£yw hln-¡p-¶p. IqSmsX IpSn-shÅ ZuÀe-`yw, ImÀjnI taJe-bnepw ip²-Pe aÂky-_-Ô-\-¯n-\p-apÅ BLmXw XpS-§nb {]iv\§
- fp-ap-−v. BXn-c-¸nÅn ]²Xn A\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-«m ]pg-bpsS Xmtg-¡pÅ
Hgp¡v Ipd-bp-Ibpw D¸p-sh-Å-¯nsâ IS-¶p-I-b-ähpw A\p-_Ô {]iv\§fpw hÀ²n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw.
D]-kw-lmcw
]cn-ØnXn kwL-S-\-Ifpw P\-Iob Iq«m-bva-I-fp-saÃmw BXn-c-¸nÅn ]²-Xns¡-Xn-cmbn iàhpw km[p-X-bp-Å-Xp-amb hmZ-ap-J-§Ä DbÀ¯n-bn-«p-s−¦nepw tIcf kwØm\ sshZypXn t_mÀUv Cu ]²-Xn-¡pÅ AwKo-Im-c¯n-\p-th−n ]cn-{iaw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. BtKmf Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n Cu {]iv\w NÀ¨ sNbvXm ]²-Xn-¡p-th−n
hmZn-¡p-¶Xv A{X bpàn-`-{Z-am-bn-cn-¡nà F¶v ImWmw. F¶m ImemhØm hyXn-bm\w AW-s¡-«p-I-fpsS A]-I-Sm-hØ hÀ²n-¸n-¡m\pw t\sca-dn¨v AW-s¡-«p-IÄ Imem-h-Ø-bn KpW-I-c-a-Ãm-¯, A]m-b-I-c-amb amä§Ä D−m-¡p-hm\pw Imc-W-am-Ipw XpS-§nb {]iv\-§Ä Xpd-¶p-Im-«p-¶Xv
\b-cq-]o-I-cW kw`m-j-W-§-fn Hcp Xncn-ªp-t\m-«-¯n\v Ah-kcw
\ÂIn-tb-¡mw.
References
1. Anon., 2000. Dams and Development; A new Framework for decision making,
London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.
2. Beifuss, R., 2012. Risky Climate for Southern African Hydro, s.l.: International
Rivers.
105
3. Chalakudy Puzha Samrakshana Samiti, 2007. A Note on Proposed Athirappilly
Hydro Electric Project (163 MW) Chalakudy River, Thrissur District Kerala, Cochin:
Chalakudy Puzha Samrakshana Samiti.
4. Dumé, B., 2008. http://environmentalresearchweb.org. [Online] Available at:
http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/news/35489 [Accessed 10
December 2013].
5. Environment, W. C. f., n.d. Comprehensive EIA study for the Athirappilly H.E.
Project, Trivandrum: Kerala State Electricity Board, Govt. of Kerala.
6. McCully, P., 2007. http://www.internationalrivers.org. [Online] Available at:
http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/4-of-global-warming-due-todams-says-new-research-3868 [Accessed 10 December 2013].
7. Thurston, A., 2011. http://www.csmonitor.com. [Online] Available at:
http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2011/0726/EastAfrica-drought-reaches-Kenya-s-electricity-grid [Accessed 10 December 2013].
Ranjith K is a Research Scholar at Department of Humanities and Social Sciences,
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. He can be contacted at 7506 110 889 or
[email protected]
106
]cn-ØnXn kwc-£-W-¯n tIcfw
DÄs¡m-tÅ− ]mT-§Ä
Pnj F.-F-kv
tI-c-f-¯nsâ hS¡p Ing-¡mbn U¡m³ ]oT-`q-an-bpsS Z£n-Wm-{K-¯nÂ
kap{Z \nc-¸n \n¶v 2297 ASn Db-c-¯n-emWv hb-\mSv ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶Xv.
PnÃ-bpsS `qcn-`m-Khpw h\¯m Npä-s¸«p InS-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm−pw kap{Z
\nc-¸n \n¶pÅ Dbcw sIm−pw NqSp \ndª th\epw ià-amb XWp¸pw, a¬kqWpw {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p−v. Unkw-_À apX s^{_p-hcn hsc
\o−p \n¡p¶ XWp-¸p-Im-ew, amÀ¨v sabv amk-§-fnse th\Â, Pq¬
apX sk]vXw-_À hsc \o−p \n¡p¶ a¬kq¬, HtIvtSm_À apXÂ
\hw-_À hsc-bpÅ hS¡p Ing-¡³ a¬kq¬ F¶ coXn-bn-emWv hb-\m«n e`y-am-Ip¶ Imem-hØ \hw-_À apX s^{_p-hcn hsc-bpÅ ImeL«w hb-\m-«nse hnt\m-Z-k-©mc kok¬ IqSn-bm-Wv.
Af-hn-Ãm¯ h\hn`-h-§-fpsS NqjWw Bk-¶-amb Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn-«p-−v. Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯sâ ]«n-I-bn hb\mSv CSw ]nSn-¨n«v Ipd¨p hÀj-§tf Bbn-«p-Åp. aWn-¡q-dp-I-tfmfw
\n¡msX Htc thK-¯n \qep-t]mse s]bvXp sIm−n-cp¶ \qÂa-gsb¶ {]Xn-`mkw hb-\m-Snsâ am{Xw {]tXyIXbmbn-cp-¶p. temI¯v
Gähpw IqSp-X ag e`n-¨n-cp¶ c−m-as¯ Øe-sa¶ JymXnbpw Iq«nt¨À¯v hmbn-t¡-−-Xm-Wv. hb-\m-«nse Gähpw DbÀ¶ {]tZ-i-amb e¡nSn-bn-emWv DbÀ¶ tXmXn-epÅ ag tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv.
C¶v tIc-f-¯nsâ Nndm-¸p-©n-bn ag \t¶ Ipd-ªp. A´-co£ Xm]-\ne-bn {]I-S-amb amä-§-fp-−m-bn. ]c-¼-cm-KX-ambn kar-²nbh-Imis¸Smhp¶ \ocp-d-h-IÄ hän hc-−p. \«p-¨-¡p- t]mepw ac-¡q-«-§Ä¡n-S-bn-eqsS
h¶n-cp¶ kqcy-{]-Imiw F¯n-t\m-¡n-bn-cp¶ Hcp Ime-ap-−m-bn-cp¶p.
F¶m ]¨¸p \ndª ]gb ac-¡q-«-§Ä¡v acWw kw`-hn-¨p-sIm-−n-cn¡p-I-bm-Wv. tIc-f-¯nsâ Sqdnkw `q]-S-¯n hb-\m-Sn-\p-−m-bn-cp¶ {]Ya-Øm\w CXn-s\mcp Imc-W-am-sb¶pw ]d-bmw. PnÃm Sqdnkw {]tam-j³
Iu¬kn-ensâ Is−-¯Â {]Imcw temI-¯nse {ZpX-K-Xn-bn hf-cp¶
hnt\mZ k©mc tI{µw IqSn-bmWv tIc-fw. Hmtcm hÀjhpw Pnà kµÀin¡p¶ k©m-cn-I-fpsS F®w GI-tZiw Adp-]Xv e£-t¯m-f-am-Wv.
Du«nbpw aq¶mdpw Ign-ªm hb-\m-Sn\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ k©m-cn-IfpsS hc-hmWv hb-\m-«n dntkmÀ«p-IÄ IqWp t]mse apf-¨p-s]m-´m³
Imc-W-am-b-Xv.
107
I\¯ tImS-a-ªm-bn-cp¶p asämcp {]tXy-I-X. sXm«-Sp¯p \n¡p¶
Bsf-t¸mepw Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ Ign-bm-¯-Xm-bn-cp¶p \hw-_À apX s^{_phcn hsc \o−p \n¡p¶ XWp-¸p-Im-ew. I\¯ tImS-a-ªns\ hIªp
amän aµw aµw slUv sseänsâ klmbt¯msS Npc-an-d-§p¶ h−n-IÄ
Npc-¯nse Hcp Imes¯ ck-apff ImgvN-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
hb-\mSv Npc-¯n \n¶pÅ Zriyw. HIvtSm-_À 17 2013 | t^mt«m: APnXv _t¯cn
C¶v tImS-a-ªnsâ e`y-Xbnepw XzcnX KXn-bn-epÅ amä-§Ä Zriy-am-bn-«p−v. h\-ta-J-e-bn-te-¡p-−m-bn-«pÅ IS¶p Ib-ä-hpw, A\n-b-{´nX h\-hn-`h
- §-fpsS Nqj-Whpw CXn\p Imc-W-am-sb¶p ]d-bmw. \ne-¼qÀ h\-§f
- psS
km¶n-²y-ap-Å-Xn-\m kqNn-¸m-d, hSp-h³NmÂ, e¡n-Sn, ta¸m-Sn, F¶n-hn-S§-fn-te-¡p -am-{X-ambn tImS-a-ªnsâ e`yX HXp-§n-t¸m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
CS-h-¸m-Xn, Ipw`-a-g, Xpem-hÀjw F¶n-§-s\-bmWv hb-\m«n e`y-am-Ip¶
ag-IÄ. e¡n-Sn-bn-emWv Gähpw IqSp-XÂ ag tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ÅX
- v.
Ignª 10 hÀj-¯n-\nSbn Gähpw Ipdhv ag tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ÅXv 2012
emW-v. 2005--emWv Gähpw IqSp-X ag tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xv; 4446.5 anÃnao-äÀ. hb-\m-«nse ssh¯ncn taJ-e-bn e`n-¡p¶ ag-bpsS tXmXn 2009
apX hyà-amb Ipdhv tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p--−v. CXn \n¶pw ag-bpsS e`yX-bn-ep-−mb hyXymkw Zriy-am-Ip-¶p-−v.
108
\¼À
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
hÀjw
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013 (BKÌv 19 hsc)
ag-bpsS tXmXv anÃn aoäÀ
3056
2880
3077.5
3931
4446
3882
4327
3265.5
3261
2337
2767
2078.5
3819
1950 IÄ¡p-tijw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn \n¶pw tIc-f-¯nsâ aäp ]e-`m-K§
- fn \n¶pw h³tXm-Xn -\S¶ IpSn-tb-ähpw hb-\m-Snsâ `q]-S-¯n \nch[n amä§Ä¡v \mµn Ipdn-¨p.
IpSn-tbä IÀj-Icp-sS- ssIt¿-ä-w, ImÀjnI \b-§Ä, ImÀjnI coXn-IÄ
F¶nhbpsSbpw 1971 se shÌnwKv Assk³saâv BIvSn-sâbpw ^eambn
h\hn`-h-§Ä h³tXm-Xn Nqj-W-¯n-\n-c-bm-bn. Ch-sbms¡ hb-\mSnsâ Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯n I\¯ NqSmbpw ag-bpsS ZuÀe-`yambpw Pe-ZuÀe-`y-ambpw ]pd-¯p-h-¶p. hb-\m-Snsâ Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\-¯n {][m\ ]¦p-h-ln-¨n-cp¶ LS-I-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-t¡-−-Xm-bp-−v.
ImÀjnI hnf-Ifpw Aim-kv{Xob Irjn-co-Xn-Ifpw
hb-\m-Snsâ `qan-im-kv{X-þ-Im-em-hØm {]tXy-I-X-IÄ A\p-k-cn¨v Im¸n,
Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, tXbne XpS-§nb ImÀjnI hnf-I-fm-Wv A\p-tbm-Pyw. Chbn¯s¶ _lp-hn-f- IrjncoXn-sb-bmWv IÀj-IÀ B{i-bn-¨n-cp-¶X
- v.
F¶m IpSn-tbä IÀj-IcpsS hc-thmsS Irjn-co-Xn-I-fnepw Irjn
sN¿p¶ hnf-I-fnepw amä-§Ä I−p-h-¶p. 1980 Ifn Ipcp-ap-f-Insâ hnebn-ep-−mb DbÀ¨-bmWv IÀj-Isc X\Xmb tNme-h-\-§Ä sh«n-\-in-¸n¨v
GI hnf-bmbn Ipcp-ap-f-Ip- Ir-jn-sN-¿p-¶-Xn-te¡v \bn-¨-Xv.
_lp-hnf Irjn-co-Xn-bn \n¶v ]n³h-enªv DjvWhnf-bm-b -Ip-cp-ap-fI
- S- ¡-apÅ \mWy-hn-f-IÄ GIhnf-bmbn Irjn sN¿m³ XpS-§n-bXv \nÝnX
{]tZ-is¯ ac§Ä sh«n-\-in-¸n¨ tijw Xm§p-a-c-§-fn Ipcp-ap-fIp
109
Irjn sNbvXp-Xp-S-§n. Ipcp-ap-f-Ip -Ir-jn¡v \miw kw`-hn-¨-tXm-Sp-IqSn
Xm§p-a-c-§Ä Iq«-t¯msS \in-¸n¨p XpS-§n. CXp c−pw A´-co-£¯n NqSp-Iq-Sp-¶-Xn\pw I\¯ hcĨ A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\pw Imc-Wa
- mbn. hb-\m-«nse ]p¸-Ån-bn-ep-−mb hcĨ¡v Imc-W-a-t\z-jn-¡p-t¼mgpw CtX D¯cw Xs¶-bmWv In«p-I. Hcp-Im-e¯v hb-ep-I-fpsS \mSm-bncp¶p hb-\m-Sv. s\Âh-b-ep-IÄ hmg-t¯m-¸p-IÄ¡v hgn-am-dn-b-tXmsS Pew
kw`-cn¨p sIm−n-cp¶ Irjn-bn-S-§Ä \in-¨Xpw, cmk-h-kvXp-¡fpw IoS-\min\nIfpw Irjn-bn-S-§-fn hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¨-Xp-am-Wv ]p-¸-Ånbnepw apųsIm-Ãn-bn-ep-ap-−mb I\¯ hcĨ¡v Imc-W-am-bX
- v.
tImĸm-S-§fpw s\Âh-b-ep-Ifpw CÃm-Xm-Ip-¶-tXmsS InW-dp-IÄ hän-Xp-S§p-Ibpw hcĨ-bpsS ImTn\yw hÀ²n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw.
s\ÂIrjn em`-I-c-a-Ãm-Xm-b-XmWv Aim-kv{Xob Irjn coXn-I-fn-te¡v
\o§m³ IÀj-Isc t{]cn-¸n-¨-Xv. s\Âh-b-ep-IÄ ]p\-Øm-]n-¡p-¶-tXmsS
Cu {]iv\-¯n \n¶v tamN\w t\Sm-\m-Ipw. IÀj-IÀ¡v X\Xv ImÀjn-Ih
- nf-I-tfm-SpÅ Ah-K-W\m at\m-`m-hhpw ImÀjnI cwKs¯ ]co-£-W-Xm¸cy-§fpw IÀj-Isc \mWy-hn-f-I-fmb dºÀ, hm\n-e, sImt¡m, XpS-§nb
hnf-IÄ Irjn sN¿p-¶-Xn-te¡v \bn-¨p. IapIv Irjn-bpw, hmg--¡r-jn-bp-amWv Cu {]tZ-i§-fn Pe-¯nsâ Afhv Ipd-¨-Xv. ]n¡m-e¯v Pe-£m-a¯n\v Imc-W-hp-amIpw F¶p-d-¸m-Wv.
hb-\m-«n kpe-`-ambn hnf-ªn-cp¶ Hmd-©v, Ipcp-a-f-Iv, F¶n-hb
- psS
DÂ]m-Z-\-¯n KWy-amb Ipd-hp-h-¶Xpw Imem-h-Ø-bn-ep-−mb amä¯nsâ ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-am-Wv. C¯cw {]h-W-X-IÄ a®n-t\bpw A´-co-£t¯bpw ]mtS \in-¸n¨v Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
\nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä
IpSn-tb-ähpw hb-\m-«n hfÀ¶p-h¶ Sqdn-k-hp-amWv {][m-\-ambpw
\nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\-§sf thK-¯n-em-¡n-b-Xv. P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-−mb hÀ²\hpw k¼-¯nsâ Ipan-ªp-Iq-Sepw ImcWw ]mÀ¸nSw F¶Xv ASnØm\ Bhiyw F¶-Xn Ihnªv BÀ`m-S-¯nsâ Nq−p-]e
- Ibmbn¯oÀ¶p. C¯-c-¯n \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS tXmXv Zn\w
{]Xn hÀ²n-¨p-sIm-t−-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m `qan-imkv{X {]tXy-I-X-IÄ¡-\pkr-X-amb \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v Du¶Â \ÂIm-¯Xpw Hcp Imc-Wam-sb¶p ]d-bmw.
Bh-iy-§Ä hÀ²n-¨-tXmsS \nÀ½m-W-§-fpsS tXmXpw coXnbpw amdnadnªp. Ip¶n-Sn¨pw acw apdn¨pw \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä A\p-kyqXw XpScp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ch-bn dntkmÀ«p-I-fpsS ]¦v ]d-bmsX h¿. Npc-¯nÂ
110
\n¶v ssh¯ncn hsc-bpÅ `mKs¯ tZio-b-]m-X-¡-cn-Inepw DÄ{]-tZ-i§
- fn-ep-ambn 37 Hmfw dntkmÀ«p-IÄ {]hÀ¯n-¨p- h-cp-¶p-−v. 50tXmfw \nÀ½mW-¯n-en-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbpw 100 e[nIw dntkmÀ«p-IÄ¡p-th−n Øew hm§nbn-«-Xmbpw A\u-tZym-KnI IW-¡p-IÄ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v.
Npc-¯nsâ Ihm-Shpw AXn-\-Sp-¯mbn ØnXn sN¿p¶ Hmdn-bâ tImtfPpw
HIvtSm-_À 17, 2013 | t^mt«m: APnXv _t¯cn
Cu \nb-a-§-sfÃmw dh-\yq- h-Ip-¸n-emWv \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. \ne-hnÂ
C¯cw {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä ]©m-b-¯p-IÄ¡v \nb-{´n-¡m³ ]©m-b-¯o-cmPv
BIvSv A[n-Imcw \ÂIp-¶p-−v. C¯cw {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä XS-bp-¶X
- nÂ
A[n-Im-cn-IÄ th−{X {i² sNep-¯p-¶n-Ã.
am[-hvKm-UvKn I½nän dnt¸mÀ«v {]Imcw tkm¬ H¶n hcp-¶-XmWv Npca-S-§nb \nÀ±njvS {]tZ-iw. C¯cw Aim-kv{Xob \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\§Ä XS-bm³ ]©m-b-¯p-Isf Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ Hcp \nbaamWv hb-\mSnsâ \ne-\n¸n-\m-[m-c-ambn th−-Xv.
Npc-¯nsâ Ihm-S-¯n-\-Sp-¯mbn _lp \ne-I-fn-embn Xe-bp-bÀ¯n
\n¡p¶ Hmdn-bâ tImtf-Ppw, sshäv hm«À dntkmÀ«n-\p-th−n \nÀ½n¨
Ipf-§fpw ]cn-Øn-Xn-bn Nne De-¨n-ep-IÄ D−m-¡p-I-Xs¶ sNbvXp. Cu
{]tZ-i¯v \oÀ¡p-gn-IÄ t]mepw \nÀ½n-¡p¶Xv N«-§Ä adn-I-S-¶mWv.
2004  Npc-¯n-ep-−mb DcpÄs]m-«epw CXn-t\mSv tNÀ¯p-hm-bn-t¡-−X
- p−v. F¶m hb-\m-«n h¶ dntkmÀ«p-I-fn ]eXpw \nb-a-§sf ImänÂ
¸d¯n kss[cyw Xe-bp-bÀ¯n \n¡p-¶p-−v.
Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³
\mbcpsS I®m-´-fn-¸q-¡-fpsS Imew F¶ IY-bn ]d-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse
"Ip¶p-I-sfÃmw hcnhcn-bmbn temdn-bn¡b-dm³ \n¡p-I-bm-Wv'. hb\m-«nepw CtX AhØ Xs¶-bm--Wv. \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡p th−n
111
Ip¶p-IÄ ]eXpw s]mSna®p ]d-¯n-s¡m−v temdn-bn¡-bdn ]e-bn-S§
- fn-em-bn-d-§n-t¸m-hp-I-bm-Wv.
e¡n-Sn-bn \nÀ½m-W-¯n-en-cn-¡p¶ _lp-\ne ^vfmäv
HIvtSm-_À 17, 2013 | t^mt«m: APnXv _t¯cn
{]tZ-is¯ InW-dpIfn Pe\nc¸v Xmgv¶Xpw Øe-]-cnan-Xn ap³\n-dp-¯n
Ipg¡n-W-dp-IÄ¡v e`n¨ {]Npc{]Nm-c-Xbpw ]cn-Øn-Xnsb XInSw ad-n
¡p-¶-Xm-sW¶v ]d-bmsX h¿. temI-¯nsâ ]e `mK¯pw `qan-imkv{X
{]tXy-I-X-IÄ¡-\p-kr-X-amb \nÀ½mW coXn-IÄ \ne-hn-ep-−v. F¶mÂ
hb-\m-«n CsXm¶pw IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡m-sX-bm-Wv ]-cn-ØnXn teme-ta-Je
{]tZ-i-§-fn-e-S¡w _lp-\ne ^vfmäp-I-f-S-¡-apÅ sI«n-S-§Ä DbÀ¶p-hc
- p¶-Xv.
tXm«w taJe
hb-\m-«nse ssh¯ncn, Npt−Â, ta¸mSn, XpS-§nb {]tZ-i-§-fn-emWv
tXm«w taJ-e-IÄ C¶v `mKnI-am-sb-¦nepw \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv. tXm«w taJe¡v t\cn« \mihpw ]e-Im-e-§-fn-embn hym]-I-ambn \S¶ acwapdnbpw
Imem-h-Øm-hy-Xn-bm-\-¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sN{¼-bS- ¡
- apÅ {]tZ-i-§sf kwc-£n¨p \nÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv Xmgvhmc {]tZ-i-§-fn-epÅ
tXm«w taJ-e-bm-Wv. ssh¯ncn ao\m-£n-kp-µcw FtÌ-än hym]-Ia
- mbn
112
\S¶ acwapdn-bmWv hb-\m-«nse BZy-Ime Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯n\v
Imc-W-am-bn-«p-Å-Xv. ag-bpsS tXmXv Ipd-bm\pw CXv Imc-W-am-bn-«p-−v.
1986 se hr£ kwcw-£W \nb-a-¯nse \memw hIp¸v {]Imcw Hcp
slIvS-dn A[nIw hcp¶ Øes¯ ac-§Ä apdn¨v amäp-¶-Xn\v {]tXyI
am\-Z-WvU-§fpw _Ô-s¸« A[n-Ir-X-cpsS A\p-hm-Zhpw Bh-iy-amWv.
IqSmsX apdn¨p amtä− ac-§Ä tISv _m[n-¨tXm kz¯nt\m Poht\m
`ojWn DbÀ¯p-¶tXm BsW-¦n am{Xta A\p-aXn e`n-¡p-I-bp-Åq.
{]kvXpX \nb-a-{]-Imcw Cu«n, tX¡v, Nµ-\w, Iµ-\w, CcqÄ, sN¼-Iw, NS¨n, F¶n-§s\ ]t¯mfw ac-§Ä apdn-¡-cp-sX¶pw N«-ap-−v.
h\-\-io-I-cWw
hb-\m-«nse \nXy-l-cnX h\-§-fn ImW-s¸-Sp¶ ss\kÀ¤nI kky-§Ä
a®nsâ BÀ{ZX \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn {][m\ ]¦p-h-ln-¨n-cp¶p. F¶mÂ
kzm`m-hnI h\-§Ä sh«n-\-in-¸n-¡-s¸-«Xpw tX¡v t]mepÅ ac-§Ä hymhkm-bn-Im-Sn-Øm-\-¯n \«p-]n-Sn-¸n-¨Xpw hcĨ-t]m-epÅ {]iv\-§Ä¡v
Imc-W-am-bn. ss¹hpUv \nÀ½m-W-¯n-\p-th−n sNdp-a-c-§-f-S¡w apdn-¡m³
XpS-§n-b-tXmsS sh«n-tXm-ep-sN¯nb ac-¯-Sn-IÄ h³tXm-Xn Npc-an-d§m³ XpS-§n. C¯-c-¯n ]e-a-c-§fpw ]mtS A{]-Xy-£-am-Im³ XpS-§n.
`q]cnjvIcW \nb-a-¯nse 81-- -mw hIp-¸nse t`Z-K-Xn-IÄ kzImcy hyànIfpw {Kq¸p-Ifpw \¶mbn NqjWw sN¿p-¶p-ap-−v. F¶m kwc-£nX
h\-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p InS-¡p¶ {]tZ-i-§-fnse Xcwamäepw Sqdn-khp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p \S-¡p¶ \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä XS-bp-¶-Xn-\pÅ
Ime-Xm-a-khpw {]iv\-¯nsâ Kuchw hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p-.
2013 sabv 21 se ssSwkv Hm^v C´y Zn\-]{Xw dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvX-X-\p-kc
- n¨v
ssh¯n-cn, _mWm-kp-c, sN{¼, Ipdn-NymÀa-e, shÅ-cna-e, F¶n-hn-S-§f
- nÂ
h\w taJ-e-tbm-S-Sp¯p InS-¡p-¶Xpw h\w hIp¸v AS-¨p-sI-«n-b-Xp-amb CS§-fn hym]-I-amb Xcwamäepw apdn¨p hn¸-\bpw hym]-I-ambn
\S¡p¶ps−¶v sku¯v hb-\mSv Un.-F-^v.-H. km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v.
Cu {]h-WX `qan imkv{X-kp-Øn-c-X-tbbpw ssPh-ssh-hn[yt¯bpw \in¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p CS-bm-¡pw. Cu {]tZ-i-§Ä ssPhsshhn[yw \ndª ]Ýna-L« ae-\n-c-I-fpsS `mK-am-sW-t¶mÀ¡-Ww.
kmaqly h\-h¡-cW
- ¯nsâ `mK-ambn hb-\m-«n bq¡m-en]vävkpw AtIz-jybpw h³tXm-XnÂ
\«p-]n-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. CXnsâ ]mcn-Øn-XnI BLmXw a\-Ên-em-¡nb Hcp
Iq«w ]cn-ØnXn {]hÀ¯-IÀ sN{¼-a-e-bnse \gvk-dn-bn kq£n-¨n-cp¶
Hcp e£-t¯mfw ssXIÄ \in-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. CXn-s\-Xnsc \ne-\n¶ tIkpIÄ th−{X sXfn-hp-I-fn-Ãm¯Xn\m XÅn-t¸m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tImgn113
t¡mSv amhq-cn {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp¶ Kzmfn-tbmÀ dtbm¬kn-\m-h-iy-amb
Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-¡Ä Is−-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-th-−n-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu ]²-Xnsb¶pw A¡m-e¯v hym]-I-amb Btcm-]-W-ap-bÀ¶n-cp-¶p. I_\n XS-¯nep-−m-bn-cp¶ apf-¦q«§Ä Iq«-t¯msS ]q¯p-\-in-¨-tXmsS IÀ®m-SI
- ¯nse AXnÀ¯n {Kma-§-fn \n¶pÅ NqSv Imäv hoip-¶Xpw ]Xnh-mb-n.
hb \nI-¯Â
1970 se `q]cnjvIcW \nba {]Imcw 15 slIvS-dn A[n-I-apÅ s\Âh-bep-IÄ ]nSn-s¨-Sp¯v `qc-ln-XÀ¡v ]Xn¨p \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. P·n IpSn-bm³
k{¼-Zm-b-¯nsâ thcn-f-¡m³ A¶v ssIs¡m− \b-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.
Irjn em`-I-c-a-ÃmsX h¶Xpw Irjn-bn-S-§Ä aäm-h-iy-§Ä¡p-th−n
D]tbmKn-¡p-¶Xpw sNbvX-tXmsS s\Âhb-ep-IÄ A{]-Xy-£-am-Im³ XpS§n. D]-cn-X-e-¯n Pew kw`-cn¨p sIm−n-cp¶ s\Âhb-ep-IÄ hmgt¯m-¸p-I-fmbn¯oÀ¶-tXmsS `qan-bpsS sam¯w Pe-kw-`-c-Ws¯ CXv
_m[n-¨p-. \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡pw sImÅ-em-`-¯n\pw th−n ]cnØnXn k´p-en-Xm-h-Ø¡p t\sc I®-S-¡p¶ \b-amWv hb-\m-«nse ]e-bnS¯pw C¶pw \S-¡p-¶-Xv. Hmtcm Ah[n Znh-k-§Ä IgnbpwtXmdpw hb\m-«nse s\Âh-b-ep-Ifn ]eXpw A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-¯o-cp¶ {]h-W-Xbpw
\ne-hn-ep-−v.
J\\w
]Ýn-a-L-«-¯nsâ sshhn[yw \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn {][m\ ]¦p−v Cu {]tZis¯ Izmdn-IÄ¡v. kvt^SI hkvXp-¡Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v J\\w \S-¯p-¶tXmsS ]cn-ØnXn k´p-e-\m-hØ¡v tIm«w kw`-hn--¡p-Ibpw ]mcn-ØnXnI ASn-¯-d¡v BLmXw hÀ²n¨p hcn-I-bp-am-W-.v hb-\mSv PnÃ-bnÂ
hnhn[ `mK-§-fn-embn 156 Izmdn-IÄ {]hÀ¯n-¨p-h-cp-¶p-−v.
Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\y-ta-dnb FS-¡Â Kpl ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ A¼-eh
- -b ]©m-b¯n am{Xw 38 Izmdn-IÄ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-−v. Chbn cPn-kvt{S-j\pÅXv
33 Izmdn-IÄ¡v am{XamWv. 12 F®w ssek³tkm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw tijn-¡p¶h
{Kmss\äv
skmsskän-bpsS
IognÂ
FIvkvt¹m-kohv
ssek³knsâ ]n³_-e-¯n-ep-am-Wv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. FS-¡Â ae-tbmSv
tNÀ¶p \n¡p¶ h³a-e-I-fn ]eXpw A{]Xy£ambn-«p-−v. _mWmkpc ae- \n-e-sIm-Åp¶ shÅ-ap− ]Sn-ªm-d-¯d ]©m-b-¯n-epw, ta¸mSn
aqss¸-\mSv ]©m-b-¯n-ep-am-Wv Izmdn-I-fn-e-[n-Ihpw ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶-Xv.
sku¯v hb-\mSv t^mdÌv Unhn-j-\nÂs¸Sp¶ aWn-¡p-¶va-e, Nqc ae,
IÃva-e, Nma-¸m-d, _¸³a-e, _mWm-kp-c-km-KÀ, Nqt−Â, ap«n-ense s]cp´« F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-embn 14 Izmdn-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯\w h\w hIp¸v CS-s]«v
\nÀ¯n-sh-¨n-cp-¶p. ]cn-ØnXn teme-ta-J-e-I-fn-epÅ \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\114
§fpw Imem-Im-e-§-fn-ep-−mb ImÀjn-I-\-b-§-fpw, h\-\-io-I-c-W-¯nsâ
Xnà-^-e-§fpw hb-\m-Sns\ Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶Xn apJy-]-¦p-h-ln-s¨¶p ]d-bm-Xn-cn-¡m³ Xc-an-Ã. aW J\-\-¯nsâ
Imcy-¯nepw \ne hyXy-Ø-a-Ã. Xmc-X-tay\ ]pg-IÄ Ipd-hmb hb-\m-«nÂ
tXmSp-I-fnse aW hmc Ign-ªm ssek³kn-ÃmsX hb-ep-If
- nÂ
\n¶v D]-I-c-W-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn¨pw a\p-jym-²zm\w sIm−pw aWÂ hmcÂ
\S-¡p-¶Xv \nXy-kw-`-h-am-bn-¡-gn-ªn-«p-−v. tamt«mÀ D]-tbm-Kn¨pw shÅw
sI«n \nÀ¯nbpw hb-ep-Isf henb Ipgn-I-fm¡n amäp-¶-Xn hb-\m-«nse
aWÂ am^n-b-IÄ¡v henb ]¦p-−v.
]cn-ØnXn kwc-£-W-¯n-\p-th−n KmUvKn I½nän dnt¸mÀ«pw IkvXq-cn-cwK³ I½nän dnt¸mÀ«pw ià-ambn NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-Sp¶ Ime-¯mWv ]cn-ØnXnsb D·q-e-\-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶Xv F¶Xv ]cn-ØnXn kwc-£-W-¯nÂ
s]mXp P\-§Ä¡pÅ AÚ-X-sb-bmWv Xpd¶p Im«p-¶-Xv. \ne \n¸n\p
th−n-bpÅ ka-c-§Ä¡n-S-bn ]cn-ØnXn kwc-£Ww kz]v\-§f
- nÂ
am{X-sam-Xp-§p¶ k¦Â¸-§-fm-bn-¯o-cpw.
Jisha A.S can be contacted at [email protected]
115
Imem-hØm amä-¯nsâ `oXn-bn A«-¸mSn
\k-od
IrjvW-h\w Hcp Iq«m-bva-bpsS {]Xo-I-am-Wv. AtXmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Is«
Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ A«¸mSn¡p \ÂInb BLm-X-t¯-bpw.
IrjvW-h\w hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp¡mw F¶ Xocp-am\w hcĨbpw s]mSn-¡mäpw
Pe-£m-a-hpw-sIm−v s]mdp-Xn-ap-«nb A«-¸m-Sn¡v Bizm-k-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p.
XpS-¡-¯n 130 G¡-dn \S¶ ]co-£-W-§Ä; ]cn-ØnXn ]p\-Øm-]\
- ¯nsâ `mK-ambn ]n¶oSpw 400 slÎÀ Xcn-ip-{]-tZ-i¯v imkv{Xo-ba
- mbn
a®v-þ-P-e-kw-c-£Ww \S-¯n. \mfp-IÄ Ign-ª-t¸mÄ ImSv hfÀ¶p. Ddh
s]m«n. B\bpw Ic-Snbpw ¾mhpw am\p-saÃmw HmSn-sb-¯n. A«-¸m-Sn-bn-eqsS
Hgp-Ip¶ sImS-c-§-c-¸-Åw-]pg ]p\ÀP-\n-¨p. CXv A«-¸m-Sn¡v km`n-am\w
HmÀ¡m-hp¶ lcn-X-]m-Tw.
kÀ¡mÀ hnI-k\w
tI-c-f-¯nse GI ss{S_ t»m¡v Bb-Xn-\m ]©-h-Õc ]²-Xn-¸Ww
A«-¸m-Sn-bn-te-¡p X-s¶-bm-bn. ]²-Xn-^ew ]äm³ IpSn-tb-ä-¡m-sc-¯n. 1951
 90% BZn-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶n-S¯v 1981 BIp-t¼mÄ 60% am{X-am-bn. C¶Xv
40þ60% BWv. FÃm -Im-e-t¯-bpw -t]mse Ah-K-W-\bpw Nqj-Whpw IqSnb-tXm-sSm¸w Ahcpw It¼mf kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ `mK-ambn amdn.
ImSn\p AXnÀ¯n-IÄ h¶p. H¸w Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-§Ä¡pw. Im«nse
PohnXw t]mc F¶ tXm¶Â Ahsc ImSn-d-¡n-. tIm¬{Ioäv Xd-If
- nÂ
sa¯-ta InS¯n Dd¡mw F¶ ]²Xn Ahsc \m«n-se-¯n-¨p. \m«p-PohnXw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p ASp¯ coXn. CXn-\mbn A\p-h-Zn-¡s
- ¸«
tImSn-I-sf-´m-bmepw Xn¶p-XoÀ¯Xv BZn-hm-kn-I-f-Ã.
A«-¸m-Sn-bn-ep-ÅXv aq¶v BZn-hmkn P\-hn-`m-K-§Ä; apUp-KÀ, Ipcp-¼À,
Ccp-fÀ, {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn Cg-tNÀ¶pÅ Pohn-tXm-]m-[n-IÄ kzoI-cn-¨n-cp-¶hÀ. Imem-hØm amähpw a®nsâ {]Xn-I-c-W-hp-sams¡ C¶v AXn-Po-h-\¯n-t·-epÅ shÃp-hn-fn-I-fm-Wv.
Cu hn`m-K-¯n\p kmwkv¡m-cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw `uXn-Ih
- p-amb sa¨-s¸«
kml-N-cy-§Ä \ÂIn Ahsc DbÀ¯n-s¡m-−p-h-cn-I F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p
kÀ¡mÀ ]²-Xn-I-fpsS e£yw. apJy-[mcm kwkv¡m-c-¯nsâ s]mXp-t_m-[amWv icn F¶pw A§s\ A-h-cpsS s]mXp-t_m-[-¯n-te¡v IS-¶p-Ib
- d
- msa-¶p-apÅ {]mIr-X-amb ImgvN-¸mtSmsSbmWv kÀ¡mcpw kÀ¡m-cn-Xc
Øm]-\-§fpw A«-¸m-Sn-bn-se-¯n-b-Xv. A«-¸m-Sn-bn-epÅ tÌänsâ Hfn-ªpt\m-«-¯n\v \ntbm-Kn-¨-Xm-Is« Alm-Uvkn-s\-bpw; 126 AwK³hm-Sn-I-fn-eqsS
tKmX¼pw D¸p-amhpw t]mj-Im-lm-chpw ]mepw ap«bpw sNdp-]-b-dp-saÃmw
\ÂIn X\-Xmb `£y-kw-kv¡m-c-¯n \n¶v -Ahsc ]dn-¨p-am-än. ]c-¼c
- mKX sshZy-¯n\p ]Icw Atem-¸-Xnbpw tlman-tbmbpw t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨p.
Im«n Ib-dm³ BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡v A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-¨-t¸mÄ Nµ\ am^nbbv¡pw XSn-¡-¨-h-S-¡mÀ¡pw Ib-dm-\pÅ ]mÊv btYjvSw A\p-hZ
- n-¨
- p.
116
A«¸m-Sn-bnse Nµ\ ac-§-fpsS IW¡v Bcpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«n-Ã.
btYãw AXv apdn-¨p-sIm-−p-t]m-Ip-¶Xv ]t£ Bcpw tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p-anÃ.
BtcmKyw
A«-¸m-Sn-bn ]«n-Wn-a-cW \nc¡v IqSp-¶p. t]mj-Im-lm-c-¡p-d-hp-aq-ea
- pÅ
tcmK-§fpw dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p. AlmUvkv ]d-bp-¶-Xp- {]-Imcw
kzbw ]cym-]vX-X-bn-te-¡pÅ kml-N-cy-§Ä In«p-¶n-S¯v F§-s\-bnXv
kw`-hn-¡p-¶p? KÀ`-a-e-kepw inip-a-c-W-§fpw IqSp-X-em-Wn¶v A«-¸m-SnbnÂ.
37 Un{Kn skÂjy-knepw IqSp-XÂ Xm]w KÀ`n-Wn-IÄ¡v Xm§m-\m-hn-Ã.
A«-¸m-Sn-bn C¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ NqSv 40 Un{Kn skÂjy-knepw IqSp-Xem-Wv. thK-¯n-epÅ DÂ]m-Z-\hpw DÂ]m-Z-\-tijn \in-¡-ep-amWv ImemhØm hyXn-bm\w Pohn-I-fn-ep-−m-¡p¶ amäw.
ag
Ime-hÀj-¯n amkw-tXm-dp-apÅ ag-bpsS tXmXv C{]-Im-ca
- m-Wv. Pq¬ 2- 1%,
Pq-embv 33%, BKkvXv 28%, k]vXw-_À 18%; Cu Af-hp-I-fn hyXym-khpw
kw`-hn-¡m-dp-−v. F¶m Pqembv agbv¡v D−m-Ip¶ CS-th-f-IÄ IqSn-hc
- p¶p. AXv 30% IqSp-X-em-sW¶v IW-¡p-IÄ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ime-hÀj¯nse Imänsâ XcwKw AYhm \yq\-]¯n lnam-e-b-¯nsâ ASn-hm-c¯
- nte¡v t]mIp-¶Xv Hcp Imc-W-ambn ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
300 an.-en-äÀ apX 3000 an. enäÀ hsc ag e`n-¨n-cp¶ {]tZ-i-amWv A«-¸m-Sn.
Bdp-Xcw Imem-h-Ø-IÄ sIm−v A\p-{K-lo-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m C¶h
Ncn{Xw am{X-am-Wv. `mc-X-¸p-g-bpsS {][m\ t]mjI \Zn-I-fpsS DZv`h
- Øm\w A«-¸m-Sn-bm-Wv. F¶m IpSn-sh-Å-¯n-\mbn ssaep-IÄ Xm−p¶
P\-§Ä th\-ense \nXy-Im-gvN-bm-Wn-¶v. t]mj-I-\-Zn-bmb `hm-\n-bpsS
Hgp¡v KWy-ambn Ipd-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.
ag Ip-d-bp¶p F¶v Bfp-IÄ ]d-bp-t¼mgpw sam¯w ag-bpsS Af-hn Ipdhn-sÃ-¶mWv Imem-hØ hnZ-Kv[À ]d-bp-¶-Xv. sam¯w ag-bpsS Afhv Ipdªn-«n-Ã. F¶m ag-Zn-h-k-§-fpsS F®w Ipd-ªp. ag-bpsS iàn
IqSpIbpw sNbvXp. ^etam shÅw a®n-te¡v Cd-§msX Ip¯n-sbm-en¨v
t]mIp-¶p. AXn-\m th\-ense Dd-h-IÄ Ipd-bp-¶p. CXv Irjnsb Ipds¨m-¶p-aà _m[n-¡p-¶-Xv. hf-¡q-dpÅ ta a®mWv C¯-c-¯n \in-¨pt]m-Ip-¶-Xv. hnf-\m-i-ap-−m-Ip¶p F¶Xv ]d-tb-−-Xn-Ã. 15 sImÃ-ambn ae{¼-tZ-i¯v 20% ag-bpsS Ipdhv tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. sImÃw Ign-bpt´mdpw CXnsâ tXmXv Ipd-bp-¶p F¶ A]-I-Shpw _m¡n-bm-Wv.
NqSv
tIcf-¯nse icm-icn hmÀjnI DbÀ¶ Xm]-\ne 30.4 Un{Kn skÂjyk-nÂ
\n¶v 32.9 Un{Kn skÂjykv Bbn IqSn-bn-«p-−v. kwØm-\s¯ c−m-as¯
DbÀ¶ hmÀjnI Xm]-\ne ]me-¡m-SmWv tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv; 32.4 Un{Kn
117
skÂjy-kv. ]e- Zn-h-k-§-fnepw NqSv 40 Un{Kn IS-¡p-¶p. Ipdª Xm]-\ne-bm-Is« 24 \pw 28 \pw at[y-bm-Wv. CXnsâ Imc-W-§Ä A«-¸m-Sn-bnÂ
am{Xw \n¡p-¶-X-Ã. sam¯-¯n-epÅ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS ^e-amWv CXpw.
F¶m hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ tXmXv ChnsS F´p-sIm−v IqSp-X tcJ-s¸-Sp¯p¶p F¶Xv ]T\ hnj-b-am-Wv.
CjvSn-I-¨q-f-IÄ
iàn-bpÅ ]me-¡m-S³ NqSp-Im-än\v Imc-W-ambn ]-dbs¸-Sp-¶ H¶v A«-¸mSn-bnse CjvSn-I-¨q-f-I-fm-Wv.
Xangv kzm[o\w
Xan-gv\m-«nse Imem-hØ t\cn«v _m[n-¡p¶ PnÃ-bmWv ]me-¡m-Sv.
AXnÀ¯n Xmeq-¡mb Nnäq-cn sN¶m hc− Imem-h-Ø-bm-Wv. Fcnt¨mw-]-Xn, sImgn-ªm-¼m-d, s]cp-am-«n, hS-I-c-¸Xn F¶n-hn-S-§f
- nÂ
th\¡m-e¯v Xnf-bv¡p¶ NqSmWv tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv.
Ign-ª- th-\-en ]m-e-¡mSv \n-ch[n- a\p-jyÀ¡pw arK-§Ä¡pw kqcy-Xm]-¯n s]mÅ-te-äp. Hcp L«-¯n NqSv 42 Un{Knbpw IS-¶p. s]s«-¶pÅ
NqSv IqS ]Xn-hm-bn. 2012  NqSv A[n-I- Zn-hkpw 41 Un{Kn-bn XmgmsX
\n¡p-I-bm-Wv. NqSnsâ hÀ[\ ImcWw Nnäq-cn s\ÂIrjn KWy-ambn
Ipd-ªp. Xangv Irjn coXn-bpsS kzm[o\w {]I-S-am-Wv. ac-§Ä sh«n-apdn¨psIm−pÅ coXn-bmWv Xan-gÀ ]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xv. ac-§Ä sh«n-ap-dn¨p
sIm−pÅ Cu coXn C¶v A«-¸m-bn-bn ]e-bn-S¯pw ImWmw. ac-§Ä
A´-co-£-¯n \ocm-hn-bpsS Hcp ]mS-bp-−m-¡p-Ibpw Ch agbmbn ]n¶oSv s]¿p-I-bp-amWv sN¿p-I. F¶m ac-§-fn-Ãm¯ coXn k½m\n-¡p-¶Xv F´m-sW¶v C\n ]d-tb− Bh-iy-an-Ã. Xangv IpSn-tb-ähpw A«¸m-Sn-bn 30% IqSp¶p F¶mWv IW-¡v.
Irjn
]c-¼-cm-KX Irjn-co-Xn-¡-\p-k-cn¨v cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-XmWv BZn-hm-kn-If
- psS
Blm-c-co-Xn. ImsS-cn¨v as®m-cp¡n BZyw Xphc hnX-bv¡pw. ]ns¶ Aac;
tijw dmKn, Nma, ISp-Iv, Ioc, Xn\, s\Ãv XpS-§nb hn¯p-IÄ. hn¯n-Sp-¶Xn-\mbn a®n-f-¡m-dn-Ã. hmg, a¯³, shÅ-cn, Npc-bv¡, I¡n-cn, Ip¼fw
F¶nh taS-¯n-emWv \Sp-¶-Xv. CXv ]g-b-Im-es¯ Irjn-co-Xn. F¶mÂ
C¶v dmKn, Nma, Xn\, sXma-c, Aac-, XpS-§n-b-h-bvs¡m¸-w s]mtdm-«bpw
s\bvt¨mdpw Acn-`-£-W-hpw- ]Xnhm-bn. s\Ãv Ahsc kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw
A{]-[m-\- hn-f-bm-Wv.
]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw AlmUvkpw
]p\-c-[n-hmk ]mt¡-Pp-IÄ BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡p \ÂIn-bXv Xcn-ip-`q-an-If
- mWv. NneÀ¡v CXp-t]mepw In«n-bn-«n-Ã. Ac-£n-X-cmb Hcp Iq«-¯nsâ XpS-¡¯n-te-¡mWv Cu hnI-k\ hgn-I-sfÃmw sNs¶-¯n-b-Xv. IÅpw I©mhpw
kpe-`-am-bn-S¯v In«n-b- hn-ebv¡v `qan-I-sfÃmw ChÀ IpSn-tb-ä-¡mÀ¡mbn
FgpXn \ÂIn. AtXmsS a®n ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ shdpw Iqen-¸W
- n-¡mÀ
am{X-ambn AhÀ amä-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
118
2012þ13 tZiob _P-änse Sn.-F-kv. ]n. C\-¯n 24,598 tImSn BZn-hm-knIÄ¡mbn hI-bn-cp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. 2011þ12 enXv bYm-{Iaw 21,710 tImSnbpw 18,468
tImSn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. C¸-dª tImSn-I-fpsS {]tbm-P\w cmPy-¯nsâ
sam¯w P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 8.2% hcp¶ BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡v e`nt¨m F¶Xv
At\z-jn-¡-s¸-tS-−Xv Xs¶.
tIcf¯nse Imcy-sa-Sp-¡mw. 2012þ13se kwØm\ _P-än hnhn[ ]²-Xn-Ifn-embn BZn-hmkn taJ-e¡v A\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-«Xv 207 tImSn cq]. s]mXp-P\
- mtcmKy hnI-k-\-¯n\v 470 tImSn. IpSn-shÅ ]²-Xn-IÄ¡mbn 400 tImSn.
{]mtZ-inI kÀ¡m-cp-IÄ¡v 248 tImSn. kv{Xo imào-I-cWw/Zmcn{Zy
\nÀ½mÀP\w F¶n-hbv¡v 84 tImSn. arK-kw-c-£-W-¯n\v 211 tImSn. BZnhm-kn-I-fp-tSbpw s]mXp-hn-`m-K-§-fp-tSbpw t£a-¯n-\mbn hI-bn-cp-¯n-bXv
C{X-bp-am-Wv. BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-¯n-\mbn am{Xw hI-bn-cp-¯nb 207
tImSnbpw s]mXn-hn-`m-K-¯nse 1413 tImSnbpw BZn-hm-kn-IÄs¡-{X-I−v
{]tbm-P\w sNbvXp?
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-¯n-sâbpw ]«nWn ac-W-§-fp-sSbpw FÃm-¯cw Häs¸-S-ep-I-fp-sSbpw ka-b-¯mWv AlmUvkv, Ft¡m sdtÌm-td-j³ t{]mPIvSp-ambn A«-¸m-Sn-bn-se-¯n-b-Xv. AlmUvkv hgn kÀ¡mÀ ChnsS \S-¸n-em¡n-bXv 320 tImSn-bpsS ]²-Xn-IÄ. F¶m Ah F¯-c-¯n-sems¡
KpWw sNbvXp F¶ tNmZyw am{Xw _m¡n. A«-¸m-Sn-bnse BZn-hm-knIÄ¡v am{X-ambn A\p-h-Zn¨ XpI am{Xw t\m¡n-bm Xs¶ tImSn-IÄ
Hmtcm BZn-hm-kn-bp-sSbpw I¿n ImW-Ww. F¶n«pw ]«n-Wn-a-c-W-§fpw
t]mj-Im-lm-c-¡p-dhpw dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p F¶Xv BZn-hm-kn-Isf
am{X-aà P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n\p t\sc Xs¶-bpÅ Cfn-¨p-Im-«-em-Wv.
BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS 22,000 slIvSÀ `qan sXmgn-ep-d¸v ]²-Xn-bneqsS Irjn-tbmKy-am-¡n-sb-Sp-¯n-«p-s−¶v A[n-Ir-XÀ ]d-bp-¶p. F¶m hn¯pw hfhpw
Pe-tk-N\ kuI-cy-§fpw sshZypXn IW-£\pw t]mepw A\p-h-Zn-¡s
- ¸-Sp¶n-Ã. F¶m IpSn-tbä IÀj-IÀ¡mbn tImSn-I-fpsS k_vkn-Un-If
- mWv
\ne-hn-ep-Å-Xv.
D]-Po-h-t\m-]m-[n-sb¶ \ne-bn AK-fn, ]pXq-cv, tjmf-bqcv ]©m-b-¯p-IÄ
h\n-X-IÄ¡mbn Id-h-¸-ip-¡sf hnX-cWw sNbvXp. 2008 se sk³kkv
A\p-k-cn¨v I¶p-Imen hfÀ¯Â IqSn F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. 48 e£w cq]-bpsS
I¶p-Imen hnX-cWw kÀ¡mÀ AK-fn-bn {]Jym-]n-¨n-cp-¶p. CXnsâ KpW^ew Hcp iX-am-\w-t]mepw BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡v e`n-¨n-Ã. »m¡v BSp-It- fmSv
CW-tNÀ¡m³ sImSp-¯-Xm-Is« {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn Ipd-ªXpw NmIm-dm-bX
- pamb BSp-IsfbmW.v hwi-\mi `ojWn t\cn-Sp¶ Ch¡v ]n¶oSv F´v
kw`-hn-¨n-cn¡mw F¶v Duln-¡m-hp-¶-tX-bp-Åq.
Imen-h-fÀ¯Â A«-¸m-Sn-bn {]Jym-]n-¨-t¸mÄ IqSp-X Imen-Isf tIc-f¯n \n¶v e`y-am-¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã. AXn-\m Xangv\m«n \n¶pw Ahsb
Cd-¡p-aXn sNbvXp. Ahbpw {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn Ipd-ªXpw NmIm-dm-bX
- pamb C\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. ChnsS ]ns¶ \S-¶Xv hyàw. Ah-Imiw tNmZn¨p
119
hcm-¯-hÀ F¶ t_m[y-ap-Ån-S-t¯mfw \m«p-a-\p-jy\v Cu NqjWw A´tÊmsS sN¿m³ Ffp-¸-am-bn-cp-¶p.
A«-¸mSn tImþ-Hm-]-td-äohv ^manwKv skmssk-än¡v Iogn kwLw 420 BZnhm-kn-I-fpsS 600 slIvSÀ {]tZ-i¯v Irjn sN¿p-¶p. 1992 slIvSÀ `qanbmWv skmssk-än¡v Iogn-ep-ÅXv; 816 BZn-hm-kn-IÄ kwLmw-K-§-fm-bn-«p−v. 5 G¡À hoXw NnX-dn-¡n-S-¡p¶ `qan tNÀ¯mWv Irjn. Irjn em`-Ic
- am-Wv. F¶m Hs«m¶v ]nd-In-te¡v t\m¡-Ww, F´m-bn-cp¶p BZn-hm-kn-IfpsS ImÀjnI hyhØ F¶v Adn-bm³. tIc-f-¯nse 8000 Hmfw BZn-hmkn-IÄ¡v (80%) `qan \jvS-s¸-«n-«p-s−-¶mWv IW-¡v. tXm«-ap-S-a-I-fpsS IS¶p-I-b-äw, IpSn-tb-äw, h\w-h-Ip-¸nsâ `qan-tb-sä-Sp-¡Â Ch-sbÃmw CXn\v
Imc-W-§-fm-Wv.
ta-J-e-bnse Irjn GXm−v \in¨ L«-¯n-emWv AlmUvkv sIm−ph¶ ]²-Xn-I-f-{Xbpw; F¶m Ch-bn-te-sdbpw AhÀ¡v ]cn-Nn-X-a-Ãm-¯h
- bm-bn-cp-¶p. bYmÀ°-¯n Irjn-bpsS kz`m-h-s¯ -Xs¶ hgn-Xn-cn¨p hnSpI-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu ]²-Xn-IÄ. hmg-bpw, Im¸nbpw XpS§n ap¼n-Ãm¯ hnf-IfmWv C¶n-hnsS Irjn sN¿p-¶-Xv. ssPh-h-f-¯n\p ]Icw cmk-hfw ]cn-Nb-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-Sp-¯Xv Alm-UvkmWv. a®nsâ {]Xn-I-cWw hcm-\n-cn-¡p¶-tX-bp-Åq. AsX-´m-bmepw A\p-Iq-e-am-In-söv Dd-¸m-Wv.
amdp¶ ]me-¡m-S³ Imäv
tIcf-¯nse ag e`y-X-bn \nÀ®m-bI kzm[o-\-apÅ ]me-¡m-S³ Imäv
ASp¯ Zim-_vZ-¯n-\Iw hn\m-i-Im-cn-bm-Ip-sa-¶m-Wv Imem-hØm hyXnbm\w kw_-Ôn¨ tZiob Ah-tem-I\ dnt¸mÀ«v ]d-bp-¶-Xv. hc−
Imän ]me-¡mSv ]¨-a-c-§Ä¡p- t]mepw Xo ]nSn-¡p-¶Xv \nXyImgvNb
- mWv. ]Ýn-a-L« ae-\n-c-I-fn \n¶pw hoin-b-Sn-¡p¶ ]me-¡m-S³ Xo¡m-änÂ
I¯n-b-a-cp-¶Xv Icn-¼-\-Ifpw henb ac-§-fp-sam-s¡-bm-Wv. ]Ýna ae-\n-cI-fnse
kkym-h-cWw
\jvS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xpw
]me-¡m-Sn-t\mSv
AXnÀ¯n ]¦n-Sp¶ Øe-§-fnse Xm]-\n-e-bnse hÀ²-\hpw \nb-{´-Wa
- nÃmsX {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ CjvSn-I-¨q-f-Ifpw acp-`q-an-bn hoip¶ NqSp-Im-än\v
kam-\-ambn ]me-¡m-S³ Imäns\ amän-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Nnäqcpw kao] {]tZ-i§
- fnepw am{X-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶Xv \mev]-Xn-e-[nIw CjvSn-I-¨q-f-I-fm-Wv.
PnÃ-bnse sam¯w IW-¡Ã CXv F¶Xpw {it²-b-am-Wv. InWÀ Ipgn¨pw
AÃm-sXbpw tamt«mÀ D]-tbm-Kn¨pw shÅ-sa-Sp-¡p-¶Xv IpSn-shÅ £maw
Iq«p-¶p-−v. \K-c-{]-tZ-iw, s]cp-am-«n, s]cp-h-¼v, sImSp-¼v, F¶o ]©m-b¯p-I-fn am{Xw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-h-bpsS IW-¡m-Wn-Xv. hen-b-tXm-Xn-epÅ
as®-Sp¸pw CXn-\mbn \S-¡p¶p. CXv ]me-¡m-S³ NpSp-Im-än\v NqSp-Iq-Sm³
Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p-−v.
ct−m aqt¶m th\¡m-e-§Ä¡p-Ån ]me-¡m-S³ Imäv iànbmÀÖn¨v IS¡m-äns\ ]nt¶m-«-Sn-¡p¶ FXnÀ¡m-ämbn amdp-sa¶v
imkv{X-ÚÀ ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIp-¶p. A§ns\ kw`-hn-¨m tIc-f-¯nse
aq¶n c−p `mK-§fpw DjvW-hm-X-¯nsâ ]nSn-bnÂs¸«v ag-\n-g {]tZ-iambn amdp-sa¶pw t{Sm¸n-¡Â saäo-cn-tbm-fPn hIp-¸nsâ ]pXnb
120
dnt¸mÀ«n ]d-bp-¶p. cm{Xn Ime-§-fn ]\bpw sX§pw ¹mhpw amhpsaÃmw I¯p-¶Xv dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶-X-ÃmsX asäm¶pw kw`-hn-¡p-¶n-Ã.
A«-¸m-Sn-bn Hmtcm Ducn sNÃp-t¼mgpw `b-t¯m-sS-bpÅ Nne ]pe-¼e
- pIÄ tIÄ¡mw. ]cn-Nn-X-a-Ãm¯ {]Ir-Xnbpw Imäpw NqSp-saÃmw tZhn-bpsSbpw tZh-sâbpw tIm]-ambn am{Xta ChÀ¡v ImWm-\m-Ip-¶p-Åq. Cu
NqSv Xm§m-\m-hp-¶nà F¶ ]cmXn Xs¶-bmWv Bcp-t]m-bmepw BZyw
tIÄ¡p-I. AsXmcp ]cm-Xn-bÃ; t]Sn-bm-Wv. ImÂNph-«nse `qan A\y-am-¡s¸-Sp-¶-Xnsâ `oXn-bmWv Hmtcm I®n-epw.
121
ambp¶ a-g-¸m«pIÄ
kµo]v
BtKmfhÂIcWhpw hnIk\hpw ]SnIbdnh¶Xpw \m-«p\·IÄ ssIhn«pIfªXpw Ignª Ipd¨p hÀj§Ä¡pÅn \½p-sS \m«nÂ
hcp¯nb amä§Ä Ime¯ns\m¸w kw`hn¨Xv F¶p ]dªp \nÊmcambn
XÅn¡fbm³ ]-äp¶hbÃ. B amä§-fnÂ-s¸«v \mtSmSpt¼mÄ \Spth
HmSm\mImsX hwi\miw kw`hn¨Xpw kw`hn¨p-sIm−ncn-¡p¶Xpw
sshImsX X-s¶ kw`hn¨p XpS§m³ CSbpÅXpw Bb Hcp]mSv kkyPohnhÀ-K-§-fp-−v \ap¡v Npäpw.
Rmäpthebpw XncphmXncbpw Imew sXämsX, AWapdnbmsX s]bvXpsIm−n-cp¶ Hcp Imew C¶v HmÀaIfn am{Xw. XpÅn¡v Hcp IpSw F¶v
A£cmÀ°¯n s]bvXn-cp¶ ag¡me-¯nsâ iЯns\m¸w agsb
hcth¡m³ tIcf-¯nsâ Is®¯m¯ ]mStiJc§fn \n¶pw DbÀ¶n-cp¶
XhfIfpsS
iÐw
FhnsStbm
t]mbvadªp.
\m«p\aIÄ ]Snbnd§nt¸mbt¸mÄ A-Xnsâ IqsS Cu PohnhÀKhpw
CÃmXmtbm?
{]IrXnbnse Hmtcm Pohnbpw X½n ]ckv]cw _-Ô-s¸«ncn-¡p¶p.
`qanbn Poh³ \ne\nÂ-¡p-¶Xv Xs¶ Cu _Ôw sIm−mWv. Hmtcm
Pohnbpw
Htc
kabw
Ccbpw
Cc]nSnb\pw
BWv.
Ah ]ckv]c ]qcI§Ä BWv F¶p ]d-bmw. Hmtcm PohnhÀK-¯nsâbpw F®w \nb{´n¡m³ {]IrXnbn DÅ kwhn-[m\amWv CXv.
A{]kàam-b H¶pw Xs¶ {]IrXnbn CÃ. A§s\ H¶n\p
{]IrXnbn \ne-\n¸p Akm-[yw.
PeamWv Pohs³d ASnØm\w. Poh³ D−mbXv Pe¯n \n¶pw BWv.
aqhmbnc¯n Aªqdv e£w hÀj§Ä¡p ap³]v `qanbn PePohnIfpw
GXm\pw Xcw {]mWnIfpw am{Xta D−mbn-cp¶pÅq.Xp-SÀ¶v {ItaW
PePohnIÄ
Icbnte¡v
Ibdn
hcm³
XpS§n.
Ahbv¡v
A´co£ hmbp izkn¡m³ Bhiyamb izmk tImi§fpw aäp
Ahbh§fpw D-−m-bn¯pS§n. Icbn k©cn¡m³ Bhiyamb
ssIImepIÄ cq-]-s¸«p. C¯c¯n Icbn Pohn¡m³ km[n¨ BZy
PohnIfn Hcn\w BWv XhfIÄ F¶mWp imkv{Xw ]-d-bp¶Xv. IcbnÂ
D−m-b \s«ÃpÅ BZy Pohn Xhf BWv. tem-I-¯n-se C-¶p-Å X-hf
- I
- fn G-ä-hpw hen-b X-h-f B-{^n-¡-bn Im-W-s¸-Sp¶ tKm-en-bm-¯v X-hf
- -
122
17
(Conraua Goliath) B-Wv . GXm-−v 87 skân-ao-äÀ \o-fhpw aq¶--c In-tem-{Km-an-
e-[n-Iw Xq-¡-hp-ap-−v tKm-en-bm-¯ X-h-f-IÄ-¡v. G-ähpw sNdn-b X-hf
- Paedophryne amauensis F-¶ C-\-am-Wv. ]m¸p-h \yq Kn-\n-b-bn-em-Wv Cu
Xhfsb I-s−-¯n-bXv18. G-I-tZ-iw 7 an-Ãn-ao-äÀ B-Wv C-h-bp-sS \ofw.
X-h-f-I-fp-sS Po-hnXw
X-h-f-IÄ ]-eX-c-¯nÂ-s¸-«h D−v. Nne XhfIÄ Pemib§fn BWv
IqSpXÂ t\cw D−mIpI. aäp Nne-h B-Is« {]P\\¯n\mbn am{Xw
BWv P-em-ib§sf B{i-bn-¡p¶Xv. IqSpX kabw Icbn Ign-bp¶
X-h-fIÄ aäpÅhsb At]£n¨v XSn¨h B-Wv. Icbn Ign-bp¶
XhfIfpsS sXmen ]cp]cp¯Xmbncn¡pw. shůn Pohn-¡p¶hbpsS
sXmen hgph-gp¯Xmbncn-¡pw. sXmen¡v ]pd¯pÅ kpjnc§fn¡qSn
BWv X-h-fIÄ shůnÂsh¨v izkn-¡p-¶Xv.
ImemhØm hyXnbm\w Gähpw BZyw _m[n-¡p¶ PohnIfn H¶mWv
XhfIÄ. X-h-f-I-fpsS NÀ½w hfsc kqjvakwthZ\£a-X DÅ-Xm-Wv F¶-Xm-Wv Im-cWw. XhfIfpsS PohnXw Pehpw Bbn hfsc A[nIw _-Ôs¸«ncn-¡p¶p. \\hnÃmsX XhfIÄ¡v Pohn¡m³ BhnÃ. an¡ C\w
XhfIfpsSbpw sXmen FÃmbvt¸mgpw \\ªXmbncn¡pw.
an¡hmdpw C\w XhfIfpw cm{Xn Ime¯mWv Cc tXSn Cd§pI. ]-I Cc-]n-Sn-b³-am-cpsS I-®nÂs¸SmsX Ch adªncn¡pw. sImXpIv, h−v,Cubw]mä, ]¨¯pų, ]q¼mä, \nimie`w, Xp¼n, a®nc, ]Ãn
F¶nhsb Hs¡ BWv XhfIÄ
B-lmcam¡pI. Fen, ]m¼v
XpS§nbhsb `£Wam-¡p¶ XhfIfpw D−v. ap« hncnªp h-cp¶
hmÂam{InIÄ `-£Wam¡pI sImXp-Insâ ap«IÄ BWv. ]mS¯pw aäpw
Im-Wp¶ XhfIÄ hnfhp \in¸n-¡p¶ ]e {]mWnIsfbpw sIms¶mSp¡m-dp−v. ]m¼v, sIm¡pIÄ, XpS§nbh XhfIsf Blmcam¡n
AhbpsS F®w \nb{´n-¡p¶p.
s]¬Xhf shůn\v- apIfn ap«bn-Sp¶p. B ap«IfpsS apIfnÂ
B¬Xhf AhbpsS _oP§Ä \nt£]n-¡p¶p. _oPk¦e\w \-S¶
ap«IÄ hncnªp emÀ-h D−m-Ip¶p. Chbm-Wv hmÂ-am-{InIÄ. Cu
emÀhIÄ sNInf D]tbmKn¨v shůnse hmbp izkn-¡p¶p. ChbpsS
Blmcw shůnse hfsc sNdnb sNSnIÄ BWv. hmÂ-am-{InIÄ Bdp
apX H³]Xp hsc BgvNIÄ¡pÅn cq]m´cw {]m]n¨p ]qÀWh17
http://allaboutfrogs.org/weird/strange/big.html
What is the biggest frog? retrieved on 1/10/2013
18
http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16491477
World’s smallest frog discovered 1/10/2013
123
fÀ¨sb¯nb X-h-fIfmbn am-dp¶p. an¡ C\w XhfIfpw shůnemWv
ap«bnSpI.
XhfIfpsS icmicn Bbpkv 5þ-10 hÀ-j§Ä- B-Wv. CWsb
BIÀjn¡m³-th−n ag¡me¯v D¨-¯n B¬X-h-fIÄ i-Ð-ap−m¡pw.
ag¡mew Ignªmepw XhfIÄ i-Ð-ap-−m-¡m-dp-s−-¦n-epw a-g-¡mes¯
A{X D-bÀ¶p tIÄ-¡m-dnÃ.
tIc-f-¯n-se X-h-fIÄ
124 C-\w X-h-fI-sf B-Wv tI-c-f-¯n C-Xp h-sc I-s−-¯n-bn-«p-ÅXvv. CXn 30 Hm-fw C-\§-sf I-gn-ª 10 hÀ-j-¯n-\p-Ån-em-Wv Xn-cn-¨-dnªXv.
t]m¡m¨n¯hf (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus), a-W-hm«n¯hf (Hylorana
(Pseudophilautus sp.),
]m-d¯hf (Tomopterna
malabarica), Ce¯hf
rufescens), ]mXmf¯hf (Nasikkabatrachus sahyadrensis), s]m-´¯-hf
(Raorchestes sp.) Xp-S-§nb \mS³ t]cpIfn BWv hnhn[ C\w XhfIÄ
\½psS \m«Â Adnbs¸-Sp¶Xv. Cu C-\-§-fn Nne-Xv ]-Ýn-a L«-¯nÂ
am{Xw Im-Wp-¶ X-h-fIfmWv.
t]m¡m¨n¯hf
]-d¡pwXhf
]-¨ne¯hf
a-W-hm«n¯hf
124
ag¡me¯v BZyw {]-P\-\w \-S-¯p¶Xv C´ybnse Gähpw henb
XhfIfn H¶m-b t]m¡m¨n¯hf BWv. ]Ýn-a L«taJebn am{Xw
ImWs¸-Sp¶h BWv a-W-hm-«n-¯hf-IÄ. Nph¶ \nd¯n BWv Ch
ImWs¸SpI. a-W-hm«n-¯hfIÄ ag XpS§n GItZiw Hcp amk¯n\p
tijamWv ap«bnSm³ XpS§pI. NmWIw sagpInb XdbpÅ Øe§fnÂ
Bbn-cp¶p Ch IqSpXÂ Bbn D−mbncp¶Xv. ho-Snsâ AI¯p
hmXnen\p ]n¶nepw ho-Snsâ aqeIfnepw ImÀ sjÍpIfnepw aäpw Chsb ]-−v [m-cm-f-ambn I-−p-h-¶n-cp¶p. A½mbn-¯h-f F¶pw Ch¡p t]cp−v.
Gähpw
IqSpXÂ
sImXpIpIsf
]nSn¡pI
ChbmWv.
hoSpIfpsSbpw aäpw \new ssSÂkv, amÀ_nÄ XpS§nbh Bbn amdm³
XpS§nbtXmsS ChbpsS \ne\n¸n\p `ojWn XpS§n.
a-Wh
- m«n¯hfIfpsS F®w ap³ hÀj§sf At]£n¨v hfsc Ip-d-ªn-«p−.v
Ce¯hf
Nm-«-¡m-c³ Xh-f
hmÂam{In L«w CÃm¯ C\w Xhf-IÄ D−v. Ce¯hfIÄ CXnÂs¸Sp¶h BWv. Ch t\sc ap« hncnªp XhfIÄ Bbn Cd-§pIbmWv
sN¿pI. G-sg«p amkw \n{ZmhØbn a®n\Snbn In-S-¡p¶h
BWv ]md¯hfIÄ. {]XnIq-e ImemhØbn a-®nsâ ASnbnte¡v
t]mhpIbpw ag¡me¯v ]pd¯p hcnI-bpw B-Wv ]m-d-¯-h-f-IÄ sN-¿m-dv.
sN¦Ãnsâ \ndw Bbncn¡pw ]m-d-¯-h-f-I-Ä¡v. a-®nsâ ASnbn Btdgp
aoäÀ hsc Bg¯n Ipgnbp−m¡n ag¡mew hsc DÅn Ccn¡p¶
XhfIÄ D−v. ]-¨ne¯hfIÄ AYhm ae_mÀ ss¥UnwKv t{^mKv
(Rhacophorus malabaricus) shůn\v- apIfn \nÂ-¡p¶ CeIfn BWv
ap«bnSpI. ap« hncnªp t\sc hmÂam{InIÄ shůnte¡v- NmSpw.
a®n\Snbn ImWs¸-Sp¶-h-bmWv ]mXmf¯hf, s]m´¯hf XpS§nb
C-\w X-h-fIÄ. sNm-dn¯hfIÄ (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) C-c-]n-Sn-b³-amcn \n¶pw c£s¸-Sp¶Xv AhbpsS NÀ½¯nsâ {]tXyIX sIm−mWv.
125
sXm-«m sXm-Sp-¶-hÀ¡v sNm-dn-bp-¶ co-Xn-bn-em-Wv sNm-dn-b³-X-h-f-If
- p-sS
NÀ½w. NohoSnsâ iÐw D−m-¡p-¶ XhfIÄ BWv {InIäv t{^mKvkv.
(Limnonectus sp.)
\m«n³]pd§fn Øncambn Im-W-s¸«n-cp¶ ]e C\w XhfIfpw Ipdªp
XpS§n. CXns\m¸w Xs¶ ]-d¡pwXhf (Polypedatus sp.), ac¯hf
(Polypedatus sp.) XpS§nb hÀK§sf IqSp-XÂ ]-e-bn-S-¯pw ImWm³
XpS§pIbpw sNbvXp.
X-h-f-I-Ä t\-cn-Sp¶- {]-iv-\-§Ä
Xhf-IÄ Ipd-ªp XpS-§n F--¶Xpw A-Xp-−m-¡p¶- {]-iv-\-§-fpw {]-Ir-Xnbn hf-sc {]-I-S-am-Wv. B-tKm-f-Xm]-\w A-S-¡-apÅ ImemhØm
hyXnbm\§Ä, ]mS§fpw Pemib§fpw \nI-¯p-¶X-S-¡-ap-Å {]-Ir-Xn-\ioI-c-W {]-hÀ-¯-\§Ä, X-h-f-I-fp-sS A-\n-b-{´nX IbäpaXn, Peaen\oIc-Ww, Ir-jn-bn-S-§-fn-se cm-k-h-f-§-fp-sS-bpw Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sS-bpw \n-c´
- cam-b {]-tbmKw XpS-§n-bhbmWv XhfIÄ t\cn-Sp¶ {][m\ {]iv\§Ä.
ImemhØbnse sNdnb amä§Ä t]mepw XhfIsf henb tXmXnÂ
_m[n¡pw. {]IrXnbn \ne\nÂ-¡p¶ `£yN§ebnse {][m-\-s¸« Hcp
I-®nbmWv Xhf. XhfIÄ Ip-d-bptXmsS sImXpIpIfpw Ah ]-c-¯p¶
\nch[n tcmK§fpw hÀ[n¡m³ XpS§pw. Iq-Sm-sX X-h-fI-sf B-lm-ca
- m¡p-¶ Po-hn-I-sfbpw CXv _m-[n¡pw
Im-em-h-Øm hy-Xn-bm\hpw {]-Ir-Xn-\-io-I-c-Whpw
\-½p-sS \m-«n km-[m-c-W-bm-bn I-−ph-cp¶ t]m-¡m-¨n-¯-h-f-IÄ BWv
Pq¬am-kw Xp-S-¡-¯n {]-P\-\w \-S¯p-I. F-¶m Im-em-h-Øm-hy-Xnbm\-s¯ Xp-SÀ¶v Pq¬ Xp-S-¡-¯n a-g s]-¿m-sX h-cp¶- A-h-Ø C-t¸mgp-−m-Im-dp-−v. Xp-SÀ¶v am-kw ]-IpXn-tbm-sS a-g B-cw-`n-¡pw. A-Xp h-sc a-g
In-«m³ th-−n Im-¯n-cp¶ t]m-¡m-¨n-¯-h-f-IÄ a-g s]-¿p--¶tXm-sS {]-P\\w B-cw-`n-¡pw. A-tXka-bw X-s¶ km-[mcW Im-em-h-Ø-bn Pq¬ ]-IpXn-bm-Ip-t¼mÄ {]-P\-\w \-S-¯p¶- X-h-f-I-fpw ap-«-bn-Sm³ Xp-S-§pw. Xp-SÀ¶v
t]m-¡m-¨n-¯-h-f-bp-sS ap« hn-cn-ªp h-cp¶- hmÂ-am-{In-IÄ a-äp C-\w X-hf
- I-fp-sS ap-«Ifpw A-Xp hn-cn-ªp h-cp-¶ hmÂ-am-{In-I-sfbpw Xn-¶pw. t]m¡m-¨n-¯-h-f-IÄ C-¯-c-¯n a-äp X-h-f-I-fp-sS \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-\v `oj-Wn D-bÀ¯p-¶p−v.
C-Xph-sc I-s−¯nb 124 C\w XhfIfn 40Hmfw C-\-§Ä C-e-¯-h-fI
- Ä
BWv. a-c-¯-n-\p ap-I-fn-em-Wv C-e-¯-h-f-IÄ D-−m-IpI. ap-« hn-cn-ªv t\-sc
X-h-f-¡p-ªp-§Ä B-Wv ]pd-¯p h-cn-I. a-g-bp-Å, X-Wp-¸p \n-d-ª, {]-IrXym D-Å hm-k-kvY-ew e-`y-am-bn-sÃ-¦n C-e-¯-h-f-I-fp-sS ap-«IÄ \-in-¨p
126
t]m-Ipw. Nm-b-t¯m-«-§-fn Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶ C-e-¯-h-f-If
- p-−v. tX-bn-e-t¯m«§-fn hym-]-I-am-bn a-cp-¶p X-fn-¡p-t¼mÄ Chn-S-§-fnse C-e-¯-h-fI
- Ä
Iq-«t¯m-sS N-¯p t]m-Ipw. Im-em-h-Øm-hy-Xn-bm-\-¯n-s\m¸w Cu co-Xnbnepw C-e-¯-h-f-IÄ \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-\p `oj-Wn t\-cn-Sp-¶p.
sN-¦Â-¯-h-f-IÄ (Zakarerana rufescens) {]-P\-\w \-S¯p-I tI-c-f-¯n-se C-S\m-S³ sN-¦Â-¡p¶p-I-fn-emWv. Ip¶-n³-ap-I-fn-se sh-Åw sI-«n-¡n-S-¡p¶XmÂ-¡men-I P-em-i-b-§fpw s]m-«-¡p-f-§fpw aäpw B-Wv sN-¦Â-¯h
- f
- IÄ ap-«bn-Sp-¶ Ø-e§Ä. F-¶m a-g Ip-d-bp-I-sbm Ipd-¨p s]-bv-Xv ]n¶-oSv s]-¿m-Xm-hp-Itbm sN-bv-Xm 10þ15 Zn-h-k-§Ä-¡p-Ån C¯-cw C-S§
- Ä
h-än-t¸m-Ipw. AXv sN-¦Â-¯-h-f-I-fp-sS ap-«IÄ \-in-¡m³ Im-cW
- a
- mIpIbpw sN-¦Â-¯-h-f-I-fp-sS \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-s\ _m-[n-¡pIbpw sN-¿p¶p. CXn-s\Ãmw ]pd-sa sN-¦Â-¡p¶-p-IÄ hn-I-k-\-{]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS t]-cnepw
AÃm-sX-bpw C-Sn-¨p \n-c-¯p¶Xpw sN-¦Â-¯-h-f-I-fp-sS hw-i-\m-i-¯n-\p
Im-c-W-am-bn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶p.
X-h-f-I-fn CÃm-Xm-bn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶- a-sämcp C-\-am-b a-W-hm-«n-¯h
- f
- I
- sf-¡p-dn-¨p- A-Sp-¯n-sS \-S-¶ ]-T-\§-fn \n¶-pw ]pd-¯p h¶- H-cp Imcyw
ho-Sn-\I-¯p Øn-c-am-bn Im-W-s¸-«n-cp¶- C-h Ip-d-bm³ Imc-Ww sam-ss_Â,
sS-en-hn-j³ Xp-S-§n-b D-]-I-c-W-§-fn \n¶pw ]pd-¯p h-cp-¶ Ce-t{Îm
am-á-än-Iv td-Un-tb-j³ B-Wv F--¶XmWv. im-kv-{Xo-b-am-b sX-fn-hp-IÄ CXph-sc ]pd-¯p h¶-n-«n-sÃ-¦nÂ-¡q-Sn hen-b H-cp Af-hp h-sc a-W-hm-«n-¯h
- 19
f-I-fp-sS Ip-d-hn-\v C-Xp Im-c-W-am-bn-«p-−v F--¶Xm-Wv C-t¸m-gp-Å \nKa\w .
a-e-Ifpw Ip¶-p-I-fpw C-Sn-¨p \nc-¯n {]-Ir-Xn-sb \-in-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ a-säm-cp
co-Xn-bnepw A-Xv X-h-fI-sf _m-[n-¡pw. Ip¶v C-Sn-¨p \n-c¯n-b Øe-¯v a®n-\-Sn-bn-se kÄ^À, t^m-kv-^-dkv, C-cp-¼v Xp-S-§n-b-h ]p-d-¯p h-cn-Ibpw
Iq-Sn-¡-eÀ¶v B-kn-Um-bn am-dp-Ibpw sN-¿pw. Cu B-kn-Uv H-gp-In k-ao-]{- ]tZ-i-§-fn-se In-W-dp-I-fnepw P-em-i-b-§-fnepw F-¯pw. C-Xv A-hn-sS Po-hn¡p¶ X-h-fI-sf _m-[n-¡pw.
BtKm-f-Xm-]-\hpw X-h-f-I-fpw
CXn-s\Ãmw ]pd-sa B-tKm-f-Xm]-\w F¶-, {]-Ir-Xn-sbbpw A-Xn-se a-\pjy³ A-S-¡-ap-Å k-I-e Po-h-Pm-e-§-sf-bpw H-cp t]m-se _m-[n-¡p¶- a-lmhn-]-¯v Im-c-Whpw X-h-f-IÄ \-in-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. A-´-co-£-¯nÂ
ImÀ-_¬ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Un-sâ Af-hp Iq-Sp¶--Xm-Wv B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\-¯n-\p
hgn-sbm-cp-¡p-¶-Xv. t^m-kn C-Ô-\-§-fp-sS D-]-tbm-K-hpw a-c-§Ä ap-dn-¨v
{]-Ir-Xn-sb \-in-¸n-¡p¶--Xpw A-S-§p-¶, ImÀ-_-¬ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Un-sâ
19
Jafar Palot, Zoological Survey of India
127
Af-hv A-´-co-£-¯n Iq-Sm³ Im-c-W-am-Ip-¶ FÃm {]-hÀ-¯-\§
- Ä¡p ]n-¶nepw {]-[m-\-am-bpw a-\p-jy³ X-s¶-bm-Wv. B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\-¯n-sâ
^-e-am-bn Im-em-h-Øm-hy-Xn-bm-\hpw {[p-h-{]-tZ-i-§-fn-se a-ªv D-cp-Ip-¶Xpw I-SÂ-\n-c-¸p-b-cp-¶-Xpw A-S-¡-ap-Å {]-iv-\-§Ä D-−m-Ipw.
X-h-f-I-Ä-¡v B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\w ]-e-X-c-¯n {]-iv-\w kr-ãn-¡p¶p. B-tKm-fXm-]-\-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-bn Nq-Sp-Iq-Sp¶-Xv X-h-f-I-fpsS \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-s\-bpw a-g
Ip-d-bp¶-Xv {]-P-\-\-s¯bpw _m-[n-¡pw. Xp-S-¡-¯n B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\w A-S¡-ap-Å Im-em-h-Øm-{]-iv-\-§Ä _m-[n¡p-I X-hf t]m-ep-Å sN-dp-Po-hnIsf B-sW-¦nÂ-¡q-Sn h-cpw-Im-e-§-fn A-Xn-sâ {]-iv-\-§Ä a-äp Po-hP
- m-e§-fp-sS \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-s\-¡q-Sn X-I-cm-dn-em-¡pw. \n-c-´-cam-b {]-Ir-Xn-\-io-Ic
- W-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-bn h-cm-\n-cn-¡p-¶ hen-b {]-iv-\-§-fp-sS ap--¶dn-bn-¸p-IÄ ag-bp-sS G-ä-¡p-d-¨n-ep-IÄ, Hmtcm hÀ-jhpw Iq-Sn-h-cp-¶ Nq-Sv, D-cp-In-s¡m-−ncn-¡p-¶ a-ªv, A-{]-Xy-£-am-bn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p-¶ sN-dpXpw h-ep-Xpam-b Pohn-hÀ-K-§-Ä F-¶n-h-bn-eq-sS-sbÃmw \-ap-¡p In-«n-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶p.
B-tKm-f-Xm]-\w X-S-bm³ \n-ch-[n h-gn-I-fp-−v. a-äp-Å-hÀ F-s´-¦nepw h-gnbn-eq-sS B-tKm-f-Xm]-\w Ip-d-bv¡pw F-¶p I-cp-Xn sh-dp-sX-bn-cn-¡m-sX Cu
{]-Xn-`m-k-¯n-sâ tXm-Xv Ip-d-bv-¡m³-th-−n {]-hÀ-¯n¡p-I F¶-Xv Hm-tcm-cp¯-cp-sSbpw I-S-a-bmWv. B-h-iy-anÃm-¯ _Ä-_p-IÄ Hm-^v sN-¿p-I, sshZyp-Xn-bp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw I-gn-bp¶-{X Ip-d-¡pI, {]-Ir-Xn-¡n-W-§p-¶-Xpw lm\n-I-c-aÃm-¯-Xpam-b DÂ-¸mZ\þI-¨-h-S-þhnX-c-W co-Xn-IÄ sIm-−p-h-cp-I, Ign-bp-¶-{X a-c-§Ä sh-¨p-]n-Sn-¸n-¡p-I, D-Å a-c-§Ä sh-«m-sX kw-c-£n-¡pI, ]m-S-§fpw N-Xp-¸p-\n-e-§-fpw a-®n-«p \n-I-¯m-sX \n-e-\nÀ-¯p-I, hm-l\
- §-fp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw I-gn-bp-¶-{X Ip-d-bv-¡m-\m-bn s]m-Xp-K-Xm-K-X ku-Ic
- y§sf B-{i-bn-¡p-I, Xp-S§n-b h-gn-I-fn-eq-sS-sbÃmw B-tKm-f-Xm]-\w Ip-db
- v¡m-\m-Ipw.
D-jv-W-ta-J-e-bn-se Im-emh-Øm hy-Xn-bm\w
Djv-W-ta-J-ebntem D-t]m-jv-W-ta-J-ebntem D-Å ]À-Æ-X-{]-Ir-Xt¯m-Sp
IqSn-b \n-Xy-l-cn-Xam-b FÃm-bv-t¸m-gpw CuÀ-¸w \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶ h-\-§f
- m-Wv
Iv-fu-Uv t^m-d-kv-äp-IÄ. Cu \n-Xy-l-cn-X {]-tZ-i-§f
- n FÃm-bv-t¸m-gpw hfsc Xm-gv-¶v ta-L-§-fp-−m-bn-cn-¡pw. t^m-Kv t^m-d-kv-äv F-¶pw C-h A-dn-bs
- ¸Sm-dp-−v. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn Iv-fu-Uv t^m-d-kv-äp-I-fn \n-e-¯pw k-ky-§-fnepw
\nd-sb ]m-b-ep-IÄ Xg-¨p h-f-cpw. X-Wp-¸p-\n-d-ª A-´-co-£-am-bn-cn-¡pw Ivfu-Uv t^m-d-kv-äp-I-fn FÃm-bv-t¸m-gpw \n-e-\nÂ-¡pI.20
20
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_forest retrieved on 15/09/2013
128
tem-I-¯n-sâ ]-e `m-K-¯pw, {]-tXy-In-¨v D-jv-W-ta-J-e-Ifn ]-À-Æ-X-{]-tZ-i§-fn-em-Wv G-ä-hpw Iq-SpX- D-c-K-hÀ-¤§Ä Im-W-s¸-Sp¶--Xv. D-Zm-l-c-W¯
- n\v tIm-kv-äm-dn-¡, ]-\m-a F¶-n-hn-S-§-fn-se ]À-Æ-X§
- -fp-sS Nn-e `m-K-§f
- nÂ
60 C-\w D-c-K-§-Ä h-sc D-−m-bn-cn-¡pw. Cu D-jv-W-ta-J-em- ]À-Æ-X-{]-tZ-i§
- fn ]-e D-`-bPo-hn-I-fpw Po-hn-¡p¶--Xpw ap-«bn-Sp--¶Xpw Iv-fu-Uv t^m-dk
- vä
- pI-fn-e-m-Wv. C-hn-sS ap-« hn-cn-ªv t\-cn-«v X-h-f-¡p-ªp-§-fm-bn am-dp-¶ C\w
X-h-f-Ifpw D-−mIpw. C¯-cw X-h-f-I-sf-bm-Wv B-tKm-f-Xm]-\w G-ähpw IqSp-X-em-bn _m-[n-¡p--¶Xv. B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\-¯n-sâ ^-e-ambn ta-L-§-Ä GXm\pw ao-äÀ D-bÀ¶-m Xm-sg A-{X-bpw `mK-¯v a-®nse CuÀ-¸w \-ãs
- ¸-SpI-bpw A-Xv A-hn-sS-bpÅ X-h-f-I-fp-sS hm-k-Ø-e-s¯bpw A-Xp h-gn A-hbp-sS \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-s\-bpw _m-[n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿pw.
C-§-s\ hm-kØ-ew \-ã-s¸« X-h-f-IÄ X-Wp¸pw CuÀ-¸hpw Xncªv ]À-ÆX-¯n-sâ ap-I-fn-te-¡v I-b-dm³ Xp-S-§pw. F-¶m ]À-Æ-X-¯n-sâ ap-If
- nÂ
Po-hn-¡p¶- X-h-f-IÄ-¡v C-Xp {]-iv-\w kr-ãn-¡pw. ]À-Æ-X-¯n-sâ ap-If
- nÂ
X-h-f-I-fp-sS F-®w Iq-Sp¶-Xv A-hn-sS B-Zyw D-−m-bn-cp¶-Xpw ]n-¶o-Sv At§m-«v I-b-dnh¶--Xpam-b X-h-f-I-sf H-cp t]m-se _m-[n-¡pw. C-Xn-\p ]pdsa ]À-Æ-X-¯n-sâ ap-I-fn Po-hn-¡p¶- X-h-f-IÄ-¡v Im-em-h-Ø am-dp-t¼mÄ
t]m-Im³ a-säm-cp C-Sw CÃm-¯Xpw {]-iv-\w kr-ãn-¡p-¶p. a-äp Nn-e X-hf
- h
- ÀK-§Ä Nn-e {]-tXy-I ]À-Æ-X-§-fn am{Xw Im-W-s¸-Sp--¶h-bmWv. Im-em-hØ am-dp-t¼mÄ a-säm-cp Ø-e-t¯¡pw t]m-Im-\m-ImsX C-h-bp-sS hw-i\
- m21
ihpw kw-`-hn-¡pw.
ssI-{Sn-Uv ^w-Kkpw X-h-f-I-fpw
Xhf-IÄ A-S-¡-ap-Å D-c-K-hÀ-K-¯nÂ-s¸-« Po-hn-I-fp-sS \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-s\ _m[n-¡p--¶ G-ähpw hen-b `oj-Wn B-Wv ssI-{Sn-Uv ^w-K-kv (Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis). X-h-f-I-f-S-¡-ap-Å Po-hn-I-fp-sS Xz-¡n-s\ B-Wv ssI-{Sn-Uv
^wK-kv _m-[n-¡p-I. ssI-{SnUn-tbm-ssa-t¡m-kn-kv (Chytridiomycosis) F-¶mWv ssI-{Sn-Uv ^wK-kv ]-c-¯p¶- Xz-Iv tcm-K-¯n-sâ t]cv. 1998 em-Wv Cu ^wK-kn-s\ B-Zy-am-bn Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp¶-Xv. h-St¡ A-ta-cn-¡, sX-t¡ A-ta-cn-¡, a[y A-ta-cn-¡, Hm-kv-t{S-en-b, \yq-kn-em³-Uv, bq-tdm¸v F-¶n-hn-S-§-fn ]-e Dc-K Po-hn-hÀ-K-§-fp-sSbpw F-®w A-Xn-`-b-¦-cam-b co-Xn-bn Ip-d-bm\pw
Nne-Xv ]qÀ-®-am-bn CÃm-Xm-Im\pw h-sc Im-c-W-am-b H-cp ^wK-kv B-Wv
ssI-{SnUv. 1970 IÄ ap-XÂ 100 e-[n-Iw Po-hn-hÀ-K-§-fp-sS hw-i-\m-i-¯n-\p
Im-c-W-am-bn-«p-Å Cu ^w-Kkv, 36 cm-Py-§-fn-em-bn G-ähpw Ip-d-ªXv 287 D-cK hÀ-K-§-sf-sb-¦nepw _m-[n-¨n-«p−.vv 22
21
http://www.savethefrogs.com/threats/climate retrieved on 5/010/2013
Climate change in Tropical Regions retrieved on 15/09/2013
22
http://www.savethefogs.com/threats/chytrid/ retrieved on 15/09/2013
129
Hmtcm hÀ-jhpw e-£-¡-W-¡n-\v D-c-K-Po-hn-I-sf ]-e cm-Py-§-fn \n-¶m-bn
I-b-äpa-Xn sN-¿m-dp-−v. `£y-h-kv-Xp F¶- \n-e-bnepw h-fÀ-¯m-\m-bpw B-Wv
Po-hnI-sf Iq-Sp-X-em-bn ssI-am-äw sN-¿m-dp-ÅXv. Ir-Xy-am-b tcJ-I-tfm ]cntim-[-\tbm CÃm-sX-bm-Wv an-¡-t¸mgpw I-b-äpa-Xn \-S¯pI. C§-s\ I-bäpa-Xn sN-¿p--¶h-bn ssI-{Sn-Uv ^wK-kv _m-[n-¨ X-h-f-I-fpw D-−m-Ipw. Cu
X-h-f-IÄ ]pXn-b Øe-¯v F-¯p-t¼mÄ A-hn-sS-bp-Å Po-hn-I-fn-te¡pw
^wK-kv _m-[n-¡p¶-p. C-Xv aq¶-p co-Xn-bn kw-`-hn-¡mw. 1) ^wK-kv _m-[n-¨
Pohn Iq-«nÂ-\n¶v c-£-s¸-«m 2) a-\-]qÀ-Æw Xpd¶p hn-Sp-t¼mÄ 3) X-hf
In-S-¡p¶- Sm-¦n-se sh-Åw G-sX-¦nepw co-Xn-bn ]p-dt- ¯-¡v H-gp-In A-hn-Sps¯ P-em-i-b-¯n-tem ]m-S-t¯m F-¯n-bmÂ.23
X-h-f-IÄ A-h-bpsS Xz-¡v D-]-tbm-Kn-¨mWv izm-tkm-Ñzm-kw sN-¿pI. ^wKkv Ah-sb _m-[n-¨p I-gn-ªm ]n¶-o-Sv X-h-f-IÄ-¡v izk-\w _p-²n-ap-«m-bn¯o-cpw. ssI-{Sn-Uv ^wK-kv X-h-f-I-fp-sS \mUo-hyq-ls
- ¯bpw _m-[n-¡pw.
A-Xph-gn A-h-bp-sS s]-cp-am-ä-¯n hy-àam-b am-ä-§-fp-−m-Ipw. ^wK-kv
_m-[n-¨ X-h-f s]«¶v Nm-Ip-I-bnà F-¶Xpw tcm-Kw ]-c-¡m³ Imc-Ww BIp¶p. A-kp-Jw _m-[n-¨v Zn-hk-§-tfm-fw X-h-f sh-Å-¯n \o-´n \-S¡pw.AXp-t]m-se X-s¶ A-h- a-äp P-em-i-b-§-fn-te-¡p t]m-Ip-¶Xpw B
`mK-¯v ^wK-kv F-¯m³ Imc-Ww B-Ip¶p.
B Ø-e-¯p-Å X-h-f-IÄ-t¡m a-äp D-c-KhÀ-K-§-Ät¡m ]pXn-b ^w-Kk
- ns\ t\-cn-Sm³ D-Å {]Xn-tcm-[ ti-jn D-−m-bn-cn-¡nÃ. A-Xp-sIm-−v X-s¶
s]-«¶v A-h-bv-¡v ^w-K-kv _m-[n-¡p-I-bpw `m-Kn-Iamtbm ]qÀ-®amtbm hw-i\m-iw kw-`-hn-¡p-I-bpw sN-¿pw. ^wK-kv _m-[n-¨p N-¯ X-h-f-I-fpsS Xz¡n ]-e hy-Xym-k-§fpw Im-Wm-dp−v. A-kp-Jw _m-[n-¨ X-h-f-I-Ä-¡v s]cp-am-ä-¯n hy-Xym-k-§Ä Im-Wmw. ^wK-kv _m-[n-¨p G-I-tZ-iw 21 Znh-kw
B-Ip-t¼m-fm-Wv X-h-f Nm-hp-I.
^w-K-kn-s\ ]qÀ-®-am-bpw D-c-KhÀ-K-§-fn \n¶-p XpS-¨p am-äm³ km-[n-¡nÃ.
A-Xp t]m-se X-s¶ ^wK-kv F-¯p--Xn-\p ap-¼v H-cp h-\-{]-tZ-iw ap-gp-h\
- mbpw kw-c-£n-¡m\pw I-gn-bnÃ. A-´m-cm-{ã X-e-¯n-ep-Å k-l-I-c-W-¯n-eqsS am-{X-sa Cu ^wK-kv ]-S-cp-¶Xv X-S-bm³ I-gn-bq. I-b-äp-a-Xn-bpw C-d¡
- p-aXn-bpw Ir-Xyamb tcm-K-\nÀ®-bw \-S¯n-b ti-jw am-{Xw \-S-¯-Ww.
s\Â-¸m-S-§fpw X-h-f-Ifpw
X-h-f-I-Ä G-ä-hpw A-[n-Iw D-−m-Im-dp-Å Ø-e-§-fn H-¶m-Wv s\Â-¸m-S§
- Ä. X-h-f-IÄ-¡v Po-hn-¡m³ B-h-iyamb X-Wp-¸pw CuÀ-¸hpw FÃm-bvs
- ¸m23
http://www.savethefogs.com/threats/chytrid/intex.html retrieved on 16/09/2013
130
gpw \n-e-\n-ev-¡p¶-Xpw C-c-]n-Sn-b³-am-cn \n¶pw a-d-ªn-cn-¡m³ ]-äp-¶
- Xpam-b Ø-e-am-Wv s\Â-¸m-S-§Ä. Hcp G¡À ]mS¯v hnfIÄ \in¸n-¡p¶
PohnIÄ CÃmsX \ne\nÀ¯m³ 50 Xmsg XhfIÄ D−mbm aXn. t]m¡m-¨n-¯h-f, Nm-«-¡m-c³ Xh-f (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis), a-W-hm-«n¯-hf
- XpS-§n-b C-\§-sf B-Wv km-[m-c-W B-bn ]m-S-§-fn I-−p h-cm-dp-ÅXv.
hbepIÄ \n-I-¯p¶Xv XhfIfpsS \ne\n¸ns\ {]XnIqeambn _m[n¡p¶p. C¶v \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶Xp ]mS§fpsS GXm\pw Xp−pIÄ(]m¨pIÄ)
am{Xw BWv. XhfIfpsS BhmkhyhØbmb Hcp ]mSw/NXp¸v
\nI¯pt¼mÄ AhnsS DÅ XhfIfn Ipsd F®w N-¯pt]mIpw.
a®nsâ ASnbn DÅh c£s¸Spw. aäp Øe§fnte¡v Ipsd F®w
t]mIpw. C§s\ ]e Øe¯v \n¶pw Ahtijn-¡p¶ ]mSt¯¡v
XhfIÄ Iq«ambn F¯pw. F¶m AhnsS Hcp \nÝnX AfhnÂIqSpX Xhf-IÄ D−mIpt¼mÄ Ahbv¡v `£W¯n\v {]iv\w
t\cnSm³ XpS§pw. CXv Bhmk hyhØbnepw XhfIfpsS \ne\n¸nepw {]iv\§Ä krãvSn¡pw.
s\ÂIrjnbpsSbpw
hbepIfpsSbpw
\miw
XhfIÄ¡v
\ãvSs¸Sp¯nbXv ap«bnSm\pw kpc£nXambn Pohn¡m\pw DÅ
AhImis¯ Xs¶ BWv F¶p ]dbmw. XhfbpsS {]IrXym DÅ hmk
Øes¯bmWv CXv \in¸n-¨Xv. IqSmsX i{Xp¡fn \n¶pw DÅ Hcp
BhcWw IqSn Bbn-cp¶p hbepIÄ Ahbv¡v. s\ÂhbepIÄ
CÃmXmbtXmsS ]e Xhf hÀK§fpw CÃmXmbn. s\ÂhbepIÄ
D−mbncpt¸mÄ Aev]w NqSv IqSnbmepw XhfIÄ s\¸mS§fpsS
XWp¸n ]nSn¨p \n¶n-cp¶p. AtXmsSm¸w
am-dp¶ IrjncoXnIfpw
XhfIÄ¡v `o-j-Wnbmbn. ssP-h k{¼Zmbw CÃmXmbXv apXÂ XhfIÄ
\in¨p XpS§n. k¦c hn¯pIfpsS D]tbmKw a®nse kqjva PohnIfpsS
\ne\n¸ns\bpw AXphgn XhfIsfbpw _m[n¨p.
IÀ-j-I-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-b§Ä
50 hÀ-j-am-bn s\Ãv, ]-¨-¡-dn-IÄ, hm-g F¶n-h Ir-jn sN-¿p¶- Nm-¯³ ]-dbp¶Xv ]gb t]m-se X-h-f-]n-Sn-¯-¡m-À C-Ãm-ªn«pw X-h-f-I-fp-sS F®w
{I-am-Xo-X-am-bn Ip-d-ªp h-cp¶-p F-¶mW.v A-Xn\v H-cp Imc-Ww ao-\pIsf ]n-Sn-¡m³ hn-jw X-fn-¡p--¶Xm-Wv. ao-\p-I-sf-¡mÄ Gsd A-Xv ]-et¸mgpw X-h-fI-sf B-Wv _m-[n-¡m-dp-Å-Xv.
Iq-Sm-sX Ir-jn-bn-S-§f
- nÂ
^mÎw-t^mkv, s]m-«m-kv, bqdnb, A-tamWn-b Xp-S-§n-b cm-k-h-f-§Ä D-]tbm-Kn-¡m³ Xp-S-§n-bm X-h-f-IÄ-¡v ]n-s¶ sh-Å-¯n Xp-Scm³ ]-änÃ.
X-h-f-IÄ b-YmÀ-°-¯n IÀ-jI-\v Nn-e-t¸sm-gm-s¡ tZm-j-hpw sN-¿mdp−v. ]-¨-¡-dn-bp-sS ssX-I-fpw a-äpw apf-¨p h-cp¶- k-ab-¯v sN-dn-b C-\w
X-h-f-IÄ Ah sh-«n-bn-Sm-dp−v. X-h-f-IÄ-s¡m-¸w {]-Ir-Xn-bn Ip-dª
p131
sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶ Po-hn hÀ-K-§Ä th-sd-bpw D−v. Np-cp-« (Echis carinatus), A- pw
W-en (Daboia russelii) Xp-S§n-b sNdn-b ]m-¼p-I-fpw \oÀ-t¡m-en-If
(Xenochorphis piscator) ap³-Im-e-§-fn Ir-jn-bn-S-§-fnepw ]-cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i§
- fnepw [m-cm-f-am-bn I-−n-cp¶p. h-en-b ]m-¼p-IÄ ]n-Sn-¨p Xn-¶p--Xm-Wv Ip-dbm³ H-cp Im-cWw. H-¸w Im-em-h-Ømhy-Xn-bm-\w X-h-f-I-sf-t¸m-se-¯s¶
A-h-bp-sS \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-s\bpw _m-[n-¨p.
\-½p-sS \m-«n-se Im-emh-Ø, Ir-jn F¶n-h X-h-f-I-fp-am-bn hf-sc A-[n-Iw
_-Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p. t]m-¡m-¨n¯-h-f I-c-bp-t¼mÄ a-g hcpw F-s¶m-cp hnizm-kw X-s¶ tI-c-f-¯n-ep−v. F-¶m Im-ew am-dn-b-tXm-sS A¯-cw \m-S³
hn-izm-k-§-fpw CÃm-Xm-bn-¯p-S-§n. C-t¸mÄ Ir-jn-bn-S-¯n X-h-f F-´p
sN-bv-Xmepw hnf-hp e-`n-¡m³ cm-k-h-f-§fpw Io-S-\m-in-\n-Ifpw th-Ww. asäm-cp X-c-¯n ]-d-ªm X-h-f Ir-jn-bp-sS `m-K-aÃm-Xm-bn-¯oÀ¶-nc
- n¡p¶p. F-¶m ]-−v C-XÃm-bn-cp¶-p Ah-Ø. ]m-Sw \nd-sb X-h-f-IÄ Bbn-cp¶p. Io-S-\m-in-\n-IÄ-¡p ]I-cw X-h-f-IÄ a-Xn-bm-bn-cp-¶p Ir-jn-bn-S§
- fnÂ. B A-h-Ø C-\n Xn-cn-¨p hcpw F-¶p I-cp-Xm-\m-InÃ.
Im-em-hØ-¡v H-¸w Ir-jn-¡p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶- hn-¯p-IÄ amdn. B-cy³, B-a¡mcn, F-®-¸-«, sXm-®q-dm³, sh-Åm-¯³, tam-tU¬, Xp-S§n-b \m-S³ hn¯n-\-§Ä B-Wv ]-−v tI-c-f-¯n-se Ir-jn-bn-S-§-fn Øn-c-am-bn Ir-jn sNbv-Xn-cp¶- s\Â-hn-¯p-IÄ. C-t¸mÄ Ir-jn sN-¿p¶-Xv sF-iz-cy, tPym-Xn, Pb, a-kq-cn Xp-S-§n-b hn-¯n-\-§Ä B-Wv. hn-¯n-\-§fpw Im-em-h-Øb
- pw
Hcp-t]m-se am-dn-b-tXm-sS h-fw \Â-In-bm am-{X-sa s\Ãp-−m-hp-I-bp-Åp F¶ A-h-Ø kw-Pm-X-am-bn. F¶-m C-t¸mÄ \n-c-´-cam-b h-f{]-tbm-Kw a-®nsâ L-S-\-sbbpw X-I-cm-dn-em-¡n-¯p-S-§n-bn-¡p¶p. cm-k-h-f-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn¨n«pw th−-{X hnf-hp e-`n-¡p¶-nà F--¶Xv A-Xn-\p sX-fn-hm-Wv. tI-cf
- ¯
- nse Ir-jn ]qÀ-®-am-bpw ag-sb B-{i-bn-¨p--ÅXm-Wv. a-g-bn-sÃ-¦n Ir-jnbpw
Cà F--¶Xm-Wv A-h-Ø. F-¶m X-an-gv-\m-«nepw aäpw I-\m-ep-IÄ h-gn P-etk-N-\w \S-¯n Ir-jn sN-¿mw. A-Xn-s\m-¸w Ir-jn-bn- B-fp-I-fp-sS XmÂ]cyw Ip-d-ªp sIm-−n-cn-¡p-I-bpam-Wv C¶v. Ipd-¨p I-gn-ªm C-t¸mÄ
Im-Wp¶- ]m-S-§Ä Iq-Sn CÃm-Xm-Ipw. A-tXm-sS X-h-f-I-fp-sS \n-e-\nÂ-¸nsâ
Im-cyw Iq-Sp-XÂ A-]-I-S-I-c-am-bn-¯o-cpw.
""Nm-gn (Leptocorisa acuta) t]m-epÅ {]m-Wn-I-fm-Wv {]-[m-\-ambpw hn-f-IÄ \in-¸n-¡p--¶X.v X-h-f-IÄ `£-Ww B-¡n-bn-cp¶Xv C¯-cw {]m-WnI-sf B-bncp¶p''. 40 hÀ-j-am-bn s\Ãv, ]-¨-¡-dn-IÄ F¶n-h Ir-jn sN-¿p¶ tKm-]m-e³ ]-d-bp¶p. s\Ãv ap-f s]m-«p-t¼mÄ X-h-f-I-fpw R-−p-I-fpw ap-f sh-«m-dp−v.
{]m-WnIsf Xp-c-¯m³ th-−n ]-e X-cw Io-S-\m-in-\n-IÄ hn-]-Wn-bn e-`yamWv. I-c-ms«, F-¡m-se-Ivkv, F³-Sn³ Xp-S-§n-b-h B-Wv km-[m-c-W-bm-bn D132
]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dv. C¯-cw cm-k-h-f-§fpw Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fpw H-gn-hm-¡n-s¡m-−pÅ Ir-jn-co-Xn C¶v {]m-tbm-KnI-aÃ. X-h-f-IÄ-s¡m-¸w X-s¶ R-−p-If
- pw
Bc (Monopterus sp.), h-cm (Channa sp.), Xp-S-§n-b ao³ C-\-§-fpw Ipdªp h-cp--¶Xm-bn Im-Wmw. G-d-dhpw {][m-\ Imc-Ww Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fpw cmk-h-f-§-fpw Xs¶. cm-kh-fw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p Xp-S-§n-bm B ]-cn-k-c§
- f
- nsem¶pw X-s¶ ]n-s¶ X-h-fI-sf A-[n-Iw Im-Wm-dnÃ.
cmkhfw, IoS\min\nIÄ F¶nh A-Xn`b¦camb coXnbn XhfIfpsS
Poh\v `ojWn DbÀ-¯p-¶p−v. aäp Øe§sf At]£n¨v Irjn
\S¡m¯, cmkhf§Ä D]tbmKn¡m¯ CS§fn XhfIsf IqSpXÂ
Bbn ImWmw. IoS\min\nIfpw cmkhkvXp¡fpw t\cnb AfhnÂ
Pe¯n I-eÀ¶m t]mepw AXp XhfIfpsS PohnXs¯ tZm-jIcambn
_m[n¡pw. a®n D]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Nne
cmkhkvXp¡Ä s]«¶v
hnLSn¡pw. F¶m an¡hmdpw cmkhkvXp¡Ä hÀj§tfmfw a®nÂ
\ne\n¡pw. F³-tUm-kÄ^m³, ^ypcnUm³ XpS§nb IoS\min\nIÄ,
D]tbmKn-¡p¶Xv apXÂ a®nsâ ssPhLS\sb _m[n¨p hÀj§tfmfw
\ne\n¡pw. {]IrXnbn DÅ amen\y§Ä Gähpw A[nIw _m[n-¡p¶
PohnhÀK§fn H¶mWv XhfIÄ. ChbpsS ]pdw sXmen hfsc
t\À¯Xpw \\p\\p¯Xpw B-b-XmWv Im-c-Ww. Cu ImcWw sIm−vv
Xs¶ XhfIfpsS F®w temIs¯ÃmbnS¯pw {Iam-XoXambn Ipdªp
sIm−ncn-¡p¶p.
XhfIfpsS \ne\n¸ns\ _m[n-¡p¶ asämcp Im-cyamWv t^mKnwKv.
aen\Pew sI«n¡n-S-¡p¶ HmSIfnepw aäpw \-S-¯p¶ t^mKnw§nÂ
D]tbmKn-¡p¶ cmkhkvXp¡Ä Pe¯n I-eÀ¶v Pemib§fn F¯p¶p. CXv XhfI-sf ZpÀ-_ecm¡pIbpw AhbpsS tI{µ \m-Uo-hyq-ls¯bpw A-Xp hgn X-h-f-I-fpsS {]Xypev]mZ\s¯ _m[n-¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.
a-g-bn h-cp¶ Ip-d-hpw ImewsXän s]-¿p¶-Xpw A-S-¡-ap-Å t\cn-b {]-iv\
- §Ä t]mepw XhfIfpsS {]Xypev]mZ\s¯ A]ISIcambn _m[n-¡p¶p−v. BZyXhW ag s]¿pt¼mÄ Xs¶ ap«bn-Sp¶ XhfIÄ BWv
agbpsS amä¯n G-ähpw IqSpX {]iv\§Ä A`napJoIcn¡pI. BZy
X-h-W s]¿p-t¼mÄ X-h-fIÄ ap«bn-Sp-I-bpw ]n¶oSv ag Bhiy¯n\p
s]¿m¯ AhØ hcpt¼mÄ ap«IÄ¡v \miw kw`-hn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p.
CXv Iq« hwi\mi¯n\p hsc ImcWamtb¡mw.
X-h-f-I-fp-sS I-b-äpaXn
C´ybn h\yPohnkwc£W \nba {]Imcw Nne C\w XhfIÄ
kwc£n¡s¸-Sp-¶p−v. ]s£ Hcp Ime¯v Gähpw A[nIw XhfIsf
133
Ibän Ab¨n-cp¶ cmPyw Bbn-cp¶p C-´y. C´y, _w¥mtZiv, atejy,
Ct´mt\-jy F¶nhnS§fn \n¶pw BWv bqtdm¸nte¡v Gähpw
IqSpX Xhf¡mepIÄ Ibän Ab¨n-cp¶Xv. C¶ v bqtdm¸n Gähpw
IqSpX Xhf¡mepIÄ F¯n-¡p¶Xv Ct´mt\jybn \n¶pw BWv.
_pÄt{^mKpIfpsS hwis¯ Xs¶ CÃmXm¡m³ t]m¶ Hcp \S]Sn
BWv CXv. XhfIÄ IpdªtXmsS IoS\min\nIfpsS D]tbmKw
hÀ²n¡pIbpw henb Afhn aen\oIcW¯n\v CSbmhpIbpw sN-bvX
- n«p−v.
_pÄt{^mKp-IÄ th«bmS-s¸-Sp¶Xv AhbpsS amw-k-famb ImepIÄ¡v
th−n B-Wv. bqtdm]y³ sdkvtämdâpIfn `£yhn`hw Bbn hn-f-¼p¶
Xhf¡mepIÄ an¡hmdpw F¯p--¶Xv hnIkzc cmPy§fn \n¶pw BWv.
{^m³knte¡v Gähpw IqSpX XhfIsf F¯n¨n-cp¶Xv C´y Bbncp¶p. 1987 C´y Xhf IbäpaXn \ntcm[n¨p. F¶m {Iqcamb
coXnbn BWv `£W¯n\v th−n XhfIsf ]oUn¸n¨p sImÃp¶Xv
F¶tXm {]IrXn kvt\lnIfpsS CSs]SepIÄ am{Xtam Bbn-cp¶nÃ
\ntcm[n¡m³ ImcWw. a-dn¨v XhfIsf IbäpaXn sNbvXp In«p¶Xnt\¡mÄ sNehv IoS\min\nIÄ Cd¡paXn sN¿m³ Bhiyw
Bbn h¶n-cp-¶p F¶XmWv.
1998\pw 2002\pw C-S-bn h-\-¯n \n-¶p ]n-Sn¨ 15 anÃy¬ D-c-K-Po-hnIsf
\n-b-a-]-c-am-bn-¯-s¶ A-ta-cn-¡-bn-te¡v C-d-¡pa-Xn sN-bv-Xn-«p-−v. C-Xn\p ]pd-sa \nba]-c-aÃm-sX IqSn-b A-f-hn \-S-¡p¶- C-d-¡p-a-Xn th-sd-bpap−v. F-¶m C-Xn-sâ IW-¡v H-cn-¡epw ]pd-¯p h-cm-dnÃ. temI-s¯ apgp-h³ I-¨-h-S-¯n-sâ 15% am-{X-am-Wv A-ta-cn-¡-bn \-S-¡p¶-Xv. {^m³-kv Ign-ªm X-h-f-I-fp-sS C-d-¡p-a-Xn-bn c-−mw Øm-\w A-ta-cn-¡-¡m-Wv. 1995
 C-d-¡p-a-Xn sNbv-X X-h-f-¡m-ep-I-fp-sS F-®-¯n-sâ aq-¶n-c«n-bm-Wv 2005
 C-d-¡pa-Xn sN-bv-XXv.
Xm-bv-eâv, C³-tUm-t\-jy Xp-S§n-b A-hn-Ikn-X cm-Py-§-fn \-S-¡p¶- X-hf- hym-]m-cw A-hn-Sp-s¯ X-h-f-I-fp-sS \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-\v A-Xn`b-¦-c `o-j-Wn DbÀ-¯n-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶-p. C³-tUm-t\-jy-bn \n¶-pw H-cp hÀ-jw G-I-tZ-iw
80,000,000 X-h-f-I-sf (4000 S¬ X-h-f-¡m-ep-IÄ) Ib-än A-b-¡p-¶p−v. ]-Snªm-td B-{^n-¡-bn Im-W-s¸-Sp¶ tKm-en-bm-¯v X-h-f-IÄ X-h-f]
- n-Sp-¯24
¡m-cn \n¶pw hen-b `oj-Wn t\-cn-«p sIm-−n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv.
Im-ep-IÄ-¡p th-−n- am-{XÃ, h-fÀ-¯p-hm-\mbpw X-h-f-I-sf I-¨h-Sw sN-¿mdp-−v. a-t\m-l-c-am-b \n-dt- ¯m-Sp IqSn-b X-h-fI-sf h-fÀ-¯m-\m-bn hm-§p-24
http://www.savethefrogs.com/threats/over-harvesting/index.html retrieved on 16/09/2013
134
¶h-cp-−v. hn-Ikzc cm-Py-§-fn-se a-g-¡m-Sp-I-fn \n-¶m-Wv Iq-Sp-Xe
- m-bn
C¯-cw C-\w X-h-fI-sf ]n-Sn-Iq-Sp-I. A-e-¦m-c-a-Õy-§-sfbpw ]-£n-I-sfbpw
h-f-À-¯p-¶Xp t]m-se-¯-s¶ {Iq-cam-b H-cp ^m-j-\m-bn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p-Ib
- mWv ]-e cm-Py-§-fn-epw CXv.
a-äp Im-c-W-§Ä
kvIqfpIfnepw tImtfPpIfnepw kpthmfPn em_pIfnepw aäp ]co£W
imeIfnepw Bbn e-£-¡-W-¡n\v XhfIÄ sImÃ-s¸-«n-«p−v. CXn\mbn
\m«n³]pd§fn \n¶pw BWv Øncambn XhfIsf ]nSn¨n-cp¶Xv.
C¯c¯n FÃmw `ojWn t\cn-Sp¶Xn\p ]pdta ]mS§Ä¡p \SphneqsS
DÅ tdmUpIfn cm{Xn kab¯v hml\§fpsS ASnbn s]«pw \nch[n
XhfIÄ CÃmXm-Im-dp−v. Xhf am{XaÃ, ]m¼v, Ba XpS§nb sNdp
PohnIfpw C¯cw coXnbn cm{Xn Ime§fn sImÃs¸-Sm-dp−v.
X-h-f-I-f-psS F-®w Ip-d-bp¶-Xv Ir-jn-sb am-{Xw AÃ _m-[n-¡p--¶Xv. sIm-¨n
t]m-ep-Å \-K-c-§-fn sIm-Xp-IpIf-psS F-®w Iq-Sp-¶Xpw X-h-f-I-fnÃm-¯Xn\mem-Wv. \-K-c-§-fn am-{X-aà {Km-a-§-fn-epw X-h-f-IÄ Ip-d-bp--¶tXm-sS
sIm-Xp-Ip-IÄ hÀ-²n-¡m³ Xp-S-§pw. H-¸w sIm-Xp-Ip ]-c-¯p¶- tcm-K-§f
- pw.
\n-b-a-{]-Im-cw X-h-fI-sf Ib-än A-b-¡p--¶Xn-\m-Wv \n-tcm-[-\w. F¶m-Â, Xh-f-I-sf kw-c-£n-¡p--¶Xn-\p-Å \n-b-a-§Ä hf-sc Ip-dhpw ZpÀ-_-e-hpw BWv. C-t¸m-gpw ]-e Ø-e-§-fn-epw I-Åp-jm-¸p-I-fn I-dnsh-¡m-³ th-−n
t]m-¡m-¨n¯-h-fI-sf Nm-¡p I-W-¡n-\p ]n-Sn-¡m-dp−v
]-T-\§Ä
XhfIsf Ipdn¨v hyàamb IW¡pIÄ hfsc Ipdhv am{Xw BWv e`yambn«pÅXv. {_n«ojv- `cW Ime¯pÅ IW¡pIÄ BWv C¶pw \-½p-sS- \m«n In-«p-I-bpÅp. ]Xn\©p hÀjt¯mfta B-bn«p-Åq
C-hnsS
XhfIsf ]än imkv{Xobamb ]T\§Ä \S¡m³ Xp-S-§n-bn«v. AhbpsS
F®w Ip-d-bp¶Xns\ Ipdn¨v IWs¡Sp¸pIÄ \-S-¡p¶nÃ. C¶pÅ
IWs¡Sp¸pIÄ henb h\yPohnIÄ¡p am{Xw BWv. sshÂUv
sse^v ]T\¯n\p IqSpXÂ BÄ¡mÀ Ct¸mÄ ap-t¶m«p h-cp-¶p−v
F¶pÅXv {]Xo-£m-h-lamb Hcp ImcyamWv. t^kv_p¡n Ct¸mÄ Cu
taJesb
Ipdn¨v
]Tn-¡p¶hcpsSbpw
Xmev]cyw
DÅhcpsSbpw
k{Inbamb {Kq¸p-IÄ D−v. Bw^o_nb³ C´y, t{^mKvkv Hm^v C´y
XpS§nb {Kq¸pIÄ hfsc A[nIw ]T\klmbIw BW.v
135
X-h-f-I-fp-sS `m-hn
Xhf-IÄ A-Xn-thKw \in¨p sIm−ncn-¡p¶ Hcp PohnhÀKw BWv.
C¶s¯ \ne Xp-SÀ¶m A[nIw sshImsX Xs¶ an¡ C\w
XhfIÄ¡pw {]IrXnbn AXnPohn¡m³ BImsX hwi\miw kw-`hn¡pw. AXn\p FÃm Xc¯nepw D¯chmZn a\pjy\mbncn¡pw. XhfIÄ
Ip-d-bp¶tXmsS {]IrXnbn \ne\nÂ-¡p¶ `£yN§e XIcpw. AXp
XhfIsf Blmcw B¡n Pohn¡pIbpw XhfIÄ Blmcam¡n
\nb{´n¨p \nÀ¯pIbpw sNbvXn-cp¶ PohnhÀK§fpsS \mi¯n\pw
s]cp¸¯n\pw ImcWw BIpw. IqSmsX ]mStiJc§fn XhfIÄ
`£Ww B¡n \nb{´n¨n-cp¶ PohnIÄ hnfIÄ \in¸n¡m³
XpS§pIbpw A§s\ sam¯w DXv]mZ\¯n Ipdhv hcnIbpw sN-¿pw.
kw-c-£n-¡m-\p-Å h-gn-IÄ
XhfbpsS Gähpw henb BhmkhyhØIÄ Bb ]mStiJc§fpw
Ipf§fpw NXp¸pIfpw aäpw CÃmXm¡msX kwc£n¡pI FXmWv
XhfIsf hwi\miw hcmsX Im¯pc£n¡m\pÅ {][m-\-s¸« Hcp hgn.
AtXmsSm¸w
cm-kIoS\min\nIÄ
Ign-bp¶{X
Hgnhm¡pIbpw
ssPhIrjnbnte¡v- aS§pIbpw thWw. XhfIfpsS \ne\n¸n\p
`ojWn B-Ip¶ cmk]ZmÀ°§Ä a®nte¡v F¯msX {i²n-¡Ww.
em_pIfn Poh\pÅ XhfIsf D]tbmKn¡pXn\v ]Icw hnÀNzÂ
Bbn ]Tn¡m³ DÅ ku-I-cyw FÃm-bn-S¯pw e`yam¡Ww. XhfIfpsS
IbäpaXn FÃm cmPy§fnepw ]qÀWambpw \ntcm[n¡pIbpw ISp¯
in£IÄ Dd¸m¡pIbpw sN¿Ww. Csæn Ime{ItaW hwi\miw
kw`hn¨ PohnIfpsS Iq«¯nte¡v XhfIfpw tNcp-sa¶p Xs¶
Dd¸n¡mw.
Reference:
1. V C Balakrishnan, SEEK
2. K Ramachandran Payyannur
3. Mohammed Ameen Muthanikat ( Rural Health Activist)
4. Jafar Palot, Zoological survey of India
Websites:
http://allaboutfrogs.org/weird/strange/big.html
http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16491477
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_forest
http://www.savethefrogs.com/threats/climate
http://www.savethefogs.com/threats/chytrid/
http://www.savethefogs.com/threats/chytrid/intex.html
http://www.savethefrogs.com/threats/over-harvesting/index.html
136
Books:
Balabhumi Study tour supplement Thavala(Frog) by Jafar Palott
Photo credits : V C Balakrishnan
t]m¡m¨n¯hf:
a-W-hm«n¯hf:
Ce¯hf:
]m-d¯hf:
]mXmf¯hf:
s]m-´¯-h-f:
sNmdn Xhf:
]d¡pw Xhf:
ac¯hf:
{InIäv t{^mKvkv:
Nm-«-¡m-c³ Xh-f:
sN-¦Â¯hf:
Np-cp-«:
A-W-en:
\oÀ-t¡m-en:
BcÂ:
h-cmÂ:
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus
Hylorana malabarica
Pseudophilautus sp.
Tomopterna rufescens
Nasikkabatrachus sahyadrensis
Raorchestes sp.
Duttaphrynus melanostictus
Polypedatus sp.
Polypedatus sp.
Limnonectus sp.
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
Zakarerana rufescens
Echis carinatus
Daboia russelii
Xenochorphis piscator
Monopterus sp.
Channa sp.
Sandeep can be contacted at [email protected]
137
t^mdÌv Icow: ImSp- am-änb Pohn-X-§Ä
\ujmZv
]md-s¡-«p-t]mse ITn-\hpw Xcn-ip-ambn InS¶ 32 G¡À ]mgv-\n-es¯
ImSm¡n cq]-s¸-Sp-¯nb Hcp km[m-cW a\p-jysâ Xo{h-{]-b-Xv\-s¯-¡p-dn¨pÅ Akq-b-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ IY-bmWv A_vZp Ico-an-tâ-Xv. Hcp Hä a\pjysâ \nc-´c {iahpw kaÀ¸-Whpw ITn-\m-[zm-\hpw {Kmao-W-cpsS Pohn-X¯n sIm−p-h¶Xv al-¯mb amä-§-fm-Wv. AXv Hcp hc− {Kma-¯nsâ
Imem-h-Øsb ]pXp-¡n-¸WnXp. PohnX \ne-hmcw ]qÀÆm-[nIw sa¨-s¸-Sp¯n. At\Iw ]£nI-fp-sSbpw arK-§-fp-sSbpw DcK§fpsSbpw \ne\n¸ns\ AXp hmÕ-ey-t¯msS Im¯p-c-£n-¨p.
A_vZp Icoansâ ImSv, -‘]mcn-Øn-XnI AÛpXw’
_mey-¯n Xs¶ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS hnkva-b-§-fm A_vZp Icow \nc-´cw
BIÀjn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ P·-Ø-ew, \ote-iz-c¯n\Sp-¯pÅ
tIm«-¸pdw F¶ sNdnb {Kmaw, {]Ir-Xn-bpsS AXnK-l-\-amb ssh`-h-§sf
t\m¡n A¼-c-¡p-hm-\pÅ \nc-h[n Ah-k-c-§Ä \ÂIn. ]q¼m-ä-I-fp-sSbpw
Xp¼n-I-fp-sSbpw ]£n-I-fp-sSbpw Ne-\-§sf Ahsâ Ipªp-]m-Z§
- Ä
BIp-thmfw ]n´p-SÀ¶p. ae-I-fn a\-Êns\ tabm³ hn«pw ]pgsb
t\m¡n-bn-cp¶pw Ah-s\m-cn-¡epw XfÀ¶n-Ã. BIm-i-¯nse \£-{X-§Ä,
\nXm´ [ym\-¯n-te-¡pÅ {]m]-©n-I-amb £Ww Ahsâ a\-Ên\v \ÂIn.
\ote-izcw cmPm sslkvIq-fnse hnZymÀ°n-bm-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ, D¨-`-£W
- 138
¯nsâ CS-th-f-I-fn Icow a¶-¼p-d¯vImhn kzbw ad¶v sN¶n-cn-¡m-dp−m-bn-cp-¶p. am\p-jnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-ÃmsX BZn-ahpw h\y-hp-amb hnip-²nbn Hcp {]tZ-is¯ \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn-epÅ Xt±-io-b -hn-th-I-hpw, am\pjnI kwkÀ¤-an-ÃmsX AhnsS ac-§-sfbpw sNSn-I-sfbpw hf-cm-\-\p-hZ
- n¨Xpw B Ip«nsb Bg-¯n kzm[o-\n-¨p. sNdp-¸-¯nte AXnsâ ssPhn-Iamb DÀhc-Xbpw kzÀ¤o-b-amb {]im-´nbpw Ahsâ Bßm-hns\ BenwK\w sNbvXp. hnI-k-\-¯n-sâbpw hfÀ¨-bp-sSbpw a[y-¯n a\p-jy\v
\jvS-s¸-«-sXÃmw Xncn¨p Xcm³ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Cu kzm`m-hn-I-Xbv¡pw
kq£va-amb sNdp-Im-Sp-IÄ¡pw Ign-bp-sa¶v Xsâ klP Úm\-¯n-eqsS
Ah\-dn-ªp. B Imhnsâ ssPhn-I-amb DÀhc-X, B {Km-a-¯nsâ DujvafXtbmsSm¸w tNÀ¶v \K-c-§-fn-te-s¡ms¡ Abm-tfm-sSm¸w sN¶p.
\K-c-§-fn AbmÄ¡p ]mÀ¡m³ Ime-{I-taW _p²n-ap-«m-bn-¯p-S§
- n.
FbÀI-−o-j-\-dpsS KÔw Abmsf ]Xps¡ Akz-Ø-\m-¡m³ XpS§n. ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ aen-\o-I-c-W-§Ä, \K-c-t¯m-SpÅ At±-l-¯nsâ
Pohn-Xm-`n-ap-Jy-§sf hyk-\n-¸n-¨p. CS-X-S-hn-Ãm-sX, a¶-¼p-d-¯p-Im-hnsâ
\njvI-f-¦-Xsb HmÀ½n-¸n-¨p-sIm−v {]Ir-Xn-bn-te-¡pÅ £Ww, AXnsâ
am\y-Xbpw {]im-´n-tbmSpw IqSn FÃm-bvt¸mgpw Abm-fn D−m-bn-cp-¶p.
Hcn-etbm thtcm a®n-ctbm Ipcp-hntbm CÃm-¯nSw \s½ \in-¸n-¡p¶ HcnS-am-sW¶v AbmÄ Adn-ªp.
1977þÂ \K-c-Po-hnXw Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-hm\pw {Kma¯n-te¡p Xncn¨p-h¶v
{]Ir-Xn-tbm-sSm¸w Pohn-¡p-hm\pw At±lw Xocp-am-\n-¨p. Chn-sS-bm-Wv,
km[m-cW {Smh GPâpw hyh-km-bn-bp-amb HcmÄ BZyw “Indp-¡\m”bpw ]n¶oSv “]cn-ØnXn AÛpX {]hÀ¯-I-\m”bpw ]cn-hÀ¯n-Xa
- mb
IY Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.
Ico-ansâ ImSv: Hcp h\y-kz-]v\-¯nsâ hnImkw
Ico-ansâ ImSv ‘]mcn-Øn-XnI AÛpXw’ F¶mWv C¶v temI-hym-]-Ia
- mbn
Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. \m«nse kvIqÄ Ip«n-IÄ apXÂ C´y-bpsS Gähpw
henb F®-¡-¼-\n-bmb ‘C´y³ HmbnÂ’ hsc temI-¯nse Bbn-c-¡W
- ¡n\v t]sc At±-l-¯nsâ a\p-jy-\nÀ½n-X-amb 32 G¡À h\w {]tNm-Zn-¸n¡p-¶p. ‘C´ym C³kv]-tbÀUv’ ]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn C´y³ HmbnÂ
tImÀ¸-td-j³ At±-l-¯n\v Hcp s]t{SmÄ _¦v kuP-\y-ambn \ÂIp-Ib
- p−m-bn. Bcw-`-L-«-¯nÂ, kao] {]tZ-i-¯pÅ an¡-hmdpw FÃm-hcpw
At§-bäw _p²n-iq-\y-amb {]hr-¯n-bm-bmWv Ico-ansâ {ia-s¯ I−-Xv.
NneÀ At±-ls¯ {`m´-s\¶p hnfn-¡pI Xs¶ sNbvXp. AbmÄ ac-§Ä
\«p-h-fÀ¯n-b-Xp-t]m-epÅ ITn-\-amb sN¦Â]md ImWp-t¼mÄ Bcpw
Btem-Nn-¨p-t]m-Ipw, CsXmcp IS¶ kml-kn-I-X-btà F¶v.
139
t^mdÌv Icow
hfsc Bg-¯n-epÅ kaÀ¸-Whpw AXp-ey-amb ITn-\m-[zm-\hpw ssZh-¯nepÅ ISp¯ hnizm-khpw sImt− C¯cw AÛp-X-§Ä km[y-am-Iq.
hoSp-sh-¡m-\mbn At±lw Xsâ {Kma-¯n ]c-¸-¡-Sp-¯mbn ]pfn-bw-Ipf¯v A©v G¡À `qan hm§n-¨p. acp`q-an-sbbpw Xcn-ip-\n-e-s¯bpw
t]mse-bpÅ B sXmSn-bn ac-§fpw Im«p-ssX-Ifpw hfÀ¯m³ XpS-§n.
Hcp Imhp-−m-¡Ww F¶m-bn-cp¶p Dt±-iyw. henb ImtSm ]cn-ØnXn kwc£-Wtam H¶pw Xs¶ Ico-ansâ Dt±-iy-§-fm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. im´-amb PohnXw
\bn-¡m³ Npäpw {]-IrXn AXnsâ kzm`m-hn-I-X-bn thW-sa¶ BZn-aa
- mb
hnthIw Cu a\p-jy-\n {]hÀ¯n¨p; A{X-am-{Xw. \K-c-§-fn ]cn-Nn-Xamb Xcw ]mcn-Øn-XnI {]hÀ¯-\§tfm {]Ir-Xn-kw-c-£W ]cn-]m-Sn-Itfm
Ico-an\p ap³]-cn-N-b-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. \m«n³]p-d-¯p-Im-c-\mb At±-l-¯nsâ
Bßm-hn-\p-Ån ImSv Bg-¯n BZyta A[n-h-kn-¨p. ssPhn-I-amb Xncn¨-dn-hp-I-fpsS _e-¯nÂ, IÃp-sh-«m³ henb Izmdn-IÄ XoÀ¯v em`w
sImbvXp-sIm-−n-cn-¡p¶ \m«p-Im-cn \n¶pw kplr-¯p-¡-fn \n¶pw
Icow kzbw hyXy-kvX-\m-bn. Iip-am-hn-sâbpw dº-dn-sâbpw tXm«-§Ä¡pth−n bmsXmcp XXz-Zo-£-bp-an-ÃmsX Im«p-a-c-§Ä sh«n hogv¯p¶ Hcp
Iq«w a\p-jyÀ¡n-S-bn \n¶p-sIm-−mWv Icow Cu ImsS¶ hnkvabw
A\zÀ°-am-¡n-b-Xv. {]IrXnhncp-²hpw a\p-jy-hn-cp-²hpw ssZhn-I-hn-cp-²h
- pamb {]hÀ¯n-I-fmWv Npäp-sa¶v Icow thZ-\n-¡p-¶p. Xsâ temI-ZÀi140
\s¯ a\p-jy-tI-{µn-X-ambn \nÀ¯msX AhnsS Im«p-ar-K-§Ä¡pw, ]£nIÄ¡pw, Ddp-¼p-IÄ¡pw Rmªq-ep-IÄ¡pw kam-\-amb CShpw A´Êpw
sImSp-¡p¶p Icow.
Ct¸mÄ Ico-ansâ Im«n \n¡p-t¼mÄ B ]gb Xcn-ip-`q-an, kar-²amb ]¨-¡m-Sm-bn- am-dn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. FÃm Imem-h-Ø-bnepw {]im-´hpw
ioX-f-hp-amWv Cu Ce-sIm-gnbpw ImSv. \n_n-Vhpw ssPh-ssh-hn[y k¼¶-hp-ambn a²ym-Ó-¯nÂt¸mepw Cu ImSv Ccp−p In-S-¡p-¶p. Hcp kzm`mhnI h\-¯n \n¡p¶ {]Xo-Xn. a\p-jy-\nÀ½n-X-amb ImSp-I-fn atä-Xnt\mSpw InS-]n-Sn-¡p¶ ChnsS \ma-^-e-I-an-Ã, Imh \mb-bn-Ã, then-If
- n-Ã,
DÅn Imh¡m-cn-Ã, ¹mÌnIv D]-tbm-Kn-¡-cp-sX-¶p-Å-XmWv IWn-iambpw A\p-k-cnt¡− Htc-sbmcp \nÀt±-iw.
Ico-ansâ BZys¯ ssX a®n thcp-]n-Sn-¡m³ aq¶p hÀj-sa-Sp-¯p-sh¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. sFXn-lm-kn-I-amb ITn-\-b-Xv\-§fpw A]m-c-amb Bßk-aÀ¸-Whpw HSp-hn ^ew I−p. h\w-h-Ip-¸nsâ `oa-\Sn \gvkdn-bnÂ
\n¶pw Im«p-ssX-IÄ hm§n-¡p-hm\pw Xsâ A©v G¡À `qan-bn Ah
\«p-]n-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶Xn-\p-ambn Icow Xsâ k¼mZyw Nne-h-gn-¨p. Icow \nc-´cw
{ian-¡p-t¼mgpw At±-l-¯nsâ sNSn-I-fn th\ \nÀ±-b-ambn ]Xn-ªp.
DjvWw ]ns¶bpw ]ns¶bpw Ahsb {]l-cn¨p Iogvs¸-Sp-¯n. ]t£, Hcn¡epw At±-l-¯nsâ hnizmkhpw {]Xym-ibpw ]X-dn-bn-Ã. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS
DZm-c-Zm-£nWy-§-fn {]Xymi ssIhn-SmsX At±lw Nncn-¨p. Hcp {]mÀ°\-sb¶ t]mse.
Ico-ansâ ‘ImS³’ kml-kn-I-Xsb XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯m³ ]ecpw {ian-¨n-cp¶p. ]mXn-h-gn¡v {iaw Dt]-£n-¡p-hm-\pÅ Imc-W-§Ä ]eXpw At±-l¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. A]-Iz-sa¶pw tI«p-tIÄhn-bp-an-Ãm-¯-hn[w h«p-\n-dª
sX¶pw hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸« Cu {]{In-bbn Icow hfsc Ffp-¸-¯n {Kma¯nse Hcp ]cn-lmk ]m{X-am-bn. th\¡m-e¯v Hcp Intem-ao-äÀ Zqc-¯p\n¶pw ]Wn-¡m-cpsS klm-b-t¯msS ss_¡n shÅw sIm−p-h¶p. ]md-¸p-d¯v \«p-]n-Sn-¸n¨ Im«p-sN-Sn-IÄ¡v shÅw \\-bv¡p¶ a[y-hb
- kvI\v hà Akp-J-hp-apt−m F¶v Bfp-IÄ kzImcyw ]d-ªp. hnth-I¯nsâ hn[n FÃm-bvt¸mgpw kµn-Kv²-am-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶v Icow kam-iz-kn-¨p.
Icow Ahn-sS-sbmcp InWÀ Ipgn-¨p. {]Xo-£n-¨-t]mse shÅ-an-Ãm-bn-cp¶p.
NqSv AXn-cq-£-am-bn-cp-¶p. hg-§m¯ ITn-\-amb a®v. ac-§Ä¡p-th−n
CuÀ¸w \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn-\p-th−n ag-shÅw kw`-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw
CXv ]cn-]m-en-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]²-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw At±lw Nn´n-¨p.
t_mws_-bpw Zp_m-bnbpw t]mse-bpÅ \K-c-§-fn hÀj-§-sf-Sp¯p
k¼m-Zn¨ ]Ww hnNn-{X-amb Hcp kz]v\-¯nsâ Akm[y km£m-XvIm-c¯
- n\mbn Nne-h-gn-¨p. IpSpw-_-s¯bpw kplr-¯p-¡-sfbpw BÝ-cy-s¸-Sp-¯ns¡m−v, ]nSn-hn« ]co-£Ww ]qÀWXbn-se-¯n-¡m-\mbn At±lw 27
G¡À ae-s©-cnhpw IqsS AtXbnS-¯n hm§n.
141
Ico-amWv icn-sb¶v Imew sXfn-bn-¨p. BXy-´n-I-ambn {]IrXn Ico-an-t\mSv
Zbhv ImWn-¨p. AXv FÃm-bvt¸mgpw £am-io-e-tcmSv A§-s\-bm-Wv.
a®nsâ kz`m-h-¯n\v tbmPn-¡p-¶Xpw KpW-I-c-am-Ip-¶-Xp-ambncp¶p
At±lw sXc-ª-Sp¯ sNSn-IÄ. Xsâ ]d-¼n At±lw \oÀ¨m-ep-IÄ
kÖo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw hyXykvX Imem-h-Ø-I-fn hnZq-c-Ø-e§
- f
- nÂ
\n¶pÅ ]£nIsf BIÀjn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah hn¯p-IÄ sIm−p-hcp-sa¶pw ImSns\ ]n¶oSv ASp¯L«-¯n-te¡p hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-a¶pw Icoan\v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ipd¨p ssXIÄ thcp-]n-Sn-¡p-¶Xpw ]pXnb Ce-IÄ
\m¼n-Sp-¶Xpw Icow Is−-¯n. AtXm-sSm¸w InW-änse shÅw ]Xps¡
IqSn-h-cp-¶Xpw {i²n-¨p. ]qÀÆm-[nIw Bth-i-hm\pw kt´m-j-hm-\p-amb
At±lw km[y-am-Ip-¶- Xcw sNSn-I-sfÃmw \«p-]n-Sn-¸n-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p.
{]Ir-Xn-tbm-SpÅ _m[yX \nd-th-äp-t¼mÄ _m¡n IÀ½-§Ä {]IrXn Xs¶
sN¿p-sa¶v Abm-f-dn-ªp. In«m-hp¶ ac-§-sfÃmw \«p-]nSn¸n¨p-sh-¦nepw
Hcn-¡epw ImSns\ krjvSn-¡p-I-sb-¶Xv At±-l-¯nsâ Bi-b-¯n D−mbn-cp-¶n-Ã. km[y-am-Ip¶ FÃm-Xcw sNSn-I-fp-apÄs¡m-Ån¨ ]cn-]qÀW
kl-Po-hn-X-amWv At±lw At\zjn-¨-Xv. B C{µ-Pm-es¯ Ct¸mÄ P\§Ä Hcp ‘AÛp-X-{]-hÀ¯n’sb¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p.
C¶v Ico-ansâ Im«n \n¡p-t¼mÄ F{X-am{Xw Ahn-iz-k-\o-ba
- mb
AÛpX IY-bmWv Abm-fp-tS-sX¶v \mw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ ImSv
{]im-´hpw \ni-_vZhpw Aeu-In-I-hp-am-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Imcp-Wy-¯nsâbpw a\p-jysâ Icp-¯n-sâbpw al-¯mb DZm-l-c-Ww. kw`m-jW{]nb\mb Cu a\p-jysâ IqsS, AbmÄ XoÀ¯ Im«n-eqsS \S-¡p-t¼mÄ,
CSbv¡p In«p¶ au\-§-fn ]S-¨-h-t\m-SpÅ GtXm henb ISw ho«n-¡g
- nª-Xnsâ Akm-[m-c-W-amb Nmcn-XmÀ°yw \½Ä A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶p. Cu
{Kmao-W³, hnI-k-\-¯nsâ t]cn {]Ir-Xn-tbmSp a\p-jy³ ImWn¡p¶
]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ
Nqj-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v
tcmjm-Ip-e-\m-Ip-¶p.
AkwJyw AhmÀUp-Ifpw {]iw-k-Ifpw Gäp-hm-§n-sb-¶n-cn-¡n-epw, Cu
ImSn-t\mSp tNÀ¶v Huj-[-apÄs¸sS D−m-¡m-\pÅ Nne hyh-kmb ]²-XnIfpw BbpÀthZ tImtf-Pp-I-fp-sams¡ kÀ¡mcpw aäv GP³kn-Ifpw
\nÀt±-in-¨p-sh-¦nepw Icow AXn-sem¶pw BIÀjn-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. C¯cw hnIk\ ]²-Xn-I-fpsS DÅp-w- ]p-dhpw ImWp-hm³ am{Xw hnthIw At±-l¯
- n\p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. ]£n-IÄ h¶p ]pXnb ssXI-fpsS hn¯p-IÄ \nt£-]n-¨psImt−bn-cp-¶p. Ico-ansâ ImSv hfÀ¶p-sIm-t−-bn-cp-¶p.
AkwJyw arK-§fpw ]£n-Ifpw ]q¼m-ä-I-fp-ap−v Icoansâ Im«nÂ.
tImgnbpw Ipdp-¡-·mcpw ]m¼pw ]£nIfpw sNdnb sNdnb arK-§fpw
AhnsS hkn-¡p-¶p. Icow Xsâ `qan-bn \mep InW-dp-Ifpw \mep Ipf§fpw Ipgn-¨p. FÃmw hepXpw \ndsb shÅhpw. kam-\-X-I-fn-Ãm-¯-Xm-bncp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ agshÅ kw`-c-Ww. sNdp-Ip-gn-IÄ sNcnª taÂX-S§Ä¡p IpdpsI ]md-¡-jvW-§Ä sIm−pÅ sNdnb aXn-ep-IÄ ]Sp-¯p142
bÀ¯n. `qan-bn-te¡v Hen-¨n-d-§p¶ shÅw ]md-IÄ¡n-S-bn kw`cn-¡s¸«p. a®n-te¡v shÅ-¯nsâ DuÀ¶n-d¡v A\mbmkam-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn
At±lw ae-s©-cn-hnsâ LS\ ]Tn¨v `qansb Xcw-Xn-cn-¨p. Ah-ti-jn-¡p¶
shÅw h\-¯n-\p-Ån-eqsS Hgp-Ip¶ \oÀ¨m-ep-I-fn kam-lc
- n-¡-s¸-«p.
hÀj-§Ä¡p-Ån \oÀ¨m-ep-IÄ kzm`m-hnI tXmSp-I-fm-bn. C¶v,
th\¡m-e-¯pw, kÀ¡m-cnsâ Pe-hn-X-cWw apS-§p¶ kµÀ`-§-fn-seÃmw
Ico-ansâ Sm¦n \n¶mWv ]e {Kmao-Wcpw shÅw kam-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXnth-K-¯n shÅ-¯nsâ Afhv ]g-b-]Sn \ne-\nÀ¯n-s¡m−v 1,00,000 enä-dne-[nIw shÅw Znh-tk\ ]¼v sN¿m³ At±-l-¯n\p Ign-bp-¶p. Ipd¨p
Zi-I-§Ä¡p ap¼v kky-Pm-e-§Ä¡p \ne-\n¡m³t]mepw shÅ-anÃmsX _p²n-ap-«n-bn-cp¶ Hcn-S-¯mWv Cu AÛpXw kw`-hn-¨Xv Ft¶mÀ¡Ww. \m«p-ImÀ Hcp ]mTw a\-Ên-em-¡n. cmk-hftam IoS-\m-in-\ntbm D]-tbmKn-¡m¯ Im«n ac-§Ä kz´w thcp-I-fm XS-ªp-\nÀ¯n kq£n-¡p¶
shÅ-¯n\v sXfn-abpw IpfnÀa-bp-ap-−v. AXnsâ Huj-[-aqeyw sIm−mImw
Ico-ant\m IpSpw-_-¯nt\m km[m-cW \m«n-ep-−m-Im-dpÅ Akp-J§
- Ä
hcm-dn-Ã. A]qÀÆ-bn-\-¯nÂs¸« 800 Xcw ac-§fpw 300 Xcw Huj-[-kk
- y§-fp-apÅ ImSv ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-¯nsâ J\n-bm-Wv.
\à Imem-hØm amä-§Ä
]cp-¡³ sN¦Â¸m-d-I-fpÅ sXmSn-bn Hcp ImSnsâ ]mcn-Øn-Xn-L
- S\ cq]s¸Sp¯n-sb-Sp-¯-Xn-eqsS Imem-h-Ø-bnÂIqSn Icow amä-§-fp-−m¡n. CS-Xn-§nb Cu ImS,v 37 hÀj-§Ä¡p-ap¼v, Xma-kn-¡m³ H«pw A\ptbm-Py-a-Ãm-¯Xpw Npäpw shÅ-anÃm¯Xp-amb sN¦Â]m-d-I-fpsS Hcp Xcnip-`q-an-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Ct¸mÄ XWp¸v ]q¯-peªp InS-¡p¶ a®n A¶v
A©p an\n«p \n¡m³ ]äp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Npäp-apÅ sXmSn-I-fn-sem¶pw
hotSm ho-«p-Imtcm CÃm-bn-cp-¶p. C¶v Icow t^md-Ìnse ]c-am-h[n NqSv
30þ31.5 Un{Kn-bm-Wv. tImgn-t¡mSv \K-c-¯n 40 Un{Kn NqSp-−m-Ip-t¼m-gmWo
hyXym-kw. hÀj-]m-X-am-Is« 340 anÃn-ao-ä-tdmfw DbÀ¶n-«p-−v. ]c-¸-bntem
kao] {]tZ-i-§-fntem ag-bn-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ Ah-k-c-§-fn Ico-ansâ Im«nepw
Npäp-ta-J-e-I-fnepw kar-²-ambn ag e`n-¡m-dp-−v.
Imfn-bm-Ww, hmc-ªqÀ XpS-§nb Øe-§-fnepw 10 In.ao hymkmÀ²¯nepw Pe-\n-c¸v DbÀ¶n-«p-−v. ]−s¯ Xcn-ip-\new ]Xps¡ hm«À
kvt]m©p-I-fm-bn- am-dn. Icoansâ hnNn{X {`as¯ Ifn-bm-¡nb \m«pImÀ ]n¡m-e¯v At±-l-¯nsâ tkh-\-¯nsâ Bghpw ]c¸pw Xncn-¨d
- nªp. hcĨm_m[nX {]tZ-i-§-fn hfsc {]mtbm-KnIamb IpSn-shÅ
hnX-cW ]²-Xn-bpsS amXr-I-bmbn Icow t^md-Ìns\ kao-]n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
ka-b-sa-Sp-¡p-sa-¦nepw CXv Nnehp Ipd-ªXpw kpØn-c-hp-am-Wv.
143
Icoansâ ImSv, -‘]mcn-Øn-XnI AÛpXw’
Icow t^md-Ìnsâ ssPhn-I-amb hf-\nÀ½mW coXn-IÄ khn-ti-j-am-Wv.
CS-Xn-§nb Ce-I-fpsS ]mfn-IÄ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn a®n-te¡v Agp-In-t¨cm³
A\p-h-Zn-¨p-sIm−v ^e-¯n a®nsâ k¼p-jvS-Xsb A`n-hr-²n-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. Im«pXo XS-bp-¶-Xn-\mbn imkv{Xo-b-amb coXn-bn Bh-iym-\p-kc
- Ww
Icow Xsâ ac-§Ä apdn-¡p-¶p. \½psS h\w-h-Ip¸v DtZym-K-ØÀ¡v
At\Iw Imcy-§Ä Cu a\p-jy-\n \n¶pw ]Tn-¡m-\p-−v.
Ico-ansâ XXz-ZÀi\w hfsc efn-X-am-Wv. Bg-¯n aXm-ß-I-X-bp-Å,
At±lw IÀ½-¯n hniz-kn-¡p-¶p, hm¡p-I-fn-e-Ã. A`n-apJ kw`m-jW
- §Ä Xnc-kvI-cn-¨p-sIm−v At±lw ]e-t¸mgpw am[y-a-{]-hÀ¯-Isc Xncn-¨b-¡m-dp-−v. “\n§-sf-s¶-¡p-dn¨v Fs´-gp-Xp¶p F¶-Xn F\n¡p XmÂ]cy-an-Ã. AXn-t\-¡mÄ F\n¡v kt´mjw \n§Ä Ipd¨p sNSn-IÄ \«p-]n-Sn¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv” F¶v At±lw ]d-bpw. bYmÀ°¯nÂ, temI-sa-¼m-Sp-apÅ
\nc-h[n t]sc Icow {]tNm-Zn-¸n¡p-I-bm-Wv. C´y-bn Hcp-]mSv kÀh-Ie
- mim-e-Ifpw Kth-jW Øm]-\-§fpw h\-kw-c-£-W-¯n\-pw ]cn-jvI-c-W¯
- n\p-ambn Icow ssIs¡m-−n-«pÅ coXn-IÄ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n-bn-«p-−v. tIcf
kwØm\ hnZym-`ymk hIp¸v (SCERT), At±-l-s¯-¡p-dn-s¨mcp A²ymbw
Bdmw ¢mkv hnZymÀ°n-I-fpsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-¯n DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v.
Ata-cn-¡-bnse {Sn\nän tImtfPv, kky-§fpw aXhpw F¶ hnj-b¯
- nepÅ Kth-j-W-¯n-\p-th−n Ico-ansâ ImSns\ sXc-sª-Sp-¯n-«p-−v.
144
AhnSps¯ Kth-j-IÀ¡mbn At±lw sSen-t^m-Wn Hcp {]kwKw \ÂInbn-cp-¶p. Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v kvIqÄ hnZymÀ°n-Ifpw \nc-h[n kÀh-Ie
- mime hnZymÀ°n-Ifpw Ico-ansâ ImSv kµÀin-¡p-¶p. A\u-]-Nm-cn-Ia
- mb
Hcp ]T-\-tI-{µ-ambn AXv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. BtKm-f-Xm-]\-¯nsâ Bk-¶amb `oj-Wn-IÄ¡v t]mwh-gn-I-fn-ÃmsX imkv{Xw \n¡p-t¼mÄ Icow
{]Xym-i-bpsS {]m-tbm-Kn-I-]m-T-am-Wv.
]mcn-Øn-XnI {]hÀ¯-\-§-tfm-sSm¸w Poh-Im-cpWy kwcw-`-§-fnepw Icow
D−v. {Kmao-WÀ¡v, {]tXy-In¨pw ZfnXp kap-Zm-b-¯n-epÅ ]mh-s¸-«-hÀ¡v
hoSp sh¨p-sIm-Sp¯v Icow klm-bn-¨n-«p-−v. tdmU-cn-In IpSn-shÅ
ss]¸p-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw \m«n-te¡v _kv kÀho-kn\p ap³ssI FSp¡p-Ibpw sNbvXXv At±-l-¯nsâ kmaq-lnI {]hÀ¯\-§-fn s]-Sp-¶p.
Mohammed Noushad can be contacted at [email protected]
145
146