DENTISTRY FACULTY – CYCLE I (2016/2017):
Unit
Topic
Date
1
Internal environment of the body. Homeostasis.
22-02-2017
2
Principles of the hormonal regulation.
01-03-2017
3
Excitable tissues. Electrophysiology of the neuron. General organization of
the nervous system
08-03-2017
4
Function of the erythron. Erythrocyte indexes. Transport of O2 and CO2.
15-03-2017
5
Defensive mechanisms of the organism.
22-03-2017
6
Blood groups. Hemostasis.
29-03-2017
7
Re-takes of absent or failed activities in cycle I.
05-04-2017
Credit of the cycle 1. Topics discussed on seminar I – VI and units 1 – 6
12-04-2017
Unit 1. Internal environment of the body. Homeostasis.
1. Introduction to medical physiology.
2. Homeostasis. Physiology as a science concerning homeostasis of the organism.
3. Internal environment of the organism.
4. Basic systems that regulate homeostasis of the organism. Interactions nervous – endocrine system.
5. The influence of changes of the osmolality of the environment onto cells (erythrocytes).
Obligatory terms and problems:
Definition of the homeostasis. Internal environment of the body. Main homeostatic parameters of the internal
environment of the body. Regulation (control) in homeostatic systems. Comparison of hormonal and neuronal
regulation.
Unit 2. Principles of the hormonal regulation.
1. General characteristics of action of the endocrine system.
2. Endocrine activity of the hypothalamus.
3. Hormones of the pituitary gland.
4. Principles of regulation of the water balance (vasopressin, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide).
Obligatory terms and problems:
Definition of the hormone Mechanisms of liberation (releasing) and action of hormones. Target cells and tissues of
hormones. Hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones (liberins and statins).
Regulation of secretion, mechanisms of action and physiological significance of vasopressin. Action of oxytocin.
Trophic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. Physiological significance of growth hormone and prolactin,
Hormonal axis: hypothalamus – hypophysis – gland. Loops of feedback in the endocrine system.
Unit 3. Excitable tissues. Electrophysiology of the neuron. General organization of the nervous system
1. Action potential.
2. Division of stimuli – threshold, subthreshold. “All or nothing law”.
3. Changes in cell excitability during the action potential – absolute and refractory period.
4. Phenomena: convergence, divergence, spatial and temporal summation.
5. Division of nerve fibers. Types of nerve conduction (constant, saltatory, antidromic and ortodromic).
DENTISTRY FACULTY – CYCLE I (2016/2017):
Computer programs/simulations:
1. Hodgkin-Huxley model for the generation of action potentials.
2. Stimulation of the nervus ischiadicus.
3. Ion channels. Membrane/action potential. Synaptic transmission.
Unit 4. Function of the erythron. Erythrocyte indexes. Transport of O2 and CO2.
1. Erythrocyte counting techniques.
2. Hematocrit.
3. Red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW).
4. Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes.
5. Transport of respiratory gases in blood.
Obligatory terms and problems:
 Erythrocytes – morphology (adaptation of the erythrocyte‘s shape to the function), normal values.
Erythropoietin and other factors affecting erythropoesis.
 Hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin. Factors affecting hemoglobin affinity to oxygen: pO 2,
pCO2, pH, BPG, temperature. Function of carbonic anhydrase.
 Hemolysis, hemolytic factors. Maximal and minimal osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. Influence of hypo- and
hypertonic solutions on erythrocytes.
Unit 5. Defensive mechanisms of the organism.
1. Microscopic view of the stained blood.
2. Leukocyte counting techniques.
3. Leukocyte differential count (Shilling smear).
4. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
Obligatory terms and problems:
 Antigens and antibodies. Morphology and division of leucocytes – lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils,
eosinophils, basophiles. Functions of lymphocytes T and B. Functions of macrophages. Immunoglobulins:
their origin, structure and division. Complement system. Humoral and cellular immunity. Specific and nonspecific immunity. Natural and artificial, active and passive immunity.
 Reasons for erythrocyte sedimentation. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Values of ESR in various
physiological states. Hematocrit – definition, value, clinical significance.
Unit 6. Blood groups. Hemostasis.
1. Blood groups in ABO and Rh system.
2. Blood typing in ABO and Rh system.
3. Assessment of haemostatic processes – review of diagnostic techniques.
4. Estimation of the bleeding time and clotting (or coagulation) time.
Obligatory terms and problems:
 Agglutinogens and agglutinins. Agglutination. Antigens H, A1, A2, B in ABO system. Antigens in Rh system.
Immunological conflict.
 Hemostasis. Stages of hemostasis. Platelets – their content and function. Plasma coagulation factors.
Generation of thromboplastin in extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. Fibrinolysis. Methods of prevention of blood
coagulation in vitro and in vivo. Methods of examination of the haemostatic system.
 Hemolysis, hemolytic factors. Maximal and minimal osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. Influence of hypo- and
hypertonic solutions on erythrocytes.
Unit 7. Re-takes of absent or failed activities in cycle I.
Credit of the cycle I. Topics discussed on lectures, seminars I – VI and units 1 – 6 (12-04-2017).
DENTISTRY FACULTY – CYCLE I (2016/2017):
Seminar I: Receptive, isolating and transporting function of the cellular membrane (01-03-2017).
1. Homeostasis – principle phenomenon in the organism.
2. Total body water and its division – fluid compartments.
Intracellular compartment.
Extracellular compartment: interstitial fluid, blood plasma, transcellular fluid.
3. Cellular membrane as the barrier between intra- and extracellular environment of the body – morphology
and features of the cellular membrane.
4. Transporting function of the cellular membrane.
Passive transport: diffusion, transport proteins (symports, antiports, uniports), ionic channels (voltagegated, ligand-gated), aquaporins.
Active transport: primary and secondary active transport.
5. Basic terms: receptor, extracellular ligand, agonist, antagonist/blocker, second messenger.
6. Cellular receptors – division.
7. Ionotropic receptors. Nicotinic receptor.
8. Metabotropic receptors.
9. Adrenergic and cholinergic receptors.
Seminar I: Principles of regulation of the water balance (08-03-2017).
1. Importance of water in organism.
2. Body water and thermoregulation.
3. Total body water and its division.
4. Water content in various tissues.
5. Water transport.
6. Daily water balance of the adult human.
7. Regulation of the mineral-water balance.
Mineralcocorticoids
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Biological effects of angiotensin II:
Natriuretic peptides
ANP – biological effects
Complex of thirst
Seminar III: Functions of blood. Erythrocytes. Transport of O2 and CO2 (15-03-2017).
1. Composition of blood: cells, plasma.
2. Physical properties of blood.
3. Functions of blood.
4. Plasma proteins – division, function.
5. Erythrocytes. Hemoglobin.
6. Transport of oxygen. Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
7. Transport of carbon dioxide.
Seminar IV: Hemostasis and fibrinolysis (22-03-2017).
1. Definition of hemostasis.
2. Stages of hemostasis.
3. Platelets – their content and function.
4. Plasma coagulation factors.
5. Generation of thromboplastin in extrinsic and intrinsic pathway.
6. Fibrinolysis.
DENTISTRY FACULTY – CYCLE I (2016/2017):
7. Methods of examination of the hemostatic system.
8. Methods of prevention of blood coagulation in vitro and in vivo.
Seminar V: Leukocytes. Immunity (29-03-2017).
1. Antigen, antibody, immunity, antigenicity – definitions.
2. Morphology and division of the immunological system.
3. Leukocytes – division and function.
4. Humoral and cellular immunity.
5. Non-specific, inborn immunity.
6. Specific, acquired immunity.
Seminar VI: Hormonal regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism. Glucocorticoids (05-04-2017).
1. Regulation of the calcium-phosphate balance.
 Function of calcium.
 Fractions of plasma calcium.
 Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia.
 Regulation of calcium metabolism.
 Metabolism of phosphate.
 Phosphate in plasma.
 Function of PTH.
 Function of calcitonin.
 Metabolism and biological effects of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).
2. Glucocorticoids.
 Origin of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids – transport and metabolism.
 Glucocorticoids – mechanism of action.
 Metabolic effects of glucocorticoids.
 Anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids.
 Glucocorticoids modify effects of other hormones.
 Other effects of glucocorticoids.